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In this study, dragon fruit peels were subjected to different times (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 min) of ultrasound pretreatment (4.870 W m−2/25°C) and then freeze‐drying (FD) (−56°C/48 h) to obtain powder particles, which underwent physical–chemical, functional and structural characterisation. Additionally, the extraction of total phenolic compound (TPC) was evaluated through ultrasound‐assisted kinetics and mechanical agitation. Finally, films based on black rice starch were developed with the addition (0.5, 1.5 and 2.5%) of dragon fruit peel powder particles, and their physical, barrier, antioxidant, structural and mechanical properties were evaluated. The results obtained showed that all particles had low water content (4.21%–6.58%) and high solubility (84.62%–88.73%) with a reduction in particle size (23.21–39.32 μm). In the extraction of TPC, the synergistic effect of the tested conditions increased efficiency, reaching 686.66 mg GAE/100 g for pretreated dragon fruit peel powder particles (25 min) in 180 min of extraction. Furthermore, the type 'A' crystallinity structure did not change significantly with pretreatment, but there was a reduction in peak area, reflecting on relative crystallinity, with a maximum decrease of 29.04%. The starch‐based films produced with 2.5% dragon fruit peel powder particles showed low solubility (28.72%) and low water vapour permeability (5.03 × 10−8 g mm s−1 m2 Pa), however, they contained higher levels of TPC (31.78 mg GAE/100 g film) and antioxidant activity (8.17 μmol TE/g film) that were easily migrated in aqueous medium. Furthermore, they also presented low values of tensile strength at break (3.41 MPa) and Young's modulus (4.18 MPa), as well as a high value of elongation at break (45.82%). Finally, our results highlight the potential of ultrasound as a pretreatment for FD of dragon fruit peels, paving the way for the development of rice starch‐based food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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BACKGROUND: Pectin extracted by high‐speed shearing from passion fruit peel (HSSP) is a potentially excellent wall material for encapsulating curcumin, which has multiple advantages over pectin prepared by heated water extraction. HSSP was used to fabricate complex nanoparticles of zein–sodium caseinate–pectin for encapsulation of curcumin in this study. The influence of heating on the physicochemical properties of the composite nanoparticles was also investigated, as well as the effect of composite nanoparticles on the encapsulation efficiency, antioxidant activity and release characteristics of curcumin. RESULTS: The nanoparticles were formed through electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions between the proteins and HSSP. A temperature of 50 °C was more favorable for generating compact and small‐sized nanoparticles, which could effectively improve the encapsulation efficiency and functional properties. Moreover, compared to other pectin used in the study, the nanoparticles prepared with HSSP showed the best functionality with a particle size of 234.28 ± 0.85 nm, encapsulation rate of 90.22 ± 0.54%, free radical scavenging rate of 78.97% and strongest protective capacity in simulated gastric fluid and intestinal release effect. CONCLUSION: Zein–sodium caseinate–HSSP is effective for encapsulating and delivering hydrophobic bioactive substances such as curcumin, which has potential applications in the functional food and pharmaceutical industries. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcumin, known for its proapoptotic, chemo‐preventive, chemo‐therapeutic, antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial properties, suffers from poor bioavailability, limiting its applications. This study aims to enhance curcumin's bioavailability using carbon dots (CDs) synthesized from fruit peels as a novel nano formulation. CDs were synthesized via hydrothermal synthesis using banana and orange peels as carbon sources, and functionalized with curcumin to improve its solubility and cellular uptake. The synthesis and functionalization of CDs were confirmed using Fluorescence spectrophotometer, FT‐IR, and HR‐TEM. The curcumin‐loaded CDs exhibited superior antimicrobial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 22 μg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), 11 μg/mL for Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), and 22 μg/mL for Bacillus cereus (B. cereus). Additionally, the developed CDs demonstrated enhanced antioxidant activity compared to curcumin in DMSO. The findings indicate that curcumin‐loaded CDs significantly increase the biological activity of curcumin, offering a promising approach for its incorporation into functional foods, beverages, and pharmaceutical products. This study highlights the novel use of CDs to overcome the bioavailability issues of water‐insoluble bioactive compounds like curcumin, presenting a significant advancement in nano‐formulation technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immature fruit rind colour, a key factor influencing consumer choice, is an important external quality trait in cucumbers. The application of molecular marker‐assisted selection (MAS) can significantly improve the efficiency of the cucumber breeding process that focuses on fruit rind colours. In this study, we developed a dCAPS marker Csw_dCAPS co‐segregated with cucumber white immature fruit rind regulating gene w (Csaprr2) based on its 1‐bp ‘G/‐’ sequence insertion. Both validations of marker Csw_dCAPS among 59 cucumber commercial cultivars and 41 inbred lines showed that the Csw_dCAPS marker has 100% accuracy rates in identifying the green and white coloured immature fruit rinds controlling by alleles W and w. Application of Csw_dCAPS marker in cucumber lines XNS023‐1 and XNS023‐2 revealed that the white immature fruit rind in XNS023‐1 is also caused by the 1‐bp ‘G/‐’ insertion of gene w. We discussed the derivation of gene w in cucumber XNS023‐1 according to the genetic background differences between XNS023‐1 and XNS023‐2. Besides, this newly developed marker was also compared with the previously reported linkage marker SSR06791 to underscore the precision and reliability of Csw_dCAPS. Herein, we first reported and verified a dCAPS marker Csw_dCAPS that completely co‐segregated with the white immature fruit rind regulating gene w. We concluded that this high‐accuracy dCAPS marker can effectively facilitate the MAS breeding process of new cucumber cultivars characterized by white‐coloured immature fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nNOVELTY STATEMENTThe peel of Hylocereus undatus was employed in the preparation of biochar and firstly applied for tetracycline removal from aqueous solution. Based on different characterization techniques, the material was found to possess a variety of surface functional groups on a porous structure and a pH point of zero charge (pHpzc) of 9.3. Adsorption of tetracycline (TC) was conducted under varying conditions, revealing significant effects of carbonization temperature, solution pH, adsorbent dose, ionic strength, contact time and initial concentration of TC on the biochar adsorption capacity. Kinetic data on TC adsorption were best described using the Elovich kinetic model, with an initial adsorption rate of 167.3 mg g−1 min−1. Isotherm data on adsorption of the desired biochar showed the best fit with the Temkin isotherm model, followed by the Langmuir model, displaying maximum adsorption capacity at 12.4 mg g−1. The electrostatic interactions between the charged biochar surfaces and certain fractions of TC were proposed as the major mechanism, together with H-bonding, pore-filling effect and π–π interaction. This study demonstrates great potential of H. undatus peel as a starting material to prepare an effective and reusable adsorbent in the removal of TC.Literature is available on a large number of plant-based biochar adsorbents for the removal of antibiotics. However, to the best of our knowledge, no report has been published on applying biochar derived from Hylocereus undatus peel for antibiotics removal. This type of fruit peel is available in massive amounts in Vietnam and is considered as an agricultural solid waste. Therefore, to fill the gap in the literature and to converse this leftover waste into a value-added byproduct, we chose this study to prepare H. undatus peel-derived biochar for the elimination of TC in an aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study pertains to preparing value added frozen yoghurt through use of orange peel powder (OPP). The quality aspects of medium-fat (6.0% fat) frozen yoghurt prepared using OPP at three levels (1.5, 2.5, 3.5% as T1, T2 and T3 respectively) was studied. Frozen yoghurt was prepared by freezing blend of fermented yoghurt base with ice cream mix (25:75 w/w); other ingredients were sugar, stabilizer-emulsifier and orange crush. Inclusion of OPP in frozen yoghurt impacted the orange flavour favorably and enriched product with β-carotene and dietary fiber. The control product (TC) was prepared in similar manner, avoiding OPP. As the level of OPP was raised in formulation, there was a marked increase in the protein, carbohydrate, ash and total solids when compared with TC. Presence of OPP markedly affected the acidity, viscosity, overrun and melting resistance of the product; maximum overrun was associated with TC. Product T3 had the maximum acidity and viscosity; T2 had maximum total sensory score. It is recommended to prepare medium-fat frozen yoghurt utilizing 2.5% OPP along with orange crush as flavouring. Such inclusion of peel solids enriched the product with β-carotene and dietary fiber, contributed to stabilization of product and enhanced the products sensory acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chinese cherry [Cerasus pseudocerasus (Lindl.) G.Don] (syn. Prunus pseudocerasus Lindl.) is an economically important fruiting cherry species with a diverse range of attractive colors, spanning from the lightest yellow to the darkest black purple. However, the MYB transcription factors involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis underlying fruit color variation in Chinese cherry remain unknown. Results: In this study, we characterized the R2R3-MYB gene family of Chinese cherry by genome-wide identification and compared it with those of 10 Rosaceae relatives and Arabidopsis thaliana. A total of 1490 R2R3-MYBs were classified into 43 subfamilies, which included 29 subfamilies containing both Rosaceae MYBs and AtMYBs. One subfamily (S45) contained only Rosaceae MYBs, while three subfamilies (S12, S75, and S77) contained only AtMYBs. The variation in gene numbers within identical subfamilies among different species and the absence of certain subfamilies in some species indicated the species-specific expansion within MYB gene family in Chinese cherry and its relatives. Segmental and tandem duplication events primarily contributed to the expansion of Chinese cherry R2R3-CpMYBs. The duplicated gene pairs underwent purifying selection during evolution after duplication events. Phylogenetic relationships and transcript profiling revealed that CpMYB10 and CpMYB4 are involved in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Chinese cherry fruits. Expression patterns, transient overexpression and VIGS results confirmed that CpMYB10 promotes anthocyanin accumulation in the fruit skin, while CpMYB4 acts as a repressor, inhibiting anthocyanin biosynthesis of Chinese cherry. Conclusions: This study provides a comprehensive and systematic analysis of R2R3-MYB gene family in Chinese cherry and Rosaceae relatives, and identifies two regulators, CpMYB10 and CpMYB4, involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in Chinese cherry. These results help to develop and utilize the potential functions of anthocyanins in Chinese cherry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tamarillo, or Solanum betaceum, recognized for its comprehensive nutritional profile, has long been valued for its diverse ethnobotanical uses. This study delves into the potential therapeutic applications of S. betaceum by analyzing its polyphenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), anti-skin aging activities against key enzymes like elastase, tyrosinase, and hyaluronidase, and its cytotoxic effects on oral carcinoma cells. Extracts from the seeds, pulp, and peel of red and yellow fruits were prepared using methanol, ethanol, and acetone. The highest TPC was found in the methanol extract from red fruit seeds (9.89 mg GAE/g), and the highest TFC was found in the methanol extract of yellow fruit peel (3.02 mg QUE/g). Some of these extracts significantly inhibited skin aging-associated enzymes with the red fruit seed extract (100 μg/mL) showing up to 50.4% inhibition of tyrosinase. Additionally, the red fruit seed extract obtained using methanol demonstrated potential anticancer effects against Ca9-22 oral carcinoma cells by inhibiting cell survival, migration, and proliferation as well as inducing apoptosis. These results underscore the potential of S. betaceum fruit extracts, especially from red fruit seeds, as promising agents for anti-skin aging and anticancer applications, meriting further exploration for therapeutic uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan is an agricultural country producing plenty of fruits, like: mango, banana, apple, peaches, grapes, plums, variety of citrus fruits including lemon, grapefruit, and oranges. So far the peels of most of the fruits are usually wasted and not properly utilized anywhere. In this work, the peels of banana and grapefruit are converted into biochar by slow pyrolysis under controlled supply of air and used for sequestering cyanide ions from aqueous medium after chemical modification with ZnCl2 and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The modified biochar was characterized by various instrumental techniques, like: SEM, FTIR, TGA, and CHNS. Different parameters, like: time, temperature, pH, and dose of adsorbent affecting the adsorption of cyanide ions, onto prepared biochar were optimized and to understand the adsorption phenomenon, kinetic and thermodynamic studies were performed. Concentration of cyanide ions was estimated by employing standard ion selective electrode system and it is found that Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate treated biochar of banana peels shown more adsorption capacity, i.e.,: 17.080 mg/g as compared to all samples. Present work revealed that the biochar produced from the fruit waste has sufficient potential to eliminate trace quantities of cyanide from water, especially after treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate. An industrial area in Asian and African countries where mining is done using traditional techniques is the major cause of cyanide toxicity in wastewater streams. So, here chemically fabricated biochar made by peels of banana and grape fruit is employed for removal of cyanide ion for controlling aquatic pollution using local resources in green way. Favorable results indicated the feasibility of this process, which is cost effective, convenient, ecofriendly, and sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document titled "Register of New Fruit and Nut Cultivars List 52" is a comprehensive list of new fruit and nut cultivars. It provides information on the names, origins, breeders, and descriptions of various crops, including almonds, apples, avocados, bananas, blackberries, blueberries, cherries, citrus fruits, figs, grapes, kiwifruits, mangoes, olives, peaches, pears, pineapples, pistachios, plums, pomegranates, raspberries, strawberries, and more. This document is a valuable resource for library patrons conducting research on specific fruit and nut varieties. It aims to provide information without any judgments or biases, respecting diverse perspectives. [Extracted from the article]

Selenium is an essential mineral for both humans and animals. Around 0.5-1 billion individuals globally suffer from selenium deficiency, which can result in a range of illnesses. Hence, the cultivation of selenium-enriched agricultural items can serve as a potent strategy to mitigate selenium deficiency. This study aimed to examine the effect of selenium on the quality, and phytochemical and mineral content of red currant (Red Lake) and jostaberry. The study was conducted in 2022 and 2023. Different doses of selenium (0, 4, and 8 mg·kg-1) were sprayed on the fruits three times with 10-days intervals starting from the first formation of the fruits after flowering. Upon completion of the study, various factors were assessed including cluster and berry properties, water-soluble dry matter content, pH levels, titratable acid content, ascorbic acid levels, antioxidant activity, and total phenolics content. The mineral composition of the fruit peel, pulp, and seed was also measured. In jostaberry, the highest values of cluster weight, cluster height, and 100-berry weight were obtained with 8 mg·kg-1 selenium application. As the selenium dosage increased, the levels of ascorbic acid, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic content increased, with the highest values determined to be 0.063 mg·mL-1, 63.23% DPPH, and 3752.22 mg·g-1, respectively, at 8 mg·kg-1. In the Red Lake variety, it has been determined that the 4 mg·kg-1 dose is effective in terms of cluster weight, cluster width, and cluster height attributes. The highest values for ascorbic acid, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic content were determined to be 0.029 mg·mL-1, 53.42% DPPH, and 3117.17 mg·g-1, respectively, at the 4 mg·kg-1 dose. The selenium content was found to be highest in the peel and pulp of jostaberry at 8 mg·kg-1, and in Red Lake, it was obtained at the 4 mg·kg-1 application. As a result, an 8 mg·kg-1 dose of selenium could be recommended for jostaberry, and a 4 mg·kg-1 dose could be recommended for Red Lake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Avocado fruit is rich in xanthophylls, which have been related to positive effects on human health. Xanthophyl acetyltransferases (XATs) are enzymes catalyzing the esterification of carboxylic acids to the hydroxyl group of the xanthophyll molecule. This esterification is thought to increase the lipophilic nature of the xanthophyll and its stability in a lipophilic environment. Studies on XATs in fruits are very scarce, and no studies had been carried out in avocado fruit during postharvest. The objective of this work was to investigate the changes in the expression of genes encoding XAT, during avocado fruit ripening. RESULTS: Avocado fruits were obtained from a local market and stored at 15 °C for 8 days. The fruit respiration rate, ethylene production, and fruit peel's color space parameters (L*, a*, b*) were measured during storage. Fruit mesocarp samples were taken after 1, 3, 5, and 7 days of storage and frozen with liquid nitrogen. Total RNA was extracted from fruit mesocarp, and the quantification of the two genes designated as COGE_ID: 936743791 and COGE_ID: 936800185 encoding XATs was performed with real‐time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction using actin as a reference gene. The presence of a climacteric peak and large changes in color were recorded during postharvest. The two genes studied showed a large expression after 3 days of fruit storage. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that during the last stages of ripening in avocado fruit there was an active esterification of xanthophylls with carboxylic acids, which suggests the presence of esterified xanthophylls in the fruit mesocarp. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Allergic conjunctivitis is one of the most common eye disorders. Different drugs are used for its treatment. Hesperidin is an active substance isolated from Citrus sinensis L. (Rutaceae) fruit peels, with known anti‐inflammatory activity but low solubility. It was complexed with cyclodextrin and encapsulated in situ gel to extend its duration in the eye. RESULTS: The optimized formulation comprised 1% hesperidin, 1.5% hydroxyethyl cellulose, and 16% poloxamer 407. The viscosity at 25 °C was 492 ± 82 cP, and at 35 °C it was 8875 ± 248 cP, the pH was 7.01 ± 0.03, gelation temperature was 34 ± 1.3 °C, and gelation time was 33 ± 1.2 s. There was a 66% in vitro release in the initial 2 h, with a burst effect. A lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition test determined that hesperidin was active at high doses on leukotyrens seen in the body in allergic diseases. In cell‐culture studies, the hesperidin cyclodextrin complex loaded in situ gel, BRN9‐CD (poloxamer 16%, hydroxy ethyl cellulose (HEC) 1.5%), enhanced cell viability in comparison with the hesperidin solution. It was determined that BRN9‐CD did not cause any irritation in the ocular tissues in the Draize test. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study demonstrate the potential of the in situ gel formulation of hesperidin in terms of ease of application and residence time on the ocular surface. Due to its notable LOX inhibition activity and positive outcomes in the in vivo Draize test, it appears promising for incorporation into pharmaceutical formulations. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lychee pepper spot, a field disease affecting lychee fruit skin, pedicels and petioles, is caused by Colletotrichum siamense, a fungal pathogen within the gloeosporioides species complex. Members of Colletotrichum from the gloeosporioides species complex and occasionally those from the acutatum species complex also cause postharvest anthracnose of lychee. Pepper spot was first described in Australia many years after anthracnose on lychee was first described, giving rise to the hypothesis that a novel species or strain within the gloeosporioides species complex causes pepper spot. In the present study, 19 isolates of Colletotrichum spp., collected from pepper spot and anthracnose symptoms on lychee fruit, representing 13 different genotypes across five species, were inoculated onto lychee fruit in the field or on detached fruit in the laboratory, to understand more about their pathogenic diversity. We found that symptoms were specific to genotype of the pathogen, as three genetically similar isolates of C. siamense consistently caused pepper spot and anthracnose, whilst other isolates caused anthracnose only. Cross‐inoculation studies on detached fruit of lychee, banana, avocado and mango also provided some evidence of host specialization in isolates of C. siamense infecting lychee in Australia. Our experiments provided further evidence that detached fruit assays cannot be used as a reliable proxy for field inoculation studies. This research confirms that C. siamense is a causal agent of both lychee pepper spot and lychee anthracnose in Australia, and Colletotrichum alienum and Colletotrichum queenslandicum are reported as causal agents of anthracnose of lychee for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomelo fruit pulp mainly is consumed fresh and with very little processing, and its peels are discarded as biological waste, which can cause the environmental problems. The peels contain several bioactive chemical compounds, especially essential oils (EOs). The content of a specific EO is important for the extraction process in industry and in research units such as breeding research. The explanation of the biosynthesis pathway for EO generation and change was included. The chemical bond vibration affected the prediction of EO constituents was comprehensively explained by regression coefficient plots and x-loading plots. Visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (VIS/NIRS) is a prominent rapid technique used for fruit quality assessment. This research work was focused on evaluating the use of VIS/NIRS to predict the composition of EOs found in the peel of the pomelo fruit (Citrus maxima (J. Burm.) Merr. cv Kao Nam Pueng) following storage. The composition of the peel oil was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) at storage durations of 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 days (at 10 °C and 70% relative humidity). The relationship between the NIR spectral data and the major EO components found in the peel, including nootkatone, geranial, β-phellandrene and limonene, were established using the raw spectral data in conjunction with partial least squares (PLS) regression. Preprocessing of the raw spectra was performed using multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) or second derivative preprocessing. The PLS model of nootkatone with full MSC had the highest correlation coefficient between the predicted and reference values (r = 0.82), with a standard error of prediction (SEP) of 0.11% and bias of 0.01%, while the models of geranial, β-phellandrene and limonene provided too low r values of 0.75, 0.75 and 0.67, respectively. The nootkatone model is only appropriate for use in screening and some other approximate calibrations, though this is the first report of the use of NIR spectroscopy on intact fruit measurement for its peel EO constituents during cold storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) fruit peel, despite being frequently discarded, has a high content of bioactive compounds, and therefore has a high nutritional value. The present study aimed to explore the bioactivities in the pequi peel, particularly their potential health benefits at the level of antioxidant activity. The exploitation of this fruit could also present significant economic benefits and applications of pequi by-products would represent a reduction in waste, having a positive impact on the environment. Phenolic compounds present in the pequi exocarp and external mesocarp were identified by paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) and quantified by HPLC. The total phenolic content (TPC) along with the amount of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), and the amount of 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) were also determined in peel extracts. Epicatechin was the most abundant phenolic compound found, followed by the caffeic, salicylic, and gallic acids. In addition, fingerprinting revealed compounds related to several beneficial health effects. In short, the results obtained were encouraging for potential applications of pequi peel in the field of functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Litchi downy blight (LDB) caused by Peronophythora litchii destroys 20–30% of litchi fruit every year and causes significant economic losses. Some Exiguobacterium strains exhibit considerable promise in both agricultural and industrial sectors. E. acetylicum SI17, isolated from the litchi fruit carposphere, demonstrated significant biocontrol activity against LDB through pre-harvest treatment. To elucidate its underlying regulatory mechanisms, the genome of SI17 was sequenced and analyzed, revealing a circular chromosome spanning 3,157,929 bp and containing 3541 protein-coding genes and 101 RNA genes. Notably, 94 genes were implicated in the production of secondary metabolites. Among the 29 Exiguobacterium strains so far sequenced, SI17 possessed the largest genome. In the phylogenomic analysis encompassing the entire genome, SI17 was clustered into Group I. Treating litchi fruit with SI17 before harvesting resulted in a decrease in H2O2 content in the fruit peel and an increase in superoxide dismutase activity, thus enhancing resistance to LDB. Interestingly, SI17 did not display plate antagonism against Peronophythora litchii SC18. It can be inferred that SI17 generates secondary metabolites, which enhance litchi's resistance to LDB. This study represents the first documentation of an Exiguobacterium strain exhibiting a role in litchi plant disease and showcasing significant potential for the biological control of LDB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wounding stress stimulates secondary metabolism and induces the phytochemical accumulation of fresh-cut fruit and vegetables. This research aims to study the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in citrus peel by-products after different wounding intensities. Orange, grapefruit, and lemon peels were cut into rectangular shapes of 8.5 × 2 cm (CTRL), 1 × 1 cm dices (D), and 0.25 cm grates (G). Samples were stored at 15 °C and 65% relative humidity. Their total phenolic content (TPC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and individual organic and phenolic compounds were analyzed after 0, 4, 8, 24, 28, and 36 h. The results showed that the metabolite content decreased with the incubation time, so it is recommended to sample by-products between the first 8 h to achieve the maximum content. Grating, the most severe abiotic stress, was not a suitable technique to induce the synthesis of biocompounds because it allowed the full recovery of flavedo, but partial of albedo. However, it was different for CTRL and D, whose TPCs were ~170 and ~200%, ~98 and ~78%, and ~8 and ~36% higher for orange, grapefruit, and lemon, respectively, compared to G. A principal component analysis confirmed differences between the fruit species and cutting shapes combining all factors. Wounding citrus peels induces the accumulation of phytochemical compounds, but the layer of peel recovered in the cut is crucial in the concentration of phytochemicals extracted. It could be an innovative tool to revalorize these inedible parts of citrus, but further research is still needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avocado fruits are considered unusual because of the large amounts of oil and seven-carbon (7-C) carbohydrates (mannoheptulose and perseitol) in the fruit's flesh and skin. The fruit may be held on the tree unripe until required for marketing, and in some producing regions, this may extend past the next flowering period. This prolonged period on the tree is associated with increased oil content and decreased 7-C carbohydrates. There has been relatively less research into soluble hexose sugars and starch. In this research, the inter-relationships between fruit maturation, storage, and ripening have been investigated for both 7-C and six-carbon non-structural carbohydrates using 'Hass' fruit harvested from the same trees between 11 and 14 months after flowering. Significant differences were identified in both fruit flesh and skin for most compounds, affected by maturity, storage, and ripening. It is concluded that the non-structural carbohydrate composition of 'Hass' fruit is variable, with significant changes occurring associated with maturation, storage, and ripening. The compositions of the flesh and skin tissues are not consistently proportionate. Maturation provides the initial baseline composition from which any further change through storage or ripening can occur. The changes with maturation appear to be associated with the tree's phenology, with tree-to-tree differences in the timing or degree of change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the framework of our studies on Citrus cultivars in Greece, the chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) from the peels and leaves of orange, pummelo, and tangelo (mandarin × grapefruit hybrid) cultivated in Greece have been studied. All EOs have been analyzed through GC-MS, and a total of 47 and 87 metabolites were identified in the peels and leaves, respectively. These metabolites are classified into the chemical groups of terpenes, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones, and organic acids. Limonene was the most abundant compound in the peel EOs. Moreover, bioactive polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) were isolated and structurally determined from the peels of orange and tangelo, highlighting them as a good potential source of natural PMFs. All EOs were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against nine human pathogenic microorganisms (six bacteria and three fungi), showing an interesting profile. The EOs from the peels of all Citrus species exhibited a stronger antimicrobial activity compared to those from the leaves. The susceptibility of the assayed Gram-positive bacteria was observed to be greater than that of Gram-negative bacteria, while the fungi were also relatively less resistant than bacteria. The rootstock choice did not influence the EO profile of the fruit peel but exerted an influence on the chemical profile of the leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this investigation, the impact of reducing agent concentration on the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was examined. During the synthesis, an assessment of ionic conductivity was carried out, revealing a significant increase in conductivity prior to the introduction of the reducing agent, followed by a sharp decrease upon its addition. Characterization of the ZnO NPs involved ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and, X‐ray diffraction analysis. The outcomes suggest that the characteristics of the ZnO NPs are influenced by the concentration of the reducing agent during the synthesis process. Notably, the ZnO NPs synthesized with a higher concentration of reducing agent exhibited a narrower optical band gap and increased surface energy. Furthermore, employing a concentration of 0.5 v/v resulted in the rapid production of NPs with relatively uniform sizes. Conversely, concentrations below 0.5 v/v lead to slow formation, while concentrations exceeding 0.5 v/v yielded non‐uniform NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research article, it is reported the preparation and characterisation of four types of blended cotton‐polyester based textile materials in different dye ratios with four kinds of natural dyes of agro waste (walnut shell, onion peel) and wildflowers (tansy, Hypericum) with/without mordants as antibacterial and antifungal species for shoe materials. The dyed samples were spectrophotometrically measured and the results were obtained as colour strength (K/S) as well as CIELab values. As a result, dyed fabrics with natural dyes showed yellow, grey, orange and brown colours. With the help of a mordant, aluminium‐potassium, the dyed fabrics obtained natural, not distorted shades of these colours, and with the addition of copper sulphate, they showed changing yellow to light green, orange to dark red, grey to a darker shade of grey and brown to a darker colour. The dyed samples were tested for colour fastness to circle rubbing and satisfactory results were found. The fabrics dyed only with natural dyes and treated with natural dye and mordants were evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal properties against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. The results indicated that fabrics treated with these natural dyes and mordants had excellent antibacterial and antifungal activity. All natural dyes and mordants used in this study were the most effective and showed the maximum inhibition zone, indicating the best antimicrobial and antifungal activity against tested microbes. The results showed that all these natural dyes can provide some antibacterial and antifungal activity on mixed fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPurposeMaterials and methodsResultsConclusionNowadays people are exposed to radiation due to various reasons, including natural, diagnostic, occupational or accidental exposure. High level of exposure to ionizing radiation can be fatal to human body. Synthetic drugs used to prevent radiation-induced damage are toxic in nature. Recently, Herbal drugs are being screened as an alternative due to their mechanism of action. Garcinia indica (G. indica) is one of the traditional medicinal plant which contains phytochemicals having several medicinal properties.In this study, G. indica extract was observed for its modulatory effect against 3 Gray (Gy) gamma radiation-induced damages in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Various concentrations of G. indica extract ranging from 1 to 25 µg/mL was added to the blood post irradiation at 0 hr. Chromosomal aberration (CA) and Cytochalasin B blocked Micronuclei Cytome (CBMN) Assay were performed as per standard procedure.Radiomodulatory effect of Garcinia indica fruit rind extract (GIFRE) on CA and MN formation was observed in this study. Treatment of GIFRE did not affect the mitotic index. Positive inhibition percentages for dicentrics, total chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei were observed except for one instance.Owing to the various properties of Garcinia extracts, it makes it a potential candidate to be tested for its radiomodulatory effect. Based on the results observed in this preliminary study, it could act as a radiomodulatory agent. Radiomodulatory effect of GIFRE could possibly serve it as a potential herbal medicinal alternative to current drugs. However, results of this study need to be validated on larger sample size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) is a prominent source of carotenoids, renowned for its exceptional concentration of these compounds. This study focuses on optimizing the extraction of active components from the aril of gac fruit by evaluating the effects of extraction temperature, solid–liquid ratio, and extraction time. The primary objective is to maximize the yield of gac oil while assessing its antioxidant capacity. To analyze the kinetics of the solid–liquid extraction process, both first-order and second-order kinetic models were employed, with the second-order model providing the best fit for the experimental data. In addition, the potential of gac fruit peel as a precursor for biochar production was investigated through carbonization. The resultant biochars were evaluated for their efficacy in adsorbing crystal violet (CV) dye from aqueous solutions. The adsorption efficiency of the biochars was found to be dependent on the carbonization temperature, with the highest efficiency observed for BCMC550 (91.72%), followed by BCM450 (81.35%), BCMC350 (78.35%), and BCMC250 (54.43%). The adsorption isotherm data conformed well to the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating monolayer adsorption behavior. Moreover, the adsorption kinetics were best described by the pseudo-second-order model. These findings underscore the potential of gac fruit and its byproducts for diverse industrial and environmental applications, highlighting the dual benefits of optimizing gac oil extraction and utilizing the peel for effective dye removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Skin color is an important trait that determines the cosmetic appearance and quality of fruits. In cucumber, the skin color ranges from white to brown in mature fruits. However, the genetic basis for this important trait remains unclear. We conducted a genome‐wide association study of natural cucumber populations, along with map‐based cloning techniques, on an F2 population resulting from a cross between Pepino (with yellow‐brown fruit skin) and Zaoer‐N (with creamy fruit skin). We identified CsMYB60 as a candidate gene responsible for skin coloration in mature cucumber fruits. In cucumber accessions with white to pale yellow skin color, a premature stop mutation (C to T) was found in the second exon region of CsMYB60, whereas light yellow cucumber accessions exhibited splicing premature termination caused by an intronic mutator‐like element insertion in CsMYB60. Transgenic CsMYB60c cucumber plants displayed a yellow‐brown skin color by promoting accumulation of flavonoids, especially hyperoside, a yellow‐colored flavonol. CsMYB60c encodes a nuclear protein that primarily acts as a transcriptional activator through its C‐terminal activation motif. RNA sequencing and DNA affinity purification sequencing assays revealed that CsMYB60c promotes skin coloration by directly binding to the YYTACCTAMYT motif in the promoter regions of flavonoid biosynthetic genes, including CsF3′H, which encodes flavonoid 3′‐hydroxylase. The findings of our study not only offer insight into the function of CsMYB60 as dominantly controlling fruit coloration, but also highlight that intronic DNA mutations can have a similar phenotypic impact as exonic mutations, which may be valuable in future cucumber breeding programs. Significance Statement: Genome‐wide association study and map‐based cloning revealed that CsMYB60 regulates mature cucumber fruit skin coloring, which is promising for cucumber breeding. Two loss‐of‐function mutations of CsMYB60 provided color variations in the natural cucumber population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Apples are among the most nutritionally valuable fruits and have a history of use in traditional Chinese medicine. Triterpenoids, the primary bioactive compounds found in apples, demonstrate significant antitumor activity.Following enrichment and optimization, the total content of major triterpenoids in total triterpenoids from apple peels (ATT) reached 5.76 g kg−1. The growth of MDA‐MB‐231 xenograft tumors was significantly inhibited after treatment with ATT. Network pharmacology analysis conclusively identified a close association between the antitumor effect of ATT and the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase–protein kinase B (PI3K‐Akt) signaling pathway. Experimental validation using MDA‐MB‐231 cells and a xenograft nude mouse model confirmed that ATT suppressed tumor cell proliferation effectively by modulating the PI3K‐Akt signaling pathway, which was consistent with the findings from network pharmacology. The total triterpenoids from apple peels also induced cell apoptosis by mediating the PI3K‐Akt signaling pathway.The total triterpenoids from apple peels can inhibit tumor cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis effectively through the PI3K‐Akt signaling pathway, suggesting that ATT holds promise as a prospective therapeutic agent for breast cancer treatment. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit splitting is a prevalent physiological disorder that has a significant impact on Daisy mandarin fruit production, posing challenges to farmers in terms of productivity and economic viability. Despite its impact, no prior research on fruit splitting in Daisy mandarin has been conducted. This study aimed to assess the effect of fruit splitting on quality, morphological characteristics, biochemical composition and nutrient content in Daisy mandarin. In 2022, a comprehensive analysis was conducted on both split and healthy Daisy mandarin fruits, budded on Rough lemon rootstock, to investigate their morphological characteristics, biochemical characteristics, mineral content and cell wall components. Additionally, the study examined the activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes, such as peroxidase (POD), cellulase (Cx) and polygalacturonase (PG). The Results indicated that split fruits exhibited larger fruit size and weight and increased water content in both the fruits and peel compared to healthy fruits. However, split fruits had thinner peel thickness and lower peel content. The peels of split fruits also contained higher level of total soluble sugars, amino acids, and proline content. Furthermore, the peels of split fruits displayed much higher activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes than those of healthy fruits. The nutrient analysis of the split fruits revealed a decrease in boron, calcium and potassium content in the peel compared to healthy fruits. The study provides crucial insights into the mechanisms underlying fruit splitting, identifying biochemical and physiological differences between split and healthy fruits. These findings offer valuable information for developing strategies to mitigate fruit splitting, enhancing fruit quality and reducing economic losses for citrus growers. Future research should explore the genetic and environmental factors contributing to fruit splitting and investigate potential interventions to improve nutrient management and fruit integrity in Daisy mandarin cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of bioactive compounds in agro-industrial by-products of plant origin lies in their direct impacts on human health. These compounds have been shown to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, contributing to disease prevention and strengthening the immune system. In particular, the antimicrobial action of these compounds emerges as an important tool in food preservation, providing natural alternatives to synthetic preservatives and contributing to combating antimicrobial resistance. Using agro-industrial by-products of plant origin not only addresses the need to reduce waste and promote sustainability but also inaugurates a new era in the formulation of functional foods. From fruit peels to pulps and seeds, these by-products are emerging as essential ingredients in the creation of products that can promote health. Continued research in this area will unveil new applications and properties of these by-products and open doors to a food paradigm in which health and sustainability converge, paving the way to a healthier and more equitable future. The present review presents an overview of our knowledge of agro-industrial by-products and some of their more relevant health-promoting bioactivities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aim was to optimise the C/N ratio, improve the compost quality, reduce pathogenic bacteria load in the compost, and improve guava yield. Vegetable wastes were mixed with cow dung, grasses, and food wastes in ratios of 4:3:2:1 (w/w) for achieving a C/N ratio of approximately 37. Cocomposting is an important strategy because the mixture of bulking agents can help achieve optimal composting conditions. Experimental results were obtained from a pilot-scale rotary drum reactor with forced aeration. In the reactor, the temperature increased during the thermophilic phase (58±2 °C) and decreased after 10 days (54±2 °C). The pH values moderately increased, then decreased, and were near to neutral after maturation. The results indicated that co-composting of bio-wastes at a C/N ratio of 37.6%±1.02% could be effectively decomposed to reduce the residuals to just 13.6%±1.05% after 28 days. The microbial population increased in both mesophilic and thermophilic stages and decreased at the end of the composting, reflecting stability. The stable compost was applied to the growth of guava plant, and the yield was calculated. The organic compost improved plant growth, fruit yield, and enriched phytochemical compounds in the fruit and peels. The phytochemical compounds improved antioxidant activity in the guava fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ample amount of fruit waste is generated as agro-industrial waste, leading to significant nutritional, economic, and environmental challenges. Fruit peels are rich in many valuable bioactive compounds with the potential for developing nanoparticles. This study examined fresh juices of two citrus fruit peel wastes (Citrus sinensis: C. sinesis and Citrus limon: C. limon) for antioxidants and total protein. Then, we investigated their ability to produce silver nanoparticles, which were further analyzed for anti-microbial activity against thirteen pathogenic microbes. Both Citrus peel juices were rich in secondary metabolites. The formation of Ag nanoparticles was initially confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy, with peaks at 400 nm for C. sinensis peel Ag nanoparticles and 430 nm for C. limon peel Ag nanoparticles. Further characterization was conducted using zeta sizer, zeta potential, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activity was tested using the well diffusion method against 11 bacterial strains (five Gram-positive and six Gram-negative) and two fungal strains of Candida. TEM and SEM results revealed a spherical shape, with an average diameter of about 13 nm for C. sinensis and 21 nm for C. limon Ag. EDX confirmed the presence of silver in both nanoparticles. The FTIR spectrum of the extract indicated the presence of biomolecules, which facilitated the reduction and capping of the synthesized Ag nanoparticles. The prepared nanoparticles showed remarkable antimicrobial activity, but the nanoparticles from C. sinensis exhibited stronger antibacterial properties because of their smaller size. Citrus peel waste is a suitable medium for the eco-friendly production of silver nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The present study provided new alternatives for recycling of Euryale ferox fruit peel to develop application of pectins in food industry. In this work, the physicochemical characteristics, thermal properties, rheological properties and antioxidant activities of novel pectins (Pectin Hp, Pectin Eh and Pectin Hp‐Eh) extracted from E. ferox fruit peel were explored. The results indicated that Pectin Hp‐Eh had the highest yield (122.48 mg g−1). Pectin HP, Pectin Eh and Pectin HP‐Eh, with strip, polygonal and irregular shaped structures, respectively, exhibited dominant elastic characteristics as aqueous gels. Compared to Pectin HP and Pectin HP‐Eh, Pectin Eh possessed better rheological properties. Moreover, Pectin Eh exhibited stronger scavenging activities of hydroxyl and 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals than those of Pectin HP and Pectin HP‐Eh. The IC50 values of Pectin Eh for hydroxyl and DPPH radicals were determined to be 11.81 and 14.07 mg mL−1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Durian fruit rinds (Durio zibethinus) have increasingly attracted scientific interest due to their potent bioactive metabolites. In the present study, a comprehensive approach combining chromatographic techniques and bioassays was employed to elucidate the phytochemical constituents present in durian fruit rinds and their corresponding bioactivities. The crude ethanolic extract (CEE) and its fractions obtained through silica gel column chromatography (F1, F2, F3, and F4) were qualitatively and quantitatively analysed for their flavonoid profiles using thin‐layer chromatography, high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Among the tested samples, fraction F2 exhibited the highest total flavonoid content (179.55 mg QE/g DW). TLC and HPLC analyses showed the presence of quercetin in all tested samples, with its content ranking in the order of F2 > F3 > F1 > F4 > CEE. The fractions exhibited inhibitory effects on albumin denaturation, protease activity, lipoxygenase (LOX), heat‐induced haemolysis, and xanthine oxidase (XO), surpassing those of the crude extract. These observed bioactivities correlated with the distribution of flavonoids and quercetin content in the samples. LC/MS analysis further showed the presence of flavonoids‐chalcone, flavonols, terpenoids, stilbene glycosides, anthocyanins, phenolics, and amino acids in fraction F2. These results determine the phytochemical profiles, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐XO activities of bioactive fraction obtained from durian fruit rinds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: There is significant economic potential in reusing passion fruit peel as an industrial by‐product, and there has been enthusiasm for creating new goat milk yoghurt (GMY) products. Consequently, a thorough investigation regarding the impact of passion fruit peel on fermented GMY is crucial for the advancement of new food products. This study aimed to assess the impact of passion fruit peel powder (PFPP) on the quality characteristics, sensory properties, and antioxidant activity of GMY during storage. Six GMY formulations were prepared by varying the amount of PFPP addition (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.5%). The results revealed that several characteristics of GMY were positively affected by the addition of PFPP, including the acidity, rheology, and texture property of the samples. It was observed that GMY with 1.0% addition of PFPP exhibited improved taste, flavour, and colour. Additionally, the total phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanin, and antioxidant properties of GMY with PFPP were significantly increased across all levels. The results obtained from this study demonstrate that PFPP has the potential to be utilised in GMY to optimise the benefits of products with high antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological activities of plant-derived soluble dietary fibres (SDFs) have been widely investigated. Pectin from yellow passion fruit (YPF-peSDF) peels was suggested as a protective macromolecule in ulcers and colitis due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Sepsis has high mortality and morbidity and is characterised by inflammatory and oxidative stress imbalances. Evidence suggests that pectins may aid sepsis treatment; however, the effects of YPF-peSDF on sepsis remain unclear. Herein, polymicrobial sepsis was induced by cecal-ligation and puncture in mice treated with YPF-peSDF (1 and 10 mg/kg; gavage). YPF-peSDF accelerated mortality, reaching 100% in 24 h. Inflammation was present in the colons and small intestines (SI) of both vehicle- and fibre-treated mice. Although crypt depth and width, and villus height were preserved in the SI of septic mice administered YPF-peSDF, they exhibited exacerbated muscle layer atrophy and mucosa and submucosa hypertrophy, along with shortened enterocytes. Larger crypts and shorter enterocytes were noted in their colons in comparison with vehicle-controls. YPF-peSDF also reduced inflammatory cell numbers and exacerbated IL-6 levels in peritoneal lavage fluid (PELF) samples. YPF-peSDF modulated SI but not colon cytokines. Lipoperoxidation and antioxidant capacity levels were attenuated in PELF samples. Overall, in contrast to previous evidence, YPF-peSDF worsened polymicrobial sepsis outcomes in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wastes from onion usually litter sales outlets in various markets across the country. Onion (Allium cepa) peel wastes (OPW) was assessed for its chemical content, nutritional and organoleptic quality on smoked catfish (Clarias gariepinus) stored for a duration of 8 weeks at room temperature. The OPW at concentrations of 0g, 2.5g and 5g (T0, T1 and T2 respectively) were sprinkled on the fish samples before and after smoking. Samples of OPW and fish were analyzed chemically for proximate composition, and determination of organoleptic quality according to standard method by panel of 20 on a 9-point hedonic scale. Nitrogen free extract (43.26%) constituted the highest analyte of the OPW. This was followed by ash (32.95%); crude fibre (11.45%); moisture content (6.69%); crude protein (4.40%) and ether extract (1.25%). The composition of fish preserved with OPW was significantly different when compared with the initial and final carcass analysis of the control group. The analysis revealed crude protein in T0 (49.84%), T1 (36.91%), T2 (43.13%); ash in T0 (7.70%), T1(14.05%), T2 (8.20%) while ether extract T0 (8.65), T1 (5.55%) and T2 (7.76%). In terms of organoleptic assessment, all the mean values of the fish samples were above 5 which indicated that they were not disliked. The control fish, T0 (0.0g/0.5kg) had superior taste, 7.95%; appearance, 7.60%; aroma, 7.45%; texture, 7.60% and acceptability, 7.85%. this was followed by T2 (5.0g/0.5kg) with no significant variation (p < 0.05) among the test samples. Inference from the study showed that OPW at 5g can be used to preserve smoked fish without change in quality, sensory and organoleptic assessment for 8 weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promalin (Valent BioSciences, Libertyville, IL, USA) is a proprietary mixture of gibberellin A4+7 and 6-benzyladenine that is widely used in apple production to improve the fruit shape, size, and skin quality. Promalin typically increases fruit size and length. However, the increased growth likely increases the strain in the fruit skin, which may exacerbate microcracking of the cuticle and, consequently, russeting. This study aimed to monitor the growth-stimulating effect of Promalin in three different regions of fruits and investigate whether Promalin affects cuticular microcracking via effects on the deposition of cuticular components or via the accumulation of strain in the cuticle. Four Promalin sprays (20 mg.L-1) were applied to runoff; the first was applied at full bloom, and the remaining sprays were applied at approximately weekly intervals thereafter. Fruit surface areas and fruit surface area growth rates of the Promalin-treated fruits were higher than those of the untreated control fruits. Promalin increased the fruit length, but it had no effect on the fruit equatorial diameter. In Promalin-treated fruits, the base of each sepal extended, thickened, and became fleshy as early as 15 days after full bloom (DAFB). Allometric growth analyses revealed higher constant differential growth ratios of the pedicel and calyx length (before 36 DAFB) in Promalin-treated fruits than in control fruits. After 36 DAFB, the difference in constant differential growth ratios between Promalin-treated fruits and control fruits decreased. Cuticle mass per unit area increased with time in all regions of the fruit surface and was slightly (+3.3%) but significantly higher in fruits treated with Promalin than in control fruits. Additionally, the biaxial strain release was slightly and significantly lower in Promalin-treated fruits than in control fruits. When the isolated, cuticle was ablated from the inner surface and dewaxed, strain relaxation in the control fruits was higher than that in the Promalin-treated fruits. It was concluded that Promalin treatment increases the length of the fruit by increasing the lengths of the pedicel and calyx regions early during fruit development. Promalin only slightly increased cuticle deposition and fixation of cuticular strain. Promalin had no effects on microcracking or russeting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Pitaya is a fruit with high consumer acceptance and health benefits. Pitaya peel is a waste product with potential in the food industry, as an antioxidant enrichment and natural colouring. Therefore, there is an interest in recovering its constituents and searching for pitaya species with greater potential. This work aimed to obtain bioactive extracts from the dried peel of pitaya fruits of the species Selenicereus monacanthus (Lem.), S. costaricensis W. and S. undatus H. using supercritical fluids at different pressures (100, 250 and 400 bar) and ethanol–water 15% v/v or ethanol 100% as co‐solvents. The extraction yield, antioxidant activity, colour and total betalain content were evaluated. RESULTS: The extract obtained from S. monacanthus showed the highest extraction yield (49.6 g kg−1), followed by S. costaricensis (27.5 g kg−1) and S. undatus (17.7 g kg−1) at 400 bar and 35 °C using ethanol 15%, v/v. The antioxidant capacity was strongly influenced by pressure, favouring the obtaining of betalain‐rich extracts at higher pressures, especially in the species S. costaricensis (0.6 g kg−1) and S. monacanthus (0.3 g kg−1). To improve the extraction of S. undatus (the most cultivated species), the procedure of subsequential extractions was applied. This procedure considerably increased the extraction yield, antioxidant activity and total content of betalains. The use of ethanol 100% provided more bioactive fractions and achieved a good separation of betalains. CONCLUSION: The supercritical extraction method can overcome the challenge of efficiently extracting compounds from pitaya peel, due to the presence of bioactive compounds of great polarity. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus peels are rich in flavonoids, and some valuable flavonoids with health benefits, such as polymethoxyflavones (PMFs), are found almost exclusively in citrus peels. While the peels usually regarded as by-product, leading to source waste. As a traditional method, drying is helpful to increase added-value of peels which can be used as medicine. However, the variations in variety and quantity of flavonoids during drying processes of citrus peel remain unknown. In this study, Guanxi honey pomelo peel investigated the effect of different drying methods on flavonoids content in citrus peels. Five drying techniques, namely, freeze-drying (FD) and hot air drying (HAD) at 30 °C, 50 °C, 70 °C and 90 °C were used employed for drying the pomelo peels and HPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis identified 39 flavonoids changes in flavonoids across samples. FD proved to better preserve most glycosidic flavonoids. Flavonoid aglycones could be better preserved in samples of HAD at 30 ℃, 50 ℃ HAD and 90 ℃ HAD. Specifically, HAD at 30 ℃ and 50 ℃ HAD is beneficial for obtaining more valued polymethoxyflavones such as 5-hydroxy-6,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone, 5,7,8,4′-tetramethoxyflavone and 3,5,6,7,8,3′,4′-heptamethoxyflavone. The 90℃ HAD resulted in the highest content of naringenin and 5,7,8,4′-tetramethoxyflavanone. This study demonstrated the transformation characteristics of flavonoids in pomelo peel under varying drying conditions, providing benefits for comprehensive utilization of pomelo peel in extracting valued-added flavonoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their special qualities, nanoparticles are quite interesting. Various techniques have been developed for their synthesis, which frequently calls for high pressure, temperature, and solvents. Therefore, green synthesis may be the ideal choice as an affordable and environmentally responsible method for creating nanoparticles. A common strategy in material synthesis for environmental friendliness is the green production of nanoparticles employing various plant components and their extracts. Numerous metal nanoparticles with putative bioactivities have been produced using plant extracts. This study describes the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using a combined extract of Onion and Garlic peel, as well as an evaluation of their cytotoxicity activities. AgNPs morphology and crystalline phase were characterized using UV spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Scanning electron transfer microscopy analysis. The generated AgNPs were almost quasi-spherical in shape, well distributed and scattered in nature, and had an average size diameter of 10.5 nm, according to characterisation study. The AgNPs displayed unique cytotoxic properties. The outcomes demonstrated the potential of combined extract of Onion and Garlic peel extract as a biomaterial for the synthesis of AgNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractOne of the most severe peel physiological disorders of orange fruits is Stem End Rind Breakdown (SERB), a severe postharvest physiological disorder. We expected foliar Ca and K application to reduce orange SERB by modifying several peel biochemical and physical characteristics. Therefore, one experiment (2018–2020) was designed in complete randomized blocks in four treatments with three replicates. Experimental treatments included foliar spray of (1) K nitrate; (2) Ca nitrate; (3) Ca, and K nitrate separately, with a time interval (Ca + K; combination of treatments 1 and 2); (4) control. The effects of treatments were evaluated on several parameters underlying fruit peel quality at harvest and intensity of SERB damage after 12 wk of fruit storage at 5 ◦C and 85% RH. The results showed that K-treated fruits had higher TSS and TSS/TA than other fruits. Also, the Ca treatments (including Ca and Ca + K treatments) increased Ca content in fruit peels and significantly decreased SERB damage and weight loss by 70% and 30%, respectively. In addition, Thomson orange peel obtained from Ca-treated trees (including Ca and Ca + K treatments) displayed elevated levels of pectin than other fruits. In contrast, the peels of fruits picked from trees sprayed with Ca, especially those treated with Ca + K, exhibited lower levels of total phenolic, antioxidant, and electrolyte leakage than other fruits. This study suggests that foliar application of Ca(NO3)2 and KNO3 during the fruit growth cycle while improving the internal quality of the fruit is an effective agronomical strategy that prolongs Thomson orange shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apples are rich in phytochemicals useful for human health. However, environmental factors can greatly affect the accumulation of these compounds. To face this problem, the callus culture technique was used to obtain large quantities of phytochemicals. Specifically, two callus cultures were obtained from ripe Annurca apple pulp (Malus pumila cv Miller) and cultivated under different light conditions: darkness and an 18-h photoperiod. The hydro-alcoholic extracts from the calli underwent analysis using GC-MS, GC-FID, and HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn to determine the qualitative and quantitative content of phenolic and triterpenic acids. The study revealed the predominant presence of triterpenic compounds in both calli. Furthermore, we investigated their radical scavenging and antioxidant activities through DPPH, ABTS, ORAC assays, and lipoxygenase inhibition activity. Genoprotection was evaluated via nicking assay, and the anti-inflammatory effect was investigated via Griess assay on LPS-injured murine macrophages. All the analyses performed were compared with peel and pulp hydroalcoholic extracts. The results showed that both calli primarily show anti-inflammatory activity and moderate antioxidant effect and can protect DNA against oxidative stimuli. This data encouraged further research aimed at utilizing callus as a bioreactor to produce secondary metabolites for use in preventive and therapeutic applications to combat acute or chronic age-associated diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus fruits, renowned for their abundant of phytochemicals and bioactive compounds, hold a prominent position as commercially grown fruits with health-promoting properties. In this context, tangerine peel (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, CRP) is garnering attention as a byproduct of citrus fruits. Within the framework of the circular economy, CRP has emerged as a focal point due to its potential health benefits. CRP, extracted from Citrus reticulata cv. and aged for over three years, has attracted increasing attention for its diverse health-promoting effects, including its anticancer, cardiovascular-protecting, gastrointestinal-modulating, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. Moreover, CRP positively impacts skeletal health and various physiological functions. This review delves into the therapeutic effects and molecular mechanisms of CRP. The substantial therapeutic potential of CRP highlights the need for further research into its applications in both food and medicine. As a value-added functional ingredient, CRP and its constituents are extensively utilized in the development of food and health supplements, such as teas, porridges, and traditional medicinal formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mangosteen fruit (garcinia mangostana L.) nicknamed the queen of fruit is one of Indonesia's superior fruits. Mangosteen fruit consists of components in the form of seeds, fruit, pulp, and fruit skin. This research aims to design a horizontal-type mangosteen peel-blowing machine. This mangosteen rind flouring machine is designed in a horizontal shape which aims to flour the dried mangosteen rind. The design process uses the Solid Work application and then the manufacturing process. Machines that have been manufactured are subjected to testing. The flouring process uses a separating cylinder and a crushing knife. Dried mangosteen skin that is put into the hopper will enter the cylinder and be crushed by a rotating blade and produce flour. The flour will come out through the output door. This machine floured the skin of the mangosteen fruit according to the initial design objectives. This research succeeded in removing the dried mangosteen peel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential for grapes and wine to be tainted following vineyard exposure to wildfire smoke is well established, with recent studies suggesting hops and apples (and thus beer and cider) can be similarly affected. However, the susceptibility of other crops to 'smoke taint' has not yet been investigated. Smoke was applied to a selection of fruits and vegetables, as well as potted lavender plants, and their volatile phenol composition determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to evaluate their susceptibility to contamination by smoke. Volatile phenols were observed in control (unsmoked) capsicum, cherry, lavender, lemon, spinach and tomato samples, typically at ≤18 µg/kg, but 52 µg/kg of guaiacol and 83–416 µg/kg of o- and m-cresol and 4-methylsyringol were detected in tomato and lavender samples, respectively. However, significant increases in volatile phenol concentrations were observed as a consequence of smoke exposure; with the highest volatile phenol levels occurring in smoke-exposed strawberry and lavender samples. Variation in the uptake of volatile phenols by different crops was attributed to differences in their physical properties, i.e., their surface area, texture and/or cuticle composition, while the peel of banana, lemon, and to a lesser extent apple samples, mitigated the permeation of smoke-derived volatile phenols into pulp. Results provide valuable insight into the susceptibility of different crops to smoke contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Garcinia lanceifolia, also locally referred to as "Pelh" (Mizo), is a significant and endemic medicinal edible fruit tree found in North East India. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-ulcer properties of a methanolic extract of G. lanceifolia fruit (GLME) against ethanol-induced gastric tissue damage in rats. Adult Wistar albino rats were given oral pretreatment doses of GLME (400 and 600 mg/kg of GLME in CMC solution) one hour before oral administration of absolute ethanol to assess their gastric mucosal injury protective properties. The control group received only carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), the ulcer control group received absolute ethanol (5 ml/kg) and the positive reference group received the anti-ulcer drug omeprazole 20 mg/kg. The GLME pre-treatment group (400 mg/kg) exhibited a significant decrease in gastric mucosal injury, as demonstrated by histological investigations and showed marked gastric mucosal protection, reduction or absence of lesions, and infiltration injury of the submucosal layer. Conversely, the ulcer control group showed severe damage to the gastric mucosa lining. There is a significant increase in pH and a decrease in the total acidity in GLME-pretreated rats compared to the ulcer control group (p<0.001). Further, there is significant percentage inhibition and decreased ulcer index at 400 mg/kg pre-treated dose compared to the the ulcer control group (p<0.001). Thus, in comparison to the ulcer control group, the current finding suggests that the methanolic extract of G. lanceifolia fruit rind extract has anti-ulcerogenic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]