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Background: Leonardo de Vinci contributed several observations and drawings on facial proportion and the lower one third of the face. Many facial and body measurements to determine vertical dimension at occlusion. These facial measurements can be implemented in construction of complete denture patients. Aim: This study aims to correlate the vertical dimension at occlusion to 13 anthropometric measurements. Then correlating, which measurement is more accurate to the vertical dimension at occlusion. Methodology: 20 male and female subjects were selected. Vertical dimension at occlusion and 12 anthropometric parameters were measured. Results and Conclusion: Twice the length of the eye and distance between the tip of the thumb and tip of the index finger is closest to the vertical dimension at occlusion in male patients and that vertical distance from the pupil to corner of the mouth, vertical height of the ear is closest to the vertical dimension at occlusion in female patients.

It was previously noticed that patients with Wilson's disease (WD) might have distinct dento-maxillo-facial structures. We performed a case-control study to investigate the characteristics of facial structure between patients with WD and healthy controls. We recruited 44 adult patients with WD and 67 healthy controls and took their lateral cephalometric films. Thirteen angular parameters were used to describe the craniofacial features and evaluated blindly. Our date showed that higher SNA angle, ANB angle, angle of convexity and lower AB angle were detected in both male and female WD group. The average SNA angle in male patient group was 84.23 ± 3.55, larger than the control group (81.52 ± 3.53, p = 0.006) and lower facial proportion was 60.87 ± 12.92%, higher than the control group (56.58 ± 2.51%, p = 0.048). The average SNA angle in female patient group was 83.20 ± 3.75, larger than that in control group (81.06 ± 3.37, p = 0.039). Female neurologically early-onset WD patients (20 years) had larger SNtoGoGn angle (37.53 ± 5.29 vs 28.46 ± 7.10, p = 0.004), higher lower facial proportion (57.42 ± 1.65% vs 55.53 ± 1.83%, p = 0.03), larger Y-axis (65.12 ± 4.84 vs 58.47 ± 2.72, p = 0.004), larger mandibular plane angle (32.24 ± 5.32 vs 20.90 ± 5.75, p 0.001) and lower facial angle (85.76 ± 4.36 vs 91.04 ± 2.46, p = 0.009) than the late-onset female patients. In conclusion, we found both male and female WD patients tend to bear some craniofacial features of maxillary protrusion and vertical mandibular growths pattern. Female patients with early onset age of neurological symptoms were more inclined to have vertical mandible growth and mandibular retrusion.

Background The perceived appearance of the nose is influenced by its foundations (ie, malar areas, lip, and chin). The association of nasal hump and centrofacial volume deficiency is not uncommon. Objectives We evaluated and analyzed the role of centrofacial lipofilling simultaneously to rhinoplasty to sculpt facial proportions and shapes all in one procedure. Methods Volumes and placement of fat graft were determined preoperatively. Centrofacial microfat grafting was performed concomitantly to the rhinoplasty. Treated areas were malar, upper lip, pyriform aperture, and chin. Results From January 2016 to January 2019, concurrent lipofilling was performed in 23 rhinoplasties. Fat graft volumes ranged from 2 to 31 mL. Conclusions Centrofacial lipofilling is a simple and effective tool that can easily be associated with rhinoplasty techniques to optimize the results and may even influence the procedure towards a more conservative approach. Level of Evidence: 4

Introduction: In ancient days, it was believed that attractive and harmonious faces were having certain fixed proportions known as neoclassical canons. These canons were used extensively by Leonardo Da Vinci, Durer in their art during renaissance. They served as guidelines for artists as well as for aesthetic surgeons for centuries and proved to be helpful till now. From ancient days to modern era, the exact formula of beauty is not yet calculated. The norms of beauty changes from country to country and race to race. A face is beautiful and shows harmonious features if the individual components are proportional, this is what is referred as facial balance. In ancient Greece, they calculated the formula for creation of art and these formulae are called as neoclassical canons. The classical Greek canons of facial balance are still foundation of modern reconstructive and aesthetic surgery. Aim: To check the validity of neoclassical canon in Western Maharashtrian population. Materials and Methods: This was an observational type of study carried out from March 2018 to January 2020. The validity of Naso-oral canon was checked in Western Maharashtrian population. According to this canon ideal mouth width (ch-ch) (mouth width (distance between right and left corners of mouth called chelion)) is 1.5 times of Nose width/alar width (al-al) (alar width (distance between right and left ala of nose)). Mouth width=1.5 times of Nose width. However, the mouth width can be less than 1.5 times of nose width or mouth width can be greater than 1.5 times of nose width. This study was carried out in the five cities Sangli, Kolhapur, Islampur, Karad and Satara of Western Maharashtra, India. Total 1500 male and female students, 300 from each city, between the age group of 18-20 years were selected. Measurements were taken with the help of digital Vernier caliper. The methodology adopted for the measurements was taken from the guidelines given by Farkas LG in his book- “Anthropometric facial proportions in Medicine”. Results: In present study, total 68.33% subjects including males and females were having mouth width (ch-ch) lesser than one and half times of nose width/alar width (al-al) i.e., ch-ch 1.5 (al-al). Conclusion: Naso-oral neoclassical canon was not found valid in Western Maharashtrian young adults. In 78.32% male and 62.80% female population of Western Maharashtra, mouth width was found lesser than one and half times of nose width.

Background The purpose of this study was to attempt to determine a reliable method of evaluating midface position. We assessed a novel parameter called WIZDOM (Width of the Interzygomatic Distance of the Midface) and its relationship to other facial metrics. Objectives The goal was to evaluate midfacial position quantitatively in women by examining 2-dimensional photographs of a subset of women with idealized facial proportions. Methods Three examiners analyzed stock photographs of nonsmiling female model faces. Numerous parameters were analyzed for each photograph, including: interpupillary distance, medial canthus (MC) to lip, brow length, WIZDOM, WIZDOM to MC, WIZDOM to hairline, WIZDOM to chin vertical, and lateral brow to WIZDOM. Meaningful relationships between various parameters were statistically analyzed. Examiner measurements were assessed for interobserver reliability. Results Fifty-five female model photographs were included in the analysis. The average interpupillary distance was 59.2 mm ± 3.54 (range, 50.5-67.3 mm). The WIZDOM average was 108 mm ± 5.81 (range, 93-127 mm) and brow length was 107 mm ± 5.87 (range, 96.7-124 mm). The difference between brow length and WIZDOM was not statistically different (P = 0.834). The interobserver reliability between the 3 examiners was excellent for all parameters (P < 0.01), ranging from 0.718 (WIZDOM-MC) to 0.993 (interpupillary distance). The WIZDOM measurement was reproducible with an interobserver coefficient of 0.939. Conclusions WIZDOM can be used to quantify aesthetically desirable midfacial position in patients and can be used as a measurement to aid in assessment and as an ideal to achieve balanced aesthetic results in midface restorative procedures-lifting or volumization-in females.

Resection of a prominent mandibular angle is commonly used in Eastern society to improve the lower one third facial proportion. Historically, this procedure had a high complication rate, such as severe bleeding, asymmetry of the angle reduction, and "second mandibular angle." A safer and more effective way of performing such procedures is needed. The aim of this study is to introduce 3 instruments, a tunable guide handpiece, milling cutter, and flywheel, which were invented by the author, as well as a related ostectomy technique for correcting prominent mandibular angles using a modified full-thickness marginal ostectomy of the mandibular corpus angle, named the "stamp perforation" technique. This technique has 4 highlights: First, it ensures a smooth symmetric contour. Second, it prevents the risks of rupture of the inferior alveolar vessel and facial artery, ensuring the safety of this approach. Third, the "stamp perforation" technique eases the removal of bone fragments, shortening the operation time. Fourth, the recovery time of patients treated with this approach is much shorter than with the traditional approaches. From January 2006 to January 2016, 1106 patients underwent the surgery to contour the prominent mandible angles, and satisfactory results were achieved. Thus, we recommend the instruments as well as the "stamp perforation" technique for correcting prominent mandibular angles, and we hope that our 10 years of experience could provide a reference for other plastic surgeons.

Background A face is considered beautiful if the forehead is presented with a width and proportion similar to the golden ratio or so called Cannon ratio. The most previously performed plastic surgeries on the forehead was a procedure to fill depressed parts so as to make the appearance of a smooth but convex three-dimensional forehead. However, this study focused on making a beautiful facial contour from the creation of a forehead adequately proportional to the overall ratio through a method of correcting the large forehead. Methods Based on the measurement by gliding test, start the designing in a zig-zag form along the hair line. Flap is dissected as designed between the galea aponeurotica and above the periosteum. In order to reposition and fix the scalp flap to the desired place, Endotine forehead® is used. Results The amount of forehead reduction ranged from 12 to 23 mm, the average being 15.9 mm. The post-operative scar was matured 5 to 6 months after the surgery, and became faded and invisible in most of the patients. Conclusions The method used by the authors may be referred to as a surgical method with an emphasis on reducing the area on the forehead directly. This was done by lowering the location of the trichion, shortening the length of the forehead, and consequently reducing the size of a broad forehead. Satisfactory results were obtained from the tension-minimized forehead reduction procedure used in this study.

Background. Evolutionary forces such as founder effect resulted in reproductive isolation and reduced genetic diversity may have led to ethnic variation in the facial appearance and other features like fingerprints pattern. Aim. To determine the pattern of facial proportion based on neoclassical facial canon. The associations between facial proportions and thumbprint patterns were also investigated. Subject and Methods. A total of 534 subjects of 18–25 years of age participated. Direct sensing and photographs methods were used to determine fingerprint and facial features, respectively. Fisher’s Exact test was used to test for association between variables. Results. It was observed that in both males and females there was no (0%) occurrence of classical canon of facial proportion. There was also no association between sex and facial proportions. A significant association was found in between thumbprint patterns and vertical class III neoclassical facial proportion only when the frequency of both left and right thumbprint patterns was considered a single entity. There is no significant association between the thumbprint patterns of the right and left thumbs with vertical horizontal facial proportions in male and female participants. It was observed that right and left thumbs have more tendency of significance with facial proportion in males and females, respectively. Conclusion. Fingerprint pattern and its associated features may be controlled by a different mechanism such that the two may correlate differently with other features as the case may be with facial features.

The facial appearance is as important as the occlusal relationship in any dental treatment. The chin that represents the largest segment of the lower third facial proportion for both sexes is overlooked when it comes to the aesthetic alteration of the face. Proper understanding about anatomical changes and chin artless movements, or in conjunction with formal orthognathic surgery, is paramount. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference of soft tissue chin (STC) thickness which was measured from skeletal Pogonion (Pog) to soft tissue pogonion (Pog’) in various mandibular patterns. The cephalograms lateral pretreatment of adult patients (≥21 years) that divided into three groups (hypo divergent, average, hyper divergent) were analyzed with one-Way Anova. Soft tissue chin (STC) thickness which was measured from skeletal Pogonion (Pog) to soft tissue pogonion (Pog’). Various mandibular pattern are based on mandibular plane inclination (MP) to anterior cranial base (SN) as normal value between 27°-37°. There were significant differences of soft tissue chin thickness in various mandibular pattern. Mandibular pattern might camouflage lower third of the face from soft tissue profile, especially pogonion as the most anterior point on the contour of the chin. The average of normal soft tissue chin thickness which 11.68±2.0mm (according to Holdaway) can be served as guidelines to predict the appearance of the chin, so that the multidisciplinary treatment approach, like genioplasty can be informed from the beginning in camouflage orthodontics treatment.

We aim to measure the zygomatic width and protrusion changes in hard tissue after reduction malarplasty and then calculate facial proportion changes and analyze the relationship between facial proportion changes and patients’ satisfaction. We retrospectively reviewed our database and selected 36 eligible patients who underwent isolated reduction malarplasty in our department from March 2015 to July 2018. The preoperative and postoperative facial width and protrusion, as well as head height, in hard tissue were measured using ProPlan software. Patients’ satisfaction was evaluated by questionnaire. The correlations between the facial proportion changes and patients’ satisfaction were analyzed using Spearman correlation analysis. The preoperative and postoperative midface widths were 135.87 ± 4.09 mm and 129.06 ± 4.95 mm. The relative zygomatic protrusion was reduced by 3.29 ± 1.54 mm in the left and 2.88 ± 1.73 mm in the right after surgery. The ratio of the midface width to lower face width changed from 1.43 ± 0.05 to 1.36 ± 0.06 after surgery. And the ratio of the head height to midface width changed from 1.53 ± 0.05 to 1.61 ± 0.05 after surgery. The ratios were indeed close to the ideal ratios we presumed (4:3 and 1.618). Moreover, patients’ total and morphology satisfaction were both significantly higher with the postoperative ratio of the midface width to lower face width closer to 4:3 (R = − 0.732, P

Introduction: The face is the most important factor affecting the physical appearance of a person. In facial aesthetics, there is a specific mathematical proportion, which is called golden proportion, used to measure and analyse facial aesthetic qualities in population. Objectives: The aim of this study was to measure the facial soft tissue proportions which would help to constitute a standard for facial beauty and diagnose facial differences and anomalies and to compare these proportions to the golden proportion. Methods: One hundred and thirty-three (133) Turkish patients 18–40 years of age (61 females, 72 males) were involved in the study. Analysis of the photographs was performed by the same physician, and a software programme was used (NIH Image, version 1.62). Facial proportions were measured and differences from the golden proportions were recorded and grouped as normal (1.6–1.699), short (1.699). Results: According to the facial analysis results, the trichion–gnathion/right zygoma–left zygoma was assessed: 33.1% of the patients were in normal facial morphology, 36.8% were in long facial morphology and 30.1% were in short facial morphology, according to this proportion. The trichion–gnathion/right zygoma–left zygoma proportion was significantly higher in males than females (p 1,699). Resultados: De acordo com os resultados da análise facial, avaliou-se a proporção do tríquion-gnátio/zigoma direito-zigoma esquerdo e 33,1% dos pacientes apresentaram morfologia facial normal, enquanto 36,8% tinham morfologia facial longa e 30,1% morfologia facial curta, segundo essa proporção. A proporção do tríquion-gnátio/zigoma direito-zigoma esquerdo, foi significantemente maior em homens do que em mulheres (p

Rhinoplasty is one of the most common aesthetic surgeries. The aim of the study was to evaluate facial proportions and patient satisfaction with the appearance of their nose after rhinoplasty compared to preoperatively.This cross-sectional study was conducted at Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch. Eighty-two candidates with indications for primary cosmetic rhinoplasty were selected. Facial proportions and patient satisfaction with their nasal appearance were evaluated before and 6 months after rhinoplasty. Patient satisfaction was assessed using the Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation questionnaire.Eighty-two patients referred for cosmetic rhinoplasty (13.4% men and 86.6% women) with a mean age of 28.5 (6.4) years underwent open rhinoplasty and were evaluated. Facial proportions, including nasofrontal, nasolabial, and nasomental ratios increased significantly, while the nasofacial ratio, nasal tip projection, columellar show, alar base, and nasal length reduced significantly after rhinoplasty (All of the facial proportions changed significantly following rhinoplasty. Although patient satisfaction with nose appearance increases significantly after the operation, there is no significant association between patient satisfaction and facial proportions. As beauty is a subjective, relative and qualitative issue, facial proportions may not be a proper tool to determine facial beauty and predict the satisfaction rate following rhinoplasty.La rhinoplastie est l’une des chirurgies esthétiques les plus courantes. La présente étude visait à évaluer les proportions faciales et la satisfaction des patients face à l’apparence de leur nez après la rhinoplastie et les comparer à la situation préopératoire.Les chercheurs ont réalisé la présente étude transversale à l’antenne de Mechhed de l’université islamique Azad; ils ont sélectionné 82 candidats à une rhinoplastie esthétique primaire. Ils ont évalué les proportions faciales et la satisfaction des patients face à l’apparence de leur nez avant leur rhinoplastie et six mois après l’intervention. Ils ont évalué la satisfaction des patients à l’aide du questionnaire d’évaluation des résultats de la rhinoplastie.Les chercheurs ont évalué 82 personnes d’un âge moyen de 28,5±6,4 ans (13,4 % d’hommes et 86,6 % de femmes) qui ont subi une rhinoplastie esthétique ouverte. Leurs proportions faciales, y compris les ratios nez-front, nez-lèvres et nez-menton, ont augmenté sensiblement, alors que le ratio naso-facial, la projection de la pointe nasale, la columelle, la base du cartilage alaire et la longueur du nez ont plutôt diminué nettement après la rhinoplastie (Toutes les proportions faciales ont changé considérablement après la rhinoplastie. Même si la satisfaction des patients a beaucoup augmenté après l’opération, il n’y a pas d’association majeure entre cette satisfaction et les proportions faciales. Comme la beauté est subjective, relative et qualitative, les proportions faciales ne sont peut-être pas un outil convenable pour évaluer la beauté faciale et prédire le taux de satisfaction après une rhinoplastie.

Background:. An ideal facial proportion has been attempted since the ancient times. However, modern facial proportions of the most beautiful women in the 21st century are unavailable and have never been determined. Methods:. A retrospective review of the photographs of Miss Universe Thailand and Miss Universe from 2001 to 2015 was conducted. All photographs were searched from Internet websites. Twenty-six dominant points were identified. Comparisons of the facial proportion among Miss Universe Thailand, Miss Universe, neoclassical canons, and facial golden ratios were performed. Results:. Sixteen Miss Universe Thailand and 16 Miss Universe were included. Nine points of facial proportions were found to be statistically significant between Miss Universe Thailand and neoclassical canons. Miss Universe Thailand showed wider nasofrontal angle, thinner lower-upper lip height ratio, and less chin projection. Ten points of facial proportions were found to be statistically significant between Miss Universe and neoclassical canons. Miss Universe showed wider nasofrontal and nasofacial angle, more nasal tip projection, and thinner lower-upper lip height ratio. Seven points of facial analysis were found to be statistically significant between Miss Universe Thailand and Miss Universe groups. Of the 16 facial golden ratios, 12 demonstrated statistical significance in both the Miss Universe Thailand and Miss Universe groups. Conclusions:. Modern facial proportions of beauty are different from the past. Photogrammetic analysis demonstrated longer forehead, thinner lower-upper lip height proportion, wider interala-medial canthus width proportion, and wider nasofrontal angle compared with previous references. Furthermore, facial golden ratios were statistically significantly invalid in modern facial proportions of beauty.

The orofacial muscle is an important factor in the harmony of the occlusion, and its dysfunction significantly influences a patient's occlusion after craniofacial growth and development. In this case report, we describe the successful orthodontic treatment of a patient with unilateral orofacial muscle dysfunction. A boy, 10 years 0 months of age, with a chief complaint of anterior open bite, was diagnosed with a Class III malocclusion with facial musculoskeletal asymmetry. His maxillomandibular relationships were unstable, and he was unable to lift the right corner of his mouth upon smiling because of weak right orofacial muscles. A satisfactory occlusion and a balanced smile were achieved after orthodontic treatment combined with orofacial myofunctional therapy, including muscle exercises. An acceptable occlusion and facial proportion were maintained after a 2-year retention period. These results suggest that orthodontic treatment with orofacial myofunctional therapy is an effective option for a patient with orofacial muscle dysfunction.

The concept of beauty in the world is certainly influenced by ethnicity and cultural factors, but generally harmony, balance and simmetry are common characteristics positively considered by every population. Logical Beauty Harmony is an innovative System for using filler and botulinum toxin in aesthetic medicine based on Natural Shape zones (NS zones). These compartment consist of strategic sequential injection areas that allow creating, improving or restoring adequate volumes, guaranteeing natural results and expressiveness. Starting from the recent acquisitions of Functional Anatomy, Physiology of Aging, Product Rheology and considering the objective analysis of the characteristics of harmony of each individual we have developed an approach that uses injectables in a targeted way using Support and Lifting vectors at the level of Upper, Middle and Lower Third of the face, injecting first deep and then passing to the surface. The face is divided into vertical and horizontal proportions. These simply but fundamental principle of facial proportion, modified by recent anthropometric studies, have found their way into the teaching and practice of cosmetic facial medicine and surgery. The series of data that can be detected by applying the previous parameters offers the chance of identify the variants that the face can present, so as to make eventually those changes that lead closer to the ideal model. In planning the treatment, the study of the different parameters, proportions, lines, ideal movements and angles linked to the comparison of the measurements of the different parts of the face will be more useful in determining type and extent of the corrections to be made. 9 treatment protocols for the face have been precisely established.

WOS: 000408383500007 PubMed ID: 28451737 The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of malocclusions on facial attractiveness and to determine if it was correlated with the divine proportion. Standard frontal facial photos were taken from 335 subjects in natural head position. Facial attractiveness of the subjects was evaluated by 10 dental students using a 10-point visual analog scale (VAS). All of the evaluations were arranged in order, and 30 attractive subjects with the highest score and 30 nonattractive subjects having the lowest score were chosen. On the frontal photos of these subjects, 13 landmarks were determined and 12 ratios were measured. Two way ANOVA was used to determine the effects of malocclusions on facial attractiveness, Student's t test was used to compare the facial proportions of the attractive and nonattractive subjects, and one sample t test was used to define the relationships between the divine proportion and facial ratios. No statistically significant difference was found between malocclusion groups in terms of facial attractiveness. Of the 12 facial ratios, significant differences were found between attractive and nonattractive subjects regarding trichion-menton/nasion-menton, subnasale-menton/stomion-menton, nasion-subnasale/stomion-menton, nasion-subnasale/nasal width, and trichion-menton/right-left frontotemporale ratios. All of the ratios except nasion-subnasale/stomion-menton in the attractive group and subnasale-menton/stomion-menton and nasion-menton/nasion-trichion in the nonattractive group were found to be different from the divine proportion. Sagittal skeletal malocclusions evaluated by ANB angle are not effective on facial attractiveness. Facial ratios used in this study have little effect on attractiveness, and are different from the divine proportion.

Aims and objectives : Facial morphology is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors which interact in complex ways to determine the form and function of the craniofacial complex. Many studies have been done to know the amount of heritability of the skeletal components but hardly are known about the heritability of soft tissue pattern which is compared by everyone as soon as the child born. Cephalometry and photography is used in orthodontics to document the appearance of the face. Considerable progress has been made in the development of its application in orthodontics. Thus, the study was done to know the heritability of soft tissue pattern between parents and their offsprings by using photographs. Materials and methods: The sample consisted of 140 children and their parents. Material was collected from both the genders of children above the age of 16 years. Frontal and right lateral photographs of the entire sample were taken in the standardized pattern. Tracings were made on all the photographs. Twenty-seven parameters of linear and proportional measurements were measured. Results: Statistically significant correlations between parents and their offspring were found. It was found that daughters had greater genetic influence from both the parent than sons. Higher correlation was found for the mandibular position, chin prominence, nasal prominence, nasal width, lip length at philtrum, facial height and lip prominence. Conclusion: The evidence of significant genetic contribution was there for linear and proportional parameters. Sons showed stronger heritability to their mothers than to their fathers while daughter showed heritability from both the parents. Thus, the soft tissue form of offspring can be predicted from parental data and the information from the siblings can also be used.

Inner-canthus localization has played an essential role in measuring human body temperature. This is due to the theory that human core body temperature can be measured in the inner-canthus. Such measurement is useful for mass screening since it is non-contact, non-invasive and fast. This paper presents an algorithm that has been developed to locate the inner-canthus. The algorithm proposed a robust method in various face-view, i.e., frontal, sided and tilted. The algorithm consisted of: face segmentation, determining face-orientation, rotating face into straight view, eye localization, and inner-canthus localization. The face segmentation used human temperature threshold of 34°C — the face orientation used trend line of a middle point between each most-bottom and most-top coordinates. The face rotation was based on the gradient of the trend line. Once the face is rotated, the eye location was determined using facial proportion. The inner-canthus location was determined as the highest intensities in the eye-frame. The test on 15 thermal images of faces with various view showed localization accuracy of 80% for eye-frame determination and 100% for inner-canthus localization.

Facial balance is achieved by correction of facial proportions and the facial contour. Ageing affects this balance in addition to other factors. We have strived to inform all the recent advances in providing this balance. The anatomy of ageing including various changed in clinical features are described. The procedures are explained on the basis of the upper, middle and lower face. Different face lift, neck lift procedures with innovative techniques are demonstrated. The aim is to provide an unoperated balanced facial proportion with zero complication.

This article describes a two-phase orthodontic approach to treating a young adolescent girl that had Angle Class II, Division 1 malocclusion associated with an excessive incisor overjet caused by prolonged digit sucking. The Phase I treatment utilized a tongue crib and a straight-pull headgear appliance during puberty and achieved significant improvements in the facial profile. The Phase II treatment involved edgewise appliances, a transpalatal arch and a straight-pull headgear appliance without extraction of permanent teeth. Dental and skeletal corrections were made with the two-phase treatment and stable occlusion and good facial proportion were obtained.

To determine the impact of rhinoplasty on the objective measurement and subjective appreciation of facial symmetry and to investigate whether perceptual shifts are correlated with objective changes in facial proportions.Frontal view photographs were used to measure bilateral symmetry ratios of the medial and lateral canthi, tragus, ala, and oral commissure in 100 patients before and 6 months after rhinoplasty. Gestalt dichotomous impressions of facial symmetry were also obtained in all cases. Paired t tests and chi(2) tests were used to compare facial proportions and the proportion of faces perceived as symmetrical, respectively, before and after surgery. The receiver operating characteristic and analysis of variance were used to assess whether perceptual shifts in symmetry could be correlated with objectively measurable changes in facial proportion.The number of faces perceived as symmetrical increased from 42 to 62 after rhinoplasty (P.001, chi(2) test). Objectively, midline-to-ala symmetry increased from an average of 91.1% (5.5%) (mean [SD]) to 93.8% (4.5%) after rhinoplasty (P.001, paired t test). Other facial proportions did not change significantly (P.10). The degree of change in midline-to-ala symmetry was the only objective measure that was significantly associated with the subjective perception of the face as symmetrical or asymmetrical (P.01, 1-way analysis of variance). Most positive perceptual shifts were associated with an objective improvement in nasal symmetry that was greater than 2%. Conversely, most negative perceptual shifts were associated with minimal postoperative improvement or loss of nasal symmetry.Rhinoplasty leads to objectively measurable changes in nasal symmetry that correspond with psychophysical modifications in the perception of a face as symmetrical or asymmetrical.

The present study examines whether the facial proportion forehead length equals nose length equals lower face length (the “1/3-proportion”), which is considered a standard of facial beauty, arouses an innate aesthetic pattern of response. Profile deviations from the profile of Leonardo's famous drawing of Isabella D'Este as well as from other female profiles, which are based on the 1/3-proportion, were generated by increasing or decreasing the nose length. Profile evaluations as beautiful and as sexually appealing showed an inverted U-shaped function of the profile deviations when the profiles were presented upright; however these measures were flattened when the profiles were presented inverted. By contrast, profiles evaluated as interesting exhibited similar flattened curves in the upright and the inverted conditions. Furthermore, evaluations of non-facial stimuli (rectangles) did not behave similarly to evaluations of profiles. These results were interpreted as supporting the Aesthetical Construction theory, which suggests that the evaluations of these profiles are based on a response pattern constructed from innate and learned components.

This study aimed to establish norm values for facial proportion indices among 12-year-old southern Chinese children, to determine lower facial proportion, and to identify gender differences in facial proportions. A random population sample of 514 children was recruited. Fifteen facial landmarks were plotted with ImageJ (V1.45) on standardized photos and 22 Facial proportion index values were obtained. Gender differences were analyzed by 2-sample t-test with 95 % confidence interval. Repeated measurements were conducted on approximately 10 % of the cases. The rate of adopted subjects was 52.5 % (270/514). Intraclass correlation coefficient values (ICC) for intra- examiner reliability were >0.87. Population facial proportion index values were derived. Gender differences in 11 of the facial proportion indices were evident (P

To assess the differences in facial proportions between Korean American (KA) women and North American white (NAW) women and to quantitatively describe aesthetic facial features in the KA women.Anthropometric survey and facial aesthetic evaluation.Volunteer sample of KA women (n = 72) who served as models for part 1 of the study and a different sample of KA women (n = 5) and men (n = 5) who served as judges for part 2 of the study. All subjects were between ages 18 and 35 years and had Korean parents and no previous facial surgery or trauma. Intervention For part 1 of the study, standardized and referenced frontal and lateral photographs were taken of the models, and 26 standard anthropometric measurements were determined. Results were compared with published NAW standards. For part 2 of the study, 10 judges evaluated frontal views of the models for facial aesthetics using a visual analog scale. Quantitative analysis was done of the faces of attractive KA women (90th percentile in aesthetic scores) and comparisons were made with the faces of NAW women and average KA women.The KA woman's face did not fit the neoclassical facial canons. Compared with NAW women, 24 of the 26 facial measurements in KA women were significantly different. Only 9 of the 26 facial measurements were significantly different when the attractive KA women were compared with the NAW women. Nine of the 17 nonsignificant facial measurements were very similar to those of the NAW women; many of these facial features centered around the midface.Although the average KA woman's facial anthropometric measurements were very different from those of the NAW woman, attractive KA women reflected many of the facial features of NAW women. These findings support the need for ethnically sensitive facial canons and further research into transcultural aesthetics.

INTRODUCTION This study analyzed the outcomes of nongrowing patients with unilateral mandibular hypoplasia treated according to a specific protocol, which combines distraction osteogenesis, orthodontic treatment, and conventional osteotomies. MATERIALS AND METHODS The patients treated were objectively evaluated. Patient's satisfaction was assessed by questionnaire. Surgical changes were analyzed using cephalometry and three-dimensional facial surface data before surgery (T0) and at long-term (T1) follow-up. RESULTS Four patients were included in this study. The normalization of facial proportion and a high increase in symmetry were evident. Residual defects were documented in the postoperative symmetry of the chin. In the questionnaire, all patients gave favorable responses to their facial changes; for most of the objective parameters, all patients improved. CONCLUSIONS A multistage treatment protocol for the correction of facial deformities in patients with unilateral mandibular hypoplasia is a valid procedure for skeletal and occlusal stability. An evident improvement of the facial appearance is also achieved.

To better our ability to analyze the facial disproportions of patients of Chinese ancestry, we compared the validity of four neoclassical canons of facial proportion in Chinese and North American Caucasians populations. We tested the frequency of four horizontal facial canons and their eight variations in 206 healthy adults (105 males and 101 females, 18-25 years old) belonging to the predominant ethnic group (Han: 400 million) of the Chinese population, and compared them to those of 103 healthy young North American Caucasian adults. The nose width corresponded to one-quarter of the face width (the nasofacial canon) significantly more frequently in Chinese participants (51.5%) than in Caucasian adults (36.9%). The nose was narrower than one-quarter of the face width in 38.8% of North American Caucasians and in 21.8% of Chinese; this difference was also statistically significant. In defiance of the naso-oral canon, the mouths of Chinese people were significantly more often narrower than 1.5 times the nose width (71.8%), while in North American Caucasian ethnics the mouth was significantly more frequently wider (60.2%).

Facial aesthetics involve basic artistic principles that relate individual features to the face as a whole. These principles, such as balance and proportion, are key elements in the development of hair restoration surgery and can be applied to reconstructive procedures for the trauma or burn patient. This paper describes the application of anthropometric and artistic principles used in hair reconstruction. Attention has been directed to the procedures used to determine hairline contour and placement, and certain aspects of frontotemporal recession management. The frontal hair has a profound effect on facial balance because of the major role hair plays in framing and visually enhancing the face. The presence of frontal hair and facial framing also serves to retain a vital element of autonomy in appearance for the individual.

Many authors have described measurement of the distance between the pinna and the cranium to measure postoperative outcome from otoplasty. Few authors have measured the projection of the ear as an angle, probably due to the ease of measuring distance versus angulation. The author recommends measurement of the conchomastoid distance as the optimum method of defining outcome for the simple reason that it is the most commonly published method and therefore allows authors to compare their work.