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Traditionally focused on Amazonian and Atlantic rainforests, studies on the origins of high Neotropical biodiversity have recently shifted to also investigate biodiversity processes in the South American dry diagonal, encompassing Chaco, Cerrado savannas, and Caatinga seasonally dry tropical forests. The plateau/depression hypothesis states that riparian forests in the Brazilian Shield in central Brazil are inhabited by Pleistocene lineages, with shallow divergences and signatures of population expansion. Moreover, riparian forests may have acted as a vegetation network in the Pleistocene, allowing gene/species flow across the South American dry diagonal. We tested these hypotheses using Colobosaura modesta, a small gymnophthalmid lizard from forested habitats in the Cerrado savannas and montane/submontane forests in the Caatinga. We conducted phylogeographic analyses using a multi‐locus dataset, tested alternative demographic scenarios with Approximate Bayesian Computation, and also employed species delimitation tests. We recovered a history of recent colonization and expansion along riparian forests, associated with Pleistocene climate shifts, and the existence of a new species of Colobosaura restricted to the Serra do Cachimbo region. We also present evidence that riparian forests have provided an interconnected network for forest organisms within the South American dry diagonal and that Pleistocene events played an important role in their evolutionary history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Understanding where and why species diversity is geographically concentrated remains a challenge in biogeography and macroevolution. This is true for the Cerrado, the most biodiverse tropical savanna in the world, which has experienced profound biodiversity loss. Previous studies have focused on a single metric (species composition), neglecting the fact that 'species' within the biome are often composed of cryptic species. In order to identify biodiversity hotspots more robustly and across multiple dimensions we integrate functional, spatial and new phylogeographic data for the Cerrado lizard fauna by (a) mapping the spatial patterns of species and phylogenetic diversity; and (b) using endemism measures to identify areas of unique diversity. We then quantify the extent to which existing protected areas represent the diversity. Location: Brazilian savanna (Cerrado). Methods: We generated species distribution models using distribution records for all Cerrado lizard species. These, combined with mitochondrial DNA phylogenies and natural history data, allowed us to map species richness, phylogenetic and functional diversity and phylogenetic and weighted endemism. Phylogenetic endemism maps were then cross‐referenced against protected areas to calculate the amount of evolutionary history preserved within these areas. Results: The central region of the Cerrado, a vast and climatically stable plateau, stands out as important under all biodiversity metrics. Including evolutionary relationships in biodiversity assessment, we detected four regional hotspots with high concentration of spatially restricted evolutionary diversity. Protected areas cover only 10% of the Cerrado area and hold 11.64% of the summed phylogenetic endemism of all lizards in the biome. Main Conclusions: We highlighted both stable (Chapada dos Veadeiros and Serra do Espinhaço plateaus) and environmentally heterogenous regions (Araguaia and Tocantins valleys) as hotspots of evolutionary diversity. The creation and/or manipulation of areas for conservation are essential for the conservation and survival of the rich and endemic lizard fauna of the Cerrado. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a new species of Enyalius endemic to the Brazilian Cerrado, based on morphological and molecular data sets. In the face of uncertain taxonomy among museum specimens of Enyalius, we used a novel analytical approach based on Gaussian mixture modeling for species assignments. We also used a machine-learning classification procedure (random forests) to investigate morphological variation and identify species diagnostic characters. Phylogenetic and species delimitation analyses supported the distinction of the new species from its congeners. The new species is characterized by the fewest ventral scales and smallest snout-vent length in the genus. Moreover, we infer that this species diverged from its closest relative, E. bilineatus, in the late Miocene, presumably after colonization of Cerrado gallery forests by an Atlantic Forest ancestor, followed by ecological or geographical speciation linked to shrinkage or fragmentation of gallery forests associated with global cooling and increased aridity. Rapid conversion of natural habitats, the isolation of protected areas, and recent changes to the Brazilian Forest Code pose serious threats to the conservation of the new species described herein, and other gallery forest inhabitants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims. As the nearest large spiral galaxy, M31 provides a unique opportunity to study the structure and evolutionary history of this galaxy type in great detail. Among the many observing programs aimed at M31 are microlensing studies, which require good threedimensional models of the stellar mass distribution. Possible non-axisymmetric structures like a bar need to be taken into account. Due to M31's high inclination, the bar is difficult to detect in photometry alone. Therefore, detailed kinematic measurements are needed to constrain the possible existence and position of a bar in M31. Methods. We obtained ≈220 separate fields with the optical integral-field unit spectrograph VIRUS-W, covering the whole bulge region of M31 and parts of the disk. We derived stellar line-of-sight velocity distributions from the stellar absorption lines, as well as velocity distributions and line fluxes of the emission lines Hβ, [O III] and [N I]. Our data supersede any previous study in terms of spatial coverage and spectral resolution. Results. We find several features that are indicative of a bar in the kinematics of the stars, we see intermediate plateaus in the velocity and the velocity dispersion and correlation between the higher moment h3 and the velocity. The gas kinematics is highly irregular, but is consistent with non-triaxial streaming motions caused by a bar. The morphology of the gas shows a spiral pattern, with seemingly lower inclination than the stellar disk. We also look at the ionization mechanisms of the gas, which happens mostly through shocks and not through starbursts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims. We here distinguish two counter-rotating stellar components in NGC 4191 and characterize their physical properties such as kinematics, morphology, age, and metallicity. Methods. We obtained integral field spectroscopic observations with VIRUS-W and used a spectroscopic decomposition technique to separate the contribution of two stellar components to the observed galaxy spectrum. We also performed a photometric decomposition, modeling the galaxy with a Sérsic bulge and two exponential disks of different scale length, with the aim of associating these structural components with the kinematic components. We then measured the equivalent width of the absorption line indices on the best-fit models that represent the kinematic components and compared our measurements to the predictions of stellar population models that also account for the variable abundance ratio of a elements. Results. We have evidence that the line-of-sight velocity distributions (LOSVDs) are bimodal and asymmetric, consistent with the presence of two distinct kinematic components. The combined information of the intensity of the peaks of the LOSVDs and the photometric decomposition allows us to associate the Sérsic bulge and the outer disk with the main kinematic component and to associate the inner disk with the secondary kinematic component. We find that the two kinematic stellar components counter-rotate with respect to each other. The main component is the most luminous and massive; the secondary component rotates along the same direction as the ionized gas. The study of the stellar populations reveals that the two kinematic components have the same solar metallicity and subsolar abundance ratio, without significant radial gradients. On the other hand, their ages show negative gradients and the possible indication that the secondary component is the younger. We interpret our results in light of recent cosmological simulations and suggest gas accretion along two filaments as the formation mechanism of the stellar counter-rotating components in NGC 4191. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To determine the long-term outcomes of patients in whom no initial cause for their anaemia is established. Method Six hundred and thirty-nine patients presenting to an iron deficiency anaemia pathway were prospectively entered onto a database. Initial assessment included haematological review, coeliac screen, oesophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonic imaging as per British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines. A 5-year audit of outcomes was undertaken using patient medical records and hospital laboratory databases. Results A diagnosis was found initially in 266 (42%) patients, with 124 (19%) having a gastrointestinal (GI) luminal neoplasm, 54 (8%) of which were malignant. Twelve patients had a nonluminal or non-GI malignancy. Eighty-eight (14%) had benign upper GI bleeding and 23 (4%) had coeliac disease. One hundred and forty-three (22%) did not have confirmed iron deficiency anaemia on review of haematinics. Complete records were available for 595 (93%) patients at 5 years. Of the 373 patients in whom a cause was not initially diagnosed, 6 (2%) were ultimately diagnosed with a GI luminal malignancy and 18 (5%) with a nonluminal or non-GI malignancy. There was no difference in the incidence of malignancies between those with or without confirmed iron deficiency. Conclusions Most patients in whom no cause was found at initial investigation resolve on oral iron supplements. Patients with normal ferritin values had as high an incidence of GI malignancies as those with low values and should be investigated. In the over 50s if the anaemia remains after a course of iron further investigation is recommended as there is a significant incidence of both GI and non-GI pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Metabolic changes accompany CSDs in clinical secondary brain injury. This was investigated for the first time after sICH. Methods Patients with sICH were enrolled in COSBID (Co-operative Study on Brain Injury Depolarisations). Prolonged depressions of ECoG was used to detect CSDs. Brain tissue oxygen tension (PbtO2), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and cerebral metabolism (microdialysis) were monitored in the region of perihematomal edema (PHE). Results 18 patients (38% female, 55–67 years) had an ICH volume of 33–69 ml. Hematoma evacuation ( n = 17) or craniectomy only ( n = 1) was performed. During monitoring for 10 (6–14) days, a total of 129 CSDs were observed in 66.7% ( n = 12) of patients. CSDs occurred in 73% ( N = 11) of patients with PHE expansion. CSDs were directly associated with a significant decrease of PbtO2 (−4mmHg [−3;−7]) in 68% (52/77), CBF changes in 95% (19/20), and metabolic derangement in 80% (80/100) of events. PHE expansion was observed in all patients with spreading convulsions ( N = 2) and patients with repetitive CSDs. Conclusions CSDs are associated with local PbtO2 decreases. Clusters of CSDs in particular seems to be associated with detrimental metabolic changes of the perihematomal brain tissue. Key Message ECoG reveals brain pathophysiology of sICH: CSDs are frequent and accompanied by metabolic derangement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New methods often spread by means of passionate individuals who see the greater perspective and purpose of the technique. The great challenge then, is to inspire local colleagues, superiors, administrators and technical staff. Accordingly, methods should provide a major advantage to previous methods or fill in a hitherto weak spot in the diagnostic armamentarium. A conservative attitude/skepticism over new methods can be due to: lack of first line evidence evidence exists, but implementation requires a major paradigm shift inertia and lack of resources in the system new methods require time and brains for implementation, some basic concepts may be hard to follow clinical interpretation may be difficult, it may pertain very few patients, and make it difficult to get experience methods may be extremely expensive and time consuming, limiting implementation to resourceful sites. The implementation process must be performed in an appreciative atmosphere, to motivate all parts. Often it is advisable to start with small scale implementation, then gradually including more of the staff. A do-plan-study-act approach is advised to optimize the method before large scale implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mirinaba cadeadensis Lange de Morretes, 1952 is restricted to the Paraná state, and found at the municipalities of Morretes, São José dos Pinhais, Paranaguá, Matinhos, and Guaratuba, associated to the Serra do Mar mountains. In this paper, we report the first record of this species in an anthropogenic shell mound. Two shells of M. cadeadensis were located in the internal stratigraphic layers of the Boguaçu shell mound. This is also the first shell mound record for Mirinaba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the importance of aiming for heterogeneous biodiversity restoration in large-scale restoration programs, emphasizing the need for diverse sets of species to recreate the reference ecosystems accurately. Topics include the challenges of restoring biodiversity in tropical ecosystems, the significance of protecting natural remnants as propagule sources, and the potential consequences if restoration practices fail to recreate the diversity found in reference ecosystems.

Dispersal‐associated traits —such as flight ability— influence how species move across the landscape, and can dramatically impact their distributions and patterns of genetic structure. Ortego et al. examine genomic data from two recently diverged alpine grasshopper lineages with distinct wing sizes to assess the demographic impacts of flight loss. The authors showed that flight loss may lead to asymmetric introgression during speciation, and can significantly increase rates of intraspecific diversification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species complexes are common in the Neotropical flora, and the Pagamea guianensis complex is one of the most widespread groups of species in the Amazonian white-sand flora. Previous analyses suggested the occurrence of ten species in this group, but species limits remained unclear due to poor sampling, morphological overlap and low molecular variation. Here we present the most comprehensive population and molecular sampling across the geographical distribution of the P. guianensis complex to date in order to test the monophyly of this group and to clarify species limits. Using a high-throughput DNA sequencing approach, we sequenced 431 loci (>34 M bases) for 179 individuals. We applied phylogenetic and species tree analyses to resolve phylogenetic relationships among the sampled individuals. Species delimitation was inferred based on genomic data, and we tested whether hypothesized species could be differentiated using morphological, ecological and near-infrared spectroscopy data. We confirm the monophyly of the P. guianensis complex and accept 15 distinct and well-supported lineages, here proposed as 14 species and one subspecies. Our findings highlight the importance of multiple lines of evidence from independent datasets in the process of species delimitation and species discovery in species complexes in the Neotropics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Accurate localization of the epileptic focus is essential for surgical treatment of patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy. Electric source imaging (ESI) is increasingly used in pre‐surgical evaluation. However, most previous studies have analysed interictal (II) discharges. Prospective studies comparing the feasibility and accuracy of II and ictal (IC) ESI are lacking. Methods: We prospectively analysed long‐term video‐electroencephalography recordings (LTM) of patients admitted for pre‐surgical evaluation. We performed ESI of II and IC signals using two methods, i.e. equivalent current dipole (ECD) and a distributed source model (DSM). LTM recordings employed the standard 25‐electrode array (including inferior temporal electrodes). An age‐matched template head model was used for source analysis. Results were compared with intracranial recordings, conventional neuroimaging methods [magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)] and outcome at 1 year after surgery. Results: A total of 87 consecutive patients were analysed. ECD gave a significantly higher proportion of patients with localized focal abnormalities (94%) compared with MRI (70%), PET (66%) and SPECT (64%). Agreement between the ESI methods and intracranial recording was moderate to substantial (k = 0.56–0.79). A total of 54 patients were operated (47 patients more than 1 year ago) and 62% of them became seizure‐free. The localization accuracy of II‐ESI was 51% for DSM and 57% for ECD, and that for IC‐ESI was 51% for DSM and 62% for ECD. The differences between the ESI methods were not significant. Differences in localization accuracy between ESI and MRI (55%), PET (33%) and SPECT (40%) were not significant. Conclusions: The II‐ESI and IC‐ESI of LTM data have high feasibility and their localization accuracy is similar to that of conventional neuroimaging methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims. The formation scenario of extended counter-rotating stellar disks in galaxies is still debated. In this paper, we study the S0 galaxy IC 719 known to host two large-scale counter-rotating stellar disks in order to investigate their formation mechanism. Methods. We exploit the large field of view and wavelength coverage of the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) spectrograph to derive two-dimensional (2D) maps of the various properties of the counter-rotating stellar disks, such as age, metallicity, kinematics, spatial distribution, the kinematical and chemical properties of the ionized gas, and the dust map. Results. Due to the large wavelength range, and in particular to the presence of the Calcium Triplet λλ8498, 8542, 8662 Å (CaT hereafter), the spectroscopic analysis allows us to separate the two stellar components in great detail. This permits precise measurement of both the velocity and velocity dispersion of the two components as well as their spatial distribution. We derived a 2D map of the age and metallicity of the two stellar components, as well as the star formation rate and gas-phase metallicity from the ionized gas emission maps. Conclusions. The main stellar disk of the galaxy is kinematically hotter, older, thicker and with larger scale-length than the secondary disk. There is no doubt that the latter is strongly linked to the ionized gas component: they have the same kinematics and similar vertical and radial spatial distribution. This result is in favor of a gas accretion scenario over a binary merger scenario to explain the origin of counter-rotation in IC 719. One source of gas that may have contributed to the accretion process is the cloud that surrounds IC 719. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decomposition of the rotation curve of galaxies into contribution from the disc and dark halo remains uncertain and depends on the adopted mass-to-light ratio (M/L) of the disc. Given the vertical velocity dispersion of stars and disc scale height, the disc surface mass density and hence the M/L can be estimated. We address a conceptual problem with previous measurements of the scale height and dispersion. When using this method, the dispersion and scale height must refer to the same population of stars. The scale height is obtained from near-infrared (IR) studies of edge-on galaxies and is weighted towards older kinematically hotter stars, whereas the dispersion obtained from integrated light in the optical bands includes stars of all ages. We aim to extract the dispersion for the hotter stars, so that it can then be used with the correct scale height to obtain the disc surface mass density. We use a sample of planetary nebulae (PNe) as dynamical tracers in the face-on galaxy NGC 628. We extract two different dispersions from its velocity histogram - representing the older and younger PNe. We also present complementary stellar absorption spectra in the inner regions of this galaxy and use a direct pixel fitting technique to extract the two components. Our analysis concludes that previous studies, which do not take account of the young disc, underestimate the disc surface mass density by a factor of ~2. This is sufficient to make a maximal disc for NGC 628 appear like a submaximal disc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess prospectively the risk of fetal loss associated with chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis (AC) following combined first-trimester screening (cFTS) for Down syndrome.Methods: This was a nationwide population-based study (Danish Fetal Medicine Database, 2008-2010) including 147,987 women with singleton pregnancy who underwent cFTS. Propensity score stratification was used to assess the risk of fetal loss with and without invasive testing. Analyses were performed between 3 and 21 days after cFTS for CVS and between 28 and 42 days after cFTS for AC. Results are reported as average risk differences with 95% CIs.Results: The risks of miscarriage and stillbirth were not higher in women exposed to CVS or AC compared with unexposed women, independent of the analysis time-point. The average effect of CVS on risk of miscarriage was -0.08% (95% CI, -0.64; 0.47) at 3 days and -0.21% (95% CI, -0.58; 0.15) at 21 days after cFTS, while the effect on risk of stillbirth was -0.18% (95% CI, -0.50; 0.13) at 3 days and -0.27% (95% CI, -0.58; 0.04) at 21 days after cFTS. Regarding the effect of AC on risk of miscarriage, the analysis at 28 days after cFTS showed an average effect of 0.56% (95% CI, -0.21; 1.33), while the effect on risk of stillbirth was 0.09% (95% CI, -0.39; 0.58) at 42 days after cFTS.Conclusion: Neither CVS nor AC was associated with increased risk of miscarriage or stillbirth. These findings indicate that the procedure-related risk of CVS and AC is very low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most massive elliptical galaxies have low-density centers or cores that differ dramatically from the high-density centers of less massive ellipticals and bulges of disk galaxies. These cores have been interpreted as the result of mergers of supermassive black hole binaries, which depopulate galaxy centers by gravitationally slingshotting central stars toward large radii. Such binaries naturally form in mergers of luminous galaxies. Here, we analyze the population of central stellar orbits in 11 massive elliptical galaxies that we observed with the integral field spectrograph SINFONI at the European Southern Observatory Very Large Telescope. Our dynamical analysis is orbit-based and includes the effects of a central black hole, the mass distribution of the stars, and a dark matter halo. We show that the use of integral field kinematics and the inclusion of dark matter is important to conclude on the distribution of stellar orbits in galaxy centers. Six of our galaxies are core galaxies. In these six galaxies, but not in the galaxies without cores, we detect a coherent lack of stars on radial orbits in the core region and a uniform excess of radial orbits outside of it: when scaled by the core radius rb, the radial profiles of the classical anisotropy parameter β(r) are nearly identical in core galaxies. Moreover, they quantitatively match the predictions of black hole binary simulations, providing the first convincing dynamical evidence for core scouring in the most massive elliptical galaxies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spreading depolarization of cells in cerebral grey matter is characterized by massive ion translocation, neuronal swelling and large changes in direct current-coupled voltage recording. The near-complete sustained depolarization above the inactivation threshold for action potential generating channels initiates spreading depression of brain activity. In contrast, epileptic seizures show modest ion translocation and sustained depolarization below the inactivation threshold for action potential generating channels. Such modest sustained depolarization allows synchronous, highly frequent neuronal firing; ictal epileptic field potentials being its electrocorticographic and epileptic seizure its clinical correlate. Nevertheless, Leão in 1944 and Van Harreveld and Stamm in 1953 described in animals that silencing of brain activity induced by spreading depolarization changed during minimal electrical stimulations. Eventually, epileptic field potentials were recorded during the period that had originally seen spreading depression of activity. Such spreading convulsions are characterized by epileptic field potentials on the final shoulder of the large slow potential change of spreading depolarization. We here report on such spreading convulsions in monopolar subdural recordings in 2 of 25 consecutive aneurismal subarachnoid haemorrhage patients in vivo and neocortical slices from 12 patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy in vitro. The in vitro results suggest that γ-aminobutyric acid-mediated inhibition protects from spreading convulsions. Moreover, we describe arterial pulse artefacts mimicking epileptic field potentials in three patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage that ride on the slow potential peak. Twenty-one of the 25 subarachnoid haemorrhage patients (84%) had 656 spreading depolarizations in contrast to only three patients (12%) with 55 ictal epileptic events isolated from spreading depolarizations. Spreading depolarization frequency and depression periods per 24 h recording episodes showed an early and a delayed peak on Day 7. Patients surviving subarachnoid haemorrhage with poor outcome at 6 months showed significantly higher total and peak numbers of spreading depolarizations and significantly longer total and peak depression periods during the electrocorticographic monitoring than patients with good outcome. In a semi-structured telephone interview 3 years after the initial haemorrhage, 44% of the subarachnoid haemorrhage survivors had developed late post-haemorrhagic seizures requiring anti-convulsant medication. In those patients, peak spreading depolarization number had been significantly higher [15.1 (11.4-30.8) versus 7.0 (0.8-11.2) events per day, P = 0.045]. In summary, monopolar recordings here provided unequivocal evidence of spreading convulsions in patients. Hence, practically all major pathological cortical network events in animals have now been observed in people. Early spreading depolarizations may indicate a risk for late post-haemorrhagic seizures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe brain damage is often followed by serious complications. Quantitative measurements, such as regional volume and surface area under various conditions, are essential for understanding functional changes in the brain and assessing prognosis. The affected brain tissue is variable, hence traditional imaging methods are not always applicable and automatic methods may not be able to match the individual observer. Stereological techniques are alternative tools in the quantitative description of biological structures, and have been increasingly applied to the human brain. In the present study, we applied stereological techniques to representative CT and MRI brain scans from five patients to describe how stereological methods, when applied to scans of trauma patients, can provide a useful supplement to the estimation of structural brain changes in head injuries. The reliability of the estimates was tested by obtaining repeated intra- and interobserver estimates of selected subdivisions of the brain in patients with acute head injury, as well as in an MR phantom. The estimates of different subdivisions showed a coefficient of variation (CV) below 12% in the patients and below 7% for phantom estimation. The validity of phantom estimates was tested by the average deviation from the true geometric values, and was below 10%. The stereological methods were compared with more traditional region-based methods performed on medical imaging, which showed a CV below 7% and bias below 14%. It is concluded that the stereological estimates may be useful tools in head injury quantification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) describes a wave of mass neuronal depolarization associated with net influx of cations and water. Clusters of prolonged CSDs were measured time-locked to progressive ischaemic damage in human cortex. CSD induces tone alterations in resistance vessels, causing either transient hyperperfusion (physiological haemodynamic response) in healthy tissue; or hypoperfusion [inverse haemodynamic response = cortical spreading ischaemia (CSI)] in tissue at risk for progressive damage, which has so far only been shown experimentally. Here, we performed a prospective, multicentre study in 13 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage, using novel subdural opto-electrode technology for simultaneous laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF) and direct current-electrocorticography, combined with measurements of tissue partial pressure of oxygen (ptiO(2)). Regional cerebral blood flow and electrocorticography were simultaneously recorded in 417 CSDs. Isolated CSDs occurred in 12 patients and were associated with either physiological, absent or inverse haemodynamic responses. Whereas the physiological haemodynamic response caused tissue hyperoxia, the inverse response led to tissue hypoxia. Clusters of prolonged CSDs were measured in five patients in close proximity to structural brain damage as assessed by neuroimaging. Clusters were associated with CSD-induced spreading hypoperfusions, which were significantly longer in duration (up to 144 min) than those of isolated CSDs. Thus, oxygen depletion caused by the inverse haemodynamic response may contribute to the establishment of clusters of prolonged CSDs and lesion progression. Combined electrocorticography and perfusion monitoring also revealed a characteristic vascular signature that might be used for non-invasive detection of CSD. Low-frequency vascular fluctuations (LF-VF) (f < 0.1 Hz), detectable by functional imaging methods, are determined by the brain's resting neuronal activity. CSD provides a depolarization block of the resting activity, recorded electrophysiologically as spreading depression of high-frequency-electrocorticography activity. Accordingly, we observed a spreading suppression of LF-VF, which accompanied spreading depression of high-frequency-electrocorticography activity, independently of whether CSD was associated with a physiological, absent or inverse haemodynamic response. Spreading suppressions of LF-VF thus allow the differentiation of progressive ischaemia and repair phases in a fashion similar to that shown previously for spreading depressions of high-frequency-electrocorticography activity. In conclusion, it is suggested that (i) CSI is a novel human disease mechanism associated with lesion development and a potential target for therapeutic intervention in stroke; and that (ii) prolonged spreading suppressions of LF-VF are a novel 'functional marker' for progressive ischaemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the KMOS3D survey, a new integral field survey of over 600 galaxies at 0.7 < z < 2.7 using KMOS at the Very Large Telescope. The KMOS3D survey utilizes synergies with multi-wavelength ground- and space-based surveys to trace the evolution of spatially resolved kinematics and star formation from a homogeneous sample over 5 Gyr of cosmic history. Targets, drawn from a mass-selected parent sample from the 3D-HST survey, cover the star formation-stellar mass (M*) and rest-frame (U – V) – M* planes uniformly. We describe the selection of targets, the observations, and the data reduction. In the first-year of data we detect Hα emission in 191 M* = 3 × 109-7 × 1011M☼ galaxies at z = 0.7-1.1 and z = 1.9-2.7. In the current sample 83% of the resolved galaxies are rotation dominated, determined from a continuous velocity gradient and vrot/σ0 > 1, implying that the star-forming “main sequence” is primarily composed of rotating galaxies at both redshift regimes. When considering additional stricter criteria, the Hα kinematic maps indicate that at least ∼70% of the resolved galaxies are disk-like systems. Our high-quality KMOS data confirm the elevated velocity dispersions reported in previous integral field spectroscopy studies at z ≳ 0.7. For rotation-dominated disks, the average intrinsic velocity dispersion decreases by a factor of two from 50 km s–1at z ∼ 2.3 to 25 km s–1at z ∼ 0.9. Combined with existing results spanning z ∼ 0-3, we show that disk velocity dispersions follow an evolution that is consistent with the dependence of velocity dispersion on gas fractions predicted by marginally stable disk theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]