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Parcel hub (PH), as one of the logistic system entities, plays a significant role in delivering packages. PH operations are identical to a cross-docking system. Numerous studies were conducted to examine solutions in PH and cross-docking in general. This paper aims to investigate scientific references published within the last fifteen years through a systematic literature review (SLR). The objectives are to determine the critical decisions related to PH problems, classify the applied solution approach, and identify the future challenges regarding the transformation towards intelligent logistics. This study implements an SLR methodology that consists of five stages: planning, searching, screening, analysing, and reporting. This study utilises two publication databases and one reference management system. More than four thousand documents were collected in the searching stage. Then, five assessments are conducted to sort the most relevant papers. One hundred and forty-six articles are included in the further analysis. This study classifies four important decisions associated with PH problems: truck scheduling, internal process planning, facility planning, and technology selection. In addition, this study categorises ten solution approaches employed to find the best decision in the prior research. Moreover, this study explains the future research directions and managerial implications of managing parcel hub systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic facility layout planning (DFLP) involves determining an appropriate arrangement scheme of the elements making up the production system for each time period into which the planning horizon is divided. When formulating the problem as an optimisation model, using the traditional top-down approach is usual, which firstly determines the block layout (BL) and then the detailed layout (DL) of each work cell. However by this approach, the BL generates area constraints in the detailed phase, which sometimes limit its implementation. In this context, the present paper presents a multi-objective mixed integer non-linear programming (MOMINLP) model that allows the problem to be addressed by considering an alternative approach, known in the literature as the bottom-up approach. The proposed model, called bottom-up mDFLP, considers three objective functions: (1) minimise the total material handling cost (TMHC) and the total rearrangement cost (TRAC); (2) maximise the total closeness rating (TCR) between departments; (3) maximise the area utilisation ratio (AUR). The original MOMINLP is transformed into a more computationally efficient multi-objective mixed integer linear programming (MOMILP) model. The proposed model is applied and validated in a case study of a company in the metal-mechanic sector with 12 departments for three 4-month periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the activity patterns of urban residents is crucial for urban community design and urban energy forecasting. Predicting the visitation rates of different types of locations is a important issue because urban residents can only be in one place at a time. Achieving accurate predictions of outdoor public space visitation rates is equivalent to predicting the upper limit of the number of visitors to other buildings. Previous similar studies usually rely on survey methods such as questionnaires and GPS positioning. These methods have some drawbacks, such as small sample sizes and inaccurate data. In this paper, we used mobile signaling to investigate the park visit rates of residents in different communities in Guangzhou. In accordance with Chinese tradition, we define a community as a residential community, which consists of multiple residential units and a set of basic service facilities and management structures that are sufficient to meet the daily needs of residents. We found that the park visit rate of a community is closely related to the characteristics of the community itself. The park visit rate is positively correlated with the average LST (land surface temperature) of the communities, the average distance between the community and the large park, and the building coverage rate, while it is negatively correlated with the vegetation coverage rate, the average surface reflection rate, the convenience of transportation, and the per capita green space area. Given the different travel habits of urban residents on weekdays and weekends, we also used multiple linear regression to establish prediction models for community park visitation rates on weekdays and weekends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translation abstract Complete digitalization of structural condition inspectionsDigitalization has reached all aspects of our personal and professional lives, changing and determining our usual way of life. Even though digitalization is not pushing forward as rapidly as in other industries, it continues to change the processes of planning, executing and managing construction projects. Especially maintenance management of structural facilities pursues relief by digitalizing processes and paperless documentation of asset conditions. As an organization of the federal state of Berlin, the Berliner Wasserbetriebe operate and maintain nine municipal waterworks, six wastewater treatment plants and 166 wastewater pumping stations as well as 8000 km of drinking water and 11,000 km of sewage network, which were established in different epochs and are continuously developed under applicable requirements. This ever‐growing and complex inventory of structures requires systematic maintenance management during ongoing operations. The company digitalized the necessary processes step by step. Since 2019 the organization uses ZIS Ing‐Bau for documenting and evaluating structural condition inspections. The systems data collection structure meets the complex requirements for the operational documentation. This article showcases the digitalization of maintenance management of structural facilities from the perspective of the operator, the structural inspector and the software developer, using a specific facility of the Berliner Wasserbetriebe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to explore the lived experiences of incarcerated elders. Qualitative research design, specifically hermeneutic phenomenology was utilized in obtaining its objectives. The study found that elderly persons deprived of liberty were unsatisfied and had a low quality of life, which included unmet psychological and physiological needs. It also indicated that poor prison management of the facility is the cause of unsatisfied life. Lastly, despite the deprivation of freedom, incarcerated elders were still able to acquire positive insights into their experiences inside the pre-detention facility that may help them as they are reintroduced to society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Despite an abundance of literature regarding the motivations of sport and entertainment managers to adopt environmentally sustainable practices (ESPs) within their venue, there is little offered on which particular stakeholders motivate such action. This study examined the venues which host such events to identify the stakeholders who influence the adoption of ESPs, their specific roles and to highlight salient stakeholders who primarily motivate ESP adoption. Design/methodology/approach: Guided by stakeholder theory as a framework for analysis, a qualitative study was employed which consisted of sixteen semi-structured interviews with venue personnel including presidents, general managers, operations directions and recycling coordinators. Participants were asked to discuss their venue's management structure, stakeholder relations and ESPs. Findings: Internal stakeholders – particularly ownership and operations personnel – were salient stakeholders motivating ESP adoption, but the most unique stakeholder identified was that of a motivated "doer" from no particular role who simply possessed the power, legitimacy and urgency to act on ESPs. Thus, there was no single, identifiable stakeholder role to champion ESPs so much as there was a motivated, normatively legitimate stakeholder who wanted to be that champion. Originality/value: This research contributes to the growing sport ecology literature and is the first to present the idea of a non-particular, doer stakeholder to champion ESPs within this industry rather than one with a more defined role within organizational structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a novel multistage expressway fast charging station (EFCS) planning problem coordinated with the dynamic regional power structure (PS) transformation. Under the prerequisite of the EFCS network's sustainable operation, network accessibility, and orderly construction, a three‐step planning method oriented to the enhancement of energy saving and emission reduction (ESER) benefits and rationalization of facility utilization is developed: (i) EV‐expanded network, (ii) multiagent‐based dynamic traffic assignment (MA‐DTA), and (iii) deployment refinement. Embedding the MA‐DTA and customized refinement strategy into the iterative planning structure enables the integration of operations and planning of the EFCS network. A numerical experiment and an empirical study in the Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration are conducted. It demonstrates that the method can find a high‐quality solution within acceptable computation time and is applicable to realistic large‐scale EFCS planning. The planning method can effectively play the role of economy and facility in inducing EV users' charging demands, thus enhancing the overall ESER benefits. The integration of operation and planning is proven effective in reasonably matching the supply and demand of facility service and charging loads in a full‐time period. Further, the multistage EFCS planning schemes during 2025–2045 are explored, and some insightful policy implications are revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of healthcare technology management (HTM) in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf region, this study addresses a significant gap by exploring both external and internal risk factors affecting HTM performance. Previous studies have primarily focused on modeling or predicting failures in medical devices, mostly examining internal (endogenous) factors that impact device performance and the development of optimal service strategies. However, a comprehensive investigation of external (exogenous) factors has been notably absent. This research introduced a novel hierarchical risk management framework designed to accommodate a broad array of healthcare technologies, not limited to just medical devices. It significantly advanced the field by thoroughly investigating and validating a comprehensive set of 53 risk factors and assessed their influence on HTM. Additionally, this study embraced the perspective of enterprise risk management (ERM) and expanded it to identify and incorporate a wider range of risk factors, offering a more holistic and strategic approach to risk assessment in healthcare technology management. The findings revealed that several previously underexplored external and internal factors significantly impacted HTM performance. Notably, the Fuzzy AHP survey identified "design risk" under facility and environmental risks as the highest risk for HTM in this region. Furthermore, this study revealed that three out of the top ten risks were related to "facility and internal environmental" factors, six were related to technological endogenous factors, and only one was related to managerial factors. This distribution underscores the critical areas for intervention and the need for robust facility and technology management strategies. In conclusion, this research not only fills a critical void by providing a robust framework for healthcare technology risk assessment but also broadens the scope of risk analysis to include a wider array of technologies, thereby enhancing the efficacy and safety of healthcare interventions in the region. Additionally, the proposed hierarchy provides insights into the underlying risk factors for healthcare technology management, with potential applications extending beyond the regional context to a global scale. Moreover, the equation we proposed offers a novel perspective on the key risk factors involved in healthcare technology management, presenting insights with far-reaching implications applicable not only regionally but also on a global level. This framework also supports sustainability goals by encouraging the efficient and responsible utilization and management of healthcare technologies, essential for ensuring the long-term economic and environmental sustainability of medical technology use. This research is of an exploratory nature, with the findings from the Fuzzy AHP analysis being most applicable to the specific geographic regions examined. Additional research is required to validate these results and to confirm the trends observed in various other regions and contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management of educational facilities and infrastructure will have an impact on the optimal, effective, and efficient implementation of educational activities in schools. SMAN 71 Jakarta is known for its lush and comfortable environment, as well as adequate facilities and infrastructure to support the implementation of education in the school. Therefore, this research aims to determine how the management of educational facilities and infrastructure is conducted in SMAN 71 Jakarta. This study is a qualitative research using a descriptive approach. Data collection techniques in this research are conducted through observation, interviews, and documentation, known as data triangulation. Interviews were conducted with eight informants related to the management of educational facilities and infrastructure in the school. Furthermore, data analysis techniques in this research are carried out through three stages: data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that SMAN 71 Jakarta has implemented seven main functions of management of educational facilities and infrastructure, namely planning, procurement, distribution, inventory, maintenance, storage, and disposal, quite well although there are still some challenges in its implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy challenges of overcoming climate change and economic and global political crises require not only the increased integration of renewable energies but also an optimisation of energy generation and use and, as a result, a reduction in energy consumption in various sectors. Thermal energy consumption in buildings in particular accounts for a significant proportion of final energy consumption. With respect to commercial buildings, a central problem in optimising the system settings is the lack of or only limited information about the actual room temperatures as well as the comfort requirements and temperature perception of the users in the rooms on the one hand and the operational management and settings specified by the facility management, for example, the heating curves of the heating circuits, on the other. The aim here is to create a bidirectional flow of data and information so that the compromise between the necessary room temperatures and the comfort of the users and the most energy-efficient operational management possible can be achieved. In this context, the paper presents a developed and tested web platform that makes it possible to optimise the operation of the system technology, particularly the heating system in the building, from an energy point of view and to involve the building user (e.g., office employees) and to pass on information to the facility management, thus pursuing a holistic approach. In the associated Living Lab project (called ComfortLab), it was possible to obtain over 6500 votes on temperature perception and combine this with building operation and the parameters relevant to facility management. This made it possible to bridge the gap between user requirements and room temperatures on the one hand and energy consumption and the inlet temperature of the heating system and supply circuits on the other. The use of the platform makes it possible to optimise the setpoint specification, specifically the inlet temperature of individual heating circuits, considering both regular building operation at times of presence and the setting of weekend and night setback times. The results show a diversified picture regarding temperature perception and possible room temperature reductions of several degrees Celsius and energy savings in the double-digit percentage range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Equine-assisted intervention (EAI) studies deal with clients, whereas very few studies focus on the effects on animals. To explore that, this study compared manager's subjective views of "good" management and selection criteria for a horse in EAI, using an online survey (n = 51) and objective observations in eight additional facilities. Management decisions and welfare consequences were correlated. One major factor influencing welfare and human–equid interactions appeared to be working modalities, with more EAI facilities practicing groundwork and bitless work. Facilities where equids were the most involved in mixed activities (EAI and classic riding school) had the most equids with compromised welfare. Given EAI clients' particularities, conventional working modalities are less adapted and at risk of increased discomfort for equids. Overall, survey and observational approaches converged but some discrepancies (choice of equid type) appeared. Equine-assisted intervention (EAI) studies deal with clients, whereas very few studies focused on the effects on animals. EAI equids are also submitted to management, which influences their welfare. Management and working conditions depend on human decisions and perception. We gathered information through a survey about facilities managers' strategies (n = 51) and obtained direct information on management and working practices and their consequences on equids' welfare through an observational study (n = eight facilities, 174 equids). Differences in managers' perceptions of good management practices were related to the facility's involvement in EAI, e.g., increased awareness of equids' needs (housing and feeding), especially when EAI was the main activity. A detailed observational study on eight additional facilities confirmed that. Facility management profiles were paralleled by equids' welfare profiles. Clear correlates were found between management decisions and welfare consequences. One major factor influencing welfare and human–equid interactions appeared to be working modalities, with more EAI facilities practicing groundwork and bitless work. Facilities where equids were the most involved in mixed activities had the most equids with compromised welfare. Given EAI clients' particularities, conventional working modalities are less adapted and at risk of increased discomfort for equids. Overall, survey and observational approaches converged but some discrepancies (choice of equid type) appeared between the reported and observed prevalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Three cases of outsourced facility management between national or international companies were investigated. • Safety management practices in outsourced facility management conform to those in safety critical industries. • However, the practice of review was not found, limiting learning. • Regulatory failures contribute to safety management challenges in outsourced facility management. Introduction: Outsourcing is a commonly occurring organizational activity, but one associated with negative occupational safety outcomes. Improving the management of safety in workplaces where contractors are employed is vital, but under-researched in the service sectors. The aims of this paper were to investigate both the practices and challenges of safety management in outsourced facility management (FM), an important global service sector. Method: Twenty-three semi-structured interviews were conducted with clients and contractors in three different FM outsourcing arrangements between large corporations in the UK. Data were thematically coded against frameworks derived from existing literature to identify deployed safety management practices and reveal challenges associated with safety management in these outsourced relationships. Results: Safety management practices in outsourced FM conformed to known practices clustering into four previously identified categories (planning, selecting, on-site working, and checking). A fifth category (reviewing) was not observed. Operating across national boundaries, applying national contracts locally, working with mandated KPIs, and contract specifications all created new challenges for safety management not previously reported. Other known challenges associated with economic pressure and disorganization were observed. Conclusion: Safety management practices observed in safety critical industries also apply in FM. However, the challenges of safety management in these three cases included regulatory failures that have not been routinely identified in other empirical studies of safety in outsourcing arrangements. Practical application: Adopting widely accepted safety management practices support safer working in outsourced FM and encourage cross-sector learning. New challenges for safety management noted here encourage consideration of unintended consequences of contract terms and conditions, require corporate agreement on how to ensure safety compliance when working transnationally, and a review of decision-making and processes and procedures to enable effective and safe working locally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction project information for FM team control and maintenance is vital. However, current practices indicate significant data drops during the handover stage, leading to rework during FM systems integration of inaccurate, delivered information. Although challenges in BIM implementation are well studied, there is a current lack of best practices from FM industry experts highlighting challenges with a specific focus on the areas of the data drop. Therefore, the aim is to develop a framework that can reduce data loss and improve data management. The objectives include robust literature review on challenges of information loss during handover phase, management and frameworks; Adopting case study and workshops to identify information loss challenges, framework development and validation with industry experts. This paper adopted a grounded theory approach to explore literature and conducted case studies, including a series of semistructured interviews and a workshop with FM industry experts. The findings show the areas and causes of information loss and how to manage them through the developed information loss management framework (ILMF). Practical Applications: With the start of any type of project, planning and establishing rules from the beginning facilitates the smooth transition between different phases. Similarly, in construction projects, this research provides guidelines on how facility managers can manage information loss when exchanged through projects' stages. Furthermore, with the continuing advancements in the construction world, the facility management should be equipped with management and leadership guidelines as presented in the proposed framework to reduce data loss during handover. However, there are cost and contractual issues that prohibit any involvement of the facility manager in early project stages. The results of this study provide an identification of professional practices do's and do not's that facilitate the management and development of projects with the support of the latest technologies in the market. Ultimately, developing a guide that adapts international standards. The study's contribution to knowledge includes the development of a new information loss management framework that adopts BIM and ISO standards after exploring the existing data management frameworks in the literature that lack data loss management as a focus. The framework works as a guide for various stakeholders such as designers, contractors with a focus on FM to facilitates data coordination and management to reduce information loss, its creation and validation were conducted in collaboration with industry experts. Furthermore, its novelty lies in integrating FM role, information management, information loss, address project life cycle, and adopts the ISO 19650 series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transit as an alternative means of travel allows travelers to access a wide range of activities and services. In addition to focusing on how many job opportunities and other basic urban services such as parks and healthcare can be accessed by transit, more attention should be paid to how many transit services can be obtained and how easy it is to access them. It should be noted that accessibility by transit and accessibility to transit are not the same thing, and most existing studies tend to focus on the former while ignoring the measurement of the latter. However, accessibility to transit is an important concept that can provide a framework for understanding and explaining the availability of transit services. In the literature, transit is more often used as a tool for accessing activities and opportunities to analyze the basic services such as healthcare resources and job opportunities that can be accessed, which not only ignores the transit service provided by the means of transit as a supplying facility, but also ignores the diversity of facilities in the integrated public transportation system. With this in mind, this paper introduces the entropy index into the adjusted Gaussian two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method to measure accessibility to transit to capture how the overall accessibility changes when considering different transit facilities. From the spatial distribution of accessibility, the areas with high accessibility score are distributed in the six core administrative districts of Beijing, accounting for 99.3% of the grids with high accessibility scores. When considering facility diversity, 46.7% of the grids within the core administrative districts experience an increase in their accessibility rank, and there is an increase in the number of grids with high accessibility. The research results indicate that considering facility diversity enhances the accessibility level of grids, elucidates the diversity differences in each area, and provides valuable information for the location selection of transit facilities and urban planning. The applicability of the proposed method to Beijing illustrates that it can provide valuable insights for the measurement of accessibility, which can help planners obtain more effective evaluation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past two decades, extensive research has covered various automated fault detection and diagnostic (AFDD) methods. Nonetheless, there are only limited examples where these tools' usability and adoption are investigated. To address this gap, this review paper investigates two main topics that are relevant to AFDD adoption: (1) the socio-technical challenges faced by facility management (FM) organizations that are the primary target of AFDD tools and (2) user testing and human-computer interaction (HCI) based studies of AFDD and other energy information and management technology. We argue that along with the extensive research on AFDD strategies, these two topics are essential to address the challenges of AFDD adoption and to shape the direction of future AFDD research. The available literature suggests a gap in understanding what design elements of novel AFDD tools and techniques lead to industry use and, ultimately, fault correction. Without further advancements toward understanding the practical requirements for AFDD adoption, this gap leaves researchers and the industry with limited knowledge to improve the design of future AFDD tools. To bridge the gap between theory and adoption, we recommend the expanded use of HCI methods in AFDD development to address the socio-technical challenges faced by FM organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to investigate the theoretical and practical links between digital twin (DT) application in heritage facilities management (HFM) from a life cycle management perspective and to signpost the future development directions of DT in HFM. Design/methodology/approach: This state-of-the-art review was conducted using a systematic literature review method. Inclusive and exclusive criteria were identified and used to retrieve relevant literature from renowned literature databases. Shortlisted publications were analysed using the VOSviewer software and then critically reviewed to reveal the status quo of research in the subject area. Findings: The review results show that DT has been mainly adopted to support decision-making on conservation approach and method selection, performance monitoring and prediction, maintenance strategies design and development, and energy evaluation and management. Although many researchers attempted to develop DT models for part of a heritage building at component or system level and test the models using real-life cases, their works were constrained by availability of empirical data. Furthermore, data capture approaches, data acquisition methods and modelling with multi-source data are found to be the existing challenges of DT application in HFM. Originality/value: In a broader sense, this study contributes to the field of engineering, construction and architectural management by providing an overview of how DT has been applied to support management activities throughout the building life cycle. For the HFM practice, a DT-cum-heritage building information modelling (HBIM) framework was developed to illustrate how DT can be integrated with HBIM to facilitate future DT application in HFM. The overall implication of this study is that it reveals the potential of heritage DT in facilitating HFM in the urban development context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The paper aims to identify the critical constraints that impede heritage building (HB) facility managers from discharging their duties effectively and develop an index model to guide HB maintenance management (HBMM) practitioners to the critical constraints. Design/methodology/approach: A literature review was conducted to identify HBMM constraints. Facilty management practitioners assessed the constraints' significance through an online survey. The factor analysis was used to shortlist and group the constraints, and the constraint clusters were analyzed by the fuzzy synthetic evaluation technique. A significant index cluster to determine HBMM constraints criticality was generated using the linear additive model. Findings: Embracing a total of 16 HBMM constraints, the three clusters identified are: (1) managerial and inadequacy constraints, (2) pressure and bureaucracy constraints and (3) HB peculiarities constraints. Based on the generated significant index, the HB peculiarities cluster was identified as the most significant. Research limitations/implications: The study was conducted in a particular jurisdiction, limiting the generalizability of the result. Future research should address this limitation by covering more jurisdictions. Practical implications: The significant index model (SIM) developed enables HBMM practitioners to objectively assess the criticality of HB constraints and facilitates them to effectively strategize and allocate resources for HBMM. Originality/value: The SIM, which transforms subjective judgment into the objective assessment of the HBMM constraints' criticality, can assist practitioners, policymakers and other HBMM stakeholders in implementing strategies for the sustainability of HBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: using Virtual Tours (VTs) to complement Building Information Models (BIMs) and Internet of Things (IoT) systems as a solution for remote control, building automation systems, and other tasks involved in Computer-Aided Facility Management (CAFM). The aim is to provide contextual access to information and opportunities for interaction, simplifying the task of those responsible for managing and maintaining building assets. This study investigates the integration of Building Information Models (BIMs) and Virtual Tour (VT) environments in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry, focusing on Computer-Aided Facility Management (CAFM), Computerized Maintenance Management Systems (CMMSs), and data Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA). The interconnected nature of tasks throughout a building's life cycle increasingly demands a seamless integration of real-time monitoring, 3D models, and building data technologies. While there are numerous examples of effective links between IoT and BIMs, as well as IoT and VTs, a research gap exists concerning VT-BIM integration. This article presents a technical solution that connects BIMs and IoT data using VTs to enhance workflow efficiency and information transfer. The VT is developed upon a pilot based on the Controlled Environments for Living Lab Studies (CELLS), a unique facility designed for flexible monitoring and remote-control processes that incorporate BIMs and IoT technologies. The findings offer valuable insights into the potential of VTs to complement and connect to BIMs from a life-cycle perspective, improving the usability of digital twins for beginner users and contributing to the advancement of the AEC and CAFM industries. Our technical solution helps complete the connectivity of BIMs-VT-IoT, providing an intuitive interface (VT) for rapid data visualisation and access to dashboards, models and building databases. The practical field of application is facility management, enhancing monitoring and asset management tasks. This includes (a) sensor data monitoring, (b) remote control of connected equipment, and (c) centralised access to asset-space information bridging BIM and visual (photographic/video) data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to prevent health damage caused by chemical exposure among cleaning workers who use cleaning agents and disinfectants in facility management and kitchen areas. We analyzed 5 years of measurement data (2016–2020) for cleaning workers across various industries in Korea, and conducted an exposure survey and health risk assessment for the two most frequently measured substances (i.e., 2-butoxyethanol and sodium hydroxide) and representative substances generated by their combined use (i.e., chlorine and chloroform). The findings indicate that when chlorine was generated by mixing hypochlorite-based disinfectants (e.g., bleach) with acidic cleaners containing substances such as nitric, hydrochloric, or citric acid, the risk index for chlorine gas (based on the 95th percentile exposure values) was 5.65 in the facility management cleaning industry, exceeding the acceptable threshold of 1. Because of the high usage and exposure frequency of cleaning and disinfecting agents and the common practice of mixing multiple products to enhance cleaning efficacy, it is necessary to manage hazardous risk factors by providing education on appropriate working methods, supplying personal protective equipment, and installing ventilation systems for these workers. Further research on the health risk assessment of combined chemical use is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban management and planning during public health emergencies, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, are critical. This article examines hospital site selection in Yinzhou, Ningbo, China, using geographical data analysis. It evaluates travel costs and referral patterns between hospitals and community health facilities to establish a sustainable hierarchical diagnosis and treatment system. The results reveal that existing medical facilities, particularly in rural areas, are inadequate during public health emergencies. The article proposes considering total transportation costs in allocating the sites of new hospitals and suggests adopting a 'permanent + temporary' facility planning approach to ease financial burdens. Addressing these issues can mitigate the inequitable distribution of urban and rural medical resources. This article was published open access under a CC BY licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Pre-positioning and distributing relief items are important parts of disaster management as it simultaneously considers activities from both pre- and post-disaster stages. This study aims to address this problem with a novel mathematical model. Design/methodology/approach: In this research, a bi-objective mixed-integer linear programming model is developed to tackle pre-positioning and distributing relief items, and it is formulated as an integrated location-allocation-routing problem with uncertain parameters. The humanitarian supply chain consists of relief facilities (RFs) and demand points (DPs). Perishable and imperishable relief commodities (RCs), different types of vehicles, different transportation modes, a time window for delivering perishable commodities and the occurrence of unmet demand are considered. A scenario-based game theory is applied for purchasing RCs from different suppliers and an integrated best-worst method-technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution technique is implemented to determine the importance of DPs. The proposed model is used to solve several random test problems for verification, and to validate the model, Iran's flood in 2019 is investigated as a case study for which useful managerial insights are provided. Findings: Managers can effectively adjust their preferences towards response time and total cost of the network and use sensitivity analysis results in their decisions. Originality/value: The model locates RFs, allocates DPs to RFs in the pre-disaster stage, and determines the routing of RCs from RFs to DPs in the post-disaster stage with respect to minimizing total costs and response time of the humanitarian logistics network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – Facility management (FM) in healthcare is an organisational function that provides non-medical activities, ensuring operational functionality of critical health infrastructure. FM leaders are under pressure to implement the digital transformation, confronted with a highly complex and challenging operational environment. However, the current scope and understanding of the digital transformation in FM is rather limited, with a strong focus on technology. This perspective is inadequate to realise a digital transformation in healthcare organisations and requires a new framework. To ensure the practical applicability, a clearer depiction on how FM practitioners in the field, currently understand the digital transformation, is necessary. Design/methodology/approach – A sequential exploratory mixed-methods design was chosen with a qualitative data collection and quantitative data analysis phase. A total of 23 semi-structured research interviews with professionals from FM in healthcare in Switzerland were carried out. Topic modeling was used to analyse, identify and cluster topics. Findings – In total, nine distinct digital transformation topics were generated: ‘addressing future organisational and people needs’, ‘end-user-oriented processes’, ‘digitalisation management vs. digital tools’, ‘major organisational change’, ‘information exchange and work culture’, ‘digital systems’, ‘pressure’, ‘company-wide strategy’ and ‘management support and communication involving non-medical support services’. The findings indicate that FM practitioners perceive the digital transformation beyond the purely technological viewpoint, although they lack the know-how and instruments necessary to implement the digital transformation. Originality/value – This study employs an innovative research design, resulting in foundational insights on how FM in healthcare perceives the digital transformation. As such, the study expands the notion on what the digital transformation means for the FM field.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop and validate the business streamlining (BS) model proposed in 2017. Design/methodology/approach: This study/paper develops and validates the qualitatively generated BS model, a conceptual model of service sourcing relationships, by testing it quantitatively. A survey was sent to chief exective officers, chief purchasing officers or facility managers in 764 private or public companies in Sweden with an annual turnover exceeding € 10m. The categories were tested and analyzed by means of factor analysis. Findings: The BS model for managing service sourcing processes was confirmed to be significant overall, meaning that it is applicable irrespective of service sourcing context. The efficiency pursuing (EP) was found to have an interlinking role that calls for a revision of the BS model. Furthermore, the four categories tended to load pairwise. Research limitations/implications: Although this cross-sectional study confirms the relevance of the BS model for managing service-sourcing processes, further studies should examine both the relative significance of its categories in different service-sourcing contexts and why the four main categories tend to pair. Practical implications: The results support that the model is flexible and adaptable to a wide range of service-sourcing circumstances. Irrespective of the relative complexity of facility management (FM) sourcing processes, the categories can be adapted to fit the service sourcing context. Thus, it can be used as a tool to analyze and facilitate strategic decision-making. Originality/value: The paper validates that the BS model can represent the dynamics of different service-sourcing processes, regardless of the complexity of the context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inspection of building components plays a crucial role in reducing maintenance costs throughout the building's life cycle. Many buildings suffer from defects in the building elements, such as surface problems, cracks, and moisture problems. Building Information Modeling (BIM) has become a widely used digital tool for the construction industry, allowing for the virtual visualization, design, and simulation of structures. At the same time, progress in neural networks, a branch of artificial intelligence, presents encouraging potential for classification and evaluation. This article explores the fusion of BIM and neural networks to improve and simplify the building inspection procedure. Neural networks are implemented with BIM to conduct real-time analysis and predictions as part of an inspection framework. A data set consisting of 500 wall samples with defects from different buildings was collected through fieldwork. These data were then classified into five categories, ranging from D1 (No damage) to D5 (Collapse), based on expert opinions. A neural network was used to create a model that can show the severity of degradation of building elements. The BIM platform is utilized in the implementation of the proposed model to facilitate the exchange of information and enhance documentation during inspection. The visualization provided by BIM allows the facility management team and building owners to assess building elements through causality analysis using distinct color codes. A case study of an office building is featured in the paper to showcase the application of the proposed model for asset management. The color-coded system used in this study denotes low-performance conditions as red, medium performance conditions as yellow, and high-performance conditions as green. This article outlines the procedures for categorizing and ranking defects in building elements, specifically focusing on walls. Practical Applications: This study explores innovative methods for assessing the condition of buildings, aiming to improve accuracy, efficiency, and predictive capabilities. Traditional building inspections are often subjective, time-consuming, and labor-intensive, making it challenging to generate consistent and comprehensive evaluations. Our research addresses these limitations by integrating BIM and neural networks. BIM provides detailed digital models of buildings, which include comprehensive information about each component. This technology enables precise and consistent assessments, reducing the subjectivity inherent in manual inspections. Neural networks, a type of artificial intelligence, can analyze complex data patterns and detect potential issues early, allowing for proactive maintenance. By combining these two technologies, our approach offers a more efficient and objective method for building condition assessment. This integration not only saves time and resources but also enhances the ability to predict and prevent future issues, ultimately extending the lifespan of building components and improving overall building performance. These advancements are particularly relevant for property managers, maintenance teams, and construction professionals seeking to optimize building maintenance and management practices. The findings of this study can significantly benefit the construction and facilities management industries by providing a more reliable and advanced method for maintaining building health and safety, thereby ensuring sustainable and cost-effective building management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The paper explores the role of AI in sorting solid waste in service building. • The developed virtual assistant supports verbal and visual input from users. • The developed virtual assistant provides immediate directions based on policies. • The developed virtual assistant permits facility manger to track sorting behaviour. • Using a virtual assistant can increase occupants engagement in waste sorting plans. Waste management researchers have identified that the correct disposal of solid waste is better addressed upstream, where people properly sort their solid waste. Sorting solid waste is a practice that requires a behaviour friendly to sorting and willingness to continuously comply with waste management policies. However, the dynamic and ever-changing nature of service buildings' users makes fostering such behaviour challenging, potentially jeopardizing solid waste sorting efforts. Therefore, in this paper, we explore the possible role of artificial intelligence in alleviating the cumbersome process of sorting solid waste, by developing a virtual assistant that interacts with tenants via verbal and visual inputs to provide them with waste management services and instructions. The virtual assistant utilizes Natural Language Processing and computer vision techniques to enable voice and image recognition functionalities and achieved accuracy levels of 85% and 88% for verbal and visual inputs, respectively. The present work can be a solid foundation to investigate further implementation of virtual assistants to support sustainability practices in Facility Management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Heating, ventilating, air-conditioning and cooling (HVAC) systems are crucial in daily health-care facility services. Design-related defects can lead to maintenance issues, causing service disruptions and cost overruns. These defects can be avoided if a link between the early design stages and maintenance feedback is established. This study aims to use experts' experience in HVAC maintenance in health-care facilities to list and evaluate the risk of each maintenance issue caused by a design defect, supported by the literature. Design/methodology/approach: Following semistructured interviews with experts, 41 maintenance issues were identified as the most encountered issues. Subsequently, a survey was conducted in which 44 participants evaluated the probability and impact of each design-caused issue. Findings: Chillers were identified as the HVAC components most prone to design defects and cost impact. However, air distribution ducts and air handling units are the most critical HVAC components for maintaining healthy conditions inside health-care facilities. Research limitations/implications: The unavailability of comprehensive data on the cost impacts of all design-related defects from multiple health-care facilities limits the ability of HVAC designers to furnish case studies and quantitative approaches. Originality/value: This study helps HVAC designers acquire prior knowledge of decisions that may have led to unnecessary and avoidable maintenance. These design-related maintenance issues may cause unfavorable health and cost consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to introduce the design and the design process for an innovative sanitary fixture to be used in public facilities for the purpose of ablution. This purpose-made fixture is needed to support the hygienic, safe and comfortable performance of this essential function in public facilities in many parts of the world. The study also clarifies the need for this function and critically reviews current designs to address it. Design/methodology/approach: The study started by critically reviewing the standard built-in models for ablution. It also identified and analyzed new approaches to designing standalone ablution fixtures. The study then specified the characteristics of a better ablution fixture and involved drafting a design based on these characteristics, making a wooden prototype to test the design and receiving users' feedback. The design was adjusted and tested again for more feedback. Finally, the study resulted in the development of a final design. It used digital fabrication to create the design prototype with improved aesthetics, tested it again and received user feedback. Findings: A survey of users showed that they found the innovative fixture more comfortable and safer than the commonly used built-in models. The main concern was the potential for water to splash on clothes from the high faucet. Originality/value: In addition to showing an innovative design for a purpose-made sanitary fixture for ablution, the study makes the reader aware of the various challenges of providing a hygienic, safe and comfortable facility for users to perform this function. This is very useful for the many designers and facility managers who deal with the issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to explore an emerging collection of smart building technologies, known as smart workplace solutions (SWS), in the context of facilities management (FM). Design/methodology/approach: This study is based on semi-structured interviews with facility managers in Finland, Norway and Sweden who have deployed SWSs in their organizations. SWS features, based on empirical data from a previous study, were also used to further analyse the interviews. Findings: It analyses the benefits that SWSs bring from the facility management point of view. It is clear that the impetus for change and for deploying SWS in the context of FM is primarily driven by cost savings related to reductions in office space. Research limitations/implications: This research has been conducted with a focus on office buildings only. However, other building types can learn from the benefits that facility managers receive in the area of user-centred smart buildings. Practical implications: SWSs are often seen as employee experience solutions that are only related to "soft" elements such as collaboration, innovation and learning. Understanding the FM business case can help make a more practical case for their deployment. Originality/value: SWSs are an emerging area, and this study has collected data from facility managers who use them daily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inappropriate utilization of higher-level health facilities and ineffective management of referral processes in resource-limited settings are becoming increasingly a concern in health care management in developing countries. This is characterized by self-referral and frequent bypassing of the nearest health facilities coupled with low formal referral mechanisms. This scenario lends itself to a situation where uncomplicated medical conditions are unnecessarily managed in a high-cost health facility. On July 1, 2021, Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) enforced the Kenya Health Sector Referral Implementation Guidelines, 2014, which required patients to receive approval from the KNH referral office and a formal referral letter to be admitted at KNH to reduce the number of walk-ins and allow KNH to function as a referral facility as envisioned by the Kenya 2010 Constitution and KNH legal statue of 1987. Objective: To determine the effect of enforcing the national referral guidelines on patterns of orthopaedic admissions to the KNH. This was a pre-post intervention study. Data abstraction was done for 459 and 446 charts before and after the enforcement of the national referral guidelines, respectively. Results: Enforcement of the national referral guidelines reduced the proportion of walk-in admissions from 54.9% to 45.1%, while the proportion of facility referrals increased from 46.6% to 53.4% (p = 0.013). The percentage of non-trauma orthopaedic admissions doubled from 12.0% to 22.4% (p<0.001). There was also an increase in admissions through the Outpatient Clinic and Corporate Outpatient Clinic. The proportion of emergency admissions declined, while that of elective admissions increased. The increase in elective cases was mainly driven by the increase in female admissions with active insurance cover, tertiary education, non-trauma-related conditions and older age groups. However, the use of official formal written referral letters did not change despite the enforcement of the national referral guidelines. Conclusion: The enforcement of the national referral guidelines reduced the proportion of walk-ins' admissions to KNH. While the enforcement of the national referral guidelines had no effect on the use of official formal written referral letters, it did limit access and utilization of inpatient orthopedic services for young male patients with no active insurance cover and in need of emergency orthopedic care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimal facility repair planning is a challenge, especially as it applies to a portfolio of facilities constrained by a limited budget. This paper discusses a linear programming optimization method to develop improved maintenance and repair strategies. This method introduces a utility metric, termed component "endurance," used to determine repair decisions to help maximize the financial health of a portfolio of facilities. A predictive model is used to calculate this endurance metric to measure the impact of repair decisions at a specified future date. This future impact is integrated into an optimization framework to guide repair decisions with the aim of avoiding excessive deterioration of the most valuable components while remaining within budget. This approach shows appreciable benefits over traditional component condition ranking approaches, including increased portfolio health and reductions in deferred maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Jakarta National Monument is a monument that is a characteristic of the city of Jakarta. The National Monument offers a tourist attraction in the form of history about the struggle of the Indonesian nation. This study aims to analyze the extent of the influence of service quality and access to elderly tourism support at Mona's. The method used in this study is qualitative. The data sources in this study were obtained through interviews, observations, questionnaires and literature from previous research or journals. From the results that have been obtained by the author, it can be concluded that Monas can still be developed in terms of access and facilities, unfortunately, for now, Monas are still not friendly to elderly tourists who still need a lot of special facilities and access to run and can also enjoy tourist activities at Mona's. It can be concluded that tourism for the elderly is still very minimally done, but elderly tourism is one of the aspects that can be profitable if more is worked on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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How is the circular economy policy utilised to transform mining facilities? This paper analyses projects undertaken under increasing pressure for economic and energy transformation (transitioning away from coal), using the example of the municipality of Brzeszcze in Poland. These projects highlight the planned key spatial initiatives deemed feasible for implementation in the area, emphasising mining facilities and waste management (including waste from outgoing industries) that can break or speed transformation. The article aims to analyse solutions considered viable for implementation in mining towns, which can contribute to a better understanding of transformations in other monofunctional industrial centres in Europe. Data were collected using the research by design method. It is concluded that stakeholders perceive the development of peripheral mining areas as an action that can significantly impact the conduct and perception of activities related to the circular economy while also promoting a gradual transition away from coal mining. The article highlights the role of initiatives enabling the combination of transformations with a slowdown in the pace of mining activity cessation, considering the need for waste management, energy transformation, and the financial and energy stability of urban centres that have long relied on coal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourist satisfaction with facilities and cleanliness is the most critical component in tourism behaviour. These behaviours influence destination choices and product consumption, tourists' choices, and future decisions to revisit the destination. This research measures tourist satisfaction with facilities and cleanliness at Air Cina or Oesina Beach, Lifuleo Village, Kupang Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. The method used is quantitative descriptive to get an overview of the condition of tourist facilities and cleanliness at the research case location. This study's population were tourist visitors from March to September 2023. One hundred respondents were collected using an accidental sampling technique and the Rao method. Data was collected through questionnaires and documentation, while data analysis techniques used product moment tests, multiple regression and t-test hypothesis verification. Through surveys of visitors, this research reveals that although tourists are generally satisfied, several aspects still need improvement. The research results showed that the environmental cleanliness and tourist facilities of Air Cina were stated to be in moderate/fair condition by correspondents, respectively 62% and 84%. Data analysis shows that tourists are generally satisfied with the availability of facilities such as parking, toilets and food stalls. However, several aspects of cleanliness need more attention, such as waste management and cleanliness of the beach area. These findings highlight the importance of managing tourist destinations oriented towards customer satisfaction. The implication of this research is the need to improve the quality of facilities, especially in terms of cleanliness, and develop more effective waste management programs. These results provide important implications for developing sustainable tourism at Air Cina Tourism Beach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the potential of Digital Asset Management (DAM) to enhance asset management practices through the utilization of facility data. The study specifically investigates the integration of metadata sourced from 2,340 facility-related issues reported at a public school in Saudi Arabia. Data spanning a two-year period was extracted from the school’s system and subjected to quantitative data analysis to assess the frequency and significance of reported facility issues. This analysis, conducted on data extracted from the school’s system in .xls format, aimed to identify patterns and trends in problem types, severity, and reported frequency, offering insights into prevalent challenges encountered in asset management and informing the research objectives. Furthermore, a thorough review of existing literature on digital asset management and metadata integration in Asset Information Modeling (AIM) was conducted. This review involved creating a mind map to organize and visualize key concepts, themes, and relationships identified in the literature. Insights derived from the mind map and broader literature review served as the groundwork for comprehending current practices, challenges, and potential solutions in DAM and AIM. The study aims to identify and evaluate key challenges in asset management based on the analysed facility data, devise a strategic framework for integrating metadata into AIM analysis, with a focus on effective metadata management practices, and design an advanced Digital Asset Management system to integrate facility data and enhance decision-making in asset and facility management. Notably, the research proposes a strategic framework for metadata integration in AIM analysis, highlighting effective metadata management practices such as defining metadata requirements, establishing standards, and optimizing capture, storage, and governance practices. The framework also advocates for leveraging metadata for continuous analysis and improvement. Anticipated outcomes encompass improved decision-making in asset and facility management, leading to heightened operational efficiency and effectiveness. This research seeks to contribute to advancements of asset management and optimized metadata usage, ultimately setting a new standard for excellence through the better use of facilities data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current railway infrastructure maintenance work, which is mostly carried out by visual inspection, has a reactive approach, dissociated information, and limited follow-up. On the other hand, railway bridges, being critical infrastructures, require effective monitoring and maintenance to guarantee their safety and operation over time. The designed tool links a parametric BIM model in Revit® with an automated spreadsheet in MS Excel® through visual programming in Dynamo, generating BIM/data automation as an initial step towards a digital twin. This achieves a bidirectional flow to exchange data on the structural condition of elements. The procedure was applied to a railway bridge in use for over 100 years, representing its geometry and damage information according to technical standards. The value lies in laying the foundations for adopting preventive approaches for this key infrastructure. The BIM/data automation allows the BIM model to visually reflect the condition of the elements, depending on their damage, consolidate the inspection information, and generate a visual management tool. In conclusion, the designed BIM/data automation improves the monitoring of railway bridges compared to traditional methods, facilitating the interaction and relationship between the damage records and the actual bridge elements, laying the foundations for the construction of digital twins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The facility management (FM) has been suffering significant changes since the introduction of building information modeling (BIM) in the Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Operation (AECO) sector. However, there are still challenges in BIM implementation during the building use phase, such as the difficulties related to the personalization of the maintenance management information for each case, and modeling the as-built conditions. Disclosing building data to all the stakeholders involved in the building life cycle is also a challenging task. So, this paper aims to present an integrated solution for BIM–FM to categorize and prioritize maintenance management, with the resource to digital techniques. For this purpose, the methodology developed consists of 1—the recognition and preparation of the site conditions; 2—Image collection using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV); 3—Image processing and software comparison; 4—Obtaining point cloud and its integration in a BIM software; 5—3D building modeling in Revit software, 5—Damage detection through Photogrammetry Point Cloud, and 6—Placement of building anomalies by means of placeholders. This work allows exploring BIM–FM representation and data integration for building condition assessment and its representation in a collaborative tool. This methodology will enhance the usability of BIM methodology in FM since it allows the data update in the model, avoids the information loss or fragmentation of the building life cycle and gives access to BIM users and non-users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the trends in American Library Association (ALA)-accredited Library and Information Studies (LIS) master's program course offerings that facilitated societal interactions and support, specifically social services, law, soft skills, and crisis management. Results indicated that most respondents, who were LIS faculty and members of the Association of Library and Information Science Education (ALISE), believed that LIS coursework in social services, law, soft skills, and crisis management were important. Respondents also indicated how they or their departments addressed social issues (e.g., readings), and what kinds of crises a librarian should be equipped to handle (e.g., facilities management). Additionally, it was found that 41.9% of the respondents believed that a Masters and a Juris Doctorate were required to be a law librarian. Moreover, survey data limitations and implications for current and future practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health committees link formalised health services and the community. However, 'how, why, and for whom' health committees work warrants further exploration. This article presents the development of a middle-range theory for how health committees work for building community capacity for health. Resulting programme theories from a realist evaluation in Uganda were synthesised for demi-regularities and supplemented by four key informant interviews – substantive theories were used to help explain the findings from the case studies to develop the final middle-range theories. Eighteen existing programme theories and 47 supporting context-mechanism-outcome configurations were synthesised into four middle-range theories for how health committees work for community capacity building for health at the individual, organisational, community and societal levels. The middle-range theories developed in this study provide important insight for those implementing health committees. Given the little guidance available for developing and refining middle-range theories, this study provides transparent methodological processes, which may assist future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) present a paradigm shift in addressing conventional parking challenges. Unlike human‐driven vehicles, AVs can strategically park or cruise until summoned by users. Utilizing utility theory, the parking decision‐making processes of AVs users are explored, taking into account constraints related to both cost and time. An agent‐based simulation approach is adopted to construct an AV parking model, reflecting the complex dynamics of the parking decision process in the real world, where each user's choice has a ripple effect on traffic conditions, consequently affecting the feasible options for other users. The simulation experiments indicate that 11.50% of AVs gravitate towards parking lots near their destinations, while over 50% of AVs avoid public parking amenities altogether. This trend towards minimizing individual parking costs prompts AVs to undertake extended empty cruising, resulting in a significant increase of 48.18% in total vehicle mileage. Moreover, the pricing structure across various parking facilities and management dictates the parking preferences of AVs, establishing a nuanced trade‐off between parking expenses and proximity for these vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to comprehensively examine the respiratory infection prevention and control measures used in South African workplaces, particularly in the context of facilities management (FM), during the 2020–2022 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach: The present research involved pre-crafted semi-structured interviews conducted by University of the Witwatersrand students with FM heads in Johannesburg, South Africa. Recurrent themes were generated using NVIVO software and analysed using frequencies, word counts and word clouds. Findings: This study identified 119 measures and placed these into two broad categories. Twelve critical measures were found. These measures were further validated by five FM experts, separate from FM heads, who cross-referenced them with WHO guidelines, enhancing the credibility of the findings. Subsequently, challenges with implementing these measures were explored. Practical implications: The findings have direct relevance to the work of FM professionals, as they suggest that applying timely and comprehensive infection prevention and control measures can help employees to safely continue to work or return to the workplace during any future epidemic outbreaks. Originality/value: Thus far, limited studies have explored critical measures used to prevent and control COVID-19 in the workplaces of developing countries during the 2020–2022 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]