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Given the implementation of the digitalization project of tax justice (Pro.di.gi.t.), the article proposes to examine the state of the art on applying AI to justice, reviewing what should be included in the system concerning case law databases. It then analyzes what the contribution of AI can be concerning single procedural aspects, both in general and in tax litigation, finally tracing, by the same method, the prospects of the predictive function.

Agricultural cooperative models are vital in developing resilient and sustainable food systems. The various advantages of agri-food cooperatives, namely the democratic participation of their members in decision-making, the simplified economic and financial management, the proven positive influence on food security, and the offer of a labour market, allow arguing these models as natural alternatives for the human right to food fulfilment. However, these models face several challenges in competing in the international and regional market against large food monopolies and legal and political obstacles that slow down or limit their development. This research aims to assess the role of agri-food cooperatives as a real, viable and sustainable alternative in the right to food fulfilment. The main result is aimed at obtaining a rationale for the contributions of agri-food cooperatives as a sustainable alternative and material guarantee for the human right to food fulfilment.

Van 2 tot 9 november 2021 bracht het Europees Comité ter preventie van foltering en onmenselijke of vernederende behandeling of bestraffing (CPT) een ad hoc bezoek aan België. Het doel van het bezoek was om na te gaan of de situatie in de Belgische gevangenissen verbeterd was na het laatste periodieke bezoek van maart-april 2017. Tijdens het ad hoc bezoek in 2021 werden de gevangenissen van Antwerpen, Lantin, Sint-Gillis en Ieper bezocht. In zijn rapport van dit bezoek, dat op 29 november 2022 verscheen, besteedt het CPT bijzondere aandacht aan de materiële detentieomstandigheden, het terugkerende probleem van de overbevolking, de activiteiten, de gezondheidszorg (waaronder de situatie in de psychiatrische annexen) en ten slotte de personeels- en arbeidsomstandigheden (CPT, 2022a). We gaan in deze bijdrage dieper in op enkele belangrijke bevindingen uit het rapport en enkele reacties van de Belgische overheid.

While research has increasingly focused on the role of digitalisation in prisoners’ detention experiences, the impact of the digitalisation of the prison regime on the discretionary power of prison officers has been understudied. By using an ethnographic approach in one digital Belgian prison, qualitative interview data are used to investigate the prison officer’s coping strategies in response to the digitalisation of prison life. It is found that the gatekeeping role of prison officer’s has been partly stripped away but also that the impact of digitalisation on the prison officer’s discretionary power depends on how digital technologies are implemented. Moreover, the study reveals that not all official goals regarding the digitalisation are met and highlights the need of supporting prison officers when implementing new technologies in prison.

The use of bodycams can lend to greater legitimacy, transparency, and accountability with regard to police-citizen interactions. However, they ought not be considered a panacea, and need to be understood in their fuller context. The footage they produce is not the only bearer of truth about police-citizen encounters, rather it ought to be considered as an additional perspective on what happens in such encounters.

This is an authorised Chinese translation of the article How (Not) to Write a Privacy Law written by Julie Cohen, professor of Law and Technology at Georgetown University. The original English version can be accessed at https://knightcolumbia.org/content/how-not-to-write-a-privacy-law.

Currently, international investment is an inescapable paradigm for all states to achieve their actions at all levels. One of the new emerging issues in legal research is the effective and efficient implementation of human rights, particularly those economic and social rights that require the state to have financial means. The role of international investment in achieving this goal has become extremely important. It is one of the ways in which the state can mobilise significant resources to invest in education, health, housing, social protection, water and electricity, job creation and many other rights guaranteed in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Yet, in the context of the Democratic Republic of Congo, international investment does not contribute to the promotion and implementation of economic, social and cultural rights. Rather, some of the cases analysed demonstrate that FDI has had a negative impact on these rights. This contribution proposes to what extent foreign investment can promote economic and social rights in the DRC.

In deze bijdrage wordt beargumenteerd dat endogene zelf-legitimering bepaalde kerneigenschappen van ‘de politiecultuur’ oproept, hetzij versterkt, of in stand houdt. Zelf-legitimiteit handelt over de mate waarin machthebbers overtuigd zijn van de morele rechtvaardigheid van hun macht. De endogene aard stelt dat zelf-legitimeringsprocessen verlopen via identificatie met de professionele identiteit en met de politieorganisatie, en benadrukt dat zelf-legitimiteit wordt bewerkstelligd doordat machthebbers zichzelf unieke karakteristieken toeschrijven en bekrachtiging daarvan opzoeken bij een binnencirkel van gelijkaardige machthebbers. Daarmee wordt tegenkracht gegeven aan de dominante exogene of dialogische visie op zelf-legitimering. Vanuit de opgemaakte analyse worden suggesties aangereikt over hoe politiecultuur beïnvloed kan worden.

Os espaços das vizinhanças são considerados ricos em processos de governança da segurança não estatais, já que neles o Estado tende a exercer pouca influência (ZALUAR; RIBEIRO, 2009). Justamente nessa área de relações e de laços de informalidade e de pessoalidade, composto por grupos de vizinhança, associação de moradores, e as igrejas com os seus grupos diversos, se constituem campos ricos de investigações e de estudo para se compreender como esses atores auxiliam na segurança comunitária. Ainda que a segurança e a liberdade religiosa se constituam como direitos fundamentais garantidos constitucionalmente, são poucos os estudos que abordam a relação entre as duas áreas. Este estudo pretende realizar uma análise interseccional entre o provimento de segurança pelos diversos atores e as manifestações e parcerias religiosas desses atores, em relações de cooperação. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo de caso em dois bairros de classe média de Londrina, que se organizaram no intuito de prover a segurança comunitária a partir de meados de 2010, e que estabeleceram relações com a igreja católica local no processo de implementação da política pública. As seguintes questões nortearam esta pesquisa: Como a igreja influenciou o processo de organização da segurança comunitária no estudo de caso apresentado? Que relações foram estabelecidas entre a igreja e a organização da segurança comunitária nos bairros de classe média em Londrina? Os dados indicaram que a relação entre a igreja católica e os grupos de organização da segurança comunitária ocorreu em três principais aspectos: fornecimento de espaço físico paroquial, como modelo de organização institucional e como diretriz moral para atuação.

Flaws of state conservation policies have resulted in the eviction of indigenous peoples from their traditional lands, territories and resources around the world. In violation of the principle of free, prior and informed consent and the Congolese 1973 Land Act, the creation and expansion of the PNKB has resulted in the forced displacement of indigenous peoples without compensation or resettlement. Deprived of all means of subsistence, they now lead a precarious life, marked in particular by wandering and insecurity, which the offer of the new land has imposed as a palliative solution. In this article, we analyze the legal status and security measures of concessions acquired by indigenous peoples. It reveals that these solutions remain insufficient and are hampered by obsolete and incomplete land tenure regulations, which are unable to guarantee their security. In our view, the best way to secure their collective rights to these lands would be the adoption of an edict that, based on Article 204 of the Constitution, would identify and recognize their delimitations. This would have the advantage of exempting them from the registration certificate requirement under the Basic Principles of Agriculture Act and extending to them the special protection applicable to indigenous land rights.

El presente artículo expone los resultados de la investigación realizada sobre la trasmisión inter vivos de la propiedad privada sobre la tierra, lo cual posee extraordinaria relevancia en el contexto cubano actual, debido a los cambios que se gestan en la sociedad, sobre todo desde el punto de vista jurídico. Lejos de ser un análisis que critique el modo de hacer de las autoridades administrativas en materia agraria, este informe se propone sistematizar las principales formas de transmisión plena inter vivos de la propiedad privada sobre la tierra en Cuba. Con el propósito de demostrar cómo se ha creado, a partir de dicha actuación, un régimen propio para la trasmisión de la propiedad agraria que contribuye a la autonomía del Derecho Agrario. Se presentan las definiciones teóricas sobre la trasmisión inter vivos de la propiedad privada sobre la tierra y los bienes agropecuarios y una valoración sobre la posibilidad de trasmisión de la tierra propiedad privada en el ordenamiento legal cubano y las figuras contractuales relacionadas. Los métodos de investigación jurídica empleados son el teórico-jurídico y el analítico jurídico. Como resultado se obtiene una sistematización coherente de los contratos traslativos de dominio en sede agraria. This article presents the results of the research carried out on the inter vivos private property transmission on land, which has extraordinary relevance in the current Cuban context, due to the changes taking place in society, especially from the legal point of view. Far from being an analysis that criticizes the way in which the administrative authorities act in agrarian matters, this report aims to systematise the main forms of full inter vivos private land ownership transmission in Cuba. The aim is to show how, on the basis of such action, a proper regime for transfer of agricultural property has been created which contributes to Agricultural Law autonomy. The theoretical definitions of inter vivos private property transmission on land and agricultural goods are presented, as well as an assessment of the possibility of transmission of privately owned land in the Cuban legal system and related contractual figures. The legal research methods used are legal theoretical and legal analysis. The result is a coherent systematisation of transfer of ownership contracts in the agricultural sector.

Met het Vlaamse Jeugddelinquentiedecreet van 2019 werd het positief project als nieuwe afhandelingsmogelijkheid naar aanleiding van een jeugddelict geïntroduceerd. Het positief project houdt in dat minderjarigen zelf een plan met engagementen opstellen naar aanleiding van het door hen gepleegde jeugddelict. In dit artikel worden ervaringen met het positief project van veertien HCA-medewerkers en enkele jongeren, ouders en jeugdadvocaten in kaart gebracht. Op basis van de interviews wordt duidelijk dat het positief project veel potentieel in zich draagt: het biedt jongeren de kans om, vertrekkend vanuit hun eigen krachten en ideeën, maar ondersteund vanuit de context, hun verantwoordelijkheid op te nemen. Niettemin komen doorheen de interviews ook verschillende uitdagingen en knelpunten aan bod, zoals de uitdagende zoektocht naar de specifieke rolinvulling door de ondersteunende HCA-medewerkers, de beperkte bekendheid en de beperkte toepassing van het positief project, de verschillen tussen arrondissementen die tot rechtsongelijkheid en/of een gevoel van onrechtvaardigheid bij jongeren kunnen leiden, de beperkte vrijwilligheid van het aanbod, de variërende betrokkenheid van jeugdadvocaten en de mogelijke implicaties daarvan voor rechtswaarborgen zoals het vermoeden van onschuld en de proportionaliteit van de reactie, en de delicate positie van eventuele slachtoffers.

Social media are spaces for interaction with their own characteristics and values. In this scenario, the engagement of users represents more than the increase in likes or comments, but provides the expansion of these values. Although research on these platforms is in progress, studies that address the strategies of state institutions in networks are still scarce. Thus, we sought to answer the following question: which engagement strategies characteristic of the dynamics of social media were used by the institution on the network? To this end, a case study of the Federal Police's institutional profiles on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram was carried out in order to identify strategies to increase user engagement on its institutional page. The use of emotional devices, motivational elements and wide use of hashtags were identified as characteristic features of the dynamics of social media.

In dit boek staat de uitdagende, soms onvoorspelbare praktijk van kwalitatief onderzoek voeren centraal. Op basis van concrete getuigenissen en blikverruimende voorbeelden bieden de auteurs praktijkgerichte handvaten aan zowel studenten kwalitatief onderzoek als aan (beginnende) kwalitatieve onderzoekers. Dit boek vormt daarom een mooie aanvulling op bestaande basishandboeken kwalitatief onderzoek. Hoewel het boek zich primair richt op criminologen, zijn de voorbeelden en tips & tricks ook relevant voor studenten en onderzoekers in de ruimere sociale wetenschappen.

El texto analiza el modelo de protección de datos personales ante la ausencia de una autoridad de control. Se examina cómo se protegen los datos personales en sector público y en el sector privado. El artículo concluye que, a pesar de la inexistencia de una autoridad de control especializada, la garantía del derecho se da a través de competencias fragmentadas y sectoriales, en función de la agenda de cada entidad pública.