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To evaluate the COVID-19 infection risk and the effectiveness of countermeasures at mass-gathering events, we measured the dispersion and advective diffusion of artificial droplets and artificial droplet nuclei at the Tokyo Dome, Japan (capacity 55,000 people). We also measured and evaluated the effectiveness of wearing masks and increasing the space between seating areas. If people were seated facing forward, artificial droplets did not reach the mouths of surrounding people, suggesting low risk of droplet transmission. For an artificially generated cough or sneeze, the volume of droplets deposited on the hair, back of the neck, and back of the human in front, and the backs of the seats in front, decreased by two to three orders of magnitude when a mask was worn, regardless of the type of mask. However, when the mask was worn with the nose out, the amount deposited on the back of the seat in front was reduced by only 17%. Even in seats with the highest particle concentration in the vicinity of the source, only 0.097%–0.24% of the generated droplet nuclei (1.0–3.0 μm) from the source were inhaled. Our results suggest that the infection risk at the Tokyo Dome via droplet and airborne transmission was low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current global burden of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) has thrown new challenges for researchers to design and develop efficient and multifaceted face masks. Airborne pathogens are highly transmissible through droplet nuclei/aerosol (<5 μm) which can be significantly reduced by wearing masks. Currently available disposable surgical masks have disparate limitations in terms of surface wettability, microbial penetration, dermal infections due to anaerobic reactions beneath the surface, discomfort, and eruption of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). These mask surfaces get contaminated with airborne pathogens along with commensal bacterial strains. Generation of high temperature and humidity during repetitive breathing allow bacteria to penetrate from the masks to respiratory tract causing serious complications. Till date, functionalized face masks with different microbicidal agents including nanomaterials experience restricted leaching of antimicrobial agents, cytotoxic effects, short‐lived microbicidal effects, inflammatory responses, negative impact on ecosystem, etc. To address these limitations, here, we have attempted fabrication of mussel mimetic biopolymer (PDA) and its aminoglycoside‐nanoconjugate‐coated face masks. Formation of a uniform layer on the surface not only acted as a potential barrier for infectious pathogens but also inhibited their entry, deactivated the adhered bacteria, imparted non‐immunogenic response with no harmful effects on the wearer's skin owing to the biocompatible nature and pH compatibility of PDA and their conjugates. Amongst all, PDA‐kanamycin (PDA−K)‐coated masks exhibited excellent microbicidal activity with the least bacterial infiltration efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to develop a consumer typology based on the importance of product attributes in consumer face mask consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic. An online survey with a MaxDiff experiment was employed to measure the importance of eight face mask attributes. Data were collected from 563 U.S. consumers during April 2022. Hierarchical Bayes analysis, K-means clustering, Chi-square tests, and ANOVA were used for data analysis. Results suggested that protection and comfort were the most important attributes, while appearance and brand were the least important. Based on the tradeoffs made in their purchase decision-making process, three distinct groups of face mask consumers were identified, named protection-focused, utilitarian-driven, and eco-conscious consumers. A consumer profile was established for each group, reflecting their mask-wearing behaviors, mask type preferences, and demographics. This study provides implications for face mask manufacturers and retailers to develop effective production and target marketing strategies for future respiratory pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultraviolet type C (UVC) radiation have germicidal properties commonly used to disinfect surfaces. Objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of UVC radiation for decontamination of surgical mask. Antimicrobial testing using UVC radiation on mask that were inoculated with pathogens were conducted at different exposure time, which were 10, 30, 50, and 60 seconds. Pathogens tested are Acinetobacter baumanii, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Influenza A dan B viruses. Exposure of mask toward UVC radiation resulting in 99.9% of reduction in all pathogens tested except P. aeruginosa. This study showed that UVC radiation can be use for decontamination of mask. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the pandemic, face masks have become ubiquitous in social interactions, but it remains unclear how face masks influence the ability to discriminate between truthful and deceptive statements. The current study manipulated the presence of face masks, statement veracity, statement valence (positive or negative), and whether the statements had been practiced or not. Despite participants' expectations, face masks generally did not impair detection accuracy. However, participants were more accurate when judging negatively valenced statements when the speaker was not wearing a face mask. Participants were also more likely to believe positively rather than negatively valenced statements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noninvasive respiratory support delivered through a face mask has become a cornerstone treatment for adults and children with acute or chronic respiratory failure. However, an imperfect mask fit by using commercially available interfaces is frequently encountered, which may result in patient discomfort and treatment inefficiency or failure. To overcome this challenge, over the past decade, increasing attention has been given to the development of personalized face masks, which are custom-made to address the specific facial dimensions of an individual patient. With this scoping review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current advances and gaps in knowledge with regard to the personalization masks for CPAP and NIV. We performed a systematic search of the literature and identified and summarized a total of 23 studies. Most studies included were involved in the development of nasal masks. Studies that targeted adult respiratory care mainly focused on chronic (home) ventilation and included some clinical testing in a relevant subject population. In contrast, pediatric studies focused mostly on respiratory support in the acute setting, whereas testing was limited to bench or case studies only. Most studies were positive with regard to the performance (ie, comfort, level of air leak, and mask pressure applied to the skin) of personalized masks in bench testing or in human, healthy or patient, subjects. Advances in the field of 3-dimensional scanning and soft material printing were identified, but important gaps in knowledge remain. In particular, more insight into cushion materials, headgear design, clinical feasibility, and cost-effectiveness is needed before definite recommendations can be made with regard to implementation of large-scale clinical programs that personalize noninvasive respiratory support masks for adults and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Face masks' wearing for a long duration brings thermal discomfort, especially in hot climate cities. The face masks' thermal insulation and its effect on outdoor thermal comfort have been rarely investigated. In this study, five types of face masks and their thermal insulations have been tested by using a thermal manikin in the climate chamber. Experimental results are assessed by using physiological equivalent temperature (PET) and standard effective temperature (SET*) for thermal comfort with masks at three walking speeds both in summer and winter. Slight differences in thermal insulation are observed among the different masks, the values of PET and SET* rise with increasing mask thermal insulation, and they are generally higher in summer than in winter. Moreover, the variation of SET* is more obvious than PET with same masks at different walking speeds. And the differences of SET* with and without masks appear to rise significantly for fast walking. Results further indicate that the individuals' physical discomfort caused by wearing masks cannot simply be assumed as an additional effect of the clothing thermal insulation. The findings enrich the clothing thermal insulation database, explore the differences in thermal indices if the face mask is used, and provide advice on heat mitigation with masks outdoors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate a newly designed minimally invasive palatal-plate face mask combination for the management of developing Class III malocclusion due to maxillary deficiency. Methods: A sample of 16 Class III patients due to maxillary deficiency in the early mixed dentition (8 boys and 8 girls) aged between 7 and 9 years participated in this study and were treated with a combination of palatal plate face masks. Extra-oral elastics were attached between the intra-oral and extra-oral appliances; the elastics were set at 30° to the occlusal plane. The force magnitude was 250-300 g per quadrant. Cephalometric radiographs were taken before and immediately after maxillary protraction. In addition, skeletal measurements were measured, tabulated, and statistically analyzed. The pre- and post-protraction measurements were compared using the Student's t-test, and the significance level was set at a p-value <0.05. Results: A statistically significant increase in SNA angle and maxillary length was observed by 3.13±1.52 degrees and 2.60±0.75 mm (p<0.05), respectively, indicating forward maxillary growth. The skeletal and soft tissue patterns were also improved, as evidenced by the statistically significant increase in the ANB angle, Wits appraisal, and H angle by 4.50±1.28 degrees, 5.30±1.86 mm, and 5.02±3.24 degrees (p<0.05), respectively. A favorable clockwise mandibular rotation was observed as evidenced by the increase in the SN/MP angle and the decrease in the SNB angle by 1.46±1.96 degrees and -1.38±1.86 degrees (p<0.05), respectively. Conclusion: The palatal-plate facemask combination is an effective treatment alternative for Class III malocclusion due to maxillary deficiency with minimal pain and discomfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and face mask treatment on the upper airway in patients with maxillary retrusion in two dimensions using digital cephalograms and volumetric evaluation using acoustic rhinometric measurements. Methods: A total of 22 individuals with a concave profile and skeletal and dental Class III malocclusion during growth and development with a mean age of 9.9±1.38 years were included in the study. A bonded RME appliance and a petit face mask were adapted for the patients. Before treatment (T0) and after maxillary protraction (T1), lateral cephalometric films and acoustic rhinometric recordings were obtained. The dependent sample t-test was used for statistical evaluation. Results: Cephalometric analysis revealed forward movement of the maxilla and backward downward rotation of the mandible. A significant increase was observed in the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal regions of the upper airway. Three-dimensional evaluation of the upper airway by acoustic rhinometry revealed only an increase in the volumes of the left nasal cavity after decongestant administration. A statistically significant increase in acoustic rhinometric measurements in nasal valves. When the correlation of the cephalometric findings of the nasopharyngeal region with the acoustic rhinometry findings was examined, no statistically significant relationship was found. Conclusion: As a result of this study, we observed an increase in the cephalometric measurements of the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal areas. A significant increase was observed in the minimal cross-sectional area measured by acoustic rhinometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19, which develops as a result of SARS-CoV-2 infection, was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization shortly after its discovery in Mainland China. Social distancing, hygiene and the use of personal protective equipment have been strongly recommended worldwide as COVID-19 spreads through droplets. In Turkey, a mandate was issued on September 8, 2020, requiring individuals to wear face masks in all areas other than their own residences and stating that those who do not comply with the mandate will be subject to various criminal sanctions. In various parts of the world, such practices have aimed to popularize the use of face masks, but detailed information about individuals with special conditions such as children, the elderly, psychiatric patients, and patients with neurodegenerative diseases has not been sufficiently included. We believe that people with psychiatric illness have a special place in this group due to the nature of mental illness. Perceptual impairments in patients with schizophrenia may lead to exaggerated application of recommended precautions. This has raised the issue of whether personal protective equipment may cause undesirable effects as a result of prolonged exposure in these individuals. In this case report, we present a partial auricle avulsion in a patient with schizophrenia who used his mask for a long time without removing it because he was afraid of mandatory face mask use. Our case is one of the few psychiatric cases in the literature in which auricular avulsion due to prolonged face mask use is seen.

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and face mask treatment on the upper airway in patients with maxillary retrusion in two dimensions using digital cephalograms and volumetric evaluation using acoustic rhinometric measurements. Methods: A total of 22 individuals with a concave profile and skeletal and dental Class III malocclusion during growth and development with a mean age of 9.9±1.38 years were included in the study. A bonded RME appliance and a petit face mask were adapted for the patients. Before treatment (T0) and after maxillary protraction (T1), lateral cephalometric films and acoustic rhinometric recordings were obtained. The dependent sample t-test was used for statistical evaluation. Results: Cephalometric analysis revealed forward movement of the maxilla and backward downward rotation of the mandible. A significant increase was observed in the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal regions of the upper airway. Three-dimensional evaluation of the upper airway by acoustic rhinometry revealed only an increase in the volumes of the left nasal cavity after decongestant administration. A statistically significant increase in acoustic rhinometric measurements in nasal valves. When the correlation of the cephalometric findings of the nasopharyngeal region with the acoustic rhinometry findings was examined, no statistically significant relationship was found. Conclusion: As a result of this study, we observed an increase in the cephalometric measurements of the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal areas. A significant increase was observed in the minimal cross-sectional area measured by acoustic rhinometry.

Objective: To evaluate a newly designed minimally invasive palatal-plate face mask combination for the management of developing Class III malocclusion due to maxillary deficiency. Methods: A sample of 16 Class III patients due to maxillary deficiency in the early mixed dentition (8 boys and 8 girls) aged between 7 and 9 years participated in this study and were treated with a combination of palatal plate face masks. Extra-oral elastics were attached between the intra-oral and extra-oral appliances; the elastics were set at 30° to the occlusal plane. The force magnitude was 250-300 g per quadrant. Cephalometric radiographs were taken before and immediately after maxillary protraction. In addition, skeletal measurements were measured, tabulated, and statistically analyzed. The pre- and post-protraction measurements were compared using the Student’s t-test, and the significance level was set at a p-value

Background: The mask is defined as a cloth mask, medical mask, and N95 respiratory worn over the face, covering the bridge of the nose, mouth, and chin. Correct use of masks is essential. Mask usage is an important concern when visiting high-risk area as hospitals where the risk of cross-contamination is predominant. The objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence of mask usage among patients attending the Rural Health and Training Center (RHTC). The aim of this study was to assess the association of mask usage with sociodemographic factors among patients attending RHTC and to determine the handling of face masks among patients attending RHTC. Methods: The study was directed to 287 patients in the outpatients. Using a semi-structured questionnaire, sociodemographic characteristics and mask usage details were collected from the study participants. Results: The prevalence of mask usage was 68.3%. The usage of mask was significantly higher among females (OD = 1.383, 95% confidence interval [CI] =0.836–2.286, P = 0.206), younger individuals (OD = 2.569, 95% CI = 1.423–4.636, P = 0.206), literate individuals (OD = 4.073, 95% CI = 2.040–6.892), employed (OD = 2.256, 95% CI = 1.292–3.940, P = 0.013), and upper and middle socioeconomic class (OD = 3.764, 95% CI = 2.219–6.385, P = 2.219–6.385). Handling of face mask with proper wearing and disposal were 18.5% and 25.1%, respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of mask usage was observed to be 68.3%. The study results emphasize that mask usage is a primordial prevention and mode of intervention as health education and specific protection in the general population would necessarily improve compliance and flatten the epidemiological curve.

Objectives: This study determined whether the use of an N95 face mask was associated with changes in ocular surface parameters and dry eye symptomatology among healthcare workers with no baseline dry eye disease. Methodology: This was a prospective, analytical, quasi-experimental study. The ocular surface and dry eye symptomatology of 33 healthcare workers (n=66 eyes) were evaluated at baseline and 3 hours after use of 3MTM VFlexTM Particulate Respirator 9105 N95 mask (3M, Minnesota, USA). The following parameters were measured: ocular surface disease index (OSDI), tear break-up time (TBUT), tear break-up pattern (TBUP), non-invasive TBUT (NIKBUT), tear meniscus height (TMH), meibography, and bulbar conjunctival redness. Results: Among all the parameters tested, only OSDI and bulbar redness showed significant changes when pre-N95 and post-N95 values were compared. Although each was interpreted as normal, the median OSDI score improved from 7 to 1 (p < 0.001). Median bulbar conjunctival redness score worsened from 0.9 to 1.1 (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Among healthcare workers with no dry eye disease, the use of the 3MTM VflexTM Particulate Respirator 9105 N95 mask was not associated with changes in TBUT, TBUP, NIKBUT, TMH, and meibogaphy. An improvement of dry eye symptoms was reported after VFlexTM mask use.

Wearing face masks is an effective non‐pharmaceutical strategy to inhibit the transmission of airborne diseases. Nonetheless, most commercial face masks lack disinfecting capabilities, posing risks of secondary transmission, while those with antimicrobial coatings are incapable of instant pathogen inactivation. Herein, a proof‐of‐concept instant disinfecting face mask is demonstrated consisting of a Cu(OH)2‐nanowire electroporation filter powered by a respiration‐driven triboelectric nanogenerator (R‐TENG). The R‐TENG comprises electrospun polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes. A dome‐shaped PVA membrane is specifically designed to maximize the effective contact area. Coupling the novel dome‐shape design with maximized β‐phase crystallites of PVDF, the enhanced R‐TENG generates an open‐circuit voltage of 120 V under the normal breathing rate of an adult, resulting in an amplified electric field of 19 MV m−1 at the nanowire tips of the electroporation filter. Under this high localized electric field, effective inactivation of bacteria (>99.9%) is achieved via a synergy of electroporation and physical penetration. Conversely, when the R‐TENG is disconnected, only partial inactivation (90%–99%) via physical penetration is realized. For the first time, it shows that R‐TENG powered electroporation is a viable solution to achieve instant, effective disinfection, paving the way for next‐generation face masks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticle formation by Spark Discharge Aerosol Generation offers low‐cost fabrication of nanoparticles, without the use of chemicals or vacuum. It produces aerosol particles of a few nanometers in size with high purity. In this work, copper‐based ‐CuO (tenorite) and Cu‐ nanoparticles are produced, characterized and used to modify face mask air filters, achieving the introduction of antibacterial and antiviral properties. A range of characterization techniques have been employed, down to the atomic level. The majority of the particles are CuO (of a few nanometers in size that agglomerate to form aggregates), the remainder being a small number of larger Cu particles. The particles were deposited on various substrates, mainly fiber filters in order to study them and use them as biocidal agents. On face masks, their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E.coli) results in a 100 % decrease in bacteria cell viability. Their antiviral activity on face masks results in a 90 % reduction of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) viability, 15 minutes post the application of the virus stock solution. This highlights the effectiveness of this approach, its simplicity, its low cost and its excellent environmental credentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the COVID‐19 epidemic, the effect of mask wearing on communication has been questioned and explored. However, the study on the impact of face mask wearing on L2 speech is still limited. The main goal of the present study was to explore the extent to which face masks affect interlocutors' L2 speech perception. Factors that varied were face mask (no mask, transparent mask, and disposable face mask), presentation mode (audio only vs. audiovisual), and speaking style (conversational vs. clear). The relationship between these three variables on the L2 processing was also investigated. Fifty‐three Thai undergraduates who were L2 learners of English participated in an Internet‐based perceptual task. They listened to 60 English sentences and typed the sentences they heard over an online form. The results showed that the participants did well when the L2 communication was in clear speech regardless of type of face mask and presentation mode. The improvement of the L2 perception of clear speech occurred even when the speaker produced sentences with disposable face mask as opposed to conversational speech suggesting that clear speech could enhance intelligibility in communication. As expected, the perceptual score was the lowest when the speech was in audio‐only mode with conversational style and disposable face mask. These results suggest that in L2 classroom contexts, speaking clearly could lessen the negative effects of the face mask and unavailability of visual information of the speaker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of fast-response, highly sensitive, and eco-friendly sensors for monitoring human psychological and physical activity is an interesting research topic. In this research work, we have designed a semicircular-shaped printed sensor to monitor respiration response. A semicircular-shaped interdigitated elecreodes-based capacitive sensor is designed in CST studio software using its electrostatic physics module and is fabricated using Voltera V1. The substrate material used for the sensor design is flexible PET, and the ink used for electrodes is silver (Ag). The sensor is tested in a humidity chamber, and the response toward humidity is recorded. The sensor response in terms of capacitance is ~ 128 pF at 30%RH and reaches ~ 4400 pF at 100%RH. The response and recovery time of the sensor is 0.87 s and 1.2 s. The sensor is integrated with the medical face mask. The sensor's response to different respiration behaviors is recorded. The sensor shows a repeatable and stable response. The sensor is highly sensitive and is further enhanced for breathing monitoring by connecting another sensor in parallel. The sensor is fast-response, highly sensitive, repeatable, and stable, which makes our fabricated sensor the best fit for multifunctional applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Positive pressure ventilation (PPV) is crucial to the resuscitation of newborns. Although neonates often require PPV at birth, the optimal interface has not been determined. Both binasal prongs and face masks were deemed acceptable by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation in 2010 and have been utilized at our center since 2016; however, the choice is by provider preference. Previous studies have suggested that binasal prongs may be more effective than face masks at avoiding intubation in the delivery room. The objective of this study is to compare intubation rates of binasal prongs versus face masks for delivery room resuscitation of neonates born < 30 weeks' gestation. Study Design This retrospective study compares delivery room intubation rates by interface for neonates < 30 weeks' gestation born between August 2016 and April 2021 at our level IV neonatal intensive care unit. Exclusion criteria included diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia, no PPV required, or no resuscitation attempted. Data collected included interface device, demographics, maternal data, delivery room data, admission data, and discharge outcomes. The three interface groups (binasal prongs, face mask, face mask, and binasal prongs) were compared utilizing chi-square, analysis of variance with post hoc analysis, and logistic regression. Results Mean gestational ages and birth weights for the groups were 27.6 weeks and 1,126 g, 25.7 weeks and 839 g, and 27.1 weeks and 1,028 g, respectively. Neonates resuscitated with face masks were 9.9 times more likely to be intubated in the delivery room and 10.8 times more likely to be intubated at 6 hours of life compared with those resuscitated with binasal prongs after logistic regression analysis. Conclusion The findings in our study support delivery room resuscitation with binasal prongs as a useful method in reducing the need for intubation both in the delivery room and at 6 hours of life. Further prospective studies are warranted. Key Points The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation recommends multiple interface options for neonatal resuscitation. Vermont Oxford Network endorses nasal interface for premature infants. Binasal prongs are associated with lower intubation rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19, which develops as a result of SARS-CoV-2 infection, was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization shortly after its discovery in Mainland China. Social distancing, hygiene and the use of personal protective equipment have been strongly recommended worldwide as COVID-19 spreads through droplets. In Turkey, a mandate was issued on September 8, 2020, requiring individuals to wear face masks in all areas other than their own residences and stating that those who do not comply with the mandate will be subject to various criminal sanctions. In various parts of the world, such practices have aimed to popularize the use of face masks, but detailed information about individuals with special conditions such as children, the elderly, psychiatric patients, and patients with neurodegenerative diseases has not been sufficiently included. We believe that people with psychiatric illness have a special place in this group due to the nature of mental illness. Perceptual impairments in patients with schizophrenia may lead to exaggerated application of recommended precautions. This has raised the issue of whether personal protective equipment may cause undesirable effects as a result of prolonged exposure in these individuals. In this case report, we present a partial auricle avulsion in a patient with schizophrenia who used his mask for a long time without removing it because he was afraid of mandatory face mask use. Our case is one of the few psychiatric cases in the literature in which auricular avulsion due to prolonged face mask use is seen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the demand for filter media has increased dramatically, driven by the need to manufacture personal protective equipment and for various applications in the industrial and civil sectors. Nanofiber‐based membranes are proposed as potential alternatives to commercial filtration devices. This study presents the design and implementation of an innovative pre‐industrial electrospinning setup, combining a negatively charged spinneret and a positively charged counter‐electrode, capable of producing polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers with an average diameter of 410 nm and electrostatic surface potential values 3.7 times higher compared to a conventional electrospinning process, eliminating the need for further post‐treatment. These properties are essential for improving mechanical and electrostatic filtration of small particles, including infectious droplets. The surface potential of the membranes is also long‐lasting, as evidenced by tests one year after manufacture. As a case‐study, these filters are used to manufacture surgical masks, reporting excellent performance in terms of bacterial filtration efficiency (BFE) up to 99.9%, and breathability (29.8±4.5 Pa cm−2) when compared to commercially available meltblown polypropylene (PP) face masks, and also complied with the stringent European standard (EN14683:2019) for type‐II surgical masks. Furthermore, the pre‐industrial setup allows for increased production capacity of up to 42 000 m2 per year, suitable for large‐scale production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to gain qualitative insights about and compare public responses to COVID‐19 crisis management during the different pandemic phases and across three countries—Norway, Sweden and Italy. To do so, we have carried out a qualitative content analysis of a selection of 2606 tweets containing the term 'face mask' in Italian, Norwegian, and Swedish published between March 1, 2020 and June 31, 2022. The article combines risk society theses with social practice theory as a lens through which to examine public responses to crisis management. Analyzing the data from Norway, Sweden, and Italy, this article discusses the extent to which individualism, reflexive modernization, and cosmopolitanism account for citizen responses to authority's crisis management efforts in each of the countries during the different phases of the pandemic. Findings highlight the crucial role of socio‐cultural contexts that shape citizen responses to crisis management over time, showcasing a spectrum of attitudes ranging from scepticism and critique to trust and compliance. This comparative analysis underscores the importance of considering the dynamic interplay between criticism and support, individualism and collectivism, as well as global and local experiences in understanding diverse and situated societal responses to crisis management during a global pandemic. The article also points to social media as a meaningful arena where individuals and groups share information and participate in discussions that shape collective views, thus having a significant role in shaping citizen responses to COVID‐19 crisis management and influencing decision‐making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The harbour which is a public place has the potential as a place for disease transmission, environmental pollution, or other health problems. The objective of the current research was to determine the factors relating to behavior in managing disposable. This type of research is observational analytic using a cross sectional design. Simple random sampling technique and a sample of 90 respondents. The research instrument used a questionnaire and used the Chi Square test and logistic regression (α = 0.05). The results of the study showed that the most important factor related to the management of garbage masks are knowledge with (p value = 0.004; p < 0.05; OR = 6.571; 95% CI = 1.566-25.929), attitude (p value = 0.049; p < 0.05; OR = 3.388; 95% CI = 1.006-11.407), and binding regulations (p value = 0.002; p < 0.05; OR = 0.098; 95% CI = 0.022-0.434). The conclusions of the current research is that there is a significant relationship between knowledge, attitude and binding regulations with mask waste management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Pyrolysis is one of the most widely practiced thermochemical conversion technique to convert biomass into bio fuel. In this investigation, waste surgical masks were taken for pyrolysis process and the pyrolysis oil yield was determined experimentally. The experiments were designed and optimized based on Box Behnken Design (BBD) with operating parameters (feed size, temperature, and time) to study the effect on the yield of the pyrolysis oil and char. Experiments were conducted by varying the feed size (10–50 mm), pyrolysis temperature (400–600°C), and time (30–90 min). A hybrid Response Surface Methodology –Artificial Neural Network‐ Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm (RSM‐ANN‐LM) modelling approach has been to optimize the process parameters for the prediction of pyrolysis oil yield. The optimized network architecture was found to be 3‐10‐1 and the authenticity of the developed model has been evaluated using Regression Co‐efficient (R2) and Mean Squared Error (MSE). The developed RSM‐ANN‐LM model has outperformed the RSM model on predicting the pyrolytic oil yield. For the optimized conditions of 10 mm size, 600°C of pyrolysis temperature and 90 min pyrolysis time, 85.30% oil yield was obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute sinusitis is an infection caused by a virus that can lead to a congested or blocked nose, pain or pressure around your face, head, and eyes, loss of smell and taste, bad breath, ear pain, and headache. This common occurrence which has impacted about 14% of the general population happens due to the bacteria and viruses settling in the sinuses. Malaysia Statista reports that each person is expected to use 0.21 pieces of face mask in the year 2024 and is expected to be virus-killing, eco-friendly, and reusable. Through the idea and innovation of face masks, this study innovates sinus relief face masks. Sinus relief face masks are a combination of face masks with oil drops extracted from ingredients such as lemongrass, cinnamon, garlic, turmeric, ginger, and clove. This product aims to provide relief for those suffering from sinusitis while consolidating the elements of remediation and essential. With innovative features and differentiation, this product further bolsters growth potential. The extensive distribution reach enables broad customer access and high customer retention. This product aims for commercial success in the sinusitis relief market.

Abstract Background Eye contact is a fundamental part of social interaction. In clinical studies, it has been observed that patients suffering from depression make less eye contact during interviews than healthy individuals, which could be a factor contributing to their social functioning impairments. Similarly, results from mood induction studies with healthy persons indicate that attention to the eyes diminishes as a function of sad mood. The present screen-based eye-tracking study examined whether depressive symptoms in healthy individuals are associated with reduced visual attention to other persons’ direct gaze during free viewing. Methods Gaze behavior of 44 individuals with depressive symptoms and 49 individuals with no depressive symptoms was analyzed in a free viewing task. Grouping was based on the Beck Depression Inventory using the cut-off proposed by Hautzinger et al. (2006). Participants saw pairs of faces with direct gaze showing emotional or neutral expressions. One-half of the face pairs was shown without face masks, whereas the other half was presented with face masks. Participants’ dwell times and first fixation durations were analyzed. Results In case of unmasked facial expressions, participants with depressive symptoms looked shorter at the eyes compared to individuals without symptoms across all expression conditions. No group difference in first fixation duration on the eyes of masked and unmasked faces was observed. Individuals with depressive symptoms dwelled longer on the mouth region of unmasked faces. For masked faces, no significant group differences in dwell time on the eyes were found. Moreover, when specifically examining dwell time on the eyes of faces with an emotional expression there were also no significant differences between groups. Overall, participants gazed significantly longer at the eyes in masked compared to unmasked faces. Conclusions For faces without mask, our results suggest that depressiveness in healthy individuals goes along with less visual attention to other persons’ eyes but not with less visual attention to others’ faces. When factors come into play that generally amplify the attention directed to the eyes such as face masks or emotions then no relationship between depressiveness and visual attention to the eyes can be established.

Abstract Background Obtaining a properly fitting non-invasive ventilation (NIV) mask to treat acute respiratory failure is a major challenge, especially in young children and patients with craniofacial abnormalities. Personalization of NIV masks holds promise to improve pediatric NIV efficiency. As current customization methods are relatively time consuming, this study aimed to test the air leak and surface pressure performance of personalized oronasal face masks using 3D printed soft materials. Personalized masks of three different biocompatible materials (silicone and photopolymer resin) were developed and tested on three head models of young children with abnormal facial features during preclinical bench simulation of pediatric NIV. Air leak percentages and facial surface pressures were measured and compared for each mask. Results Personalized NIV masks could be successfully produced in under 12 h in a semi-automated 3D production process. During NIV simulation, overall air leak performance and applied surface pressures were acceptable, with leak percentages under 30% and average surface pressure values mostly remaining under normal capillary pressure. There was a small advantage of the masks produced with soft photopolymer resin material. Conclusion This first, proof-of-concept bench study simulating NIV in children with abnormal facial features, showed that it is possible to obtain biocompatible, personalized oronasal masks with acceptable air leak and facial surface pressure performance using a relatively short, and semi-automated production process. Further research into the clinical value and possibilities for application of personalized NIV masks in critically ill children is needed.

Background: Protective behavior is recommended to prevent COVID-19. However, the existing gap is no reliable evidence of protective behavior in southern urban areas in Iran. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of face mask usage and shield use among pedestrians in the Abadan, Khoramshahr, and Shadegan southern cities of Iran. Methods: This population-based cross-sectional study was conducted from June to August 2021 in the southwestern urban population of Iran. In this study, 7 425 pedestrians were selected from 85 neighborhoods. Sampling was conducted using a multi-stage method. The data were collected by observation passers on the street with a checklist and analyzed by SPSS software, version 26 statistical and WINPEPI software. The acceptable significance level was P

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, hospitals and households have used personal protective equipment (PPE), such as masks and gloves. Some of these potentially infectious materials were discarded with other household wastes in garbage dumping sites. Thus, this study aimed to detect the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in contaminated wastes, environments, and mammals scavenging around these sites. From September to October 2022, we visited three garbage dumping sites located in Bangkok, Nakhon Pathom, and Nonthaburi provinces of Thailand. Oral, nasal, rectal swabs, and blood samples were collected from small mammals, stray dogs, and cats. Masks, gloves, soil, and water samples from the sites were additionally collected. Of the 582 samples collected from 238 animals, none tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in the virus isolation, real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and neutralizing antibody detection. However, one sample (1.18 %; 1/85) from a rat (Rattus spp.) captured in Nonthaburi was serologically positive in the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The surveillance of coronaviruses in rats is strongly encouraged because rats may harbor different zoonotic pathogens, including unknown potentially zoonotic coronaviruses. Moreover, two face mask samples (4.65 %; 2/43) collected from the dumping site in Nakhon Pathom tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by real-time RT-PCR. To reduce environmental contamination, detecting the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome in contaminated face masks highlights the critical need for proper waste management in households and communities in Thailand. Thus, to minimize exposure and prevent onward transmission, waste management personnel, including garbage dump staff and waste pickers, should be equipped with appropriate PPE and receive regular training on safe handling and disposal.

Demands for consumer goods and synthetic materials have increased significantly due to rapid population growth. As a result, environmental pollution, natural disasters and catastrophes, and controlling and recycling waste have become crucial issues for global sustainability and developing a circular economy. Besides the various sources, solid waste is generated from medical fields, ready-made garment (RMG) industries, and human hair during their service time and life. Human hair, face masks, and RMG waste are disposed of in landfills, buried, and incinerated without recycling. It creates dust and microparticles and develops CO2, methane, and harmful gases before fully decomposing in landfills, promoting environmental hazards and degrading air quality and social attributes. In addition, it causes the infiltration of microplastics and other micro/nano-particles into aquatic life, birds, and animals, and ultimately into human organs through food chains. It can be controlled by reducing, reusing, and recycling waste into useful materials and resources. Therefore, scientists seek to replace synthetic materials by developing bio-composites through recycling waste. This study explores the social impact of recycling human hair, waste face masks, and RMG waste into composite fields, which will help to reduce environmental pollution and global warming, achieve sustainability, develop a circular economy, and deter climate change. In contrast to societal impacts, the scalability, cost-effectiveness, and long-term durability of composites will not be an issue since the cost of waste is tiny, composite's strengths are higher than some natural fiber-reinforced composites, and those wastes can also be used to fabricate hybrid composites as cheap constituents.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses an emanating threat to humanity's future. The effectiveness of commonly used antibiotics against microbial infections is declining at an alarming rate. As a result, morbidity and mortality rates are soaring, particularly among immunocompromised populations. Exploring alternative solutions, such as medicinal plants and iodine, shows promise in combating resistant pathogens. Such antimicrobials could effectively inhibit microbial proliferation through synergistic combinations. In our study, we prepared a formulation consisting of Aloe barbadensis Miller (AV), Thymol, iodine (I2), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Various analytical methods including SEM/EDS, UV-vis, Raman, FTIR, and XRD were carried out to verify the purity, composition, and morphology of AV-PVP-Thymol-I2. We evaluated the inhibitory effects of this formulation against 10 selected reference strains using impregnated sterile discs, surgical sutures, gauze bandages, surgical face masks, and KN95 masks. The antimicrobial properties of AV-PVP-Thymol-I2 were assessed through disc diffusion methods against 10 reference strains in comparison with two common antibiotics. The 25-month-old formulation exhibited slightly lower inhibitory zones, indicating changes in the sustained-iodine-release reservoir. Our findings confirm AV-PVP-Thymol-I2 as a potent antifungal and antibacterial agent against the reference strains, demonstrating particularly strong inhibitory action on surgical sutures, cotton bandages, and face masks. These results enable the potential use of the formulation AV-PVP-Thymol-I2 as a promising antimicrobial agent against wound infections and as a spray-on contact-killing agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the stress distributions and possible amount of movement in the maxillofacial region resulting from different maxillary advancement protocols in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Materials and methods: A unilateral cleft lip and palate model (CLP model) with Goslon score 4 was created for finite element analysis. Three different protocols were compared: Group 1: usage of a face mask with elastics placed at a 30? angle to the occlusal plane over a conventional acrylic plate; Group 2: usage of a face mask with elastics placed at a 30? angle to the occlusal plane over miniplates placed in the infrazygomatic crest region; Group 3: usage of elastic from the menton plate placed in the mandible to the infrazygomatic plates in the maxilla. Results: Dental effects were greater in the maxillary protraction protocol with a face mask over a conventional acrylic plate (Von Misses Stress Values; Group 1?=?cleft side:0.076, non-cleft side:0.077; Group 2?=?cleft side:0.004, non-cleft side: 0.003; Group 3?=?cleft side:0.0025; non-cleft side:0.0015), whereas skeletal effects were greater in maxillary protraction protocols with face mask using skeletal anchorage (Von Misses Stress Values; Group 1:0.008; Group 2:0.02; Group 3:0.0025). The maximum amount of counterclockwise rotation of the maxilla as a result of protraction was observed in traditional acrylic plate face mask protocol, and the minimum amount was observed by using elastics between infrazygomatic plates and menton plate. Conclusions: In individuals with unilateral cleft lip and palate with Goslon score 4, it was observed that the skeletally anchored face mask caused more skeletal impact and displacement than both the traditional acrylic plate face mask model and the pure skeletally supported maxillary protraction model. Clinical relevance: When planning maxillary protraction treatment in patients with cleft lip and palate, it should be considered that more movement in the sagittal plane might be expected on the cleft side than the non-cleft side, and miniplate and screws on the cleft side are exposed to more stress when using infrazygomatic plates as skeletal anchorage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, a substantial quantity of disposable face masks was discarded, consisting of three layers of nonwoven fabric. However, their improper disposal led to the release of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) when they ended up in aquatic environments. To analyze the release kinetics and size characteristics of these masks, release experiments were performed on commercially available disposable masks over a period of 7 days and micro- and nanoplastic releases were detected using fiber counting and nanoparticle tracking analysis. The study's findings revealed that there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the quantity of MPs released among the layers of the masks. However, the quantity of NPs released from the middle layer of the mask was 25.9 ± 1.3 × 108 to 81.3 ± 5.3 × 108 particles/piece, significantly higher than the inner and outer layers (p < 0.05). The release process of micro/nanoplastics (M/NPs) from each layer of the mask followed the Elovich equation and the power function equation, indicating that the release was divided into two stages. MPs in the range of 1–500 µm and NPs in the range of 100–300 nm dominated the release from each layer of the mask, accounting for an average of 93.81% and 67.52%, respectively. Based on these findings, recommendations are proposed to reduce the release of M/NPs from masks during subsequent use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the design and research of a sensor-based personal air-quality monitoring device are presented, which is retrofitted into different personal protective face masks. Due to its small size and low power consumption, the device can be integrated into and applied in practical urban usage. We present our research and the development of the sensor node based on a BME680-type environmental sensor cluster with a wireless IoT (Internet of Things)-capable central unit and overall low power consumption. The integration of the sensor node was investigated with traditional medical masks and a professional FFP2-type mask. The filtering efficiency after embedding was validated with a head model and a particle counter. We found that the professional mask withstood the embedding without losing the protective filtering aspect. We compared the inner and outer sensor data and investigated the temperature, pressure, humidity, and AQI (Air Quality Index) relations with possible sensor data-fusion options. The novelty is increased with the dual-sensor layout (inward and outward). It was found that efficient respiration monitoring is achievable with the device. With the analysis of the recorded data, characteristic signals were identified in an urban environment, enabling urban altimetry and urban zone detection. The results promote smart city concepts and help in endeavors related to SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) 3 and 11. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic created an unprecedented increase in the usage of personal protective equipment (PPE) in the healthcare industry, especially in the form of face coverings. Subsequently, guidelines related to breathability and wear comfort were published by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) as an influx of various new materials entered the PPE market. This study evaluated a proprietary, novel, zinc-ion embedded fiber with the ability to deactivate bacteria and viruses, including SARS-COV-2, for its wear comfort in a nonwoven disposable mask in comparison to a commercially available surgical face mask which served as the control. Ten healthy, full-time, career, firefighters participated in this study wearing both masks in a randomized fashion. A medical task simulation (MTS) protocol was developed to replicate nursing task metabolic rates, per the compendium of physical activities, via a graded treadmill walking exercise. Participant ratings including ease of mask fit, overall mask comfort, facial comfort, breathability, and facial temperature sensation were recorded before, during, and after the 50-minute protocol in a controlled environmental chamber. The 100% nylon, zinc ion mask was rated as slightly cooler at the beginning of the trial (at 0.8 vs. 1.3), than the commercially available polypropylene mask. The polypropylene mask also reached a perceived mask facial comfort (MFC) rating of 1.6 just 35 min into the protocol whereas the zinc ion mask did not reach a rating of slight discomfort until the end of the exercise. Findings indicate the novel zinc-ion embedded mask was as comfortable, if not more so, than the commercially available nonwoven mask with more favorable ratings for longer durations. Not only do the zinc properties provide enhanced protection, but they maintain, if not improve, wearer comfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of anti‐pandemic measures, including wearing a face mask and receiving vaccinations, on interpersonal distance (IPD) during the normalization stage of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Virtual reality (VR) technology was used to simulate the experimental environment and a confederate in different conditions. Thirty‐one participants were asked to approach the virtual confederate, who could exhibit three vaccination states and two mask‐wearing conditions, actively and passively in both indoor and outdoor environments. ANOVA results showed that the participants kept a smaller IPD from the confederate wearing a face mask (IPD = 125.6 cm) than from the one without a face mask (IPD = 154.2 cm). The effects of vaccination states were significant, with the largest distance for an unvaccinated confederate (IPD = 182.3 cm) and the smallest distance for the confederate who had received a booster vaccine (IPD = 111.5 cm). Significant effects of environment were also found, with the participants maintaining a larger IPD in an outdoor environment (IPD = 143.4 cm) than in an indoor room (IPD = 136.4 cm). Additionally, the IPD collected when the participants were passively approached (IPD = 149.6 cm) was significantly larger than that obtained when they actively approached the confederate (IPD = 130.3 cm). Moreover, when the participants faced a confederate who had received a booster vaccine and wore a mask, the IPD was not significantly different from that collected before the COVID‐19 pandemic in both the active and passive patterns. These findings help us to better understand the nature of IPD and human behaviors during the normalization stage of the pandemic and provide scientific suggestions for policymakers to develop pandemic‐prevention measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disposal of waste generated by the COVID-19 pandemic is still a challenge to the government in most countries. The present study shines its light on the catalytic effect of metal oxide on converting COVID-19 waste i.e. used face masks into valuable products through co-pyrolysis. The co-pyrolysis trial was carried out for a mixture of waste face mask (WFM) and Moringa oleifera (MO) biomass at a constant temperature of 450°C for 15 min of resident time. This investigation focuses on studying the catalytic effect of calcium oxide (CaO) on the by-products of the pyrolysis process. From the FT-IR studies, it is observed that the CaO catalyst assisted to reduce oxygen as well as sulphur and carboxylic acids in the bio-oil due to its strong basic nature. The FE-SEM images suggest the increase in porous structure with catalytic pyrolysis (CP) char compared to non-catalytic pyrolysis (NCP) char. The catalytic activity of CaO increased the alcoholic content with a reduction in aldehydes and ketones in the bio-oil. The addition of WFM to the biomass with CaO catalyst pyrolysis (CP) delivered a higher oil yield of 52% compared to non-catalytic pyrolysis (NCP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate tear tests and corneal parameters in individuals who wear face masks. Methods: A prospective study included 75 participants, all using surgical face masks due to new regulations during the COVID-19 pandemic. They were divided into groups according to the duration of face mask wear (<3 [Group 1], from 3 to 6 [Group 2], over 6 h/day [Group 3]). All participants underwent a detailed ophthalmological evaluation. The Schirmer test and tear break-up time (TBUT) scores were assessed. In addition, corneal parameters were measured using a Pentacam Scheimpflug camera. Results: The values of TBUT and Schirmer test scores were significantly lower in Group 3 than in Groups 1 and 2 (p<0.001 for all). There was a statistically significant difference between the groups in the pachymetric measurements at the pupil center (p<0.001), and the finest point was significantly less in Group 3 than in Groups 1 and 2 (p<0.001). The scores of the TBUT and Schirmer tests were significantly positively correlated with the pachymetric measurements (p<0.001 for all). Conclusion: We have determined that the cornea is affected by individuals who wear face masks. To be protected from the undesirable effects of mask use, the exposed upper parts of the mask can be taped with a flexible tape, and artificial tears can be used prophylactically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incorporating masks into building materials offers a potential solution to the environmental threat of disposable masks with promising material performance. However, research on their dynamic properties is lacking to further determine the application range of the new composite. This study addresses this gap by shredding face masks into strips and incorporating them into mortars at varying volume ratios. The integrity and compactness of the mortar was measured and characterized by P-wave velocity, while dynamic compression properties were explored using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system. Subsequently, sieve analysis was conducted on the fractured specimens. The results indicate that incorporating masks generally improves the mortar integrity and the fragmentation after impacting. The dynamic uniaxial compression strength (DUCS) decreased for all mixing designs compared to plain ones under a constant loading rate. Meanwhile, the dissipated energy density showed a similar trend to the P-wave velocity, exhibiting less pronounced enhancement at higher loading rates. According to the dynamic characteristics, a dynamic constitutive model based on the Lemaitre principle and Weibull distribution of damage is developed and validated. The test results are further understood through the perspective of the mechanism of mask inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]