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The objective of this study was to evaluate the feeding behavior of grazing steers supplemented in the dry season of the year. Thirty-two castrated crossbred (½ Holstein-Zebu) steers with an average initial weight of 378 ± 7.54 kg, aged 14 months, were distributed into four treatment groups in a completely randomized design with eight replicates. The animals were managed in an area covered with a pasture of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, in a rotational grazing system. The supplement was formulated so that the animals in the different treatment groups would ingest the same amount of crude protein (CP) daily. Thus, the treatments consisted of increasing levels of supplementation, based on the animals' body weight (BW), as the protein content of the supplement was reduced. The following treatments (dry matter basis) were tested: T2, supplement at 0.2% BW, with 50% CP; T4, supplement at 0.4% BW, with 25% CP; T6, supplement at 0.6% BW, with 16.67% CP; and T8, supplement at 0.8% BW, with 12.5% CP. Forage dry matter intake decreased linearly (P 0.05), characterizing a substitution effect. The increasing supplementation levels influenced the animals' feeding behavior, especially grazing time, total feeding time, number of grazing bouts, and number of bites per day, which showed a positive quadratic response (P 0.05), and rumination time, number of rumination bouts, number of cuds ruminated per day, and number of chews per ruminated cud, which exhibited a negative quadratic behavior (P 0.05). Dry matter and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) feed efficiencies and dry matter and NDF rumination efficiencies responded quadratically (P 0.05). In conclusion, concentrate supplementation at up to 0.8% BW improves the feeding behavior of grazing steers in terms of the intake of concentrate supplement and forage as well as the feed and rumination efficiencies.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of palm kernel cake (PKC) on the feeding behavior of feedlot-finished cattle. Forty uncastrated crossbred bulls with an average age of 24.2 ± 2 months and an average weight of 331.1 ± 36.2 kg were distributed into four treatment groups in a completely randomized design with ten replicates. The treatments consisted of 0, 8, 16, or 24% PKC inclusion in the diet (dry matter basis). Palm kernel cake inclusion influenced feeding time (P 0.05) on neutral detergent fiber feeding (NDF) efficiency or DM rumination efficiency. NDF rumination efficiency increased linearly (P < 0.05). Palm kernel cake can be included at levels up to 24% in the total diet of feedlot-finished crossbred bulls, as it does not affect their dry matter intake or feeding behavior.

The objective of this trial was to evaluate intake, digestibility, and growth performance of Girolando bulls submitted to two nutritional planes while grazing on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pasture. Twenty-two animals, with average initial body weight = 209.1 ± 8.2 kg, were used in this trial. The experimental design was repeated measurements, in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, with two nutritional planes (NP1 and NP2) and three seasons of the year, with 11 replicates per treatment. The animals of the NP1 received mineral mixture ad libitum during rainy season 1 (15 February through 5 July 2014), energy protein supplement in the amount of 1 g d kg BW−1 during the dry season (from 6 July through 22 November 2014), and again mineral mixture ad libitum during rainy season 2 (from 23 November 2014 through 9 March 2015). The NP2 animals received 2 g d kg BW−1, 2 g d kg BW−1, and 1 g d kg BW−1 of energy-protein supplement in the respective seasons of the year. Forage intakes were similar between nutritional planes, 6.8 and 7.6 kg DM day−1 and 2.1 and 2.22% BW for NP1 and NP2, respectively. There was no statistical difference (level) between the intakes of neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (4.1 and 4.3 kg day−1 and 1.2 and 1.3% BW, respectively for nutritional planes 1 and 2). For the other nutrients, NP2 showed greater values. The highest intakes and digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, and non-fiber carbohydrate were in rainy season 2. Performance and feed conversion were similar among NPs. This study showed that lower levels of supplementation could be done in order to reduce feeding costs with no impact on performance.

The objective of this study was to evaluate correlations between production and economic variables of lactating cows on a tropical pasture. The experiment involved ten – Holstein × ¼ Dairy Gyr cows in the middle third of lactation at an average age of 70 ± 4.6 months and an average body weight of 400 ± 55.2 kg. Cows were supplemented with a concentrate feed with different supplement compositions aiming to promote alterations in the animal performance and economic responses. Data were analyzed statistically by Pearson correlations at the 0.95 probability level. No correlations were observed for fat and total solids with economic variables (p > 0.05). Milk yield was positively correlated with (p < 0.05), but had no correlation with FC or MRR (p > 0.05). There were no correlations for milk yield with RC, FC, or MRR (p > 0.05). Positive correlations were observed for fat corrected milk yield with GRSM and RMSC (p < 0.05). Fat production (kg day‒1) was positively correlated with GRSM and RMSC (p < 0.05). The gross revenue from the sale of milk and the revenue minus feed costs showed to be highly associated with production variables. RESUMO. Objetivou-se avaliar correlações entre variáveis produtivas e econômicas em vacas lactantes em pastagem tropical. Foram utilizadas 10 vacas lactantes (– Holandesa x ¼ Gir Leiteiro), no terço médio de lactação, com idade média de 70 ± 4,6 meses e peso corporal médio de 400 ± 55,2 kg. Estes animais foram suplementados com ração concentrada com diferentes composições do suplemento, visando promover alterações na resposta animal e econômica. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente por meio de correlações lineares de Pearson a 0,95 de probabilidade. Não foram observadas correlações entre gordura e extrato seco total com as variáveis econômicas (p > 0,05). A produção de leite correlacionou-se positivamente com RBVL e RMCS (p < 0,05). A produção de leite não se correlacionou com o CALI e TRM (p > 0,05). Houve ausência de correlações entre produção de leite corrigida e CVOL, CALI e TRM (p > 0,05). Foram observadas correlações positivas entre produção de leite corrigida com RBVL e RMCS (p < 0,05). Houve correlações positivas entre produção de gordura (kg dia-1) com RBVL e RMCS (p < 0,05). A receita bruta com a venda do leite e a receita menos custo com alimentação demonstraram estar altamente associadas com as variáveis produtivas.

Objetivou-se avaliar o perfil do consumidor, da carne suína, quanto aos aspectos importantes considerados para o consumo, na cidade de Colônia do Piauí-PI. A pesquisa foi feita em forma de questionários com perguntas objetivas, sendo abordados nas residências da cidade, no interior e também nos estabelecimentos comerciais. As informações coletadas foram processadas pelo programa computacional Excel®. Foram entrevistadas 100 pessoas, sendo 38% homens e 62% mulheres. Constatou-se que 95% dos entrevistados consomem a carne suína, dando preferência a carne bovina citada por 42%. A maior frequência de consumo da carne suína foi considerada mensalmente por 36% dos entrevistados. Na região, 77% dos entrevistados consomem a carne suína mais sobre a forma in natura apresentando maior preferência pelo corte cárneo, costela com 35,8% dos consumidores e dentre os industrializados a linguiça liderou em consumo (48%). Possibilitou-se verificar que 86% afirmaram nunca ter visualizado propaganda de incentivo ao consumo de carne suína. Os entrevistados acreditam que os animais que passam menor desconforto na produção e no abate são as aves e peixes, ambos com 37% das opiniões. Percebe-se que o principal entrave para consumo da carne suína em Colônia do Piauí-PI pode estar atrelado à falta de esclarecimento sobre os benefícios de que a carne suína pode trazer, e de investimentos em marketing que desmistifiquem os problemas relacionados às questões sanitárias e ao teor de gordura. A frequência de consumo pode ser aumentada, já que o preço não foi o fator limitante para o consumo.

The aim of this work was to study the correlation between intake and deposition of fatty acids in the Longissimus muscle of Nellore steers supplemented at pasture. The fieldwork was implanted in an area of 52 ha, formed of Brachiaria brizantha. Forty Nellore steers with initial average weight of 373.7 ± 14.9 kg and 26 months of age were used. The animals were distributed into four treatments: Control= T00 (supply only mineral salt), T03= Supply of concentrate in the amount of 0.3 % of Body Weight; T06= Supply of concentrate in the amount of 0.6 % of Live Weight , T09= Supply of concentrate in the amount of 0.9 % of live weight. Samples of concentrates and forages were collected for fatty acids analysis. The experiment lasted for 98 days. After this period the animals were slaughtered. Longissimus samples were vacuum packed and frozen for analysis of fatty acid composition. The results were statistically analyzed by estimating Pearson linear correlation coefficients. The results showed that there are correlations between the fatty acids consumed and fatty acids deposited in the muscle.

The aim of this work was to study the correlation between intake and deposition of fatty acids in the Longissimus muscle of Nellore steers supplemented at pasture. The fieldwork was implanted in an area of 52 ha, formed of Brachiaria brizantha. Forty Nellore steers with initial average weight of 373.7 ± 14.9 kg and 26 months of age were used. The animals were distributed into four treatments: Control= T00 (supply only mineral salt), T03= Supply of concentrate in the amount of 0.3 % of Body Weight; T06= Supply of concentrate in the amount of 0.6 % of Live Weight , T09= Supply of concentrate in the amount of 0.9 % of live weight. Samples of concentrates and forages were collected for fatty acids analysis. The experiment lasted for 98 days. After this period the animals were slaughtered. Longissimus samples were vacuum packed and frozen for analysis of fatty acid composition. The results were statistically analyzed by estimating Pearson linear correlation coefficients. The results showed that there are correlations between the fatty acids consumed and fatty acids deposited in the muscle.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional and productive characteristics of primiparous lactating cows grazing on tropical pasture, using different levels of crude glycerin in the supplement. The experiment was conducted at Rancho Santana farm, located in Jequié city, Bahia, Brazil, in the period from December 21, 2010 to March 16, 2011. Ten ¾ Holstein × ¼ Dairy Gyr lactating primiparous cows, with 109±24 days of lactation and a mean age of 30±6 months and mean body weight of 426.2±68.29 kg were distributed into five treatments, using two simultaneous 5 × 5 latin squares. Treatments consisted of inclusion levels (0, 94, 191, 289, 389 g/kg dry matter basis) of crude glycerin in the supplement. Intake, digestibility, milk production and composition were measured. Results were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance and regression at 0.05 probability. For all consumption variables no significant differences were found between the levels of crude glycerin. Except for the digestibility of ether extract, all digestibility values were similar between treatments. The fat content and yield showed quadratic effect between treatments. No significant differences were observed for protein, lactose, total solids, nonfat dry extract, fat:protein ratio, milk urea nitrogen and somatic cell count between treatments. For primiparous lactating cows grazing on tropical pasture, up to 389 g of crude glycerin/kg of dietary supplement can be included without nutritional and productive interference.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between production performance and feeding behavior of steers reared on pasture during the rainy-dry transition period. Twenty-two ½ Holstein-Zebu crossbred steers at an average age of 10 months and with an average initial body weight of 234.5 ± 16.0 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with two types of supplementation and eleven replications. Pearson’s linear correlation analysis was performed between behavioral variables and weight gain and feed conversion. Correlation coefficients were tested by the t test. The time expended feeding at the trough was positively correlated (P

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of protein-energy or mineral supplementation on the ingestive behavior of dairy steers on pasture in the post-weaning phase during the rainy to dry season transition. Twenty-two ½ Holstein–Zebu dairy steers with an average initial body weight of 234 ± 16 kg were distributed into a completely randomized design into two groups: protein-energy supplementation and mineral supplementation offered ad libitum. The steers receiving protein-energy supplementation showed higher (P 0.05). The supply of protein-energy supplement does not change the feeding behavior, except for an increase in the time spent feeding at the trough. The intake of protein-energy supplement improved the of DM and NDF feed efficiencies in grazing cattle during the rainy to the dry season transition.

Objetivou-se, com este estudo, avaliar as correlações entre a digestibilidade aparente e o comportamento ingestivo de novilhas mestiças a pasto. O experimento foi conduzido na fazenda Princesa do Mateiro, município de Ribeirão do Largo, Bahia. Foram utilizadas 20 novilhas com grau de sangue 5/8 Guzerá linhagem leiteira e 3/8 Holandesa, com média de 18 meses de idade e peso corporal médio de 187±13,1 kg. O experimento teve duração de 224 dias e os animais criados em pastejo rotacionado de Brachiaria brizantha "Marandú". Verificou-se uma correlação positiva entre o tempo de pastejo e o coeficiente de digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro (CDFDN). Correlações negativas foram verificadas entre o tempo de outras atividades e CDFDN. O tempo de alimentação no cocho apresentou correlações negativas com coeficiente de digestibilidade da matéria seca (CDMS), matéria orgânica (CDMO), carboidratos não fibrosos (CDCNF), carboidratos totais (CDCHOT). Ob-servou-se uma correlação positiva entre o tempo de alimentação total e mastigação total com o CDFDN. O número de períodos de pastejo e ruminação apresentaram correlações negativas com CDMS, CDMO, CDCNF, CDCHOT. Também, verificou-se correlação acima de 0,90 para os nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT), podendo também ser incluída em equações de predição de consumo. O número de período de alimentação no cocho apresentou correlação negativa com CDMO e coeficiente de digestibilidade de proteína bruta (CDPB). O tempo por período de ruminação apresentou correlação positiva com CDMO, CDCNF, CDCHOT, NDT e CDPB. O tempo por período de outras atividades apresentou correlação positiva com CDCNF e NDT. Correlações negativas foram verificadas entre a taxa de bocados e CDMS, CDMO, CDCNF, CDCHOT e CDPB. O tempo por deglutição correlacionou positivamente com CDMS, CDMO, CDCNF, CDCHOT, NDT, CDPB. A massa do bocado e bocados por deglutição não apre-sentaram correlações com nenhuma das variáveis da digestibilidade. O número de mastigação merícica por dia apresentou correlações negativas com NDT. O tempo de pastejo e ruminação não apresentaram relação com os demais coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente de novilhas mestiças a pasto. O coeficiente da digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro provoca variações no tempo de pastejo.

The effects of different levels of supple-mentation of dairy cows fed to the sugar-cane base on the intake behavior of these encourage were studied. The levels of concentrate supplementation were defined by the balance of the diets to contain sufficient nutrients for maintenance and production of 6, 9, 12 and 15 kg.day-1 of milk. The experiment was driven in the Paulistinha farm, in Macarani - BA city, in the period of July to September of 2006. 16 cows crossbred Holstein x zebu used distributed in a design entirely at random, where these animals were observed by two consecutive days and made an average of the results obtained for each animal, arriving to 32 observations and eight repetitions for treatment. The times spent with feeding, rumination and leisure, the time of total mastication, the number of cakes ruminates, the number of mastications mericicas a day and the time of rumination for cake didn"t differ among the treatments (p>0.05), while for the number of mastications mericicas for cake presented a quadratic behavior and for the feeding efficiencies and rumination had a lineal increment with the increase of the concentrate level.

A produção animal em sistemas intensivos tem se ampliado no mundo, sempre visando à elevação de índices produtivos e retorno econômico, respectivamente. Essa verticalização da pecuária tem provocado algumas adaptações de manejo e também nas instalações, que tem alterado o comportamento dos animais, oriundo das restrições tanto visual como espacial do indivíduo. Na pecuária leiteira, a criação de bezerros em baias individuais é um exemplo dessa verticalização, tornando então uma prática comum em muitos países. Sabendo que os bovinos são animais sociais que mostram alta disponibilidade para formar vínculo social com outros indivíduos da mesma espécie, alguns órgãos têm implantado legislações para garantir um mínimo de conforto para esses animais. Um estudo sistemático das preferências sociais dos animais e os efeitos calmantes do animal companheiro de familiaridade diferente são necessários para documentar a resposta à separação. Objetivou-se com esta revisão, apresentar e discutir o efeito do isolamento espacial e/ou visual sobre as respostas produtivas e comportamentais de animais ruminantes.

O artigo não contém resumo em português. The search to find food alternatives for corn and feeding alternatives that reduce the cost of production has been constant. The use of oleaginous grains to produce ethanol and biodiesel has produced an excess of byproducts, especially biodiesel which produces crude glycerin. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of including crude glycerin on the ingestive behavior of crossbred heifers supplemented with pasture. Thirty-six crossbred heifers with an initial mean weight of 301.5 ± 31 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and nine replicates per treatment. The animals were kept in a Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf 'Marandu' pasture in a rotational-grazing system. The treatments tested were 0.0%, 3.33%, 6.66%, and 9.99% crude glycerin included in total DM to replace corn (Tea mays L.) Including crude glycerin reduced the time for grazing and eating at the trough and increased idle time. Rumination was quadratically influenced. Eating time (min kg-1 DM and neutral detergent fiber [NDF]) was reduced, while rumination time (min kg-1 DM and NDF) was quadratically affected by adding glycerin. The variables, time spent per ruminated bolus and the number of chews per day, were not affected. The number of boluses per day showed a quadratic effect. The number of grazing, idle, ruminating, and eating at the trough periods were not affected by including crude glycerin; means were 15.1, 24.9, and 13.3 and 3.71 periods d-1, respectively. Feed and rumination efficiency (kg h-1 DM and NDF) increased when crude glycerin was included in the diet. Including crude glycerin promotes feed and rumination efficiency in grazing heifers.

This study aimed to evaluate the ingestive behavior of steers on Brachiaria brizantha pasture fed diets with increasing levels of concentrate supplementation. Thirty-two crossbred steers in the finishing phase with average weight of 420 ± 8 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and eight replicates per treatment. Their behavior was assessed every 5 min for 24 h, in the middle of the experimental period. Variance and regression analyses at 0.05 % probability were adopted. The times spent grazing and ruminating reduced linearly (P

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de vacas lactantes mantidas em pastagem tropical suplementadas com diferentes niveis de glicerina bruta na dieta. Foram utilizadas 10 vacas lactantes, ¾ Holandesa x ¼ Gir Leiteiro, primiparas, com 109 ± 24 dias de lactacao, idade media de 30 ± 6 meses e peso corporal medio de 426,2 ± 68,29 kg, distribuidas em cinco tratamentos, utilizando-se dois quadrados latinos cinco por cinco (5x5), Os tratamentos foram constituidos pelos niveis de inclusao de glicerina bruta na dieta (0; 4,5; 9; 13,5 e 18%; base materia seca). A avaliacao do comportamento foi realizada no 14o dia de cada periodo, sendo feitas observacoes a cada cinco minutos por um periodo de 24 horas. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente por meio de analises de variância e regressao a 5% de probabilidade. Para os tempos de pastejo, outras atividades, ruminacao, alimentacao no cocho, numero de periodos de pastejo, outras atividades, ruminacao e alimentacao no cocho, assim como taxa de bocado, numero de mastigacoes mericicas e tempo por bolo alimentar, e as eficiencias de alimentacao e ruminacao nao foram verificadas diferencas entre os niveis de glicerina bruta na dieta (P>0,05). A inclusao de glicerina bruta na dieta de vacas lactantes em pastagens tropicais nao promove variacoes no comportamento ingestivo. A ausencia de efeitos negativos relacionados ao uso deste coproduto em substituicao ao milho nestas condicoes permite a sua utilizacao em ate 18% de glicerina bruta em dietas para vaca leiteiras sem alterar os parâmetros comportamentais relacionados a ingestao de alimentos.

p. 2963-2976 Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2014-04-14T13:28:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 11594-70803-1-PB.pdf: 697033 bytes, checksum: 745ce2ac0d966f8f9a483b14fe91ffb1 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Alda Lima da Silva (sivalda@ufba.br) on 2014-04-22T18:51:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 11594-70803-1-PB.pdf: 697033 bytes, checksum: 745ce2ac0d966f8f9a483b14fe91ffb1 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-04-22T18:51:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 11594-70803-1-PB.pdf: 697033 bytes, checksum: 745ce2ac0d966f8f9a483b14fe91ffb1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation between intake and ingestive behavior of crossbred heifers in grazing tropical. The experiment was conducted on the Princesa do Mateiro Farm, in the city of Ribeirão do Largo, Bahia. A total of 20 heifers with genetic makeup 5/8 dairy Guzerá and 3/8 Holstein, average age of 18 months and body weight of 187 ± 13.1 kg have been used. The experiment lasted 224 days and involved animals raised in a rotational grazing system with Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandú. Grazing time was not correlated with any of the variables associated with intake. Rumination time showed positive correlations with the intake of forage dry matter (DMIF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDFI). Variables associated with the time spent on feeding at the trough, overall feeding and total chewing were not correlated with intake (P>0.05). There have been positive correlations between the number of grazing periods (NGP) and rumination periods (NRP) and total DM intake (TDMI), organic matter (OMI), forage (DMIF), neutral detergent fiber (NDFI), total carbohydrates (TCHI) and ether extract (EEI). Crude protein intake (CPI) was positively correlated with NGP and NRP. The mouthful rate was positively correlated with TDMI, OMI, DMIF, NDFI, TCHI, EEI and CPI. Average time per swallow was negatively correlated with TDMI, OMI, NDFI, TCHI and EEI. Positive correlations have been observed between the number of mouthfuls per day and TDMI, OMI, DMIF, NDFI, TCHI, EEI. The number of chews per bolus showed negative correlations with DMIS and CPI. The time per cake ruminated has correlated negatively with the intake of crude protein. The number of chews per bolus showed positive correlations with the intakes of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber. The number of boli per day showed positive correlations with DMIF and TCHI. The time spent on chewing showed no significant correlation with intake. In conflict with the national and international literature, the grazing time was not correlated with intake by grass-fed crossbred heifers. The number of activities, the time spent on them and the mouthful rate where shown to be highly associated with the intake variables and can therefore arrange equations to predict intake through the analysis of feeding behavior. The number of mouthfuls performed each day contributes to the intake by pasture-grazed heifers.

Objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de novilhas leiteiras alimentadas com níveis de farelo de cacau (0; 7; 14 e 21%). Foram utilizadas 20 novilhas leiteiras ¾ Gir x ¼ Holandês, com peso corporal inicial médio de 165,5 ± 35,8kg. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições, e receberam dietas compostas de silagem de capim elefante como volumoso e concentrado com níveis crescentes de inclusão de farelo de cacau. Foram avaliados os consumos, assim como suas eficiências de alimentação e ruminação. Para determinação do comportamento ingestivo, as novilhas foram submetidas, no penúltimo dia do período experimental, à observação visual, a cada cinco minutos, durante 24 horas. Os consumos de matéria seca, de fibra em detergente neutro, de carboidratos não fibrosos e de nutrientes digestíveis totais não foram influenciados pelos níveis de inclusão de farelo de cacau na dieta. Os tempos gastos em alimentação, ruminação e ócio não diferiram entre os tratamentos, assim como o número de períodos e os tempos gastos em cada período das respectivas atividades. O tempo gasto por bolo ruminado, o número de mastigações por bolo, o número de bolos ruminados por dia e o tempo de mastigação total não sofreram efeito das dietas. A eficiência de alimentação dos carboidratos não fibrosos teve efeito linear crescente, à medida que foi incluso o farelo de cacau na dieta. A inclusão de até 21% de farelo de cacau na dieta total não altera o comportamento ingestivo de novilhas leiteiras. The objective was to evaluate the ingestive behavior of dairy heifers fed different cocoa meal levels. Twenty ¾ Gir x ¼ Holstein dairy heifers, with 165.5 ± 35.8kg of body weight, were used. The animals were distributed in a completely randomized design, with four treatments and five repetitions, receiving diets composed by elephant grass silage as the roughage and concentrate with increasing levels of cocoa meal. The intakes were evaluated, and also their feeding and rumination efficiencies. To determine the ingestive behavior, the heifers were submitted, in the last day of the experimental period, to visual observation, at each five minutes, during 24 hours. The dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, non-fiber carbohydrates and total digestible nutrients intakes were not influenced by cocoa meal inclusion levels in the diet. The time spent feeding, ruminating and in idle did not differ among treatments, neither did the number of periods and the time spent in each period with the respective activities. The time per ruminated bolus, chewing number per bolus, number of ruminated bolus per day and total chewing time were not affected by the diets. The non-fiber carbohydrates feeding efficiency had increasing linear effect as cocoa meal was included in the diet. The inclusion of up to 21% of cocoa meal in the total diet did not alter negatively the ingestive behavior of dairy heifers.

Dezesseis vacas mestiças Holandês × Zebu (grau de sangue variando de ½ a ¾ Holandês × Zebu) foram distribuídas segundo quatro quadrados latinos 4 × 4 para se avaliar a viabilidade econômica do aumento do nível de concentrado na dieta. As vacas de terceira ou quarta lactação, com produção anterior entre 2.500 e 3.000 kg, ajustada para 300 dias, foram manejados a pasto na época das águas, e com 110 dias de lactação no início do período experimental. Com os preços do leite e concentrado praticados no momento do estudo, não é interessante a utilização de concentrado na dieta de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com cana-de-açúcar. Contudo, considerando os aspectos produtivo e econômico conjuntamente, e os preços de R$ 0,70 e R$ 0,50 para o leite e o concentrado, respectivamente, a utilização de 24% de concentrado na dieta é a opção mais interessante para vacas leiteiras alimentadas com cana-de-açúcar. Sixteen crossbred Holstein × Zebu cows (groups from ½ to ¾ of Holstein × Zebu) at third of fourth lactation were allotted to four 4 × 4 Latin squares to evaluate the economical viability of increasing dietary concentrate level. Cows presented previous milk yield from 2,500 to 3,000 kg, adjusted for 300 days, and grazed pasture during the rainy season, and with 110 days of laction in the beginning of the experimental period. Because of the prices of milk and concentrate during the experiment, it is not interesting to use concentrate in the diets of milk cows fed sugar cane. If the productive and economical aspects toghther and the prices of R$ 0.70 and R$ 0.50 for the milk and the concentrate, respectively are considered, the use of 24% concentrate in the diet is the most interesting option for dairy cows fed sugar cane.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of spineless-cactus meal substituting for maize in diets for supplemented steers grazing on Urochoa brizantha during the postweaning phase. The experiment was conducted on Princesa do Mateiro farm, located in Ribeirão do Largo-BA, Brazil. Forty crossbred steers with an average body weight of 261 ± 7.46 kg were distributed into four groups for evaluation of the following four levels of substitution of ground maize for spinelesscactus meal: 0.00, 30.00, 60.00, and 90.00%. The results were analysed statistically by variance and regression analyses at a 5% error probability. Increasing the amount of spineless-cactus meal in the diet had a quadratic effect on the grazing time and on the time spent on other activities. The diet had a quadratic effect on the number of grazing periods, the number of periods at the trough, and the total feeding and chewing times. In contrast, the number of periods spent on other activities and on rumination was not influenced by the level of spineless-cactus meal. The bite rate, number of bites per swallow, and number of bites per day increased linearly, whereas the swallowing time and number of cuds ruminated per day decreased as the level of spineless-cactus meal added to the diet wasincreased. The feed and rumination efficiencies of dry matter, neutral detergent fibre, crude protein, and non-fibre carbohydrates were not influenced by the level of substitution of spineless-cactus meal for ground maize. Spinelesscactus meal levels close to 60% probably provided greater fibre degradation, leading the animals to spend more time on social interactions with the group, use the feed better, and possibly have a better feed conversion..

The objective of this study was to evaluate the supply of supplement of protein and supplement mineral in the rearing of crossbred steers Holstein x Zebu ½ maintained on Brachiaria brizantha. Marandu, in the rainy season and its implications on intake, nutrient digestibility and animal performance. Were used 22 steers averaging seven months of age and mean initial body weight of 164.09 ± 12.13 kg, distributed in a completely randomized design with two types of supplement and eleven repetitions per supplementation. The intake of dry matter (DM) total and of the nutrients had higher averages for animals receiving supplement of protein/energy. The use of supplement of protein/energy has improved digestibility of the nutrients of, except for the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap). The animals that received supplement of protein/energy presented better performance when compared to those receiving supplementation mineral. The use of supplement of protein/energy in the rainy season provides major input of nutrients, improves digestibility of nutrients and performance of crossbred steers reared in Brachiaria brizantha .

This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of gender on performance, carcass traits and economic feasibility of finishing beef cattle fed high grain diets. The experiment was conducted at the Manaus Farm, located in the boroughs of Itajú do Colônia, southern Bahia state. A total of 40 Nellore animals have been used: 20 uncastrated strees and 20 heifers, separated as a function of treatments: males and females have been arranged in a completely randomized design. Except for feed conversion and feed efficiency (FE), there was no statistical difference in performance (P>0.05). Sex has exerted an effect in all carcass traits (P 0.05). The total cost of males was higher than the females’ (P

The study was conducted to compare different methodologies for evaluation of ingestive behavior of heifers supplemented in grazing. The experiment was conducted at Princesa do Mateiro farm, Ribeirao do Largo, Bahia. Were used 30 heifers with blood level 5/8 Guzera milk lineage and 3/8 Holstein, with an average of 18 months of age and body weight of 187 ± 13.1 kg. The treatments were: Duration of avaliation (24, 12 and eight hours) of observation intervals (10, 20 and 30 minutes); repetitions for observation (three, two and one) shifts of observation (two and one). The behavior evaluation was performed on day 25th, 26th, 27th and 28th of each period, then a total of four ratings. The percentage of grazing activity on the duration of 8h and 12h evaluation differed from the standard evaluation period of 24 hours (P 0.05). For grazing time, rumination, feeding at the trough, other activities, total feeding and total chewing have not been verified statistical differences between the ranges of observations 20 and 30 minutes compared with 10 minutes (P