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The article offers an interdisciplinary approach to the study of digitalization in the sphere of fossil fuel business between XX and XXI centuries. This economic sector has always resisted changes, which makes the research relevant both scientifically and technologically. The authors applied the theory of modernization to analyze the key forms and methods of digitalization as part of the innovative movement in the Russian economy that took place in the early 2000s. The comparative analysis made it possible to identify the patterns behind the economic, scientific, and technical development model, including individual segments and industries. The research revealed the causes and factors that guided the processes of automation, informatization, and computerization in the domestic fuel and energy complex, also in the intersectoral context. The analysis made it possible to describe the role of the state and the business in this process. The digitalization was more active in informatization and computerization. As the scientific and technological leadership passed on from the gas industry to the oil industry, the coal mining failed to achieve technological parity by 2010. The extensive methods of implementing digital solutions, which prevailed in the 1990s and early 2000s, gave way to intensive ones. It took fuel and energy enterprises 20 years to shift from occasional automation, informatization, and computerization to a comprehensive digital transformation. The latter resulted in innovative products in other industries. As Russia’s energy security strengthened, the digital support grew more and more dependent on foreign software and hardware.

Research on the development of energy in Russia's eastern regions, taking into account the trends in the technological development of the country's fuel and energy complex, is both difficult and complex. In the context of new challenges related to the geopolitical situation and sanctions pressure on Russia, the eastern regions play a particular and important role. The requirements for decarbonization of the economy put forward by the international community and supported by the Russian Federation Government make their adjustments for assessing the development of the fuel and energy complex and its constituent energy systems. This article analyzes the regional features in the functioning of energy systems in Russia's East to identify significant factors influencing development of the territorial-production structure of the fuel and energy complex, energy consumption, the formation of transport infrastructure in the eastern regions, the export of energy resources to countries of the Asia-Pacific Region, and the efficiency of energy supply consumers in isolated and hard-to-reach areas. As a result of the analysis, several categories of features of the energy systems of the eastern regions were identified: socioeconomic, infrastructural, sectoral, fuel and energy balance, and environmental–climatic. All these characteristics are interrelated and must be taken into account when formulating energy development scenarios given the transition to low-carbon technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accelerated transformation of the world's energy system, associated with events observed over the past 10 years, such as the global energy crisis that began in 2021, the COVID-19 pandemic, and others, have influenced a noticeable change in the face of global energy, dictating the introduction of renewable energy sources at a rapid pace for a "post-crisis" recovery of the global economy. As in other countries of the world, the fourth energy transition in Uzbekistan is also accompanied in accordance with the Sustainable Development Goals. The state plans to install renewable energy sources with a capacity of 4300 MW in 2023, which ultimately contributes to the diversification of energy resources and will make it possible to assess the country's energy security level, taking into account the share of newly introduced renewable energy capacities. However, if we take into account the peculiarity of the "instability" of renewable energy sources, the energy security of the state may remain under threat. The purpose of this work is to identify the most significant indicators of energy security in assessing its level for Uzbekistan, taking into account the geostrategic, political, technical, and technological features of the country's energy system based on a detailed and critical review of existing global methodologies regarding the comparison of primary data from two or more samples. It has been revealed that the weight of the indicator "Ratio of primary energy production (extraction) from renewable energy sources to gross fuel and energy consumption" has a significantly comparable role with the indicators of the blocks "Block of diversification of suppliers and types of energy resources," "Block of reliability of electricity supply," and "Block of reproduction of the main fund of production (MFP)" due to the political course of Uzbekistan in recent years. Based on the selected indicators, a methodology for assessing the level of energy security of the Republic of Uzbekistan is proposed, which allows one to obtain a transparent picture of energy security in economic sectors. As a result of which it is possible to identify strengths and weaknesses in various areas and timely prevent expected negative results through energy scenarios with a stable and reliable indicator of electricity supply, contributing to an increase in the level of energy security of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The fuel industry has been developing for a long time in the absence of an effective state industrial policy aimed at reducing dependence on imported technological equipment from unfriendly countries. This has led to a mismatch between the technological interests, needs and capabilities of industrial enterprises and the institutional tools being developed to support the industry. Thus, there is an urgent need for the formation of a scientifically based system for managing the development of the power engineering industry in connection with the strategic priorities for the development of related sectors of the energy and fuel industry from the perspective of an ecosystem approach. Materials and methods. The methodology of systems analysis serves as a methodological framework that combines all the necessary methods, research techniques, activities and resources to solve the research problem. Results. The factors and trends influencing the functioning of the mechanical engineering industry, which is closely related to the functioning of the fuel and energy complex, have been studied. Current problems that have arisen in the energy and related engineering industries have been identified. The principles on the basis of which the strategy of Russian industrial enterprises producing products for the fuel and energy sector should be built are determined. The goals of strategic management in the fuel and energy complex are formulated, and priority measures are proposed aimed at forming intersectoral interaction between participants in the complex and related industries. Conclusions. It is concluded that it is necessary to build a single ecosystem that unites the fuel and energy complex, the industrial enterprises serving it and all stakeholders from the position of achieving national interests, goals and objectives at the macroeconomic, sectoral, regional and corporate levels of management.

The article analyzes the markets of fuel and energy complex products in Russia, i.e. of oil, natural gas, coal, electricity, and heating energy. Among the emphasized features of the markets of fuel and energy complex products are the manifold of regulatory influences, the dependence of geographical boundaries of the markets on the development of the corresponding infrastructure, the presence of vertical and horizontal integration, the high dependence of the national markets of the complex products on the corresponding world markets. The combination of the described features on each of the markets of fuel and energy complex products forms a variety of conditions for their functioning within the boundaries of the national economy, which sets the direction of commodity flows and determines the development of the relevant transport infrastructure, which, in turn, are manifested in the spatial organization of product markets (their geographical segmentation). The research algorithm consisted of the analysis of sectoral markets based on the following parameters: properties of energy as a commodity, resource base, characteristics of producers, consumption structure, infrastructure development, and institutional conditions. Based on the combination of parameters, segments were identified for each of the fuel and energy complex product markets. The oil, natural gas, coal and heating market have two segments each: western and eastern. In the coal market, the eastern segment itself has two segments: eastern coastal and eastern mainland. The electricity market has three segments: western, eastern and northeastern. The analysis allows us to identify the western and eastern segments in each of the fuel and energy complex product markets, which are diametrically different in their characteristics. The stability of the distribution of the country’s territories by segments suggests the presence of invariants determined by the parameters of physical space, the effect of which is weakly susceptible to regulatory influences

The article deals with the issue of modern challenges in the development of the fuel and energy complex, including the oil and gas industry as its basis in terms of the volume of tax revenues to the budget. Industry technological priorities have been identified: the creation of domestic equipment and technologies for the traditional upstream fuel and energy complex, digital transformation and the development of Industry 4.0 technologies, the development of technological competencies in key areas of energy transition, and the development of technologies in terms of ecology and industrial safety. The world experience of supporting the development of scientific research in industry is analyzed on the example of the USA, Norway and China. An analysis of the challenges of the institutional development of the fuel and energy complex at all stages from research to serial production is presented. The covenants of the state in the field of developing human resources for the implementation of the energy transition of the domestic fuel and energy complex, independent of external circumstances, have been determined. Proceeding from the analysis of internal barriers and successful international practices, proposals were made for the development of state technology policy. The National Program of the Russian Federation formulates directions for the development of the industry in the medium term. The technological development of the Russian Federation in the medium term will be influenced, on the one hand, by a number of external and internal threats of technological backwardness and degradation of the Russian economy, and on the other, by emerging new opportunities. Russia has a serious scientific and technical foundation in the field of hydrogen energy, scientific and technical personnel, operating facilities in the hydrogen industry, intellectual property, standard base, design and operational documentation, experience in creating the world's largest hydrogen filling station for launch vehicles and spacecraft ("Energy- Buran") guarantee the successful completion of assigned tasks in the medium term. Huge reserves of biomass, hydro resources, wind resources, geothermal resources, wave energy of the seas and oceans, solar energy provide enormous opportunities for the export of hydrogen to all interested countries, as well as the widespread use of hydrogen in the national economy, primarily for converting aviation to environmentally friendly fuel and preserving the environment megacities and large urban agglomerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the possibility of increasing the significance of long-term forecasts of the development of the FEC by taking into account the influence of its various industries on energy security (ES). This estimate is made using an integrated index which characterize the degree of deviation of specific ES indicators from their thresholds. Indicators characterizing the economic aspect of ES, which set depend on the considered perspective are proposed. Different methods of determining the maximal allowed values of the indicators are considered. Experimental calculation results are provided showing the interdependency of these values. It is showcased that the indicative analysis of thresholds must be preceded by the estimation of strategic ES threats and detecting the stable behavior region of the main forecast indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of this study is the modern aspects of Russia’s positioning in the global energy space. They are associated with the shift from the previously established liberal world order and the trend towards new polarisation in the world economic system, as well as with the increasing risks of turbulence in world energy markets. In this regard, it is extremely important to assess the real impact of economic sanctions on the nature of relationships and determine promising vectors for the development of energy cooperation between Russia and foreign countries. The research methodology includes analysis and synthesis methods and a historical approach, which are productively used to assess the tactical and strategic actions of our country in the system of international energy cooperation. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the substantiation of theoretical approaches and assessment of the practical implementation of energy cooperation with foreign countries. Those priority interests are considered that determine the economic sovereignty and identity of Russia in the conditions of a gradual but categorical shift of the world community from the previously established imperatives of liberalism and economic globalisation. The article is of an overview nature and describes the key areas of cooperation in the oil and gas and coal industries. Its main provisions may be used for long-term researches related to modernising the strategy of Russia’s foreign economic relations and increasing the level of its foreign economic security in the context of new global challenges.

Due to the fact that the sanctions regime of Western countries is aimed at destroying Russia’s foreign trade relations and restraining the economic development of Russia, the article considers the increased importance of the main aspects of energy stability and presents a state assessment of Russian Federation energy security in conjunction with energy availability and environmental sustainability using the energy trilemma index. A number of urgent problems that have arisen in the fuel and energy complex as a result of sanctions have been identified. The general scheme of fuel and energy complex transformation is presented and possible ways of solving problems are given. The necessity of carrying out a set of measures for the transformation of the fuel and energy complex, including short- and medium-term measures necessary to ensure the state of energy security and sustainable economic development of Russia is substantiated.

The article is devoted to the improvement of the vibration isolation and shockproof properties of the shock absorber used in the vibration isolation compensator system of the pumping unit (PU). The set task is to create an elastic damping system with the desired low (quasi-zero) stiffness, which makes it possible to reduce the detrimental effect of pumping unit vibrations both on human health and on the equipment itself. High internal dynamic (vibration) loads are the main causes of early failure of pumping units, which are transmitted to the equipment through pipelines and foundations, mainly due to various operational factors. A promising trend in increasing the operating reliability and efficiency of pumping and power equipment is the use of a vibrationisolating compensator system (VICS). To obtain greater efficiency of vibration isolation, it is proposed to apply a modern method of vibration damping -- the use of elastic mechanical systems with quasi-zero stiffness. The damping devices with a quasi-zero stiffness effect were studied. An assessment of the operability and effectiveness of these dampers at oil and gas facilities was given. Based on the information studied, a new concept of a quasi-zero stiffness damping device is proposed. The method of mathematical analysis determined its power curve. A 3D model of the damper device was built using a simulation software. The functional check of the damper was performed with mathematical modeling carried out on the computing device with the help of a specialized Ansys software that allows performing a system analysis of an object using the finite element method. The following results were obtained: the design of the damper with the effect of quasi-zero stiffness allows to widen the range of basement load transmission coefficient reduction towards low frequencies. The low rigidity of the system at the operating point ensures low values of the frequency of natural oscillations, and, consequently, high vibration isolation qualities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the current climate issues and history of international regulatory framework development in the field of energy considering the climate agenda. Moreover, the paper studies implementation and use of international experience in the fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation, as well as legislative framework in the field of climate and measures of the policy implementation at the state and corporate levels. In the new realities, a number of corporations of the Russian fuel and energy complex have already started to implement projects aimed at achieving carbon neutrality in order not only to meet the goals of the agenda but also to improve their image and increase the level of trust between partners. Examples of reorientation of major Russian energy companies to cleaner types of fuel extraction and production, and their strategic plans and current results in implementing it have been considered.

RELEVANCE. Maintaining the required level of energy security (ES) and reliability of fuel and energy supply is one of the priority tasks in the management of the energy sector. In the functioning of the fuel and energy complex various threats are possible, which can lead to the violation of the reliability of fuel and energy supply and the emergence of shortages ofvarious types of energy resources. To assess the level of energy security, approaches are considered to form a mathematical model of the FEC, which combines all sectors of the energy sector. Despite the trends of transition to low-carbon energy sources associated with energy transformation, thermal power plants remain one of the main sources of heat and electricity.Due to the ability to generate large amounts of heat only thermal power plants can be a source of centralized energy supply of large territories. In this regard, when modeling the fuel and energy complex, it is necessary to develop mathematical models of TPPs, which will correctly reflect the technological processes that affect the reliability of energy supply. OBJECT. Development of mathematical models of interaction of electric power, heat supply and fuel systems within the framework of thermal power plants designed to study energy security and reliability of fuel and energy supply. METHODS. Mathematical modeling of fuel consumption dependences on electrical and thermal load at thermal power plants is used as methods. To obtain analytical dependencies, the least squares approximation of the consumption characteristics of thermal power plants was carried out. RESULTS. As part of the work, analytical dependences of fuel consumption on thermal and electrical load for various types of thermal units were obtained. For all considered steam turbines, linear dependences of theamount of heat supplied to the turbine on its load (electrical and / or heating depending on the type of turbine) were obtained. For boilers, an approximation of the dependence of efficiency on thermal load was carried out. According to the results of the approximation, a linear dependence is assumed. For gas turbine installations, an approximation of the dependence of the efficiency on the load was carried out, according to the results of which a second-order polynomial was obtained. CONCLUSION. The paper investigates the problem of mathematical modeling of the interconnected operation of fuel, heat and power and electric power systems within the framework of the functioning of the energy sector. Analytical dependences are obtained for different types of generating equipment, including boilers, steam turbines and gas turbine installations. The obtained dependences are necessary for the analysis of energy security and reliability offuel and energy supply. The models of thermal power plants presented in the paper are the most suitable for the analysis of energy security and reliability of fuel and power supply, as they provide the necessary accuracy of calculations and take into account the specifics of various generating equipment, without dropping to the level of microparameters.

The relevance of the article lies in determining the directions for the sustainable functioning of the region’s economy under the sanctions of unfriendly states, assessing the enterprises of the fuel and energy com¬plex of the Orenburg region and, on this basis, substantiating the creation of an integrated petrochemical cluster. The purpose of the article is to identify the territorial features of the sustainable development of the region’s economy under the impact of sanctions, identify its problems and develop recommendations for the formation of an integrated petrochemical cluster. In modern conditions, there is a decrease in the profitability of enterprises, an increase in risks and their possible bankruptcy, which ultimately provokes the unsustainable development of both enterprises and the regional economy. It is shown that the current situation contributes to the disruption of logisti¬cal ties in the export industries of the fuel and energy complex, the electronic and machine-building industries, and the agricultural sector, which has a negative impact on the sustainable functioning of the region’s economy. These conclusions are confirmed by many authors whose research results are presented in the article. The leading methods of this research are the analysis and generalization of scientific publications, methods of classification and retrospective analysis. The novelty of the study lies in clarifying the concept of sustainable development of the region’s economy, determining its factors and results. The authors show that the fuel and energy and agricultural sectors of the economy will have a key impact on the functioning of the economy. This conclusion is substanti¬ated by the given statistical and other factual data. In particular, it is shown that in the total volume of industrial production of the Orenburg region, the fuel and energy sector accounts for about 60% and provides an annual production of more than 15 billion m3 of gas, more than 21 million tons of oil and gas condensate, as well as the processing of about 5 million tons of oil. More than 2.5 million tons of grain crops are grown annually in the region (2020 more than 4 million tons), over 33 thousand tons of meat products, 260 thousand tons of dairy prod¬ucts. All of the above creates favorable conditions for the innovative development of the economy. As an example, a diagram of the organizational and production specialization of an integrated innovative petrochemical cluster is given. The practical significance of the results of the study lies in the development of a set of measures to implement an effective regional policy aimed at achieving sustainable development through the creation of an innovative petrochemical cluster. Further research is supposed to be carried out in the direction of developing the theoretical and practical foundations for the organization and functioning of integrated petrochemical agglomerations.

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The article is devoted to the study of public service tools, which are elements of administrative protection of the fuel and energy sector. It is noted that the specifics of public service tools as elements of administrative protection of the fuel and energy sector are affected by the following factors: a) they are implemented within the scope of activities related to administrative protection, therefore they are used by authorized subjects of executive and administrative activity in the manner determined by legislation and form; b) they are measures and methods that meaningfully cover the regulation of social relations within the fuel and energy sector by ensuring the provision and provision of quality public services in the specified area. Public service tools of administrative protection of the fuel and energy sector are defined as a set of measures and methods used by authorized entities in the manner and form determined by legislation to ensure the provision of quality public services within the fuel and energy sector. The public service tools of administrative protection of the fuel and energy sector are singled out, which have a proper external reflection and meaningful content, related to the provision of public services in the field of the fuel and energy sector: 1) adoption of normative legal acts; 2) adoption of individual acts; 3) conclusion of administrative contracts; 4) adoption of acts-plans; 5) committing legally significant actions. Examples of the use of these public service tools were analyzed. It was concluded that the vast majority of normative legal acts as public service instruments of administrative protection of the fuel and energy sector are adopted by the National Commission, which carries out state regulation in the spheres of energy and communal services in the form of resolutions. Attention is focused on the fact that the administrative contracts adopted for the regulation of the fuel and energy sector are mainly concluded to settle issues of public service provision or instead of an individual act and are approved by the National Commission, which carries out state regulation in the spheres of energy and communal services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of article is to study the issues of state regulation of the oil and gas complex, including current areas of its improvement, environmental factors, in the context of the digitalization of the global economic system and the global energy market. The author investigated the importance of increasing the efficiency of state regulation of foreign economic activity in the context of ensuring national and energy sustainability, developing forecasts of strategic development. It was concluded that it is necessary to reflect long-term goals and tactical tasks in program-targeted documents, expand co-operational interactions with various sectors of the economy and industries, and promote technological innovations at the state level that allow expanding industrial and production potential and ensuring faster development of the oil and gas complex. The article was carried out using such scientific methods as synthesis, analysis, generalization and comparison, as well as from the standpoint of system-functional and complex or integrated approaches. The practical significance of the results lies in the theoretical justification of the need for state regulation of the oil and gas complex in the context of digital technological changes. It is aimed at promoting domestic industry and sectoral development, stimulating the integrated introduction of innovations, and reaching outstripping economic growth rates that are ahead of the pace.

Exacerbating climatic change accelerates the formation of ESG national regulatory approaches and the development of non-financial reporting, stimulating new green financing mechanisms both abroad and in Russia. Russian oil and gas companies, particularly Lukoil, Rosneft, and Tatneft, demonstrate the strengthening of environmental and social components in their reports, administration restructures, and improved corporate regulatory documentation concerning the principles of sustainable development. Due to the national features of regulatory and market approaches, European companies are more ambitious regarding the pace of their energy transition and updating the climatic agenda at all operating levels.The article compares the strategies of European energy companies (Shell, Eni, Totlenergies) and Russian energy companies (Lukoil, Rosneft, and Tatneft) in sustainable development and energy transition. The case selection is based on positive financial indicators and companies’ progress in sustainability rankings, such as ACRA, WFF Russia, CDP, and TPI. In conclusion, the article identifies the following priority corporate strategies: digitalization as a way of reducing emissions; an increase in the share of the gas business; development of renewable energy sources; optimization of the internal structure; adding ESG indicators to the leadership’s KPI; adding ESG indicators to requirements for contractors.

The purpose of the article is to develop measures aimed at improving the economic security of an organization. The relevance of the chosen topic is high due to the fact that the process of successful operation and economic development of fuel and energy complex enterprises largely depends on the improvement of their financial and economic activities as well as activities in the field of security. The article analyzes the essence of the fuel and energy complex and its impact on the country’s economy. An author’s method for assessing the economic security of an enterprise carrying out its activities in the aforementioned field has been studied. Analysis of the economic security of an oil industry enterprise in 2021 was carried out. The main threats that such organizations face as well as priority ways to reduce them have been identified. The economic effect of the measures proposed to improve the economic security will presumably amount to 2 918 720.7 million rubles.

PURPOSE. To consider the experience of using chemical water treatment waste in economic activity. To analyze scientific publications of Russian and foreign authors in order to determine the most popular industries in this waste and information about projects already implemented in Russia and abroad. To provide a brief analysis of the main areas of processing and disposal of sewage sludge in the world and in Russia. To assess the prospects for the use of chemical water treatment waste in the treatment of sewage sludge.METHODS. To achieve this goal, an assessment of the environmental impact of chemical water treatment waste on the environmental situation and human health was carried out on the example of Kazan CHP-1 (KTEC-1). A number of studies of KTEC-1 carbonate sludge have been carried out to determine the granulometric and elemental composition. results. The physico-chemical composition of carbonate sludge depends on a number of parameters of the water treatment system at an energy facility: the process of liming and coagulation of water, the amount of insoluble salts, the dewatering technology used, etc. Carbonate sludge is insoluble in water, has a typical chemical composition containing calcium carbonate (CaCO3), calcium oxide (CaO), magnesium carbonate (MgCO3), magnesium oxide (MgO), iron hydroxide (Fe(OH)3), silicon dioxide (SiO2), etc.CONCLUSION. The use of this type of technological process makes it possible to reduce the amount of calcium oxide used and replace it with calcium oxide from carbonate sludge. The use of carbonate sludge as a sediment stabilizer due to the CaO content is confirmed by laboratory studies. Due to these data, the disposal of chemical water treatment waste is ensured, less pollution of environmental objects is achieved.

The article examines the management structure of the fuel and energy complex of Turkey as a system of coordinating the activities of state organisations with a certain degree of autonomy that has taken shape over the past two decades. The authors emphasise that this management system is characterised by a sign of decentralisation, which is manifested by the delegation and distribution of a number of powers between subordinate structures. It is assumed that the established tradition in management gives the system flexibility in making significant decisions, which is extremely necessary in conditions of uncertainty in the global hydrocarbon market. The article also analyses the established regulatory framework in the field of regulating the activities of management bodies in the fuel and energy complex of Turkey. The authors focus on two main documents – the president R.T. Erdogan decree, which defined the general principles of the key management body – the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, and the energy development plan for the period 2019–2023, which outlines the main tasks and objectives of the management bodies. Special attention is paid to issues of international cooperation. The authors believe that under the current conditions, more active cooperation between Russian and Turkish businesses will help strengthen the positions of Russian oil and gas companies in the energy market in the Eastern Mediterranean, the Middle East and the European Union. In the course of the research, both general theoretical methods of scientific cognition characteristic of most branches of science and special methods used in such branches of knowledge as management theory, law and economics found practical application.

This paper assesses the effects of the investment shock to the fuel and energy sectors of the Far East within the framework of the Eastern vector of Russia’s energy policy. We systemize the basic investment projects implemented in these sectors in order to increase export supplies of fuel and energy resources to the Asia-Pacific countries and assess the shifts in the structure of fuel and energy resources production in the region over the period from 2012 to 2019. In calculations, we use the classical and spatial versions of the method of structural decomposition of the growth rates of the sectoral indicators (shift-share analysis). On the basis of structural decomposition of the changes on the average annual number of employees and the GVA of the fuel and energy complex of the Far East at different spatial levels (national, macroregional (interregional) and regional) we draw the following conclusions: a strong impulse for development in the framework of the Eastern vector of Russia’s energy policy was given to extractive industries, their competitive effects were positive and overrode the negative shocks, which were destabilizing the national economy; an important factor in the economic dynamics of the extractive industries of the fuel and energy complex were gains/losses in inter-regional competition, but not spatial externalities; in the oil and gas industry, unlike in the coal industry, there is potential for formation of spatial externalities; developing faster than others, extractive industries remain enclaves in regional economies

The review to achieve technological sovereignty of the Russian fuel and energy complex (FEC) in the ongoing geopolitical situation is presented in the article. The main scope has been to identify the key technology development priorities, restrictions and internal resources to overcome these utilizing the developed by the author the innovative methodology that consists of novel approaches to calculate level of local content, digitalization, business continuity andinteractions with military-industrial complex. Some organizational changes have been proposed to intensify the development of hi-tech products for the FEC and related industries, including establishment of the state committee for science and technology and the project office of lead engineers for the critical missing technologies. Two successful examples to utilize the described in the paper methodology is presented: the first domestic hydraulic fracturing fleet and polycrystalline diamond compact cutter bit inserts.

One of the priorities of Mosénergo PJSC is to increase the efficiency of the company's branch equipment through the introduction of advanced, innovative, and cost-effective technologies that increase equipment reliability and employee safety. Taking into account the actual condition of the equipment and the priorities of technical development in recent decades, a list of priority areas of research and development work is formulated. Innovation is the result of investing in the development and acquisition of new knowledge, previously unused ideas for updating technology and equipment, as well as subsequent processes of implementing this with additional profit, improving the operating modes of equipment. Thus, a process of investment in development with subsequent implementation is necessary in order to obtain a qualitative improvement in terms of reliability, efficiency, and operating modes of equipment of PJSC Mosénergo branches. This article presents some of the most important initiatives of the company in the field of innovation and the results of their implementation. Among such initiatives should be mentioned: experimental studies of the installation of additional gas superheating of steam; use of liquefied natural gas as a backup fuel of the CHP; application of biological post-treatment of wastewater from petroleum products and heavy metals; the use of thermal energy storage. The above tasks were solved jointly with the research organizations of NRU MEI, NSTU named Bauman, LLC Turbocon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study of development prospects of the country's economy and energy requires long-term forecasting of energy demand. Such forecasting is particularly complex due to, among other things, uncertainty of economic and political conditions and technological development, as well as increasing ambiguity and variability of the relevant influencing factors and trends. The article provides an analysis of the current state, long-term trends, and new directions of energy use in large sectors of the Russian economy (industry, household, transport), including comparisons with other countries. The applied methodological approach to forecasting energy demand can be adjusted for promising structural and technological changes in industries, the spread of new technologies, and improved energy efficiency. Possible trajectories of changes in electricity and energy demand and in the energy intensity of Russia's GDP in the period until 2050 are calculated for conservative and baseline economic development scenarios. It is shown that the dynamics of per capita electricity consumption in Russia correspond to global trends. Additionally, estimates of changes in energy consumption levels associated with the use of digital technologies in the household sector and with large-scale development of electric mobility are also given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of the functioning of the heat supply industry in Russia revealed negative trends in its development. One of the ways to increase the efciency of its activities is modernization and innovative development, which should contribute to the energy security of heat supply. It is noted that the energy security of heat supply should be considered not only in the key of high-quality and uninterrupted supply of the resource, but also from the standpoint of minimizing the negative impact on the environment. The article emphasizes that the global fuel and energy complex is in transition to a new energy system, developing in three directions: decentralization, decarbonization and digitalization. Under these conditions, the heat supply industry in Russia will also undergo transformation, so it is advisable to talk about the processes of its development and modernization, taking into account the principles of balanced environmental development, energy and resource conservation, as well as rational complement of traditional and renewable energy. The purpose of the study is an attempt to form a number of special principles according to which the heat supply system of Russia should function and develop in the conditions of transition to a new energy system. To achieve this goal, the article proposes to solve the following tasks: to consider the current state of the heat supply industry and highlight the main trends in its development, to identify the essence of the new energy system and the conditions for its change, to defne the principles of environmental safety and environmental efciency of heat supply as special principles for the functioning and development of the heat supply system in the context of a change in the energy system. Dialectical, formal-logical and system-structural methods were used as research methods.

The article analyzes the current state of the fuel and energy complex of the Republic of Crimea, presents the dynamics of investment in the fuel and energy complex of the Republic of Crimea since 2006 year till 20l7year, the current system of investment design of business activity was evaluated. Also in the article the organizational structure of fuel and energy Complex of the Republic of Crimea is detailed, the main problems preventing attraction of investments in fuel and energy complex of the Republic of Crimea are revealed, the model of secondary use of means of investment design is offered; the main indicators of activity of the fuel and energy companies influencing sustainable development of the Republic of Crimea.

The Paris Climate Agreement has endorsed a strategic course towards “carbon neutrality” by 2050. Currently, all or at least most of the anthropogenic CO2 emission in Russia is absorbed by forests. The main sources of CO2 emission are fuel and energy sectors, including the electric power industry and transport. The introduction of a “carbon” tax can cause big losses for Russian manufacturers. To reduce the carbon intensity of electricity production and maintain “carbon neutrality” in the future Russia has to increase generation at nuclear, hydroelectric and other renewable energy sources, take measures to improve the fuel combustion efficiency at coal-fired power plants and introduce more economical gas turbine and combined cycle equipment installations at gas power plants.

The article discusses the competitive strategies of enterprises of the fuel and energy complex. Their relevance in the context of modern global reality is substantiated. The specifics of determining the competitive advantages of enterprises in the energy sector are described. The factors determining the choice of a specific competitive strategy or its variant are determined. Opportunities and prospects for the use of various combinations of competitive strategies and strategic business models for the functioning of enterprises of the fuel and energy complex are established.

Blockchain is a modern, influential technology that is already transforming organizations and their business models in all business processes, including accounting and auditing. The article identifies and analyzes the risks of blockchain application in accounting and audits of fuel and energy companies. Areas of application of blockchain in accounting and auditing of fuel and energy companies have been determined, which include - integration of cryptocurrency into the accounting system of an energy company, creation of smart contracts, certification of renewable energy sources, automation of accounting and document flow, operational management of energy company assets, accounting of accounts consumption of energy and fuel resources. The risks of using blockchain technology in accounting and auditing of fuel and energy companies are systematized, which are grouped according to the following directions: high requirements of blockchain for energy consumption, lack of sufficient knowledge and skills of accountants in working with blockchain, technical, accounting and auditing problems. An example of choosing an economic risk management strategy of an energy company using maximax, Bayes, Laplace, Wald, Savage, Hurwitz criteria has been developed. The results of the research can be useful for accountants, auditors and managers of fuel and energy companies during the implementation and use of blockchain technology in practical activities.

The European Union is pursuing an ambitious energy policy to reduce the emission of pollutants into the environment and achieve complete decarbonization by 2050. According to the approved Green Deal, each European state had to introduce its own energy strategy based on its own economic, social, climatic, and climatic conditions. In the process of European integration, Ukraine has developed its own strategies that meet the principles of European government policy. The analysis of the experience of implementation of energy strategies of different member states of the European Union will have a positive impact on the process of implementation of the new energy policy in Ukraine. According to this, a comparative analysis of strategies and the state of the fuel and energy complex of France, Austria, Poland, which have common features with the energy system of Ukraine. As a result of the study, it was found that the process of decarbonization should be gradual. Abrupt changes can lead to negative consequences in economic and social aspects. The information obtained can be useful for energy reforms in Ukraine.

Oil production from reservoirs by various methods such as water injection (including hydrodynamic methods), physicochemical (including gas methods), and thermal methods was investigated. The dynamics of oil production from reservoirs developed using artificial stimulation methods in the Russian Federation in the period from 2012 to 2021 was analyzed. Mathematical models that adequately reflect the changes in the investigated parameters were selected. A forecast of oil production from reservoirs developed using artificial stimulation methods for the year 2030 was prepared. Specifically, an increase in oil production by thermal methods and a decrease in production by physicochemical methods (including gas methods), as well as by water injection methods (including hydrodynamic methods), were predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The key characteristics of bearings used in the fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation are considered, and proposals for the modernization of the Russian bearing industry to create bearings that meet modern requirements are satisfy the industry need for reliability, service life, operating conditions, etc., are presented. An analysis of the modernization of bearing plants in the Russian Federation is carried out, the economic and technical indicators that could be achieved as a result of the proposed measures are assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterprises of fuel and energy complex are the main sources of carcinogenic and mutagenic potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Their particulate and gaseous emissions, wastes, and effluents enforce migration processes of PTEs in atmosphere, soil, and then in water bodies, creating a danger to the functioning of aquatic ecosystems. Vulnerable objects include water bodies with slow water exchange, due to the accumulation of PTEs in the bottom sediments and the threat of secondary contamination. Among them it is necessary to note cooling ponds of thermal power plants (TPP). In this study, the ecological and geochemical state of components of "water-suspended sediments-bottom sediments" aquatic system is assessed on the example of the Gusinoye Lake (the Republic of Buryatia), which is used as cooling pond for the largest in the region TPP, burning brown coal from local deposits. The Gusinoye Lake is the second largest lake in Buryatia after the Baikal Lake and a valuable source of water supply, place of recreation, and fish breeding. To study the distribution of PTEs in the waters of the lake, a network of 19 monitoring stations was deployed in the summer of 2019. In contrast to the previous researches, detailed studies of the central deep-water part of the lake were carried out. As a result, data on the concentration of PTEs in the dissolved and suspended forms and also in bottom sediments was obtained. To study the balance of chemicals in the lake, its main tributaries were surveyed, as well as the drainage channel of TPP. For the first time, for the Lake Gusinoye, bulk concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, Zn, Co, Mo, Cu, Sb, Cr, V, Mn, Sr, and Ag were determined using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The highest concentrations of dissolved PTEs in the lake water are confined to the mouths of tributaries in the northern part of the lake. Dissolved Sr, Mo, and Cu in the lake exceed maximum permissible concentrations (MPCs) for fishery. The maximum concentrations of Sr and Cu are almost 3 MPCs and that of Mo is 22 MPCs near the TPP. The suspended sediments of the Gusinoye Lake are depleted of all studied PTEs as compared to the regional clarkes (natural abundances) of the lithosphere. Mn has the highest concentrations in the suspension, and its maximum concentration was due to the surface runoff from the solid waste landfill and an abandoned coal mine. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Sr, Mo, and Pb in bottom sediments are higher than in suspended sediments, thus indicating the accumulation of pollutants. The maximum intensity of accumulation is characteristic of the deep central basin of the lake and its eastern part, where Sr, Ag, and Mo accumulate most intensively near the coal field. The main sources of PTE pollution are concentrated in the northern and northeastern parts of the lake catchment area. Significant amount of dissolved Mo, Sr, and As enter the lake with the waters of quarries and mines of the coal fields, the solid waste landfill of the town of Gusinoozyorsk, and northern rivers-tributaries, draining the dumps of the large Zagustaj coal field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the main factors of sustainable development of the branches of the fuel and energy complex of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Methods and ways of improving the organizational and economic mechanism of sustainable development of energy enterprises are proposed. A methodology for sustainable development of enterprises of the fuel and energy complex is proposed, taking into account all groups of indicators in accordance with their role in the production process. Scientifically grounded proposals on the strategy of effective development and reforming of the fuel and energy complex of the republic have been developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For half a century now, the concept of decarbonization has dominated the global political and economic agenda, and Russia, despite the incompleteness of its scientific justification and the obvious threats to the development of the country's economy and energy, has recently joined it. A basic (extrapolation of the most optimistic of the latest approved by the government) scenario for the development of the country's economy until 2050 is presented, and it is transformed into a scenario of accelerated energy decarbonization (intensive). For these scenarios, forecasts have been developed for the consumption of the main types of fuel and electricity, and the required volumes of production of all types of primary energy have been optimized, taking into account the transformation of world energy markets. The rates and volumes of phasing out oil and especially coal production, the role of gas in the transition to low-carbon energy, the achievable volumes and the structure of noncarbon energy production are shown. Calculations of the required volumes of investments in the fuel and energy complex (FEC) and the contribution of the value added of its industries to the country's gross domestic product (GDP) showed that, in the intensive scenario, the fuel and energy complex loses its leading role in the Russian economy from the 2030s. Dominance in it in terms of contribution to the economy is moving from the oil and gas complex to the power industry, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be reduced to carbon neutrality by the mid-2050s (while maintaining the existing absorptive capacity of forests). The decarbonization of the energy sector will slow (relative to the baseline case) the growth of the Russian economy for 3 years in 2030–2050, and its cost to complete the energy transition will be even higher. The demolition of the geopolitical situation that occurred after the completion of the study and the preparation of the article will seriously change the scenarios for the development of the Russian economy and energy and, possibly, even the accepted paradigm of climate warming. But the methodology outlined here for the study and assessment of the degree of influence of the main factors of low-carbon policy on the energy and economy of the country will remain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the long-term multiplier effects of the low-carbon development of foreign markets and the energy industry in Russia. Based on a scenario approach, the sensitivity of the forecast dynamics of the Russian economy to perturbations of key FEC parameters is assessed. Calculations on the interindustry model showed that the slowdown of the global demand for energy resources, together with the reduction of investment in the fuel industries and the accelerated rise in the cost of electricity can hinder the development of the economy. This slowdown is not so critical, because it is partly compensated by increased capital investment in the electric power industry and an increase in the energy efficiency of production in the country under conditions of low-carbon development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, questions about digitalization, namely the digital transformation of the fuel and energy complex, are often raised in the Russian Federation. The relevance of the topic lies in the importance and necessity of introducing digital tools in the oil and gas industry. The arguments, substantiating the effects of digital transformation in the oil and gas complex are presented. The interpretation of the digital transformation of the Russian fuel and energy complex is given. The statistical data of the Ministry of Energy on the assessment of the total effect of digital transformation by 2035 are presented. The influence of digital technologies is analysed on the example of the oil and gas company Public Joint Stock Company “Lukoil”. The necessity of the National Infrastructure Investment Project, the importance of creating a center for hard-to-recover reserves and the introduction of an intelligent field are shown.

The article substantiates the need to revise the approach to the strategic management of enterprises in the fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation, as one of the key sectors of the Russian economy. It is primarily due to the need to improve methods for building a system of strategic management of industrial enterprises in the era of the implementation of the Industry 4.0 concept. The use of traditional methods of managing industrial enterprises, industries, complexes does not allow maintaining, and even more so creating, competitive advantages in the long term. Consequently, the development of a new methodology for building a system of strategic management of industrial enterprises, the application of which would contribute, among other things, to the creation of new competitive challenges. Within the digital economy, modern business development management systems should be built taking into account the possibilities of using information and communication technologies, however, in order for the enterprises of the fuel and energy complex to be fully considered competitive, and their activities are effective only by using information-communicational technologies are not enough. It is necessary to form not a universal system of strategic management of industrial enterprises, but a unique system of strategic management of enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, which would take into account not only the geopolitical factors of doing business, primarily in the regions of the Far North, but also specific industry features. The tool for the development of such a system is the balanced scorecard, which allows you to take into account both financial and non-financial components of enterprise management. The result of the study was the development of a unique balanced scorecard for the management of enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, which is based on taking into account the peculiarities of rational use of natural resources, which is an important aspect of the activities of enterprises of the fuel and energy complex and modern possibilities of using information and communication technologies in the strategic management system.

The paper showcases the experience of energy cooperation between Mongolia and Russia and it gives a brief description of the current state and outlines strategic directions of energy cooperation between the two countries from the perspective of current energy cooperation priorities in the Northeast Asian countries, and active mutually beneficial participation of Mongolia and Russia in this process. Prerequisites for cooperation and conditions for successful intercountry projects in individual industries of the energy sector are considered in the study.

This article examines the current state and features of the functioning of the fuel and energy complex (FEC) in France and its development prospects for the period up to 2050 as well. The author paid particular attention to the issues of nuclear power in this country and the possibility of replacing it with alternative sources in the medium and long term. The point of ensuring energy security in the use of nuclear power plants, which is solved thanks to effective state regulation of this industry, is considered. Separately, the author presented the analyses of energy problems of France in the interaction with the supranational structures of the European Union and considered the participation of this country in the development of a common energy policy for the integration. The author determined the advantages of the French fuel and energy sector in comparison with other EU member states. The results of the study substantiated conclusions about the prospects for further development in the context of the transition to a low-carbon economy. These prospects the author outlined in the country’s national carbon reduction strategy and long-Term energy program. Currently, achieving the targets set out in these documents is a difficult task, hence the inconsistency that is evident in the state energy policy. It is primarily due to the future of nuclear energy, which France has disagreed with the EU leadership and leading member States.