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Background: Toxocara vitulorum is a common parasitic worm of buffalo and cattle, causing livestock mortality and morbidity worldwide. Several countries suffered substantial economic losses due to animal death and reduced meat and milk production. Therefore, it became necessary to discover a new alternative drug, especially with the emerging resistance to current medications. The present study aims to evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic effect of different concentrations of biobased silver nanoparticles on T. vitulorum adults. Methods: Different concentrations of silver nanoparticles were synthesised using lemon juice. Groups of male and female adult worms were incubated in 50, 100, and 200 mg/L silver nanoparticles for 48 h. The parasite motility, histology, and biochemical parameters were observed and compared to the control. Results: The results showed that silver nanoparticles decreased the worm motility, increased mortality rate, induced structural damage, caused collagen disruption, and showed elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, total protein, urea, and creatinine, as well as reduced levels of acetylcholinesterase, lactate dehydrogenase, uric acid, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Silver nanoparticles established a significant anthelmintic effect against T. vitulorum and could become one of the up-and-coming antiparasitic drugs in the future.

Background: Colorectal cancer is one of the most serious gastrointestinal cancers in Africa and its prevention is a pronounced challenge in contemporary medicine worldwide. Objective: The present study aimed to develop nanoemulsion drug delivery system using pomegranate polysaccharides (PGPs) as an alternative cancer remedy, and then the evaluated its biological activities. Methods: The PGPs yield and chemical composition were evaluated, and then a PGPs nanoemulsion (PGPs-NE) was prepared using the self-emulsification technique with an oil phase. The physicochemical characterization of PGPs-NE was then analyzed. The in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities, and antitumor potency of PGPs and PGPs-NE were also evaluated. Results: The PGPs yield was 10%. The total sugar and protein content of PGPs was 44.66 mg/dl and 19.83μg/ml, respectively. PGPs were mainly composed of five monosaccharides including fructose, glucose, galactose, rhamnose, and arabinose. Concerning physiochemical characterization, the formulated PGPs-NE had three optical absorption bands at 202, 204, and 207nm and a transmittance of 80%. Its average hydrodynamic particle size was 9.5nm, with a PDI of less than 0.2 and a negative zeta potential (-30.6 mV). The spherical shape of PGPs-NE was confirmed by a transmission electron microscope study, with an average size of less than 50 nm. Additionally, the method used to prepare the PGPs-NE formulation provided high entrapment efficiency (92.82%). The current study disclosed that PGPs-NE exhibited strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor agent potency compared to that of free PGPs. Conclusion: These promising current findings provide evidence for the possible efficacy of novel PGPs-NE as an alternative treatment for CRC.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious clinical illness that produces renal failure quickly and has a high fatality rate. Fenugreek possesses anti-osteoporotic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antidiabetic, and immunomodulatory activities. The current study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of the Trigonella foenum-graecum Lseeds extract (TFGE) against AKI induced by a high dose of folic acid. There were 18 male rats divided into three groups: control, folic acid, and folic acid + TFGE. Hepatorenal toxicity induced by a dose of folic acid (250 mg kg−1, i.p.) while TFGE (250 mg kg−1) administrated for seven consecutive days. The methanolic extract of TFG extract contains tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, and phenols, while flavonoids were absent. High dose of folic acid caused increases in AST, ALT, creatinine, urea, uric acid, MDA and decreases in albumin, GSH, CAT levels. In contrast, the administration of TFGE suppresses hepatorenal toxicity and improved tissue functions and structure. TFGE, an abundant antioxidant source, has a renal protecting outcome. The current study demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of TFGE on the liver and kidney in the treatment of gentamycin-induced hepatotoxicity.