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Additional file 1: Supplementary material. Description of data: Complete list of outcomes and variables for which data were sought; PRISMA 2020 checklist. Supplementary Table 1. Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale for cohort studies, South Africa, 2010-2018 (n=21). Supplementary Table 2. Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomised trials, South Africa, 2010-2018 (n=2). Supplementary Table 3. Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale for case control studies, South Africa, 2010-2018 (n=1). Supplementary Table 4. Demographic risk factors for TB mortality. Supplementary Table 5. Clinical risk factors for TB mortality, South Africa, 2010-2018. Supplementary Table 6. Tuberculosis treatment-related risk factors for TB mortality, South Africa, 2010-2018. Supplementary Table 7. HIV and antiretroviral therapy related risk factors for TB mortality, South Africa, 2010-2018.

Dendrobium is one of the largest genera in the Orchidaceae family. Information on the genetic diversity and relationships among species and hybrids is important for breeding purposes and species conservation. The objectives of this study were to assess genetic relatedness and to determine whether morphological, molecular, or combined analysis can discriminate among Dendrobium species, commercial hybrids, and interspecific hybrids. A total of 81 Dendrobium accessions were characterized with 12 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer pairs and 21 morphological characters. Mean genetic relatedness for morphological characters, AFLP analysis, and combined analysis were 0.61, 0.37, and 0.43, respectively. Dendrograms were generated using an unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA); the analysis was performed on a Jaccard similarity coefficient matrix. The data from morphological characters revealed that the Jaccard similarity coefficient ranged from 0.20 to 1.0, where the tested 81 Dendrobium accessions could be grouped into four clusters. For the AFLP analysis, the number of polymorphic fragments for each primer varied from 80 to 284 with 78% average percentage of polymorphic loci and the similarity coefficient ranging from 0.125 to 1.0 with Dendrobium accessions grouped into three clusters. The similarity coefficients estimated through a combined analysis of morphological and AFLP data ranged from 0.21 to 1.0 and the Dendrobium accessions appeared clustered into two groups. The results revealed some similarities among the three data sets. The combined data set was the most useful in discriminating Dendrobium accessions based on species sections and relationship among species and their hybrids. The correlation between the AFLP data and the combined data was highly significant (r = 0.98, P > 0.001), indicating the usefulness of AFLP data for species discrimination and hybrid identity in the absence of floral morphological characters.

The wild species of Aerides namely Aerides odorata, A. odorata var.’Yellow’,Aerides flabellata and Aerides quinquevulnera var. calayana are fragrant and distributed in Malaysia. Crosses among them attempted to produce primary hybrids which were used to investigate the effects of kinetin and BAP concentrations on seed germination percentage (%) of A. odorata × A. quinquevulnera var. calayanaand A. quinquevulnera var. calayana × A. odorata. The total six crosses were: A. odorata var.’Yellow’ × A. quinquevulnera var. calayana, A. odorata × A. quinquevulnera var. calayana and A. odorata × A. flabellata and their reciprocals. The highest percentage of successful crosses were between A. odorata var.’Yellow × A. quinquevulnera var. calayana (80%) and lowest were A. flabellata × A. odorata(25%), A. odorata × A. quinquevulnera var. calayana and its reciprocal were 60 and 62%, respectively. Crosses of A. quinquevulnera var. calayana × A.odoratavar.’Yellow’ and A. odorata and A.flabellata showed 0% success. Pods of A. odorata var.’Yellow’ × A. quinquevulnera var. calayana matured at 76 days, A. flabellata × A. odorata at 116 days, A. odorata × A. quinquevulnera var. calayana at 179 days and A. quinquevulnera var. calayana × A. odorata at 184 days. Pods of A. flabellata × A. odorata were the largest and the smallest were A. odoratavar.’Yellow’ × A. quinquevulnera var. calayana. There was a significant difference in seed germination where the highest germination percentage were with 1.5 mg/L kinetin and the lowest were in 2.0 mg/L BAP for A. odorata × A. quinquevulnera var.calayana. Germination of A. quinquevulnera var. calayana × A. odorata was highest in 1.5 mg/L BAP and lowest in 2.0 mg/L kinetin. Seeds of A. odorata × A. quinquevulnera var. calayana cultured in 1.5 mg/L kinetin took the shortest time for yellowing and greening, 54 and 76 days respectively. 1.0 mg/L kinetin produced first root, as early as 91 days and 1.0 mg/L BAP was the earliest to produce leaf primordial at day 96. The longest time taken for all these stages were in control treatment. The earliest seeds of A. quinquevulnera var. calayana × A. odorata to yellow were at 1.5 mg/L kinetin within 13 days, greening at 1.0 mg/L BAP for 24 days, first root and leaf primordial at 1.5 mg/L BAP at 33 and 54 days respectively. The longest time taken for this species to yellow and green were at control treatment at days 38 and 50, first root in 1.5 mg/L BAP at day 33 and to produce leaf primordia were in 0.5 mg/L kinetin at day 74. Key words: Aerides, reciprocal, crosses, hybrids.