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The Sun and other solar-type stars have magnetic fields that permeate their interior and surface, extend through the interplanetary medium, and are the main drivers of stellar activity. Stellar magnetic activity affects the physical processes and conditions of the interplanetary medium and orbiting planets. Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are the most impactful of these phenomena in near-Earth space weather and consist of plasma clouds with a magnetic field, ejected from the solar corona. Precisely predicting the trajectory of CMEs is crucial in determining whether a CME will hit a planet and impact its magnetosphere and atmosphere. Despite the rapid developments in the search for stellar CMEs, their detection is still very incipient. In this work, we aim to better understand the propagation of CMEs by analysing the influence of initial parameters on CME trajectories, such as position, velocities, and the stellar magnetic field’s configuration. We reconstruct magnetograms for Kepler-63 (KIC 11554435) and Kepler-411 (KIC 11551692) from spot transit mapping, and use a CME deflection model, ForeCAT, to simulate trajectories of hypothetical CMEs launched into the interplanetary medium from Kepler-63 and Kepler-411. We apply the same methodology to the Sun, for comparison. Our results show that in general deflections and rotations of CMEs decrease with their radial velocity and increase with ejection latitude. Moreover, magnetic fields stronger than the Sun’s, such as Kepler-63’s, tend to cause greater CME deflections.

Measurements of the radius and limb brightening of the Sun provide important information about the solar atmosphere structure and temperature. The solar radius increases as the observation at radio frequency decreases, indicating that each emission originates higher in the atmosphere. Thus, different layers of the solar atmosphere can be probed by observing at multiple wavelengths. In this work, we determined the average radius and limb brightening at 100, 212, 230, and 405 GHz, using data from the Solar Submillimeter Telescope and Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array’s single-dish observations. For the first time, limb brightening values for frequencies of 212 and 405 GHz were estimated. At sub-THz frequencies, the observed limb brightening may affect the solar radius measurements. We use two different and well-known approaches to determine the radius: The half-power method and the inflection-point method. We investigate how the antenna beam size and the limb brightening level, LB, can affect the radius measurements using both methods. Our results showed that the inflection-point method is the least affected by these parameters, and should thus be used for solar radius estimates at radio wavelengths. The measured average radii are 968 ± 3 arcsec (100 GHz), 963 ± 3 arcsec (212 GHz), 963 ± 2 arcsec (230 GHz), and 963 ± 5 arcsec (405 GHz). Finally, we used forward modelling to estimate the ranges of LB of the solar disc resulting in 5–19 per cent (100 GHz), 2–12 per cent (212 GHz), 6–18 per cent (230 GHz), and 3–17 per cent (405 GHz). Both radius and limb brightening estimates agree with previous measurements reported in the literature.

The clinical pharmacy is concerned with solving and avoiding drug-related problems. The clinical pharmacist works focused on the pharmacotherapy and clinical condition of the assisted person; its work is also carried out in multidisciplinary cooperation, embracing the integrality of the SUS. This article focuses on the report of the experiences lived by a clinical pharmacist in the surgical clinic of a teaching hospital from September 2020 to February 2021, in times of COVID-19. As for the method, it is an experience report of the activities developed by the professional and supervised by the preceptor clinical pharmacist. The discussions were guided based on what was experienced in the clinic, being arranged in guiding axes of discussion, addressing topics relevant to the professional performance of the pharmacist. This professional proved to be crucial in times of the COVID-19 pandemic, in education, medication review, monitoring of adverse reactions and laboratory tests, and in providing medication-related guidance and recommendations. Therefore, it was possible to highlight the importance of the clinical pharmacist in the competence of integrality, this has relevance in public health, being crucial in the times of the COVID-19 pandemic, based on health education and the rational use of medicines. La farmacia clínica se ocupa en solucionar y evitar los problemas relacionados con los medicamentos. El farmacéutico clínico trabaja enfocado en la farmacoterapia y condición clínica de la persona asistida; su trabajo también se realiza en cooperación multidisciplinaria, abrazando la integralidad del SUS. Este artículo se centra en el relato de las experiencias vividas por un farmacéutico clínico en la clínica quirúrgica de un hospital universitario desde septiembre de 2020 hasta febrero de 2021, en tiempos de COVID-19. En cuanto al método, es un relato de experiencia de las actividades desarrolladas por el profesional y supervisado por el farmacéutico clínico preceptor. Las discusiones fueron guiadas a partir de lo vivido en la clínica, siendo ordenadas en ejes orientadores de discusión, abordando temas relevantes para la actuación profesional del farmacéutico. Este profesional demostró ser crucial en tiempos de la pandemia de COVID-19, en la educación, revisión de medicamentos, seguimiento de reacciones adversas y pruebas de laboratorio, y en la orientación y recomendaciones relacionadas con los medicamentos. Por lo tanto, se pudo resaltar la importancia del farmacéutico clínico en la competencia de integralidad, esta tiene relevancia en la salud pública, siendo crucial en los tiempos de la pandemia del COVID-19, fundamentada en la educación en salud y el uso racional de los medicamentos. A farmácia clínica tem como escopo solucionar e evitar os problemas relacionados aos medicamentos. O farmacêutico clínico atua voltado à farmacoterapia e condição clínica do assistido; seu trabalho também é feito em cooperação multidisciplinar, acatando a integralidade do SUS. Este artigo possui enfoque no relato das experiências vivenciadas por uma farmacêutica clínica na clínica cirúrgica de um Hospital de ensino no período de setembro de 2020 até fevereiro de 2021, em tempos de COVID-19. Quanto ao método, trata-se de um relato de experiência das atividades desenvolvidas pela profissional e supervisionadas pela farmacêutica clínica preceptora. As discussões foram pautadas com base no que foi vivenciado na clínica, sendo arranjadas em eixos norteadores de discussão, abordando temas relevantes para a atuação profissional do farmacêutico. Esse profissional mostrou-se crucial em tempos da pandemia de COVID-19, na educação, revisão de medicamentos, monitoramento de reações adversas e exames laboratoriais, e no fornecimento de orientações e recomendações relacionadas aos medicamentos. Portanto, foi possível evidenciar a importância do farmacêutico clínico na competência da integralidade. Este possui relevância na saúde pública, sendo crucial nos tempos da pandemia de COVID-19, a partir da educação em saúde e do uso racional de medicamentos.

At subterahertz frequencies -- i.e., millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths -- there is a gap of measurements of the solar radius as well as other parameters of the solar atmosphere. As the observational wavelength changes, the radius varies because the altitude of the dominant electromagnetic radiation is produced at different heights in the solar atmosphere. Moreover, radius variations throughout long time series are indicative of changes in the solar atmosphere that may be related to the solar cycle. Therefore, the solar radius is an important parameter for the calibration of solar atmospheric models enabling a better understanding of the atmospheric structure. In this work we use data from the Solar Submillimeter-wave Telescope (SST) and from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), at the frequencies of 100, 212, 230, and 405 GHz, to measure the equatorial and polar radii of the Sun. The radii measured with extensive data from the SST agree with the radius-vs-frequency trend present in the literature. The radii derived from ALMA maps at 230 GHz also agree with the radius-vs-frequency trend, whereas the 100-GHz radii are slightly above the values reported by other authors. In addition, we analyze the equatorial and polar radius behavior over the years, by determining the correlation coefficient between solar activity and subterahertz radii time series at 212 and 405 GHz (SST). The variation of the SST-derived radii over 13 years are correlated to the solar activity when considering equatorial regions of the solar atmosphere, and anticorrelated when considering polar regions. The ALMA derived radii time series for 100 and 230 GHz show very similar behaviors with those of SST., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figure, 3 tables, 1 equation

Polar brightening of the Sun at radio frequencies has been studied for almost fifty years and yet a disagreement persists between solar atmospheric models and observations. Some observations reported brightening values much smaller than the expected values obtained from the models, with discrepancies being particularly large at millimeter wavelengths. New clues to calibrate the atmospheric models can be obtained with the advent of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) radio interferometer. In this work, we analyzed the lower limit of the polar brightening observed at 100 and 230 GHz by ALMA, during its Science Verification period, 2015 December 16-20. We find that the average polar intensity is higher than the disk intensity at 100 and 230 GHz, with larger brightness intensities at the South pole in eight of the nine maps analyzed. The observational results were compared with calculations of the millimetric limb brightnening emission for two semi-empirical atmospheric models, FAL- C (Fontenla et al. 1993) and SSC (Selhorst et al. 2005a). Both models presented larger limb intensities than the averaged observed values. The intensities obtained with the SSC model were closer to the observations, with polar brightenings of 10.5% and 17.8% at 100 and 230 GHz, respectively. This discrepancy may be due to the presence of chromospheric features (like spicules) at regions close to the limb., 10 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in ApJ

The visible surface of the Sun, or photosphere, is defined as the solar radius in the optical spectrum range located at 696,000 km (Cox et al. (Ed. 2015)). However, as the altitude increases, the dominant electromagnetic radiation is emitted at other frequencies. Our aim is to measure the solar radius at frequencies of 212 GHz and 405 GHz through out a solar cycle and, therefore, the altitude where these emissions are generated and that variation along the years. Also we tried to verify the the radius dependence on the solar activity cycle, which can be a good indicator of the changes that occur in the atmosphere structure. For this, we used data obtained by the Submillimetric Solar Telescope (SST) created from daily scans made by SST from 1990 to 2015. From these scans a 2D map of the solar disk was constructed. The solar radius is then determined by adjusting a circumference to the points where the brightness is half of the quiet Sun level, which is set as the most common temperature value in the solar map, i.e., the mode of the temperature distribution. Thus, we determined the solar radius at 212 and 405 GHz and the altitude of the emissions respectively. For 212 GHz, we obtained a radius of 976.5”±8” (707±4 Mm), whereas for 405 GHz, we obtained 975.0”±8” (707±5 Mm). optical spectrum range

Correction to: Solar Phys (2017) 292:195 In this article we forgot to acknowledge the financial support for operation of the Solar Submillimeter Telescope (SST) from FAPESP (Proc. #2013/24155-3) and AFOSR Grant #FA9550-16-1-0072. The authors apologize for this negligence.

The Sun emits radiation at several wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. In the optical band, the solar radius is 695,700 km and this is what defines the photosphere, the visible surface of the Sun. However, as the altitude increases, the electromagnetic radiation is produced at other frequencies, causing the solar radius to change as function of wavelength. These measurements enable a better understanding of the solar atmosphere and the radius dependence on the solar cycle is a good indicator of the changes that occur in the atmospheric structure. We measure the solar radius at the subterahertz frequencies of 0.212 and 0.405 THz -- i.e., the altitude where these emissions are primarily generated -- and also analyse the radius variation over the 11-year solar activity cycle. For this, we used radio maps of the solar disk for the period between 1999 and 2017, reconstructed from daily scans made by the Solar Submillimeter-wave Telescope (SST), installed at El Leoncito Astronomical Complex (CASLEO) in the Argentinean Andes. Our measurements yield radii of 966.5" $\pm$ 2.8" for 0.2 THz and 966.5" $\pm$ 2.7" for 0.4 THz. This implies a height of $(5.0 \pm 2.0 \times 10^6)$ m above the photosphere. Furthermore, we also observed strong anti-correlation between the radius variation and the solar activity at both frequencies., Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures, paper accpeted by Solar Physics in November 2017 (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-017-1216-y)