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Many plant species worldwide are dispersed by scatter-hoarding granivores: animals that hide seeds in numerous, small caches for future consumption. Yet, the evolution of scatter-hoarding is difficult to explain because undefended caches are at high risk of pilferage. Previous models have attempted to solve this problem by giving cache owners large advantages in cache recovery, by kin selection, or by introducing reciprocal pilferage of 'shared' seed resources. However, the role of environmental variability has been so far overlooked in this context. One important form of such variability is masting, which is displayed by many plant species dispersed by scatterhoarders. We use a mathematical model to investigate the influence of masting on the evolution of scatter-hoarding. The model accounts for periodically varying annual seed fall, caching and pilfering behaviour, and the demography of scatterhoarders. The parameter values are based mostly on research on European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and yellow-necked mice (Apodemus flavicollis). Starvation of scatterhoarders between mast years decreases the population density that enters masting events, which leads to reduced seed pilferage. Satiation of scatterhoarders during mast events lowers the reproductive cost of caching (i.e. the cost of caching for the future rather than using seeds for current reproduction). These reductions promote the evolution of scatter-hoarding behaviour especially when interannual variation in seed fall and the period between masting events are large. This article is part of the theme issue 'The ecology and evolution of synchronized seed production in plants'.

Fossil staurosporous conidia almost identical to modern conidia of Asterosporium asterospermum were found from three Central European localities ranging from the Late Oligocene (Germany) to Middle/Late Miocene (Poland). Extant A. asterospermum is strictly host-specific and found only on branches or bark of various Fagus species from Europe, Asia and North America. Conspicuous association of conidia of A. asterospermum with numerous macro- and microremains of Fagus were reported from all the localities where fossil conidia of Asterosporium were found confirming the host-specificity of fossil A. asterospermum to ancient beeches. The host-specific relationship of A. asterospermum and beech was presumably established early in the history of the Fagus genus. • Fossils of Asterosporium asterospermum and Fagus from Palaeogene and Neogene. • Host-specifity of Asterosporium asterospermum to Fagus since late Oligocene. • Morphological stasis of Asterosporium asterospermum from late Oligocene. • Emergence of the Asterosporium genus in the late Oligocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beech has long been the subject of ecological research in many fields. Recent studies using new methods are now being conducted. This special feature focuses on local beech forests and offers a collection of articles to readers of Ecological Research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have compiled the information available for the White-Backed Woodpecker (Dendrocopos leucotos lilfordi) on the south-facing slopes of the Pyrenees since its detection in 1968 until 2016 and we have added the results of specific censuses carried out between 2017 and 2021 and the results of the GPS marking of reproductive specimens, both within the known range, as in other beech forests beyond its borders. An expansion towards the West and North has been verified. The nests are always located in F. sylvatica, except in the extreme western territories where they use Q. rubra too. The breeders in the traditional range are always individuals of more than two years old (euring 6), although a number of breeding juveniles have appeared in the extreme west (euring 5). Beech occupies more than 70% of the surface of all the territories, but this percentage is significantly lower in the newly detected territories than in those within the traditional distribution area. These latest results suggest that the expansion process is relatively recent and that it may still be in progress. The role of forest management in efforts to enable the expansion of this species to other beech forests in which it has not yet been detected is discussed. Resumen: Recopilamos la información disponible para el pico dorsiblanco (Dendrocopos leucotos lilfordi) en la cara sur del Pirineo desde su detección en 1968 hasta el año 2016 y añadimos los resultados de censos específicos llevados a cabo entre 2017 y 2021 y los resultados del marcaje de ejemplares reproductores, tanto en el área de distribución conocida, como en otros hayedos fuera de ésta. Se comprueba una expansión del mismo hacia el oeste y norte. Los nidos se ubican siempre en hayas, salvo en los territorios del extremo oeste donde también utilizan Q. rubra. Los reproductores en la zona de distribución tradicional son siempre individuos de más de dos años (euring 6), mientras que en las zonas de reciente detección aparecen reproduciéndose ejemplares juveniles (euring 5). El haya ocupa más de un 70% de la superfice de todos los territorios, pero este porcetaje es significativamente menor en los territorios de nueva detección que en los del área de distribución tradicional. Estos últimos resultados inducen a pensar que el proceso de expansión es relativamente reciente y que todavía continúa. Se discute el papel de la gestión forestal para posibilitar la expansión de esta especie hacia otros hayedos en los que todavía no ha sido detectado.

Seedling growth as well as aboveground and belowground biomass allocation is mostly influenced by Light Transmittance (LT) (%) through the canopy. The knowledge of how understory light conditions affect seedling growth and biomass of different species in mixed forests is not well documented. Thus, it is essential to quantify the effects of light on the growth and biomass of understory seedlings. Given their advantages over pure forests, these quantitative understandings are especially crucial in mixed forests with species whose light demand and shade tolerance vary. This research examined the growth responses of natural-origin Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold.) and Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.) seedlings to LT (%) through the canopy in their mixed stands. Linear mixed-effect models were utilized to examine the influence of LT (%) on the seedlings. Moreover, allometric equations for estimating the aboveground biomass and belowground biomass of seedlings were developed for each species. Seedling height, and aboveground and belowground biomass after five years of germination were most significantly affected by LT (%) and tree species in the mixed pine-beech stand (p < 0.001). Biomass models for each species included different variable combinations of seedling height, root-collar diameter, LT (%), and their interactions. This study demonstrates the importance of canopy structure and overstory disturbances for the maintenance of mixed pine-beech forests since canopy structure significantly contributes to the understory light environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Although woodpeckers are known to forage in decaying trees, their contribution to internal wood decay is not well known. In this sense, non-destructive techniques for structural wood degradation provide an opportunity to quantitatively assess the role of woodpeckers in tree decay. We used sonic tomography to test that the trunks of living trees pecked by Magellanic woodpeckers show pronounced decay, which accelerates under environmental conditions favorable to wood-decaying fungi. The internal decomposition of wood and its decay rate were measured over four years on 156 living southern beech (Nothofagus) trees belonging to four dominant species of southern temperate forests in northern Patagonia. Half of these live trees had woodpecker feeding holes, while the rest served as controls. The percentage of decayed wood, although not severely decayed, increased in sections with the presence of woodpecker holes, but was also influenced by temperatures and biophysical variables such as elevation and topography. The trunk sections with woodpecker holes and exposed to intensive foraging showed accelerated inter-annual decay. Woodpecker foraging activity interacted with vegetation characteristics, resulting in accelerated wood decay in forest sites with an open canopy and exposed to water stress. Thus, sonic tomography provided evidence of a close relationship between woodpeckers and internal wood decomposition, suggesting a positive feedback mechanism regulated by forest disturbance. The approach used here can be extended to gain insight into the influence of woodpeckers on tree decay and mortality in regions experiencing severe drought and forest degradation, such as northern Patagonia., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Understanding recovery times and mechanisms of ecosystem dynamics towards the old-growth stage is crucial for forest restoration, but still poorly delineated in Mediterranean. Through tree-ring methods, we reconstructed the return of a tall canopy after severe human disturbance in a mixed beech (Fagus sylvatica) and silver fir (Abies alba) forest, located at a mountain site in the southern edge of both species' range (Gariglione, south Italy). The primary forest was extensively harvested between 1930 and 1950, removing up to 91 % of the biomass. Growth histories, climate-growth relationships and time-series of growth dominance in Gariglione were compared with a network of protected mature and old-growth beech forests distributed along a wide elevational gradient in the same region. We found that the renewed tall canopy of Gariglione is mainly composed of remnant trees, which include uncut trees and saplings, and the post-harvesting regeneration mostly represented by fir. Canopy beech trees reached maximum basal area increment (BAI) in the 1970s, 40-50 years after cutting. Then, beech BAI shifted towards negative trends in phase with drying climate (PDSI), while fir maintained a sustained growth until 2000. This growth asynchrony between the two species conferred community stability over the last decades. The network comparison highlighted the common negative impact of summer drought on high-frequency growth signals of beech in south Italy. However, analysis of long-term mean growth trends indicates decreasing BAI limited to Gariglione beech, revealing relevant differences due to site ecology and its interactions with legacy effects of past management in driving growth responses to climate change. Indeed, lowland mature beech forests showed increasing BAI in the last decades, while primary high-mountain forests displayed a remarkably stable low oscillating growth. In all the Mediterranean forests we studied, large and old trees showed a marked growth acclimation despite ongoing climate warming, demonstrating the effectiveness of landscape rewilding., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: All authors reports financial support was provided by Sila National Park Agency. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Beech leaf disease (BLD), caused by the Litylenchus crenatae ssp. mccannii (Lcm) nematode, is an emerging threat to beech trees. This disease is characterized by distinct leaf symptoms, including leaf interveinal banding and thickened leaf texture, which leads to eventual tree mortality. Understanding Lcm dispersal mechanism(s) is crucial for managing BLD, yet these remain largely unknown, posing a major barrier to its effective management. This study represents a pioneering investigation into the abiotic and biotic vectors that potentially contribute to the local dispersal of Lcm in natural American beech (Fagus grandifolia) forest systems in the Northeastern United States. An experiment was set up in Stone Valley Forest, Pennsylvania (PA), using four funnel stands placed at variable distances from naturally BLD-infected beech trees. This approach enabled the recovery of active Lcm nematodes from each funnel, demonstrating their ability to naturally disperse at least 11.74 m from the nearest BLD-infected tree. The findings highlight the role of abiotic factors involved in the dispersal dynamics of Lcm, especially wind and humidity, as indicated by a generalized linear model. The current study also uncovered the incidental association of Lcm with other organisms beneath the canopy of BLD trees, including spiderwebs and caterpillars. To our knowledge, this is the first study to document the potential vectors involved in the local dispersal of Lcm, offering valuable information for the biology of this nematode, as well as insight into the development of effective BLD management strategies. The findings contribute to broader efforts in advancing the understanding of the local spread of BLD, highlighting the complex interplay of abiotic and biotic factors in this disease dispersal., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.)

Background: Forest trees, particularly at a young age in afforestation, are susceptible to bark gnawing by herbivorous rodents such as voles. Few preventive measures for vole damage exist, although mowing to control herbaceous vegetation is often suggested. However, no empirical evidence supports the claim that mowing prevents or inhibits rodent damage to seedlings in a forest ecosystem. We examined the effects of single mowing applications on rodent population dynamics and the amount of damage they cause. The study was conducted at 34 randomly selected European beech forest plantations in Poland, with half manually mowed in late summer. In each plantation, we monitored the population dynamics of small rodents every 2 months from December 2019 to April 2021, and/or measured the level of damage to tree saplings monthly., Results: The amount of damage followed a clear seasonal pattern with peaks in late autumn ranging from 0 to 40% of saplings per plantation. Mowing did not alter the pattern of population dynamics of small rodents (including voles and mice) on the plantations, nor did it reduce sapling damage caused by rodents. Additionally, herbaceous vegetation cover had no significant effect on the damage intensity., Conclusions: Our results indicate that mowing is ineffective in preventing tree damage by small rodents in forest plantations; therefore, we do not recommend it as a forestry practice. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.)

Fagus L. is a key component in temperate deciduous broadleaf forests of the Northern Hemisphere. However, its biogeographic history has not been examined under the framework of a fully resolved and reasonably time‐calibrated phylogeny. In this study, we sequenced 28 nuclear single/low‐copy loci (18 555 bp in total) of 11 Fagus species/segregates and seven outgroups. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using both concatenation‐based (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference) and coalescent‐based methods (StarBEAST2, ASTRAL). The monophyly of two subgenera (Fagus and Engleriana) and most sections was well supported, except for sect. Lucida, which was paraphyletic with respect to sect. Longipetiolata. We also found a major phylogenetic conflict among North American, East Asian, and West Eurasian lineages of subgen. Fagus. Three segregates that have isolated distribution (F. mexicana, F. multinervis, and F. orientalis) were independent evolutionary units. Biogeographic analysis with fossils suggested that Fagus could have originated in the North Pacific region in late early Eocene. Major diversifications coincided with a climate aberration at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary and the global cooling since mid‐Miocene. The late Miocene accelerated global cooling and the Pleistocene glaciations would have driven beeches into East Asia, North America, and West Eurasia. Meanwhile, range reduction and extinction in high latitudes, central Asia, and western North America converged to form the beech modern distribution pattern. This study provides a first attempt to disentangle the biogeographic history of beeches in the context of a nearly resolved and time‐calibrated phylogeny, which could shed new insights into the formation of the temperate biome in the Northern Hemisphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Being able to persist in deep shade is an important characteristic of juvenile trees, often leading to a strong dominance of shade‐tolerant species in forests with low canopy turnover and a low disturbance rate. While leaf, growth, and storage traits are known to be key components of shade tolerance, their interplay during regeneration development and their influence on juveniles' survival time remains unclear. We assessed the ontogenetic effects of these three traits on the survival time of beech (Fagus sylvatica), and Norway and sycamore maples (Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer platanoides) in a primeval beech forest. Biomass allocation, age, and content of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) were measured in the stems and roots of 289 seedlings and saplings in high‐ and low‐vitality classes. Saplings experienced a trade‐off between absolute growth rate (AGR) and storage (NSC) as the leaf area ratio (LAR) decreases with biomass development. High LAR but low AGR and low NSC corresponded to beech with a marked ability to persist in deep shade while awaiting canopy release. In turn, a comparably small LAR in combination with a high AGR and higher storage (NSC), as observed in Norway maple and sycamore maple, reduced sapling survival time, thus offering an explanation for beech dominance and maple disappearance in the undergrowth of old‐growth beech forests.

BackgroundThe American Beech tree (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), native to eastern North America, is ecologically important and provides high quality wood products. This species is susceptible to beech bark disease (BBD) and is facing high rates of mortality in North America. The disease occurs from an interaction between the woolly beech scale insect (Cryptococcus fagisuga), one of two species of the fungus Neonectria (N. faginata or N. ditissima), and American Beech trees.MethodsIn this case-control genome-wide association study (GWAS), we tested 16 K high quality SNPs using the Affymetrix Axiom 1.5 K - 50 K assay to genotype an association population of 514 individuals. We also conducted linkage analysis in a full-sib family of 115 individuals. Fisher's exact test and logistic regression tests were performed to test associations between SNPs and phenotypes.ResultsAssociation tests revealed four highly significant SNPs on chromosome (Chr) 5 for a single gene (Mt), which encodes a mRNA for metallothionein-like protein (metal ion binding) in Fagus sylvatica. Metallothioneins represent Cys-rich metal chelators able to coordinate metal atoms and may play an important role in the resistance mechanisms against beech scale insect.ConclusionThe GWAS study has identified a single locus of major effect contributing to beech bark disease resistance. Knowledge of this genetic locus contributing to resistance might be used in applied breeding, conservation and restoration programs.

Description of the subject. In Europe, the heat treatment of native wood species is gradually becoming an industrial reality. It provides a promising alternative to both the use of naturally durable, essentially tropical woods and the use of chemical preservative treatments based on biocides. Objectives. The aim of this study is to quantify the effect of heat treatment on the physico-mechanical and decay resistance properties of three native hardwood species (oak, ash, beech + steamed beech). Method. The wood was heat-treated in accordance with the Besson® process. The standard physical and mechanical tests including hardness, modulus of elasticity in static bending, static bending, axial compression, splitting and impact bending strengths, have been performed on 15 treated and 15 control associated samples for each species. The standard durability test on fungi exposed 60 treated and 60 control samples to each fungus. Results. The results show a decrease in the equilibrium moisture content and an increase in dimensional stability of heat-treated wood for the three species studied. The modulus of elasticity, hardness and axial compression strength increase slightly after the heat treatment, while static and impact bending strength and splitting strength may considerably decrease. The fungal durability of oak heartwood and ash increased until class 1, beech and steamed beech until class 3. Conclusions. The global approach of this study allows a complete and precise characterization of the technological properties of three native hardwood species after heat treatment. New uses of these native species can thus be explored.

The impacts of plant species on the microbial communities and physico-chemical characteristics of soil are well documented for many herbs, grasses and legumes but much less so for tree species. Here, we investigate by rRNA and ITS amplicon sequencing the diversity of microorganisms from the three domains of life (Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryota:Fungi) in soil samples taken from the forest experimental site of Breuil-Chenue (France). We discovered significant differences in the abundance, composition and structure of the microbial communities associated with two phylogenetically distant tree species of the same age, deciduous European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and coniferous Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst), planted in the same soil. Our results suggest a significant effect of tree species on soil microbiota though in different ways for each of the three microbial groups. Fungal and archaeal community structures and compositions are mainly determined according to tree species, whereas bacterial communities differ to a great degree between rhizosphere and bulk soils, regardless of the tree species. These results were confirmed by quantitative PCR, which revealed significant enrichment of specific bacterial genera, such as Burkholderia and Collimonas, known for their ability to weather minerals within the tree root vicinity.

SUMMARY: Standard models of plant speciation assume strictly dichotomous genealogies in which a species, the ancestor, is replaced by two offspring species. The reality in wind‐pollinated trees with long evolutionary histories is more complex: species evolve from other species through isolation when genetic drift exceeds gene flow; lineage mixing can give rise to new species (hybrid taxa such as nothospecies and allopolyploids). The multi‐copy, potentially multi‐locus 5S rDNA is one of few gene regions conserving signal from dichotomous and reticulate evolutionary processes down to the level of intra‐genomic recombination. Therefore, it can provide unique insights into the dynamic speciation processes of lineages that diversified tens of millions of years ago. Here, we provide the first high‐throughput sequencing (HTS) of the 5S intergenic spacers (5S‐IGS) for a lineage of wind‐pollinated subtropical to temperate trees, the Fagus crenata – F. sylvatica s.l. lineage, and its distant relative F. japonica. The observed 4963 unique 5S‐IGS variants reflect a complex history of hybrid origins, lineage sorting, mixing via secondary gene flow, and intra‐genomic competition between two or more paralogous‐homoeologous 5S rDNA lineages. We show that modern species are genetic mosaics and represent a striking case of ongoing reticulate evolution during the past 55 million years. Significance Statement: The evolution of extra‐tropical wind‐pollinated tree genera involves dynamic speciation processes. High‐throughput sequencing of the multi‐copy, potentially multi‐locus 5S rDNA reveals a complex history of hybrid origins, lineage sorting and mixing, and intra‐genomic competition between paralogous‐homeologous loci in the core group of Eurasian beech trees (genus Fagus) and their distant relative, F. japonica. The modern species are genetic mosaics and represent a striking case of at least 55 million years of ongoing reticulate evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low mortality rates and slow growth differentiate shade-tolerant from shade-intolerant species and define the survival strategy of juvenile trees growing in deep shade. While radial stem growth has been widely used to explain mortality in juvenile trees, the leaf area ratio (LAR), known to be a key component of shade tolerance, has been neglected so far. We assessed the effects of LAR, radial stem growth and tree height on survival time and the age-specific mortality rate of juvenile Fagus sylvatica L. (European beech), Acer pseudoplatanus L. (sycamore maple) and Acer platanoides L. (Norway maple) in a primeval beech forest (Ukraine). Aboveground and belowground biomass and radial stem growth were analysed for 289 living and 179 dead seedlings and saplings. Compared with the other species, F. sylvatica featured higher LAR, slower growth and a lower mortality rate. The average survival time of F. sylvatica juveniles (72 years) allows it to reach the canopy more often than its competitors in forests with low canopy turnover rate. In contrast, a combination of lower LAR, higher growth rate and higher age-specific mortality rate of the two Acer species resulted in their shorter survival times and thus render their presence in the canopy a rare event. Overall, this study suggests that shade tolerance, commonly defined as a relationship between sapling mortality and growth, can alternatively be formulated as a relationship between survival time and the interplay of growth and LAR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Riparian corridors often act as low-land climate refugia for temperate tree species in their southern distribution range. A plausible mechanism is the buffering of regional climate extremes by local physiographic and biotic factors. We tested this idea using a 3-year-long microclimate dataset collected along the Ciron river, a refugia for European beech (Fagus sylvatica) in southwestern France. Across the whole network, canopy gap fraction was the main predictor for spatial microclimatic variations, together with two other landscape features (elevation above the river and woodland fraction within a 300m radius). However, within the riparian forest only (canopy gap fraction < 25%, distance to the river < 150m), variations of up to -4°C and + 15% in summertime daily maximum air temperature and minimum relative humidity, respectively, were still found from the plateau to the cooler, moister river banks, only ~ 5-10m below. Elevation above the river was then identified as the main predictor, and explained the marked variations from the plateau to the banks much better than canopy gap fraction. The microclimate measured near the river is as cool but moister than the macroclimate encountered at 700-1000m asl further east in F. sylvatica's main distribution range. Indeed, at all locations, we found that air relative humidity was higher than expected from a temperature-only effect, suggesting that extra moisture is brought by the river. Our results explain well why beech trees in this climate refugium are restricted to the river gorges where microtopographic variations are the strongest and canopy gaps are rare., (© 2024. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to International Society of Biometeorology.)

In this study, the family GH10 xylanase AnXylA10 derived from Aspergillus niger JL15 strain was expressed in Pichia pastoris X33. The recombinant xylanase, reAnXylA10 exhibited optimal activity at 40 ℃ and pH 5.0. The hydrolysates generated from beechwood xylan using reAnXylA10 primarily consisted of xylobiose (X2) to xylohexaose (X6) and demonstrated remarkable antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, the rice xylanase inhibitory protein (riceXIP) was observed to competitively inhibit reAnXylA10, exhibiting an inhibition constant (K i ) of 140.6 nM. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of AnXylA10-riceXIP complex revealed that the α-7 helix (Q225-S238) of riceXIP intruded into the catalytic pocket of AnXylA10, thereby obstructing substrate access to the active site. Specifically, residue K226 of riceXIP formed robust interactions with E136 and E242, the two catalytic sites of AnXylA10, predominantly through high-occupied hydrogen bonds. Based on QTAIM, electron densities for the atom pairs K226 riceXIP @HZ1-E136 AnXylA10 @OE2 and K226 riceXIP @HZ3-E242 AnXylA10 @OE1 were determined to be 0.04628 and 0.02914 a.u., respectively. Binding free energy of AnXylA10-riceXIP complex was -59.0±7.6 kcal/mol, significantly driven by electrostatic and van der Waals forces. Gaining insights into the interaction between xylanase and its inhibitors, and mining the inhibition mechanism in depth, will facilitate the design of innovative GH10 family xylanases that are both highly efficient and resistant to inhibitors., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Thermodynamics is a vast area of knowledge with a debatable role in explaining the evolution of ecosystems. In the case of soil ecosystems, this role is still unclear due to difficulties in determining the thermodynamic functions that are involved in the survival and evolution of soils as living systems. The existing knowledge is largely based on theoretical approaches and has never been applied to soils using thermodynamic functions that have been experimentally determined. In this study, we present a method for the complete experimental thermodynamic characterization of soil organic matter. This method quantifies all the thermodynamic functions for combustion and formation reactions which are involved in the thermodynamic principles governing the evolution of the universe. We applied them to track the progress of soil organic matter with soil depth in mature beech forests. Our results show that soil organic matter evolves to a higher degree of reduction as it is mineralized, yielding products with lower carbon but higher energy content than the original organic matter used as reference. These products have higher entropy than the original one, demonstrating how the soil ecosystem evolves with depth, in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics. The results were sensitive to soil organic matter transformation in forests under different management, indicating potential applicability in elucidating the energy strategies for evolution and survival of soil systems as well as in settling their evolutionary states., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Acquiring phenological event data is crucial for studying the impacts of climate change on forest dynamics and assessing the risks associated with the early onset of young leaves. Large-scale mapping of forest phenological timing using Earth observation (EO) data could enhance our understanding of these processes through an added spatial component. However, translating traditional ground-based phenological observations into reliable ground truthing for training and validating EO mapping applications remains challenging. This study explored the feasibility of predicting high-resolution phenological phase data for European beech (Fagus sylvatica) using unoccupied aerial vehicle (UAV)-based multispectral indices and machine learning. Employing a comprehensive feature selection process, we identified the most effective sensors, vegetation indices, training data partitions, and machine learning models for phenological phase prediction. The model that performed best and generalized well across various sites utilized Green Chromatic Coordinate (GCC) and Generalized Additive Model (GAM) boosting. The GCC training data, derived from the radiometrically calibrated visual bands of a multispectral sensor, were predicted using uncalibrated RGB sensor data. The final GCC/GAM boosting model demonstrated capability in predicting phenological phases on unseen datasets within a root mean squared error threshold of 0.5. This research highlights the potential interoperability among common UAV-mounted sensors, particularly the utility of readily available, low-cost RGB sensors. However, considerable limitations were observed with indices that implement the near-infrared band due to oversaturation. Future work will focus on adapting models to better align with the ICP Forests phenological flushing stages., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Being able to persist in deep shade is an important characteristic of juvenile trees, often leading to a strong dominance of shade‐tolerant species in forests with low canopy turnover and a low disturbance rate. While leaf, growth, and storage traits are known to be key components of shade tolerance, their interplay during regeneration development and their influence on juveniles' survival time remains unclear. We assessed the ontogenetic effects of these three traits on the survival time of beech (Fagus sylvatica), and Norway and sycamore maples (Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer platanoides) in a primeval beech forest. Biomass allocation, age, and content of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) were measured in the stems and roots of 289 seedlings and saplings in high‐ and low‐vitality classes. Saplings experienced a trade‐off between absolute growth rate (AGR) and storage (NSC) as the leaf area ratio (LAR) decreases with biomass development. High LAR but low AGR and low NSC corresponded to beech with a marked ability to persist in deep shade while awaiting canopy release. In turn, a comparably small LAR in combination with a high AGR and higher storage (NSC), as observed in Norway maple and sycamore maple, reduced sapling survival time, thus offering an explanation for beech dominance and maple disappearance in the undergrowth of old‐growth beech forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: The Fagaceae comprise around 1000 tree species in the Northern Hemisphere. Despite an extensive fossil pollen record, reconstructing biogeographic patterns is hampered because it is difficult to achieve good taxonomic resolution with light microscopy alone. We investigate dispersed pollen of Fagaceae from the Miocene Søby flora, Denmark. We explore the latitudinal gradient in Fagaceae distribution during the Miocene Climatic Optimum (MCO) in Europe and the Northern Hemisphere to compare it with the Eocene Warmhouse and the present. Methods: We investigated dispersed pollen using light and scanning electron microscopy. We assessed biogeographic patterns in Fagaceae during two warm periods in Earth history (MCO, Eocene) and the present. Results: Eight species of Fagaceae were recognized in the Søby flora. Of these, Fagus had a continuous Mediterranean to subarctic distribution during MCO; Quercus sect. Cerris and castaneoids had northern limits in Denmark, and evergreen Quercus sect. Ilex in Central Europe. In a northern hemispheric context, Fagus and sections of Quercus had more northerly distribution limits during Eocene and MCO with maximum northward extensions during Eocene (Fagus, castaneoids) or Oligo‐Miocene (Quercus sects. Cerris and Ilex). The known distribution of the extinct Tricolporopollenites theacoides during MCO included Central Europe and East China, while this taxon thrived in South China during Eocene. Conclusions: More northerly distributions during MCO and Eocene probably were determined by temperature. In contrast, fossil occurrences in areas that are arid or semi‐humid today were determined by maritime conditions in these areas (western North America, Central Asia) during the Cenozoic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in trees grown in pathless forests were analyzed to investigate their dispersal patterns in the atmosphere. The pg/g levels of 23 PCCD, 22 PCDF, and 54 PCB congeners were identified. The total amount of PCDDs in the red pine tree sample (95.8 pg/g) was approximately 7 times that in the beech tree sample (13.2 pg/g). The total amount of PCDFs in the red pine tree sample (71.1 pg/g) was also approximately 7 times that in the beech tree sample (11.1 pg/g). The total amounts of PCBs in the red pine tree and beech tree samples were 1,380 and 1,150 pg/g, respectively. The (Cl1-Cl3)-PCBs comprised 63.1 % and 67.6 % of total PCBs in the red pine and in the beech, respectively. The results of the present study indicate that PCDD/Fs and PCBs are transferred over long distances in the atmosphere and accumulated in the contamination-free areas.

Abstract Global warming is expected to result in earlier emergence of tree seedlings that may experience higher damages and mortality due to late frost in spring. We monitored emergence, characteristics, and survival of seedlings across ten tree species in temperate mixed deciduous forests of Central Europe over one and a half year. We tested whether the timing of emergence represents a trade‐off for seedling survival between minimizing frost risk and maximizing the length of the growing period. Almost two‐thirds of the seedlings died during the first growing period. The timing of emergence was decisive for seedling survival. Although seedlings that emerged early faced a severe late frost event, they benefited from a longer growing period resulting in increased overall survival. Larger seedling height and higher number of leaves positively influenced survival. Seedlings growing on moss had higher survival compared to mineral soil, litter, or herbaceous vegetation. Synthesis. Our findings demonstrate the importance of emergence time for survival of tree seedlings, with early‐emerging seedlings more likely surviving the first growing period.

This paper reports a non-native Agrilus wood-boring jewel beetle reared from a stressed and non-native European beech (Fagus sylvatica) tree growing in New York City, USA. Results of two analyses using 759 DNA barcodes of Agrilus corroborate the morphology-based interpretation that this is the first North American record of an unnamed species from the A. roscidus species-group native to the Western Palaearctic. Taxonomy of the entire species-group requires revision, therefore we postpone formal description of the new species and refer to it as Agrilus sp. 9895. This is the 12th non-native Agrilus established in North America. Prior to our study, members of the A. roscidus species-group were not known to develop in Fagus, therefore we hypothesise whether our record is a host plant shift linked to the human-mediated transatlantic dispersal, or a case of an elusive beetle escaping detection in Fagus in its unknown native range. All 759 herein analysed DNA barcodes of Agrilus (including, when present, specimen images and georeferences) are available online at dx.doi.org/10.5883/DS-VGDS010.

Aim: This work explores whether the commonly observed positive range size–niche breadth relationship exists for Fagus, one of the most dominant and widespread broad‐leaved deciduous tree genera in temperate forests of the Northern Hemisphere. Additionally, we ask whether the 10 extant Fagus species' niche breadths and climatic tolerances are under phylogenetic control. Location: Northern Hemisphere temperate forests. Taxon: Fagus L. Methods: Combining the global vegetation database sPlot with Chinese vegetation data, we extracted 107,758 relevés containing Fagus species. We estimated biotic and climatic niche breadths per species using plot‐based co‐occurrence data and a resource‐based approach, respectively. We examined the relationships of these estimates with range size and tested for their phylogenetic signal, prior to which a Random Forest (RF) analysis was applied to test which climatic properties are most conserved across the Fagus species. Results: Neither biotic niche breadth nor climatic niche breadth was correlated with range size, and the two niche breadths were incongruent as well. Notably, the widespread North American F. grandifolia had a distinctly smaller biotic niche breadth than the Chinese Fagus species (F. engleriana, F. hayatae, F. longipetiolata and F. lucida) with restricted distributions in isolated mountains. The RF analysis revealed that cold tolerance did not differ among the 10 species, and thus may represent an ancestral, fixed trait. In addition, neither biotic nor climatic niche breadths are under phylogenetic control. Main Conclusions: We interpret the lack of a general positive range size–niche breadth relationship within the genus Fagus as a result of the widespread distribution, high among‐region variation in available niche space, landscape heterogeneity and Quaternary history. The results hold when estimating niche sizes either by fine‐scale co‐occurrence data or coarse‐scale climate data, suggesting a mechanistic link between factors operating across spatial scales. Besides, there was no evidence for diverging ecological specialization within the genus Fagus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integration of a diverse set of data from pollen, wood, macrofossils and dendrochronological studies from the Sierra de Ayllón, a mountainous region in central Spain, enables one of the most complete palaeoecological vegetation reconstructions for almost the whole Holocene on the Iberian Peninsula. Previously, the absence of pollen data for the early Holocene in the eastern part of the Sistema Central mountains had been a gap in the information needed for correctly reconstructing palaeoenvironmental change there. Our pollen study on the Valdojos site finally allows this issue to be resolved. This analysis highlights the crucial role played by pine woodlands throughout the first half of the Holocene in this region. The importance of the pine woods in the region enables us to show the clear difference in vegetation between the western and eastern parts of the Sistema Central mountains for the early to mid Holocene. Moreover, the Fagus pollen found at Valdojos, dating to ca. 7,000–6,600 cal years bp, is the oldest beech record for the central and eastern part of this chain of mountains during the Holocene. This supports the hypothesis of the existence of beech refuges in the Sistema Central for this time span. Furthermore, we used the tree-ring series from the Pinus cf. sylvestris subfossil wood from the Sandria site to extend the previous data from the Sierra de Ayllón to almost the entire Holocene. This tree-ring record is the most complete data set from the Iberian Peninsula and southern Europe and it also provides data on some aspects of the palaeoenvironment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Deadwood is an important element of forest ecosystems that affects many of its components, including the soil environment. Our research is an attempt to determine the role of decaying wood in shaping the properties of forest soils in mountain ecosystems. The aim of our research was to present the influence of beech deadwood on physicochemical properties and microbiological diversity of soils. The research was carried out in the Baba Góra Massif at its northern exposure. The research plots were established in the altitude gradient at 600, 800 and 1000 m above sea level. On each plot, samples were taken from decaying wood, from the soil directly under the decaying log, and a soil sample 1 m from the log as a control. We determined the basic properties of the samples, that is pH, C and N concentration and lignin content. The enzymatic activity and additionally, the taxonomic composition of soil bacterial and fungal communities was determined in the collected samples. Our research indicates the important role of decaying beech wood in shaping the properties of forest soils. We noted a positive effect of decaying wood on the properties of the tested soils. Soils affected by deadwood were characterized by significantly higher pH, C and N concentrations compared to control soils, regardless of their location in the altitude gradient. Additionally, we found that soils affected by decaying wood are characterized by a different composition of microorganisms regardless of their location in the altitude gradient. In control soil the fungal and bacterial alpha diversity were lowest compared with the deadwood and soil under the influence of deadwood. Our results may have practical applications in the management of forest ecosystems. The presented results indicate the possibility of leaving deadwood in order to improve its basic physicochemical properties and increase microbial diversity., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Ewa Błońska reports financial support was provided by National Science Centre, Poland., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The analysis of critical states during fracture of wood materials is crucial for wood building safety monitoring, wood processing, etc. In this paper, beech and camphor pine are selected as the research objects, and the acoustic emission signals during the fracture process of the specimens are analyzed by three-point bending load experiments. On the one hand, the critical state interval of a complex acoustic emission signal system is determined by selecting characteristic parameters in the natural time domain. On the other hand, an improved method of b&#95;value analysis in the natural time domain is proposed based on the characteristics of the acoustic emission signal. The K-value, which represents the beginning of the critical state of a complex acoustic emission signal system, is further defined by the improved method of b&#95;value in the natural time domain. For beech, the analysis of critical state time based on characteristic parameters can predict the "collapse" time 8.01 s in advance, while for camphor pines, 3.74 s in advance. K-value can be analyzed at least 3 s in advance of the system "crash" time for beech and 4 s in advance of the system "crash" time for camphor pine. The results show that compared with traditional time-domain acoustic emission signal analysis, natural time-domain acoustic emission signal analysis can discover more available feature information to characterize the state of the signal. Both the characteristic parameters and Natural&#95;Time&#95;b&#95;value analysis in the natural time domain can effectively characterize the time when the complex acoustic emission signal system enters the critical state. Critical state analysis can provide new ideas for wood health monitoring and complex signal processing, etc., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Jia et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Recent studies suggest that arthropod diversity in German forests is declining. Currently, different national programs are being developed to monitor arthropod trends and to unravel the effects of forest management on biodiversity in forests. To establish effective long-term monitoring programs, a set of drivers of arthropod diversity and composition as well as suitable species groups have to be identified. To aid in answering these questions, we investigated arthropod data collected in four Hessian forest reserves (FR) in the 1990s. To fully utilize this data set, we combined it with results from a retrospective structural sampling design applied at the original trap locations in central European beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests. As expected, the importance of the different forest structural, vegetation, and site attributes differed largely between the investigated arthropod groups: beetles, spiders, Aculeata, and true bugs. Measures related to light availability and temperature such as canopy cover or potential radiation were important to all groups affecting either richness, composition, or both. Spiders and true bugs were affected by the broadest range of explanatory variables, which makes them a good choice for monitoring general trends. For targeted monitoring focused on forestry-related effects on biodiversity, rove and ground beetles seem more suitable. Both groups were driven by a narrower, more management-related set of variables. Most importantly, our study approach shows that it is possible to utilize older biodiversity survey data. Although, in our case, there are strong restrictions due to the long time between species and structural attribute sampling., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Using a unique 8-year data set (2010-2017) of phloem data, we studied the effect of temperature and precipitation on the phloem anatomy (conduit area, widths of ring, early and late phloem) and xylem-ring width in two coexisting temperate tree species, Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica, from three contrasting European temperate forest sites. Histometric analyses were performed on microcores taken from tree stems in autumn. We found high interannual variability and sensitivity of phloem anatomy and xylem-ring widths to precipitation and temperature; however, the responses were species- and site-specific. The contrasting response of xylem and phloem-ring widths of the same tree species to weather conditions was found at the two Slovenian sites generally well supplied with precipitation, while at the driest Czech site, the influence of weather factors on xylem and phloem ring widths was synchronised. Since widths of mean annual xylem and phloem increments were narrowest at the Czech site, this site is suggested to be most restrictive for the radial growth of both species. By influencing the seasonal patterns of xylem and phloem development, water availability appears to be the most important determinant of tissue- and species-specific responses to local weather conditions., (© 2024 The Authors. Plant, Cell & Environment published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Dispersed fossil pollen grains of Fagaceae from the Eocene sediments of the south of Primorskii Region have been analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. Fourteen types of Fagaceae pollen were identified: one of them represented the extinct genus Eotrigonobalanus, four were assigned to the subfamily Castaneoideae, two to the genus Fagus, and seven to the genus Quercus; four of the latter were produced by deciduous oaks (Quercus), one, by evergreen oaks (Cyclobalanoides), and two, by evergreen sclerophyllous oaks (Heterobalanus). The presence of pollen of the extinct genus Eotrigonobalanus in the study region was demonstrated for the first time. The data obtained are indicative of considerable diversity of the family Fagaceae in the Eocene of Primorskii Region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fagus multinervis is an endemic plant found in Ulleungdo Island in Korea. We present a second complete chloroplast genome of Fagus multinervis. The length of chloroplast genome is 158,349 bp, consisting of four subregions: 87,660 bp of LSC and 18,903 bp of SSC regions separated by a pair of 25,893 bp of IR regions. It includes 128 genes (83 protein-coding genes, eight rRNAs, and 37 tRNAs). There are two SNPs and two INDELs between two accessions of F. multinervis. The phylogenetic tree shows that the two accessions of F. multinervis form a clade, sister to F. engleriana.

Tree mortality and forest dieback episodes are increasing due to drought and heat stress. Nevertheless, a comprehensive understanding of mechanisms enabling trees to withstand and survive droughts remains lacking. Our study investigated basal area increment (BAI), and δ 13 C-derived intrinsic water-use-efficiency ( i WUE), to elucidate beech resilience across four healthy stands in Italy with varying climates and soil water availability. Additionally, fist-order autocorrelation (AR1) analysis was performed to detect early warning signals for potential tree dieback risks during extreme drought events. Results reveal a negative link between BAI and vapour pressure deficit (VPD), especially in southern latitudes. After the 2003 drought, BAI decreased at the northern site, with an increase in δ 13 C and i WUE, indicating conservative water-use. Conversely, the southern sites showed increased BAI and i WUE, likely influenced by rising CO 2 and improved water availability. In contrast, the central site sustained higher transpiration rates due to higher soil water holding capacity (SWHC). Despite varied responses, most sites exhibited reduced resilience to future extreme events, indicated by increased AR1. Temperature significantly affected beech i WUE and BAI in northern Italy, while VPD strongly influenced the southern latitudes. The observed increase in BAI and i WUE in southern regions might be attributed to an acclimation response., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Scientific testing including stable isotope ratio analysis (SIRA) and trace element analysis (TEA) is critical for establishing plant origin, tackling deforestation and enforcing economic sanctions. Yet methods combining SIRA and TEA into robust models for origin verification and determination are lacking. Here we report a (1) large Eastern European timber reference database (Betula, Fagus, Pinus, Quercus) tailored to sanctioned products following the Ukraine invasion; (2) statistical test to verify samples against a claimed origin; (3) probabilistic model of SIRA, TEA and genus distribution data, using Gaussian processes, to determine timber harvest location. Our verification method rejects 40-60% of simulated false claims, depending on the spatial scale of the claim, and maintains a low probability of rejecting correct origin claims. Our determination method predicts harvest location within 180 to 230 km of true location. Our results showcase the power of combining data types with probabilistic modelling to identify and scrutinize timber harvest location claims., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Acetylation of wood with acetic anhydride reduces the wood-moisture interaction, improves the dimensional stability and resistance against biodegradation. However, the adhesive bonding is affected by the modification, which is crucial to manufacture engineered wood products, such as laminated veneer lumber (LVL). In this study we report the bonding of 8-layered acetylated beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) LVL boards to 2-layered LVL beams. The beams were glued together at room temperature adding three common load-bearing construction adhesives: melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF), phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde (PRF), and one-component polyurethane (PUR). The bonding performance was tested by assessing its dry and wet tensile shear strength (TSS) and wood failure percentage (WF). Also evaluated were the material's density and moisture content (MC). The surface was characterized prior to bonding by its pH, roughness, and contact angle (CA). The adhesive penetration was observed by fluorescence microscopy. Aside from MUF, applying PRF and PUR adhesives achieved good bonding performance on acetylated LVL and references. Acetylated LVL displayed a more hydrophobic behaviour, a higher pH, a somewhat smoother surface, and an increased density., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Mixing species with contrasting resource use strategies could reduce forest vulnerability to extreme events. Yet, how species diversity affects seedling hydraulic responses to heat and drought, including mortality risk, is largely unknown. Using open-top chambers, we assessed how, over several years, species interactions (monocultures vs mixtures) modulate heat and drought impacts on the hydraulic traits of juvenile European beech and pubescent oak. Using modeling, we estimated species interaction effects on timing to drought-induced mortality and the underlying mechanisms driving these impacts. We show that mixtures mitigate adverse heat and drought impacts for oak (less negative leaf water potential, higher stomatal conductance, and delayed stomatal closure) but enhance them for beech (lower water potential and stomatal conductance, narrower leaf safety margins, faster tree mortality). Potential underlying mechanisms include oak's larger canopy and higher transpiration, allowing for quicker exhaustion of soil water in mixtures. Our findings highlight that diversity has the potential to alter the effects of extreme events, which would ensure that some species persist even if others remain sensitive. Among the many processes driving diversity effects, differences in canopy size and transpiration associated with the stomatal regulation strategy seem the primary mechanisms driving mortality vulnerability in mixed seedling plantations., (© 2023 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2023 New Phytologist Foundation.)