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This Deliverable summarises the activities of task 2.4 which builds on tasks 2.1 – 2.3 (mapping RIs and their services (task 2.1), identifying and analysing gaps in communication and stakeholder engagements (task 2.2) and providing recommendations on future collaboration (2.3)). The results of the analyses and the recommendations have been provided as three White Papers taking into account regional characteristics. Task 2.4 aimed at enabling decision makers both on policy and research infrastructure management levels to make optimal use of the analyses and recommendations to strengthen international collaboration. To that end, multiple dissemination activities have been performed using RI-VIS channels and well-established channels outside RI-VIS. Next to describing these dissemination activities in detail, this deliverable also provides information on how the White Papers will be made available and sustained beyond the RI-VIS project lifetime.

Executive Summary Objectives The objective of EMPHASIS-prep is to develop a long term, distributed, pan-European infrastructure for state-of-the-art plant phenotyping experimental installations, which aims to improve crop performance to cope with climate changes and to keep pace with population growth. Plant researchers are required to test the improvement of plant and crop performance by using all categories of plant phenotyping infrastructures (as described in the deliverable D2.1. criteria list for plant phenotyping infrastructure) which can and should be combined together in a multiscale plant phenotyping approach, ideally, within a coordinated infrastructure, linked with an integrated data management system for storing and analyzing (meta)data, and with modelling platforms associated with the phenotyping platforms. To be able to form this distributed plant phenotyping infrastructure and understand the comparability and/or differences between installations, it is essential to map the new and existing plant phenotyping platforms that uses non-destructive, image-analysis based determination of the phenotype of plants and allow for a characterization of plant traits. This exercise of mapping the infrastructures has been performed and the results can be consulted in the EMPHASIS-PREP deliverable D2.3 mapping of existing and upcoming infrastructures. Deliverable D2.4, extensively describes the analyzing of the gaps and limitations based on the mapping activities. Moreover, where possible, the gaps will be strategically addressed to define how EMPHASIS could be helpful in the future to tackle these gaps in services towards excellence in plant phenotyping science within Europe. Nevertheless, mapping and knowing the limitations of the European situation of the distributed infrastructure is not sufficient to understand the landscape of the experimental phenotyping installations in Europe and its financial impact. Knowing the life cycle of the installations, the time when updates and/or upgrades are needed and the life span before decommissioning of the installations, will complement the understanding of the operation of the installations and allow for planning and interaction between installations on a pan-European level. Rationale This deliverable, describes the analysis of life cycles of plant phenotyping experimental installations which will provide insights in when installations require updates, upgrades, in both software and hardware of the systems, or, as a last step in the life cycle, requires decommissioning. The report summarizes surveys of the way life cycle is currently managed in plant phenotyping installations, in the 5 categories identified in D2.1., on the level of updates and upgrades on hardware systems, implementation of software systems, including an analysis of the financial situation of updates. The results of the deliverable have been obtained by analysis of data from two sources: (1) interviews with 20 different installation managers of European plant phenotyping installations, within countries: The Netherlands, Belgium, France, UK, Germany, Italy and Czech Republic. All interviews have been added within the attachment of this deliverable. ; (2) Survey results of the 2021 survey of IPPN and EMPHASIS, with 396 participants of European origin.During the lifecycle of an infrastructure the costs may vary substantially for example with respect to investment, operation or decommissioning. Within the main results we observe big differences between the different phenotyping categories (see D2.1 Criteria list), updates and upgrades on fields are almost nonexistent, whereas software tools need constant updates and controlled conditions need bigger upgrades every 5 to 10 years. Data about decommissioning was not easy to find as plant phenotyping, with automated systems, is a fairly new branch in plant science.

Executive Summary This Deliverable summarises the concepts and evaluation approach to EMPHASIS pilot services which have been developed and conceptualised in the framework of the EMPHASIS-Prep project and represent a subset of the final service protfolio. These services will be delivered to the user community already within the Implementation Phase in order to (1) help further increase visibility of EMPHASIS with its stakeholders, (2) illustrate that EMPHASIS can deliver benefits, and (3) test feasibility and learn “operational procedures” in pan-European service provision. The success of the pilot services will be evaluated at the end of the Implementation Phase, and experiences gained used in service provision in the Operational Phase. The pilot services address user demand identified in the EMPHASIS-Prep mapping activities in the first project period including fields of : Field phenotyping, Innovation, Harmonisation, Data management, Modelling, and Training. The objectives and work plan of each pilot service as well as key performance indicators needed for their evaluation are presented in this deliverable.

Executive Summary Plant phenotyping was established as a tool to address the bottleneck in basic plant science to understand the plant –environment interaction and translate this knowledge into application. Plant phenotyping has largely benefited over the last 10-15 years from technological development in non-invasive sensor technology paired with automation and engineering leading to substantial investment and development of high throughput plant phenotyping installations. The access to the installations is demanded by the user community, which was demonstrated by the infrastructure projects EPPN and EPPN2020 leading to the development of the Research infrastructure EMPHASIS which is supposed to provide a coordinated effort to integrate the plant phenotyping activities in Europe and explore the full potential of plant phenotyping. Plant phenotyping will most likely further benefit from technological developments and by integrated effort which includes shared use of the facilities deliver towards systemic solution of grand challenges related to sustainable agriculture. Further development will also include the use of plant phenotyping as a tool another disciplines leading to further diversification of solutions needed to address different crops, environmental scenarios, agroecology aspects etc. Commitment of policy makers and funders is essential to develop a long term strategy.

Fostering international cooperation of research infrastructures (RIs) promotes the efficiency and quality of research worldwide and is key to tackling global challenges in a concerted manner. To this end, RI-VIS aims to provide tools and strategies to support the initiation and sustainability of international collaboration between research infrastructures. This deliverable presents three White Papers with region-specific recommendations on how to increase collaboration between European RIs and RIs from Africa, Latin America and Australia, respectively. The papers are targeted at funders, policy makers and research infrastructure managers and collate the insights of experts from RIs and policymakers from the respective regions into sections that cover examples of successful collaboration, lessons learned, and possible bottlenecks.&nbsp

The objectives of this work package are to: ‘map’ the Research Infrastructures (RIs)and their services, and to learn from existing collaboration between European Research Infrastructures and third-country partners as well as with industry partners; to identify gaps in terms of communication; and to determine opportunities for new cooperation and to identify the conditions to develop such cooperation.&nbsp

Executive Summary Objectives EMHASIS should establish rules on data property, sharing and right of the first use, including necessary metadata for fair sharing in accordance to the EU policy of open data within the data management plan. This involves the property of data, duration of confidentiality for data involving private companies, principles that address consortium agreements in EU or national projects and of novel methods and techniques. Main results An operational Data Management Plan (DMP) is currently implemented within the related EPPN2020 project providing transnational Access and addressing data management. Within EMPHASIS a DMP which can serve as a template for further partner activities will be elaborated to reduce the loss of data and increase the availability and reusability of data according to the legal and ethical standards. In general plant phenotyping data are generated during the research process, that are used for it, or that are the result of the research process and may occur in different media types and formats (as numerical data, images, documents, texts etc.) during the data life cycle. The metadata in this context are important for the re-use of research data ensuring also the possible verification of research results by third parties addressed by Minimum Information on Plant Phenotyping Experiments (MIAPPE). In general research data should be published and EMPHASIS will strongly encourage that data should be published in a way that access to these data is enabled and possible, e.g. via a web interface or a citable data publication. Research activities between two or multiple partners will be supported by agreements including data management issues, currently a template of such an agreement is used within the EPPN2020 projects and will be adapted for EMPHASIS.

Executive Summary Objectives The objective of EMPHASIS-PREP is to develop a long term, distributed, pan-European infrastructure for state-of-the-art plant phenotyping experimental installations, which aims to improve crop performance to cope with climate changes and to keep pace with population growth. To tackle these global challenges, novel approaches to identify improved plant phenotypes and explain the genetic basis of agriculturally important traits are required. The new and existing plant phenotyping platforms use non-destructive, image-analysis based determination of the phenotype of plants and allow for a characterization of plant traits. Plant researchers require to test the improvement of plant and crop performance by using all categories of plant phenotyping infrastructure (as described in the deliverable D2.1. criteria list for plant phenotyping infrastructure) which can and should be combined together in a multiscale plant phenotyping approach, ideally, within a coordinated infrastructure, linked with an integrated data management system for storing and analysing (meta)data, and with modelling platforms associated with the phenotyping platforms. To be able to form this distributed plant phenotyping infrastructure and understand the comparability and/or differences between installations, it is essential to map the capacity, throughput, focus of plant phenotyping, species used in the installations, use of data management systems, and many more details about the installations. A key objective of EMPHASIS-PREP is to map the existing and upcoming infrastructures for controlled conditions to enable multi-scale phenotyping with open access to installations. Moreover, to test crop performance in a changing climate, setting up large experiments in different natural environments is needed, and mapping the field phenotyping facilities in Europe to form networks of fields is highly recommended. Rationale The mapping exercise has been done by EMPHASIS-PREP partners in extensive collaborations and discussions with the national plant phenotyping community in Europe. Extracting detailed information of the existing and upcoming infrastructures was done through surveys and workshops. Four regional workshops have been organized in different regions of Europe. Plant scientists of these regions were asked to present their plant phenotyping infrastructures and activities. Moreover, during these workshops networking moments and breakout sessions were allowing discussion on the demand of the plant phenotyping community and the criteria of EMPHASIS plant phenotyping infrastructure. Starting with this information the pillars of EMPHASIS could be confirmed in the criteria list, deliverable 2.1. Furthermore, work package 2 (WP2), together with WP3 and WP4, developed multiple surveys to extract more details of these infrastructure. By this, an EMPHASIS database could be generated that contains information about the installation name, detail of the phenotyping installations set-up and experimental design, contact information, access models of the local infrastructure and meta-data details. Based on this database it was possible to develop a map which visualizes the different installations per region. Main Results: With the mapping efforts 182 plant phenotyping installations of controlled conditions, intensive fields and networks of fields have been mapped and stored in the EMPHASIS-PREP database. Phenotyping under controlled conditions (i.e., in glasshouses and controlled environment chambers) represented the largest number of installations (112), the majority of which are automated. Most installations focus on shoot and canopy phenotyping and on species of agronomic importance, dominated by cereal crops; while a smaller number addresses root properties. Phenotyping in field has been identified in 70 installations, with: 25 highly equipped fields located mainly in France, Germany, Belgium and the UK. The focus is on the major industrial agricultural productions (cereals, oil crops) in Europe, the exception being Arabidopsis that mostly serves basic research purposes. The installations use a large variety of equipment to monitor the crop properties and environmental conditions and generate high throughput datasets. 45 installations of networks of lean fields have been identified geographically scattered in Europe. The first and foremost aim of these field trials is crop research, as e.g. cereals crops, in agriculture-relevant conditions, with phenotyping on mainly canopy characteristics and yield. Many of these lean field sites increasingly use UAVs. Virtual platforms as modelling and data management systems, have been mapped. A total of 116 plant models have been mapped. Many of these models are developed in France, Germany, Netherland and United Kingdom. The plant models are developed by different groups and for different aims, leading to a considerable diversity of species studied (e.g. legume species, crop species, perennial species…) and model predictions (e.g. prediction of root or shoot characteristics at plant or regional scales). An overview of the models is available under: https://emphasis.plant-phenotyping.eu/modelling The data management is (partly/ in some sites) shifting from homemade solutions to some global e-infrastructures compliant with FAIR criteria and EPPN2020 requirements defining i) environmental and plant measurements ii) statistical analysis of phenotyping experiments, iii) information systems. These e-infrastructures are based on web services. These services facilitate the interactions between different installations and aim at linking EMPHASIS information within the so-called EMPHASIS-layer that will provide a unified models allowing single entry point queries in different information systems. Finally, the broader European research infrastructure landscape has been analysed in order to identify potential synergies.

Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, ISSN:1664-462X

Executive Summary Plant phenotyping was established as a tool to address the bottleneck in basic plant science to understand the plant –environment interaction and translate this knowledge into application. Plant phenotyping has largely benefited over the last 10-15 years from technological development in non-invasive sensor technology paired with automation and engineering leading to substantial investment and development of high throughput plant phenotyping installations. The access to the installations is demanded by the user community, which was demonstrated by the infrastructure projects EPPN and EPPN2020 leading to the development of the Research infrastructure EMPHASIS which is supposed to provide a coordinated effort to integrate the plant phenotyping activities in Europe and explore the full potential of plant phenotyping. Plant phenotyping will most likely further benefit from technological developments and by integrated effort which includes shared use of the facilities deliver towards systemic solution of grand challenges related to sustainable agriculture. Further development will also include the use of plant phenotyping as a tool another disciplines leading to further diversification of solutions needed to address different crops, environmental scenarios, agroecology aspects etc. Commitment of policy makers and funders is essential to develop a long term strategy.

Executive Summary Plant phenotyping was established as a tool to address the bottleneck in basic plant science to understand the plant –environment interaction and translate this knowledge into application. Plant phenotyping has largely benefited over the last 10-15 years from technological development in non-invasive sensor technology paired with automation and engineering leading to substantial investment and development of high throughput plant phenotyping installations. The access to the installations is demanded by the user community, which was demonstrated by the infrastructure projects EPPN and EPPN2020 leading to the development of the Research infrastructure EMPHASIS which is supposed to provide a coordinated effort to integrate the plant phenotyping activities in Europe and explore the full potential of plant phenotyping. Plant phenotyping will most likely further benefit from technological developments and by integrated effort which includes shared use of the facilities deliver towards systemic solution of grand challenges related to sustainable agriculture. Further development will also include the use of plant phenotyping as a tool another disciplines leading to further diversification of solutions needed to address different crops, environmental scenarios, agroecology aspects etc. Commitment of policy makers and funders is essential to develop a long term strategy.

International cooperation in science and technology is an important part of addressing major global issues like climate change, infectious disease, food security and natural disasters. Research infrastructures (RIs) are organizations that enable scientists to use specific facilities, resources and services in order to accelerate scientific achievements, break boundaries and promote sustainable research. Fostering RI partnerships across borders has the potential to improve the efficiency and quality of research to tackle the many challenges faced by society today. RI-VIS is a Horizon 2020-funded project to increase the visibility and raise awareness of European RIs to new communities in Europe and beyond. This report, as part of RI-VIS, focuses on ways to increase collaboration between Australian and European RIs. It collates the insights of experts from Australian RIs, European RIs and policymakers into sections that cover examples of successful collaboration, lessons learned and possible challenges/bottlenecks., {"references":["Abecasis, R. C., & Pintar, B. (2020). RI-VIS Communication Toolkit for European Research Infrastructures. RI-VIS.","Butrous, G. (2015). International research collaboration: the key to combating pulmonary vascular diseases in the developing world. Pulmonary Circulation, 413-414.","Chambers, S., Daems, J., & Raciti, M. (2019). Organise three international DARIAH workshops. Gand, Belgique: DARIAH ERIC.","Cherry, A., Haselip, J., Ralphs, G., & Wagner, I. E. (2018). Africa-Europe Research and Innovation Cooperation. Palgrave Macmillan.","Coccia, M., & Wang, L. (2016). Evolution and convergence of the patterns of international scientific collaboration. PNAS, 2057-2061.","Confined field trial of transgenic cassava is completely safe, says IITA scientist. (2018, April 29). Retrieved from IITA: http://bulletin.iita.org/index.php/2018/04/29/confined-field-trial-transgenic-cassava-safe/","Daenke, S., & Owens, R. (2017). Instruct comes of age. European Journal of Immunology, 1854-1856.","DARIAH Beyond Europe. (2019). Retrieved from Australia: https://dbe.hypotheses.org/workshops/australia","Data from South African survey now available. (2017, January 25). Retrieved from European Social Survey: https://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/about/singlenew.html?a=/about/news/essnews0018.html","DESIR. (2017). Retrieved from DARIAH-EU: https://www.dariah.eu/activities/projects-and-affiliations/desir/","Ebrecht, A. C., van der Bergh, N., Harrison, S. T., Smit, M. S., Sewell, B. T., & Opperman, D. J. (2019). Biochemical and structural insights into the cytochrome P450 reductase from Candida tropicalis. Scientific Reports.","e-IRG secretariat. (2017). Guide to e-Infrastructure Requirements for European Research Infrastructures.","ELIXIR. (2020, April 9). ELIXIR News. Retrieved from New collaboration strategy with the Australian BioCommons: https://elixir-europe.org/news/new-collaboration-strategy-australian-biocommons","EU expands its research cooperation with Brazil and South Africa. (2017, July 13). Retrieved from European Commission: https://ec.europa.eu/research/index.cfm?pg=newsalert&year=2017&na=na-130717","European Commission. (2017, October). Horizon 2020. Retrieved from Australia Country Page - European Commission: https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/other/hi/h2020_localsupp_australia_en.pdf","European Commission. (2018). Roadmap for EU-Australia S&T Cooperation.","European Council. (2020, September 29). Council finalises its position on the Horizon Europe package. Retrieved from European Council News: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/09/29/council-finalises-its-position-on-the-horizon-europe-package/","European Research Infrastructures. (2020). 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Retrieved from The Africa-EU Partnership: https://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/en/stay-informed/news/horizon-2020-africa-and-eu-strengthen-their-cooperation-research-and-innovation","Horlings, E., Gurney, T., Somers, A., & van den Besselaar, P. (2013). The society footprint of big science. Rathenau Instituut.","IITA commences confined field trials of transgenic cassava. (2017, December 17). Retrieved from IITA: https://www.iita.org/news-item/commencement-confined-field-trials-transgenic-cassava/","(2019). International Research Infrastructure Landscape 2019: A European Perspective. RISCAPE. Low, H. A. (2013). Return on Investment in Large Scale Research Infrastructure. National Research Council Canada.","National Research Council. (2008). International Collaborations in Behavioral and Social Sciences: Report of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.","NCRIS. (2019). National Research Infrastructure Census (2017-18). Wallis Market and Social Research.","Obata, T., Klemens, P. A., Rosado-Souza, L., Schlereth, A., Gisel, A., Stavolone, L., . . . Neuhaus, H. E. (2020). Metabolic profiles of six African cultivars of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) highlight bottlenecks of root yield. The Plant Journal, 1-18.","Our Contribution to Society. (2020). Retrieved from CERN: https://home.cern/about/what-we-do/our-impact","PAERIP. (2012). Considerations for African-European partnerships in Research Infrastructure.","Pieruschka, R., & Schurr, U. (2019). Plant Phenotyping: Past, Present, and Future. Plant Phenomics.","Project launched with Africa to develop new energy and healthcare research. (2019, March 27). Retrieved from U.K. Science and Technology Facilities Council: https://stfc.ukri.org/news/project-launched-with-africa-to-develop-new-energy-and-healthcare-research/","Ramoutar-Prieschl, R., & Hachigonta, S. (2020). Management of Research Infrastructures: A South African Funding Perspective. 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International cooperation in science and technology is an important part of addressing major global issues like climate change, infectious diseases, food security and natural disasters. Research infrastructures (RIs) are organizations that enable scientists to use specific facilities, resources and services in order to accelerate scientific achievements, break boundaries and promote sustainable research. Fostering RI partnerships across borders has the potential to improve the efficiency and quality of research to tackle the many challenges faced by society today. RI-VIS is a Horizon 2020-funded project to increase the visibility and raise awareness of European RIs to new communities in Europe and beyond. This report, as part of RI-VIS, focuses on ways to increase collaboration between Latin American and European RIs. It collates the insights of experts from Latin American RIs, European RIs and policy makers into sections that cover examples of successful collaboration, lessons learned and possible challenges/bottlenecks., {"references":["Abecasis, R. C., & Pintar, B. (2020). RI-VIS Communication Toolkit for European Research Infrastructures. RI-VIS.","Barandiaran, J. (2015). Reaching for the Stars? Astronomy and Growth in Chile. Minerva, 141-164.","Belli, S., & Baltà, J. (2019). Stocktaking scientific publication on bi‐regional collaboration between Europe 28 and Latin America and the Caribbean. Scientometrics, 1447-1480.","Butrous, G. (2015). International research collaboration: the key to combating pulmonary vascular diseases in the developing world. Pulmonary Circulation, 413-414.","Catanzaro, M. (2014). South American science: Big players. Nature, 204-206.","Cherry, A., Haselip, J., Ralphs, G., & Wagner, I. E. (2018). Africa-Europe Research and Innovation Cooperation. Palgrave Macmillan.","Coccia, M., & Wang, L. (2016). Evolution and convergence of the patterns of international scientific collaboration. PNAS, 2057-2061.","CONACYT. (2006, August 31). CONACYT. Retrieved from COMPLEMENTARY SUPPORT FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF NATIONAL LABORATORIES FOR SCIENTIFIC INFRASTRUCTURE OR TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT 2006: http://2006-2012.conacyt.gob.mx/fondos/institucionales/Ciencia/LaboratoriosNacionales/Paginas/default.aspx","Confined field trial of transgenic cassava is completely safe, says IITA scientist. (2018, April 29). Retrieved from IITA: http://bulletin.iita.org/index.php/2018/04/29/confined-field-trial-transgenic-cassava-safe/","Daenke, S., & Owens, R. (2017). Instruct comes of age. European Journal of Immunology, 1854-1856.","DARIAH Beyond Europe. (2019). Retrieved from Australia: https://dbe.hypotheses.org/workshops/australia","Data from South African survey now available. (2017, January 25). Retrieved from European Social Survey: https://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/about/singlenew.html?a=/about/news/essnews0018.html","De Negri, F., & de Holanda Schmidt Squeff, F. (2016). SISTEMAS SETORIAIS DE INOVAÇÃO E INFRAESTRUTURA DE PESQUISA NO BRASIL. Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada.","DESIR. (2017). Retrieved from DARIAH-EU: https://www.dariah.eu/activities/projects-and-affiliations/desir/","Dutra, R. C., Campos, M. M., Santos, A. R., & Calixto, J. B. (2016). Medicinal plants in Brazil: Pharmacological studies, drug discovery, challenges and perspectives. Pharmacological Research, 4-29.","Ebrecht, A. C., van der Bergh, N., Harrison, S. T., Smit, M. S., Sewell, B. T., & Opperman, D. J. (2019). Biochemical and structural insights into the cytochrome P450 reductase from Candida tropicalis. Scientific Reports.","e-IRG secretariat. (2017). Guide to e-Infrastructure Requirements for European Research Infrastructures.","ELIXIR. (2020, April 9). ELIXIR News. Retrieved from New collaboration strategy with the Australian BioCommons: https://elixir-europe.org/news/new-collaboration-strategy-australian-biocommons","ESF Member Organisation Forum on Research Infrastructures. (2013). Research Infrastructures in the European Research Area. European Science Foundation (ESF).","EU expands its research cooperation with Brazil and South Africa. (2017, July 13). Retrieved from European Commission: https://ec.europa.eu/research/index.cfm?pg=newsalert&year=2017&na=na-130717","EULAC PerMed. (2019). EULAC PerMed. Retrieved from https://www.eulac-permed.eu/","EU-LAC ResInfra. (2019, January 12). Retrieved from About the Project: https://resinfra-eulac.eu/about/","EU-LAC ResInfra. (2020). Report on the criteria, scientific areas and methodology to develop the LAC RI landscape. EU-LAC ResInfra.","EU-LAC WORKING GROUP ON RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES. (2017, March). Retrieved from The EU-CELAC Platform: https://www.eucelac-platform.eu/research-infrastructures","European Commission. (2017, October). Horizon 2020. Retrieved from Australia Country Page - European Commission: https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/other/hi/h2020_localsupp_australia_en.pdf","European Commission. (2018). Roadmap for EU-Australia S&T Cooperation.","European Commission. (2018). Roadmap for EU-CELAC S&T cooperation.","European Council. (2020, September 29). Council finalises its position on the Horizon Europe package. Retrieved from European Council News: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/09/29/council-finalises-its-position-on-the-horizon-europe-package/","European Research Infrastructures. (2020). Retrieved from European Commission: https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/strategy/european-research-infrastructures_en","European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures. (2018). Strategy report on research infrastructures.","European Union External Action Service. (2018, July 16). EU-CELAC relations. Retrieved from EU in the World: https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage_en/13042/EU-CELAC%20relations","Expert Working Group. (2016). 2016 National Research Infrastructure Roadmap. Australian Government.","Florio, M., Forte, S., Pancotti, C., Sirtori, E., & Vignetti, S. (2016). Exploring Cost-Benefit Analysis of Research, Development and Innovation Infrastructures: An Evaluation Framework. Working Papers, CSIL Centre for Industrial Studies.","Gaillard, J., & Arvanitis, R. (2013). Research Collaborations between Europe and Latin America: Mapping and Understanding Partnership . Paris, France: Éditions des archives contemporaines.","Gastrow, M., & Oppelt, T. (2018). Big science and human development – what is the connection? South African Journal of Science, 1-7.","Global partnerships revealed. (2019, September 4). 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Retrieved from IITA: https://www.iita.org/news-item/commencement-confined-field-trials-transgenic-cassava/","(2019). International Research Infrastructure Landscape 2019: A European Perspective. RISCAPE.","Low, H. A. (2013). Return on Investment in Large Scale Research Infrastructure. National Research Council Canada.","Ministro de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación. (2020). INFORME SOBRE INFRAESTRUCTURAS DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN ARGENTINA. Argentina.","National Research Council. (2008). International Collaborations in Behavioral and Social Sciences: Report of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.","NCRIS. (2019). National Research Infrastructure Census (2017-18). Wallis Market and Social Research.","Obata, T., Klemens, P. A., Rosado-Souza, L., Schlereth, A., Gisel, A., Stavolone, L., . . . Neuhaus, H. E. (2020). Metabolic profiles of six African cultivars of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) highlight bottlenecks of root yield. 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