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Wild edible fruits provide a valuable source of sustenance and economic benefit for indigenous communities, which being often overlooked and underexploited. In order to meet the growing need for alternative nutritional sources, we conducted a study to evaluate the nutritional composition of seven (7) wild edible fruits viz. pummelo (Citrus grandis), kuji-thekera (Garcinia kydia), Nepal berry (Mahonia nepaulensis), bayberry (Myrica esculenta), laurel cherry (Prunus undulata), wild jamun (Syzygium cumini), and tamarind (Tamarindus indica) of Mizoram, north-east India. The research demonstrates that Mahonia napaulensis contains significant amounts of anthocyanin (678 ± 28 mg 100 g−1), carotenoid (1.64 ± 0.01 mg 100 g−1), total sugars (21 ± 4%), non-reducing sugars (9 ± 2%), and TSS 16.07 ± 0.32 °B. Myrica esculenta exhibited high levels of vitamin E (23.8 ± 0.6 mg 100 g−1), carbohydrate (79.84 ± 3.74%), moisture (89 ± 1%), cellulose (67.4 ± 0.7 mg 100 g−1), and Mn (28 ± 1 mg 100 g−1). Tamarindus indica is rich in starch (10.68 ± 0.30 mg 100 g−1), protein (60 ± 1%), energy (490 ± 12 kcal), dry matter (41 ± 1%), crude fiber (20.8 ± 0.4%), lignin (13.69 ± 0.01%), hemicellulose (12.09 ± 0.01%), Ca (398 ± 82 mg 100 g−1), Cu (33 ± 6 mg 100 g−1) and Zn (11.4 ± 0.7 mg 100 g−1). The findings suggest that all fruits exhibit nutritional and anti-nutritional characteristics, making them very potential for use in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical sectors. The outcomes will provide a fundamental repository of the nutritional composition of these fruits and raise public consciousness about the significance of the fruit, promoting the conservation of the biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphate fertilization improves banana yields, but due to the physiological effects of phosphorus on plants, it can also be used to improve the physical and chemical characteristics of the fruits, which can contribute to increasing the processing of green bananas and reducing losses in the production chain. Herein, the productivity of bunches and fruit, the biometric analysis of the fruit, dry matter content, and the chemical composition of immature fruit were evaluated when the cultivar BRS SCS Belluna (AAA) was grown under different levels of phosphate fertilization for two harvest cycles. The results showed that phosphate fertilizer levels interfered with bunch yield and fruit mass in both cycles, leading to yield gains of 44.3% (1st cycle) and 84.0% (2nd cycle) in bunches and 51.8% (1st cycle) and 81.9% (2nd cycle) in fruits. Fertilization promoted gains of up to 33.5% in fruit mass and enhanced the resistant starch content in the pulp, leading to an increase of 15.1%. The phosphorus, potassium, and calcium contents in green fruits increased with fertilizer levels in the first cycle, improving nutritional quality. These results have useful applications because they indicate that adequate management of phosphate fertilization can increase the potential of the cultivar for industrial processing of green fruits and the nutritional quality of the derived products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employing lipidomics, this study investigated the lipid composition of seabuckthorn fruit oil processed via supercritical CO2 extraction and centrifugal separation. Qualitative analysis showed that a total of 2861 lipid molecules were identified in seabuckthorn fruit oil. Quantitative analysis showed that the content of lipids in seabuckthorn fruit oil extracted by supercritical CO2 extraction (927,539.84 µg/mL) was significantly higher than that in centrifugal‐separated seabuckthorn fruit oil (735,717.63 µg/mL), with 17 distinct lipid classes and 215 lipid molecules differentiated through multivariate statistical analysis. Lipid molecules, such as diacylglycerol (DG), ceramides (Cer), monohexosyl ceramide, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and monogalactosyl DG, were predominantly found in the oil extracted using supercritical CO2. In contrast, monogalactosyl monoacylglycerol, diglycosyl ceramide, and Cer phosphate were significantly present in the oil extracted by centrifugal separation. These findings contribute new insights into how processing methods affect the quality and composition of seabuckthorn fruit oil and provide a basis for detecting oil adulteration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.) fruit (CBF) is widely growing in eastern Asia, mainly in China. CBFs contain a high number of polyphenols, especially anthocyanins. However, CBF can be easily damaged and cannot be stored for more than 3 days at 20–22 °C and 9–12 days at 0–2 °C. Thus, this review explores the potential options for the long-term preservation and consumption of CBFs, as well as the importance of CBF by-products. The review also addressed the biological activity of CBFs and their food products. The consumption period of CBF can be increased by employing a variety of processing techniques, including rapid freezing, drying, juicing, making wine and vinegar, and adding it to meals. Additionally, oil and bioactive substances can be extracted from the CBF by-products, such as kernel and pomace. The greatest options to extend the duration of CBF ingestion are thought to be CBF powder, juice, and wine. Furthermore, CBFs and their derivatives exhibit many biological activities such as antibacterial, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antioxidant properties. The two biological activities that were most potent were antidiabetic and antioxidant. However, more biological research, particularly clinical-based research, is advised to investigate the potential health benefits of CBF and its products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathologies of the skull and teeth are well documented for many human populations, but there are fewer studies of other primates. We contrast lesion prevalence and patterning among cercopithecoid primates and map variation onto socioecological variables. We compare craniodental lesions in six species: Nasalis larvatus (n = 54), Colobus polykomos (n = 64), Cercopithecus mitis (n = 65), Macaca fascicularis (n = 109), Theropithecus gelada (n = 13), and Papio anubis (n = 76). One of us (C.A.K.) evaluated each adult skull for multiple lesion types using standard criteria. We also tested for a relationship between lesion prevalence and cranial suture fusion (age proxy). We used nonparametric tests for sex and species differences as well as pathology co‐occurrence in SPSS. Socioecological data come from previous studies. Sex differences in lesion prevalence were only detected in P. anubis. Within taxa, some lesion types co‐occurred. In Macaca, the presence of caries was associated with several other lesion types. Pulp cavity exposure co‐occurred with TMJ osteoarthritis in multiple taxa. Among taxa, male P. anubis had higher lesion prevalences, particularly related to the anterior dentition and facial trauma. Because we did not detect a relationship between suture fusion and lesion prevalence, we propose that craniodental lesions may also be influenced by socioecological variables such as group composition and ratio of fruit to leaves in the diet. Our findings suggest that pain from pulp cavity exposure and related dental infections may alter chewing biomechanics and contribute to onset of TMJ osteoarthritis in nonhuman primates, as seen in humans. Further, we suggest that higher lesion prevalence in male baboons is likely related to male–male competition. Skeletal lesion analysis provides useful insight into primate socioecology, particularly for rare or difficult‐to‐observe phenomena, and provides additional biological context for our own species. Research Highlights: Craniodental lesion prevalence varies across cercopithecoids.Lesions may co‐occur, so that some pathologies are risk factors for others.Lesion prevalence and patterning likely reflects some aspects of socioecological variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the polyphenolic profile in various fruit juices, focusing on elucidating the factors contributing to low polyphenol content. Polyphenols, known for their health-promoting properties, are bioactive compounds found in plantbased foods. The study involves the selection of diverse commercially available fruit juices, extraction of polyphenols, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis to identify and quantify individual polyphenolic compounds. Additionally, the impact of processing methods on polyphenol retention is investigated. Results reveal the polyphenolic composition of fruit juices, highlighting variability and correlations among different compounds. The study also explores the influence of processing methods on polyphenol content, shedding light on factors contributing to low polyphenol levels. The findings have implications for consumers, manufacturers, and researchers, offering insights into informed decisionmaking regarding fruit juice consumption and production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Fungal fruit rots are a perennial threat to the production of cranberries. Eleven genera of fungi have been reported to cause cranberry rot in the field and/or during cold storage. Oregon and Washington rank fourth and fifth in the production of cranberries in the USA, but much of the research on cranberry fruit rots has been conducted in Wisconsin, New Jersey, and Massachusetts. Objective: The primary objective of this project was to describe the current composition of cranberry fruit rot complex in Oregon and Washington. Methods: A survey of fungal fruit rot pathogens was conducted over four years in commercial cranberry farms located in the Pacific Ocean coastal zone in Oregon and Washington. Results: Yield, rot incidence, and fungal pathogens isolated varied year-to-year. Pathogens isolated frequently from field-rotted cranberries included the cranberry fruit rot genera described in other cranberry production regions of the USA, such as Colletotrichum, Coleophoma, and Physalospora. Neofabraea actinidiae, a recently described cranberry fruit rot, was isolated consistently from field-rotted cranberries from beds with specific fungicide usage patterns. N. actinidiae also was one of the more common storage rot pathogens in this region, alongside other wellestablished storage rots like Coleophoma and black rots caused by Allantophomopsis cytisporea, A. lycopodina, and Strasseria geniculata. Conclusions: These findings may have important implications for Washington cranberry production because a large proportion of the crop is dry-harvested, placed in cold storage, and then sold as fresh cranberries. Climatic differences among the cranberry production areas across the United States may affect the disease incidence and prevalence of different genera of cranberry fruit rot pathogens, as summer months in Oregon and Washington are often much cooler and dryer than in Wisconsin and east coast states and may account for differing presence of various cranberry fruit rot fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chestnut is an essential food source in many countries. Nutritional quality and potential health benefits of Anatolian chestnut trees (Castanea sativa Mill.) have led to increased concern and interest in chestnut production. However, knowledge of the factors that influence the chemical content of chestnut fruits still needs to be improved. Thus, the chemical compositions were evaluated for Anatolian chestnut fruits collected at 14 different locations in northern Türkiye, which is one of the biggest chestnut producers in the world. The effects of latitude, longitude, altitude, aspect, mean annual temperature (°C) (TMA), and mean annual precipitation (mm) (PMA) of the study locations on the chemical compositions of chestnut fruits were monitored. The effects of these parameters on several chestnut characteristics were examined using a mixed-effects multiple regression model. Latitude, longitude, TMA, and PMA were correlated with the mean concentrations of sucrose, free amino acid, glycine betaine, nitrogen (N) (%), and total carbon (C) (%) of the chestnut samples. The moisture content of the fruits was affected by longitude. The antioxidant and mineral content of the chestnut samples also varied by location. These findings may be helpful in site selection, production, and conservation of chestnut cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main mango cultivars produced in the southern Pacific region of Mexico are Ataulfo, Manila, Haden, and Criollo. However, mineral, nutritional, and nutraceutical composition studies are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cultivars on the nutritional, mineral, and nutraceutical qualities of mango produced in Mexico. The cultivar significantly affected (p ≤ 0.05) the fruit composition across these indices. Criollo had the highest potassium, magnesium, sodium, and zinc concentrations, while Haden showed the highest calcium content. Manila had the highest iron content, contributing 0.76% of the recommended daily intake. Ataulfo and Haden were statistically similar in manganese content, both higher than Criollo, with Ataulfo reaching the maximum copper concentration. Ataulfo also had the highest sugar content, while Criollo had the most dietary fiber (3.1%), double that of Ataulfo and Haden. Haden had the lowest dry matter (14.8%) and lowest protein content (0.46%), with Manila showing the lowest ash content. The cultivars also differed in nutraceutical composition: Ataulfo was highest in total phenols, DPPH, and vitamin A; Haden in carotenoids and flavonoids; and Criollo in vitamin C. Cultivar selection induces changes in mango nutritional composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemometric evaluation of potentially harmful volatile compound and toxic metal(loid) distribution patterns in fruit spirits relating to distinct fruit classes most commonly used in spirit production highlighted the potential of several volatiles as candidates for differentiation markers while dismissing toxic metal(loid)s. Pome fruit and grape pomace spirits were mostly characterized by a lower abundance of n-propanol, methanol, ethyl acetate and acetaldehyde, while stone fruit spirits contained lower amounts of isoamyl alcohol and isobutanol. Chemometric analysis of the fruit spirit composition of aromatics identified additional potential markers characteristic for certain fruits—benzoic acid ethyl ester, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, butanoic acid 3-methyl-ethyl ester, butanoic acid 2-methyl-ethyl ester and furfural. This study explored the variability in the risk potential of the investigated spirits, considering that some chemicals known to be detected in spirits are potent health hazards. Ethyl carbamate in combination with acetaldehyde showed a higher potential risk in stone fruit spirits, methanol in stone and pome fruit spirits and acetaldehyde in grape pomace spirits. It is of great interest to evaluate to what extent consumers' preference for spirits of distinct fruit types affects health risks. Consumers of stone fruit spirits are potentially at higher risk than those consuming pome fruit or grape pomace spirits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy technique is effective for fruit quality detection. The distinct spectral features can reflect the internal composition of fruits, while variations in external orientation may induce interference. Considering both external and internal factors, we improved the discrimination accuracy of pest-infested crabapples by compensating for variations in orientation and amplifying differences in spectral morphological features (SMFs). Firstly, spectral intensity variations caused by orientations and morphological differences caused by pest infestation were analyzed. Based on these differences, the global model was established to mitigate the external orientation influence. Subsequently, SMFs, derived from spectral peaks and troughs, were employed to amplify spectral features. Finally, with the supplementation using 1st deviation, SMFs improved the discrimination performance of the partial least square–linear discriminant analysis (PLS-LDA) model for pest infestation, yielding results of sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy as 95.14%, 96.32%, and 95.94%, respectively. Overall, compensating for external orientation variations and exploiting internal spectral features enhanced the detection accuracy of pest infestation, providing valuable insights for internal defect discrimination based on Vis/NIR spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the qualitative and quantitative fruit profiles of ten cultivars (cvs.) of haskap berry (Lonicera caerulea var. kamtschatica Sevast.) to determine their antioxidant activity (ABTS test, CUPRAC test, ability to capture superoxide (O2˙−) and hydroxyl radicals (OH˙)), cytotoxic activity (against cancer cell lines breast, MCF-7; colon, HT-29; and melanoma, SK-Mel-28) and physicochemical properties. Most of the selected cultivars had not previously been analyzed for these properties. A total of 19 polyphenolic compounds were identified in the fruits of the tested genotypes, with a quantitative range of 2166.3–3597.0 µg/g. The polyphenol profile was dominated by anthocyanins (90.0–92.4%), and the remaining classes occurred in the following order: phenolic acids > flavonols > flavan-3-ols. The highest concentrations of these polyphenol groups were found in the cultivars 'Honeybee', 'Sinij Uties' and 'Usłada'. The fruits of these cultivars were also characterized by the highest antioxidant activity (546.6–683.5 µg/mL for O2˙− and 541.2–652.1 µg/mL for OH˙) and cytotoxic activity (103.6–649.2 µg/mL). The data obtained indicate that the fruits of the new haskap cultivars are a good source of bioactive compounds with possible health-promoting properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the nutritional and functional quality of agro-industrial waste, his study established a ternary mixture of flours made from pineapple, acerola, and passion fruit waste using the simplex-centroid design, as well as to evaluate their effects on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of edible ice cream. Using mixture planning, nine ternary flour components were applied to edible ice cream formulations to evaluate acceptance scores for taste, texture, and overall impression attributes, as well as physicochemical parameters (pH, acidity, soluble solids, and color parameters) and microbiological parameters (thermotolerant coliforms at 45 °C, Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella). The simplex-centroid design demonstrated that the cubic model best predicts the results for the analyzed sensory attributes. The response surface graphs indicated the area of greatest acceptance in the formulations with the maximum percentage established for the flour with acerola waste. The highest level of acceptability was given to the ternary mixture of 60%, 30%, and 10% pineapple, passion fruit, and acerola flours, respectively. The results indicated that sorbet enriched with flour composed of the ternary mixture is a product with the potential for exploitation, as well as contributing to the reduction of environmental impacts generated by the large and improper disposal of agro-industrial fruit processing residues in the ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai (C. speciosa) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that possesses not only abundant nutritional value but also significant medicinal properties. The extracts of C. speciosa fruits effectively reduce urate levels, but the specific chemical constituents responsible for this effect in C. speciosa fruits are still unknown. Therefore, this study aims to investigate and analyze the structure–activity relationships of these constituents to better understand their ability to lower uric acid. Activity-guided fractionation and purification processes were used to isolate compounds with xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity from C. speciosa fruits, resulting in three extracts: petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. The ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions showed strong activity and underwent further separation and purification using chromatographic techniques. Twenty-four compounds were isolated and identified, with nine showing potent activity, including chlorogenic acid, methyl chlorogenate, butyl chlorogenate, ethyl chlorogenate, cryptochlorogenic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, benzoic acid and protocatechuic acid. The docking analysis showed that these compounds interacted with amino acid residues in the active site of XO through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. These findings suggest that these compounds help reduce uric acid in C. speciosa, supporting further investigation into their mechanism of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera Lam. (moringa) is a plant native to India, used as a nutritional and medicinal supplement in many cultures around the world. Moringa has been linked to maintaining metabolic homeostasis and is often marketed as a weight loss supplement and a potential remedy for diseases such as diabetes. Here, we investigate how moringa, a 'superfood' with predicted protective effects against chronic diseases such as diabetes, influences the nutritional physiology and microbiome composition of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. We administered moringa as a dietary supplement to Drosophila, and quantified key nutritional indices: glucose, triacylglyceride, and protein levels, and fly weight. We showed that dietary moringa supplementation significantly reduced fly glucose levels by up to ~30% and resulted in substantial restructuring of Drosophila microbiota composition, altering both gut and intracellular bacterial populations. The effect of moringa on fly glucose levels is specific because other nutritional indices, namely, triacylglyceride and protein levels and fly weight, were not significantly affected by dietary moringa supplementation. This study highlights the importance of moringa as a modulator of host glucose metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey berry, also known as Solanum torvum Swartz, is native to Africa, Asia and South America. This tropical plant of the family Solanaceae has versatile uses in both food and medicine in tropical and subtropical countries. It has been employed in traditional medicine all over the world. Chemical composition of this fruit, its pharmacological properties as ascertained through scientific investigations and its clinical applications are discussed. S. torvum contains numerous important metabolites such as saponins steroids and flavonoids, which function as antioxidants, antifungal, antidiabetic, anticancer, antiulcer, antianxiety and immunomodulators. Various notable roles in ethnomedicinal uses and approaches as a traditional medicinal herb. These have been found in large amounts and have various functions, including antioxidant properties against cardiovascular diseases and immune-modulating activities. Notably leaves extracts, fruits etc. have beneficial therapeutic traits. For a long time now, "Solanum torvum" has been used to treat numerous conditions such as fever, wounds, etc. Research backs up these traditional uses by pointing out the plant's blood pressure management, kidney protection nature, and immune-boosting capabilities. The review summarizes the importance of ethnobotany, its chemical composition, and the scientifically proven pharmacological activities of S. torvum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Psidium fruits showed antioxidant activities, with a protective effect on DNA. • It may be related to phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins and anthocyanins. • Its fruits had no cytotoxicity, except for the P. myrtoides highest concentrations. • Aqueous extracts of Psidium fruits showed no genotoxic effects. • Psidium fruits are potential sources for functional foods, with benefits for health. Psidium cattleianum Sabine and P. myrtoides O. Berg (Myrtaceae) fruits, known as yellow and purple araçá, respectively, are widely consumed fresh and are used in several applications, such as juices, syrups, and ice cream products. Moreover, their extracts and essential oils have been recognized for their biological properties. Here, we evaluated the potential of P. cattleianum and P. myrtoides fruits through antioxidant, cytogenotoxic, and antigenotoxic tests using their aqueous fruit extracts (1.56 to 50.0 mg/mL). Phenolic compounds and flavonoids were present in both Psidium fruit extracts, while tannins and anthocyanins were found only in P. myrtoides. The latter species exhibited higher antioxidant activity when compared to P. cattleianum according to the DPPH and ABTS tests. Psidium cattleianum extracts showed no cytotoxicity (MTT assay), while P. myrtoides was considered cytotoxic only at the highest concentrations (25 and 50 mg/mL). No genotoxic effects were observed for both extracts (3.12, 6.25, and 12.5 mg/mL) using micronucleus test with the fibroblast cell line L929. Additionally, P. cattleianum and P. myrtoides extracts (12.5 mg/mL) reduced nuclear changes induced by MMS in the antigenotoxic assay. Overall, our findings suggest that the analyzed Psidium fruits, particularly the P. myrtoides species, are sources of natural antioxidants, with no genotoxicity (≤ 12.5 mg/mL) and exhibit a protective effect against DNA damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food security is threatened by climate change and associated abiotic stresses that affect the flowering stage and the biochemistry of flowers and fruits. In tomato, managed insect pollination and grafting elite tomato varieties onto robust rootstocks are widely practiced commercially to enhance tomato crop profitability, particularly under suboptimal conditions. However, little is known about rootstock–pollinator interactions and their impact on the chemical composition of fruit. In this study, a commercial tomato F1 hybrid (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was self-grafted and grafted onto a set of experimental rootstocks and cultivated under optimal and saline (75 mM NaCl) conditions in the presence of managed bumblebee pollinators (Bombus terrestris). The number of visits (VN) and total visiting time (TVT) by pollinators to different grafted plants were monitored through an RFID (radio-frequency identification) tracking system, while targeted metabolites (hormones, sugars, and organic and amino acids) and mineral composition were analyzed in the fruit juice by UHPLC-MS and ICP-OES, respectively. Pollinator foraging decisions were influenced by the rootstocks genotype and salinity treatment. Experimental rootstocks predominantly increased pollinator attraction compared to the self-grafted variety. Interestingly, the pollinator parameters were positively associated with the concentration of abscisic acid, salicylic acid, malate and fumarate, and tyrosine in salinized fruits. Moreover, a high accumulation of sodium was detected in the fruits of the plants most visited by pollinators, while rootstock genotype-specific responses were found for nitrogen and potassium concentrations. In addition to the known effect on yield, these findings underscore the synergic interactions between rootstocks, pollinators, and environmental stressors on tomato fruit composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ficus drupacea is a fruit-bearing tree that is distributed in Southeast Asia and Australia. The objective of this research was to ascertain the following with regard to ripened fruits: (i) their nutritional value, (ii) their mineral status, (iii) the fatty acid composition of fruit and seed oil, (iv) their phytochemical makeup, and (v) their antioxidant properties. The ripened fruits contained 3.21%, 3.25%, 0.92%, 1.47%, and 2.20% carbohydrate, protein, fat, ash, and fiber, respectively. Fruits had an energy content of 30.18 kcal/100 g. In terms of mineral content, the fruit was rich in potassium, magnesium, calcium, and nitrogen, with values of 21.03, 13.24, 11.07, and 4.13 mg/g DW. Iron, zinc, manganese, and boron had values of 686.67, 124.33, 114.40, and 35.78 µg/g DW, respectively. The contents of oxalate and phytate were 14.44 and 2.8 mg/g FW, respectively. The fruit and seed oil content were 0.67 and 8.07%, respectively, and the oil's physicochemical properties were comparable to those of fig fruit and seed oils. Omega-3 (α-linolenic acid), omega-6 (linoleic acid), and omega-9 (oleic acid) fatty acids were abundant in the oils. Fruit extracts in acetone, methanol, and water have greater concentrations of phenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids. The 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, total antioxidant activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays demonstrated increased antioxidant activities in close correlation with the higher concentrations of phenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids. The results of this study demonstrate that the fruits of F. drupacea are a strong source of nutrients and phytochemicals, and they merit more investigation and thought for possible uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium is an essential mineral for both humans and animals. Around 0.5-1 billion individuals globally suffer from selenium deficiency, which can result in a range of illnesses. Hence, the cultivation of selenium-enriched agricultural items can serve as a potent strategy to mitigate selenium deficiency. This study aimed to examine the effect of selenium on the quality, and phytochemical and mineral content of red currant (Red Lake) and jostaberry. The study was conducted in 2022 and 2023. Different doses of selenium (0, 4, and 8 mg·kg-1) were sprayed on the fruits three times with 10-days intervals starting from the first formation of the fruits after flowering. Upon completion of the study, various factors were assessed including cluster and berry properties, water-soluble dry matter content, pH levels, titratable acid content, ascorbic acid levels, antioxidant activity, and total phenolics content. The mineral composition of the fruit peel, pulp, and seed was also measured. In jostaberry, the highest values of cluster weight, cluster height, and 100-berry weight were obtained with 8 mg·kg-1 selenium application. As the selenium dosage increased, the levels of ascorbic acid, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic content increased, with the highest values determined to be 0.063 mg·mL-1, 63.23% DPPH, and 3752.22 mg·g-1, respectively, at 8 mg·kg-1. In the Red Lake variety, it has been determined that the 4 mg·kg-1 dose is effective in terms of cluster weight, cluster width, and cluster height attributes. The highest values for ascorbic acid, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic content were determined to be 0.029 mg·mL-1, 53.42% DPPH, and 3117.17 mg·g-1, respectively, at the 4 mg·kg-1 dose. The selenium content was found to be highest in the peel and pulp of jostaberry at 8 mg·kg-1, and in Red Lake, it was obtained at the 4 mg·kg-1 application. As a result, an 8 mg·kg-1 dose of selenium could be recommended for jostaberry, and a 4 mg·kg-1 dose could be recommended for Red Lake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Balanites aegyptiaca tree is widely used in many countries where it occurs. However, in Morocco its nutritional properties and chemical composition have not been extensively studied. This study aims to investigate its potential health benefits, focusing on bioactive compounds found in the fruit, including the pulp, shell and kernel. The fatty acid composition, phytosterol content, triacylglycerols and tocopherol levels of the lipid fraction extracted from different parts of Balanites fruit were analyzed using chromatographic techniques. Additionally, the antioxidant activity was assessed through the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Results showed that the pulp, shell and kernel are rich in oleic acid, with percentages of 47.2%, 45.9%, and 41.9%, respectively. The linoleic acid content was consistent across all three parts. The shell had the highest phytosterols content, with β‐sitosterol being the most abundant in all three parts. The analysis revealed some variability in the identification of tocopherols, with the kernel containing the highest content of tocopherols, mainly α‐Tocopherol at 399 mg kg−1. The fruit, in its entirety, exhibits antioxidant activity as evaluated by three different methods: DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. Overall, the study demonstrates that the fruit of B. aegyptiaca growing in Morocco possesses properties that could be utilized in the food and medical industries. Practical Application: The fruit parts of the Balanites tree (Balanites aegyptiaca) are rich in fatty acids, tocochromanols, and phytosterols, exhibiting significant antioxidant capacity. This study reveals the potential of the bioactive compounds of the fruit, which offers substantial practical applications as a natural source of antioxidants in food formulations and nutraceuticals. By leveraging the bioactive compounds identified in this study, researchers and industries can investigate the development of functional food and cosmeceuticals formulations to enhance human health and well‐being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several features in the fruit of some neotropical trees likely evolved in response to the interaction with the mammalian megafauna extinct in the late Pleistocene. However, few studies have assessed the interactions between these plants and mammals in the absence of megafauna. We conducted a camera-trapping study in the Reserve of El Triunfo, Chiapas, Southern Mexico, to record the fauna consuming the fruit of the endemic tree Amphitecna montana which has megafauna traits. We surveyed the abundance and the spatial distribution of trees, saplings, and seedlings in 10 transects totalizing 0.1 ha, analyzed the chemical composition of their fruit, and assessed the impact of seed manipulation on germination success and seedling establishment. We recorded 12 species of medium-large mammals but the most frequent consumers of fruit were squirrels. The relationship among trees, saplings, and seedlings did not indicate the existence of a regeneration limitation. All the plant stages showed a clustered spatial pattern, which is in agreement with squirrels being the main seed dispersers. Free seeds were the more successful to germinate and establish as seedlings. Despite the current lack of megafauna in our study area, the A. montana population does not show signs of declining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of implementing recirculating drainage for greenhouse strawberries is often overlooked because of the low electrical conductivity (EC) of drainage and transpiration despite the large area of cultivation in Korea. In this study, we analyzed the growth of strawberry crops and their water and individual nutrient use efficiency when using closed-loop hydroponics in greenhouses. The study consisted of two parts: Experiment (Exp) 1 and Exp 2, each of which employed a different closed-loop hydroponic control method. In Exp 1, the system was controlled solely based on the EC of the drainage mixed with raw water. In Exp 2, the nutrient solution (NS) was corrected according to the ion concentrations in the drainage, with correction intervals of 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and no correction, while the control treatment was open-loop. In Exp 1, a prolonged increase in drainage EC resulted in an imbalance in NS ion composition and reduced fruit yield. In Exp 2, the NS composition was stabilized through periodic nutrient correction, and the fruit yield of the closed-loop treatments did not differ from the open-loop treatment. However, the closed-loop with 2- and 4-week correction in Exp 2 showed 94% and 88% higher nutrient use efficiency (NUE), respectively, than an open-loop system. Among the closed-loop treatments, the 2- and 4-week correction intervals had 36% and 32% higher NUE than the no-correction treatment. Furthermore, the 2-week correction interval showed a 3% improvement in NUE compared to the 4-week interval. These findings highlight the importance of considering a shorter ion correction interval for optimal NUE and normal plant growth in recirculating hydroponic systems of strawberry cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Fruit wine is one of the oldest fermented beverages made from non-grape fruits. Owing to the differences in fruit varieties, growing regions, climates, and harvesting seasons, the nutritional compositions of fruits (sugars, organic acids, etc.) are different. Therefore, the fermentation process and microorganisms involved are varied for a particular fruit selected for wine production, resulting in differences in volatile compound formation, which ultimately determine the quality of fruit wine. This article reviews the effects of various factors involved in fruit wine making, especially the particular modifications differing from the grape winemaking process and the selected strains suitable for the specific fruit wine fermentation, on the formation of volatile compounds, flavor and aroma profiles, and quality characteristics of the wine thus produced. Key points: • The volatile profile and fruit wine quality are affected by enological parameters. • The composition and content of nutrients in fruit must impact volatile profiles. • Yeast and LAB are the key determining factors of the volatile profiles of fruit wines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laboratory and pilot scale pretreatment processes were assessed for empty fruit bunch (EFB) at different morphologies using anhydrous ammonia pretreatment (AAP). The AAP was used to deconstruct the complex structure of EFB through physical and chemical reaction to promote efficient conversion of the carbohydrates to monomeric sugars. Different morphologies of EFB samples used were unpressed EFB (UE), pressed EFB (PE), pressed and shredded EFB (PES), and lastly pressed, shredded and ground EFB (PESG). The APP process was optimized using a 1.0 L laboratory scale reactor and further scaled up to a 22 L pressure vessel (AAPB). AAP-PESG contained 76.2%, and AAP-PES contained 75.5% of structural carbohydrates, showing no significant difference. AAPUE showed the lowest glucan conversion of 28%. The optimal laboratory conditions adopted were 135 °C, 30 min, moist to dry EFB loading of 2:1, and ammonia to dry EFB loading of 1:1. Glucan conversion of AAP-PES were 87%, 80%, and 62% at 1%, 3%, and 6% glucan loadings, respectively. The AAP-PES detected acetamide concentration at 7.3 mg/g, while AAPB-PES was only at 4.4 mg/g. Chemical composition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer Emmett Teller surface area, and scanning electron microscopy supported the assessment of AAP and AAPB processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food and beverages with healthy and functional properties, especially those that prevent chronic diseases, are receiving considerable interest among consumers and researchers. Among the products with enhanced properties, fermented beverages from non-grape wines have a high potential for growth. Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a super fruit known for its richness in bioactive compounds that have been reported to have several therapeutic properties against non-communicable diseases. Diverse products can be obtained from the valorization of pomegranate fruit, including wines, supplements, dried arils, juices, vinegar, and syrup. There is no literature evidence of the optimization of the fermentation processes of pomegranate juice that explores the relationships between multiple factors and their interactions. This review provides an overview of the composition of pomegranate fruit and the related health benefits for human health. It also discusses the ways in which pomegranate wine fermentation is impacted by pre-fermentation and fermentation factors. Additionally, it highlights the different subjective and objective techniques for analyzing pomegranate wine quality and the advancement of technologies such as sensors to replace traditional methods of sensory evaluation. It provides comprehensive insights into how different fermentation factors interact and can improve the bioprocess, leading to the production of high-quality wine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Couroupita guianensis, a member of the Lecythidaceae family, is a plant widely known for its large, edible and unconventional fruits. The objective of the present study was to investigate the nutritional and chemical composition of the fruits of this species and to perform structural, ultrastructural, and histochemical tests to elucidate the sites of its pulp involved in the production of bioactive substances. The nutritional analysis revealed low fat and protein levels, but the pulp stood out as a significant source of dietary fiber, representing 6.72% of the content. Furthermore, the pulp showed 14.5 ∘Brix and approximately 18.97% total carbohydrates, with an energy value of 56 kcal.100 g−1. The fruit pulp exhibited an antioxidant potential of 183 ± 29 mg GAE.100 g−1 and 3517 ± 1055 µmol Fe2+.100 g−1, as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu and FRAP methods, respectively. LC–MS analysis identified phenolic compounds, with emphasis on hydrolysable tannins. Furthermore, as determined by microscopy, the inner mesocarp was found to consist of vascularized parenchymal tissue accumulating lipid droplets. This region also contained sclereid clusters with secondary polylamellated walls and living protoplasts that accumulated phenolic compounds, probably ellagitannins, near the cell wall and the tonoplast. Additionally, ellagitannin-producing cells were identified, together with the dynamic transport of substances with bioactive potential. Considering these characteristics, along with the abundance of pulp per fruit and the ease of collection, the remarkable potential for consumption and commercialization of the fruit from the C. guianensis species stands out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article published in the Chemistry of Natural Compounds journal focuses on the GC-MS characterization of volatile constituents and in vitro antidiabetic activity of the fruits of Boerhavia rubicunda from the Indian Himalayan region. The study reveals that the fruit samples of B. rubicunda contain various volatile compounds, with n-hexadecanoic acid, β-sitosterol, and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid being the major components. Additionally, the crude extract of the fruit samples showed promising antidiabetic activity, inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Further research is recommended to explore the potential of B. rubicunda as a phytomedicine-based treatment for diabetes. [Extracted from the article]

Consumers have an increasing demand for fruit and vegetables with high nutritional value worldwide. However, most fruit and vegetables are vulnerable to quality loss and spoilage during processing, transportation, and storage. Among the recently introduced emerging technologies, supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) has been extensively utilized to treat and maintain fruit and vegetables mainly due to its nontoxicity, safety, and environmentally friendly. SCCO2 technology generates low processing costs and mild processing conditions (temperature and pressure) that allow for the application of CO2 at a supercritical state. This review aimed to summarize the current knowledge on the influence of SCCO2 technology on the quality attributes of fruit and vegetable products, such as physicochemical properties (pH, color, cloud, particle size distribution, texture), sensory quality, and nutritional composition (ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and betalains). In addition, the effects and mechanisms of the SCCO2 technique on endogenous enzyme inactivation (polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, and pectin methylesterase) were also elucidated. Finally, the prospects of the SCCO2 technique for industrial application was discussed from the economic and regulatory aspect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The productivity of virgin olive oil depends not only on agronomic factors but also on the technological factors of the extraction process. The ‘Arbequina’ variety has extractability problems, which is a challenge for master millers anywhere. This work aims to evaluate the behavior of different decanters and seeks to modulate the effect of some processing parameters and their interactions with oil extraction efficiency in the case of ‘Arbequina.’ Fruit characteristics, processing parameters, and extractability were collected over 10 years from 38 decanters that belong to five different brands. The results have shown that fruit moisture is the most relevant factor for oil extractability, especially over 52%. Furthermore, extractability is positively correlated with malaxing temperature, addition of water, and total fat content in the fruit. However, the results show that before applying a regulation, the type of decanter must be considered. The model used in this study has allowed us to optimize the regulations for each type of decanter to reduce oil losses within the pomace, achieving an extraction efficiency within the range of 78%–91.5%. In fact, the best extraction efficiency results (91.5%) were obtained by processing at temperatures >26°C and water injection of 5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficiency of element accumulation depends on numerous factors, where the physico-chemical characteristics of the soil seem to be very important, and the role of taxonomic rank in the accumulation of elements by mushrooms seems to be important. The aim of the study was to compare the mineral composition of 7 species belonging to Leccinum and Suillus genera, collected between 2019 and 2021 from localizations in the west-central part of Poland. The research aimed to indicate the role of selected soil parameters in stimulating/inhibiting the accumulation of elements by selected Boletales mushroom species and to answer the question about the role of species belonging to the genus as an indicator determining the specific mineral composition of fruiting bodies. Soil pH and other soil properties (granulometric composition, organic carbon, degree of organic matter decomposition) may significantly affect mushrooms' mineral composition. Mushroom species belonging to Leccinum genus exhibited the higher amount of essential major and trace elements than species of Suillus genus). It suggests that the affiliation of the studied mushroom species to a specific genus may affect their mineral composition, and the physicochemical properties of the soil may be responsible for the lack of a clear division in the efficiency of element(s) accumulation. Selected species contain high amounts of K, Cu, Fe, and Zn, while others, such as selected Suillus gravellei fruiting bodies, also contain As and Cd. The results described serve as an introduction to a broader scientific discussion and require many further studies to confirm the role of taxonomic ranks and the influence of soil characteristics on the accumulation of elements by fruiting bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oxygen concentration is a key characteristic of the fruit storage environment determining shelf life and fruit quality. The aim of the work was to identify cell wall components that are related to the response to low oxygen conditions in fruit and to determine the effects of such conditions on the ripening process. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits at different stages of the ripening process were stored in an anoxic and hypoxic environment, at 0% and 5% oxygen concentrations, respectively. We used comprehensive and comparative methods: from microscopic immunolabelling and estimation of enzymatic activities to detailed molecular approaches. Changes in the composition of extensin, arabinogalactan proteins, rhamnogalacturonan-I, low methyl-esterified homogalacturonan, and high methyl-esterified homogalacturonan were analysed. Results: In-depth molecular analyses showed that low oxygen stress affected the cell wall composition, i.e. changes in protein content, a significantly modified in situ distribution of low methyl-esterified homogalacturonan, appearance of callose deposits, disturbed native activities of β-1,3-glucanase, endo-β-1,4-glucanase, and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), and disruptions in molecular parameters of single cell wall components. Taken together, the data obtained indicate that less significant changes were observed in fruit in the breaker stage than in the case of the red ripe stage. The first symptoms of changes were noted after 24 h, but only after 72 h, more crucial deviations were visible. The 5% oxygen concentration slows down the ripening process and 0% oxygen accelerates the changes taking place during ripening. Conclusions: The observed molecular reset occurring in tomato cell walls in hypoxic and anoxic conditions seems to be a result of regulatory and protective mechanisms modulating ripening processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analytical method used to determine the total monomeric anthocyanin content of fruits is costly and labour intensive. Researchers are endeavouring to develop prediction models to determine anthocyanin content in a simpler and more accurate way. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a relationship between anthocyanin and some fruit characteristics (width, length, weight, L*, a*, b*, chroma, hue) in black mulberry (Morus nigra) fruit. With the outputs of the study, it is aimed to provide preliminary information for the models to be developed for anthocyanin estimation in future studies. The study material, black mulberry fruits, was collected from a single black mulberry tree in Kemalpaşa village of Tokat province in July 2022. Harvesting of the fruits continued for two weeks as raw, semi-ripe and ripe. A total of 586 fruits were individually evaluated and the weight, width, length, colour parameters (L*, a*, b*, chroma, and hue) and total monomeric anthocyanin contents of each fruit were determined. Then, Pearson correlation coefficients between the variables were determined. Stepwise regression analysis was used to find the appropriate model to explain the change in the dependent variable anthocyanin with independent variables (length, width, weight, L*, a*, b*, chroma, hue). After the multiple regression model was established, residual analysis was performed to see the outliers in the full model and to check the accuracy of the model. As a result of the study, it was observed that anthocyanin content could be predicted by colour parameters up to a certain maturity stage. This relationship was found to weaken at the ripeness stage when the fruit colour turns black. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main units of persimmon proanthocyanidins (PAs) are composed of flavan-3-ols including epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and gallocatechin gallate (GCG). Precise quantification of GCG is challenging due to its trace amounts in persimmon. In this study, to establish the optimal UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS technique for the determination of PAs monomer composition in persimmon fruit flesh of different astringency types, mass spectrometry and chromatographic conditions were optimized. The results showed that when operating in negative ion mode, using a T3 chromatographic column (a type of C18 column with high-strength silica), acetonitrile as the organic phase, a 0.1% mobile phase acid content, and a mobile phase flow rate of 0.2 mL/min, the chromatographic peak shape and resolution of the PAs monomer composition improved. Additionally, there was no tailing phenomenon observed in the chromatographic peaks. At the same time, the intra-day and inter-day precision, stability, and recovery of the procedure were good. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of stability was less than 5%. The intra-day precision was in the range of 1.14% to 2.36%, and the inter-day precision ranged from 1.03% to 2.92%, both of which were less than 5%. The recovery rate ranged from 94.43% to 98.59% with an RSD less than 5%. The results showed that the UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS technique established in this study can not only be used for the quantification of EGCG and GCG in persimmon fruit flesh but also be suitable for analyzing other PAs monomer compositions, providing robust support for the related research on persimmon PAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study involves a comprehensive examination of the influence of microbial composition on fruit sourdough and its impact on the quality and attributes of hollow noodles. We have considered microbial composition, acidification capacity, and the fermentation properties of fruit sourdoughs with an analysis of in vitro starch digestion and the identification of volatile compounds in hollow noodles. Colony counts were conducted for red grape sourdough (GSD) and pear sourdough (PSD), with average counts of lactic acid bacteria of 8.70 log CFU/g and 7.74 log CFU/g, and yeast counts of 8.34 log CFU/g and 6.22 log CFU/g, respectively. Microbial diversity analysis has revealed that Lactobacillus, Enterobacter, and Acetobacter were the dominant bacterial genera in GSD and PSD. Moreover, Saccharomyces was identified as the main fungal genus in GSD and PSD. A comparative analysis has established that GSD exhibited superior gas production (532.00 mL) and the maximum fermentation height (33.00 mm) when compared with PSD. Following fermentation, the hollow noodles made with pear sourdough showed an appreciable accumulation of 2-pentylfuran, hexyl acetate, and 3-methylbutanal, imparting a distinctive flavor. Moreover, the noodles exhibited greater chewiness and hardness values with a higher sensory score, and an overall improved nutritional function. The results generated in this study demonstrate the appreciable benefits of sourdough in the preparation of fermented noodles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern Solanum melongena varieties have been developed to improve the content of phenolics, sugars, and nutritionally relevant minerals in fruit. However, fruit composition might be altered due to abiotic stresses like salinity. Physiological and fruit quality traits were evaluated in four eggplant landraces under usual irrigation and moderately salty irrigation conditions (80 mM NaCl). Growing parameters measured included root length, leaf surface, and fresh weight, while fruit composition traits included sugars, phenolics, and mineral content determinations. Few differences were observed for agronomic traits, probably due to the mild tolerance of eggplant to salinity. Some varieties showed signs of salt tolerance like an increase in primary root length to overcome salt stress. Glucose was the metabolite more affected by the salt treatment in the fruit, while phenolic compounds and other metabolites studied were not altered. Significant differences were observed in the main minerals Na, K, Ca, P, and Mg, both between genotypes and treatments. Although salinity produced changes in some physiological and developmental traits, the composition of the fruit was not significantly modified for the accessions tested. Mineral, sugar, and phenolic contents were not particularly altered in unripe fruits, indicating tolerance of eggplant varieties to salinity in terms of fruit quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solanum is the largest genus within the Solanaceae family and has garnered considerable attention in chemical and biological investigations over the past 30 years. In this context, lobeira or "fruta-do-lobo" (Solanum lycocarpum St. Hill), a species predominantly found in the Brazilian Cerrado, stands out. Beyond the interesting nutritional composition of the fruits, various parts of the lobeira plant have been used in folk medicine as hypoglycemic, sedative, diuretic, antiepileptic, and antispasmodic agents. These health-beneficial effects have been correlated with various bioactive compounds found in the plant, particularly alkaloids. In this review, we summarize the alkaloid composition of the lobeira plant and its biological activities that have been reported in the scientific literature in the last decades. The compiled data showed that lobeira plants and fruits contain a wide range of alkaloids, with steroidal glycoalkaloid solamargine and solasonine being the major ones. These alkaloids, but not limited to them, contribute to different biological activities verified in alkaloid-rich extracts/fractions from the lobeira, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antigenotoxic, antidiabetic, antinociceptive, and antiparasitic effects. Despite the encouraging results, additional research, especially toxicological, pre-clinical, and clinical trials, is essential to validate these human health benefits and ensure consumers' safety and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Dates are the second most important crops in Iran after pistachios, which show different structural and textural adaptations to drought and high temperatures. Acquiring the necessary knowledge about various structural and physiological changes from flowering to fruit ripening plays a significant role in obtaining high-quality and marketable fruit. Date fruit is a berry characterized by exocarp, fleshy mesocarp and membrane endocarp around the seed. This berry is formed from a fertilized carpel present in the female flower, while the other two carpels do not grow and decay. The fruit development period is long and lasts about 7 months. The sweetness and texture of date fruit is closely related to the maturity stage of the fruit. During the growth period of date fruit, several changes in the color and chemical composition of the fruit are observed. Mozafati is one of the most important commercial varieties of dates in Iran especially in Bam city. In the present study, the morphology and histology of the date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) of the Mozafati cultivar were investigated during the developmental stages. Material and Methods: Samples were collected from a commercial garden located in Bam city. Five adult 17-year-old date palms of Mozafati cultivar derived from offshoots grown in similar environmental conditions were used as female parents. The pollen used in this experiment is the same pollen that is normally used by local gardeners for pollination. Sample collection was done in five different developmental stages including Hababouk, Kimri, Khalal, Sarkhal and Rutab (4, 12, 19, 24 and 25 weeks after pollination, respectively). In this research, the local Iranian names such as Sarkhal and Rutb were used for the last two stages. The collected fruits, after cleaning and sorting, were packed and stored at 4ºC. The hand sections prepared from the fresh samples at each developmental stage were studied with an optical microscope after staining and then photographed. Results: An anatomical study of fruits in different stages of development revealed several general characteristics in their pericarp structure: 1) Pericarp differentiation starts in the early stages of development (immediately after pollination) and its development continues progressively and regularly. 2) The exocarp contains four differentiated layers in all developmental stages, from outside to inside, includes layers of the epidermis, hypodermis, skin parenchyma, and layer of stone cells. 3) The mesocarp (which is the largest region forming the pericarp) has a large number of layers consisting of parenchymal cells and is divided into two outer and inner regions, which are separated by a layer of parenchymal cells specialized to store tannins (idioblast). Vascular vessels with different sizes are distributed in the outer and inner mesocarp, which are less abundant in the inner parts. 4) The endocarp can be recognized as an unspecialized single-layered epidermis only in the early stages of development and eventually forms the seed coat together with the inner layers of the mesocarp. Conclusion: Organized protection and defense mechanisms, including the presence of thick cuticle, stone layer, and specialized tannin layer (tannin idioblasts) in all stages of pericarp development, were among the interesting histological features of this cultivar, which showed its adaptive and evolutionary role in specific habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camellia oleifera is a woody oil crop with the highest oil yield and the largest cultivation area in China, and C. oleifera seed oil is a high-quality edible oil recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The objectives of this study were to investigate the variation in fruit yield traits and seed chemical compositions of wild C. oleifera in China and to identify the differences between wild C. oleifera and cultivated varieties. In this study, we collected wild C. oleifera samples from 13 sites covering the main distribution areas of wild C. oleifera to comprehensively evaluate 25 quantitative traits of wild C. oleifera fruit and seed chemical compositions and collected data of 10 quantitative traits from 434 cultivated varieties for a comparative analysis of the differences between wild and cultivars. The results showed that the coefficients of variation of the 25 quantitative traits of wild C. oleifera ranged from 2.605% to 156.641%, with an average of 38.569%. The phenotypic differentiation coefficients ranged from 25.003% to 99.911%, with an average of 77.894%. The Shannon–Wiener index (H') ranged from 0.195 to 1.681. Based on the results of principal component analysis (PCA) and phenotypic differentiation coefficients, 10 traits differed significantly between wild C. oleifera and cultivated varieties, while the differentiation coefficients (VST) for fresh fruit weight, oleic acid, unsaturated fatty acids, stearic acid, and saturated fatty acids were more than 95%, of which fresh fruit weight and oleic acid content were potential domestication traits of C. oleifera. The results of this study can contribute to the efficient excavation and utilization of wild C. oleifera genetic resources for C. oleifera breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foliar calcium (Ca) treatment exhibits strong potential for enhancing yield and quality in some fruit crops. This study aimed to assess the impact of foliar application of Ca-organomineral (Ca-OM) suspension on total soluble solids (TSS) and Ca dynamics in leaves and berries across five red currant cultivars during the vegetation and storage. A randomized block design with two treatments: (1) Control (without Ca-OM treatment) and (2) foliar Ca-OM treatment, with three repetitions, was applied on five different red currant cultivars. Although foliar Ca-OM treatments did not impact Ca or TSS in leaves, they positively influenced Ca and TSS in fruits, displaying significant variability among cultivars. In addition, Ca-OM treatment increased berry density, reduced abscission, and inhibited the development of diseases, extending storage periods for "Lvovyanka," "Vika," and "Gazel" cultivars by three to seven days compared to the Ca-OM untreated control. Ca-OM treatment in the early stages of the ontogenesis of currants provided a high percentage of Ca intake in berries. At the stage of complete maturation, the Ca content in berries decreased and depended on the ripening period of the cultivars. Before harvesting, Ca-OM increased the strength of berries (Fc) and reduced the shedding of berries in the clusters (Fs). At the vegetation stage, Ca-OM increased TSS in berries, and the content of TSS depended on the genotype and weather conditions. The Ca-OM treatment and low temperatures contributed to preserving berry density, reducing the shedding of berries and PLW, and restraining the development of diseases during storage. In addition, the high content of TSS and Ca in berries against the background of a slow rate of decrease in berry density in the Ca-OM variants ensured an extension of the shelf life of "Lvovyanka," "Vika," and "Gazel" by three to seven days compared to the control untreated with Ca-OM. Clustering analyses identified these cultivars as similar in terms of TSS and calcium content in fruits, emphasizing their common traits. The study underscores the potential of foliar Ca treatment to enhance berry quality during growth and storage, significantly improve storage duration, and fortify resistance against adverse factors, presenting promising opportunities for elevating yield and quality in specific red currant cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine and compare the content of biochemical compounds in fruits of nine cultivars of M. domestica Borkh. and ten of Malus spp. (given in the research materials), to select the most promising for use in further breeding and recommend for use in various directions, considering the biochemical complex of characters, taste, and marketable qualities of fruits. The dry matter content, a sum of sugars, titratable acids, tannins, and ascorbic acid was evaluated for two years according to generally accepted operating methods. The large-fruited apple cultivars were found to have values of dry matter (11.2-22.8%) and small-fruited (15.5-30.9%); the total amount of sugars in large-fruited cultivars varies from 6.7 to 10.9%, in small-fruited from 7.5 to 12.7%; the amount of ascorbic acid in fruits of M. domestica fruits averaged from 6.0 to 12.2 mg.100 g-1, in crabapple from 6.6 to 22.8 mg.100 g-1; titratable organic acids in fruits of large cultivars ranged from 0.74 to 1.67%, in small ones from 1.50 to 2.34%; tannins content was found in the range from 0.06 to 0.52% in highfruited cultivars and from 0.29 to 2.61% in lower-fruited ones. Comparative evaluation of the biochemical composition of fruits between large-fruited and small-fruited species and cultivars of apple trees showed that representatives of Malus spp. are more promising for use in breeding and industrial purposes. The dynamics of the decrease of dry soluble substance's weight and the increase of ascorbic acid content in apple tree fruits were also noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Fig (Ficus carica L.) fruit is consumed worldwide as a functional food. It contains phytochemicals that have been related to health benefits. However, the characteristic chemicals remain unclear. In this work, phytochemicals were prepared from figus by ultrasound‐assisted extraction under optimized conditions. The chemical composition of fig fruit and leaves was characterized by ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS). RESULTS: One hundred and fifty‐seven compounds were identified, including 58 flavonoids, 29 coumarins, 19 acids, 15 terpenoids, 11 alkaloids, and 25 other compounds. The mass spectrum (MS) fragmentation pathways of representative chemicals were elucidated. Flavonoid glycosides and prenylated flavonoids were mainly present in fig fruit, whereas coumarins were abundant in leaves. Both fig fruit and leaf extracts showed good cellular antioxidant activity. CONCLUSION: The full phytochemical profile of fig was revealed by UPLC‐MS/MS. Prenylated flavonoids and prenylated coumarins were the characteristic phytochemicals. These data provided useful information for the extensive utilization of fig fruit in functional food. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive oxidative toxicity in liver cells is a significant risk factor that can cause cellular injury, leading to the development of chronic liver disease (CLD). Natural anthocyanins have been shown to prevent the harmful effects of oxidative toxicity in mammalian cells. Ripe Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala berry fruits are rich in anthocyanins, which have been reported to possess many health benefits. Therefore, this study examined the protective effect of ethanolic fruit extract of C. nervosum var. paniala (CNPE) against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‐induced oxidative damage and cell death in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Results showed that CNPE had strong antioxidant capabilities and high amounts of total phenolics and anthocyanins. HPLC analysis showed that CNPE consists of cyanidin‐3‐glucoside (C3G). Our investigations found that HepG2 cells pretreated with CNPE or anthocyanin C3G inhibited H2O2‐induced cellular damage and apoptosis by increasing the viability of cells, the expression of antiapoptotic Bcl‐2 protein, and the activities of cellular antioxidant enzymes, namely SOD, CAT, and GPx. Moreover, both CNPE and C3G significantly suppressed expression of apoptotic proteins (Bax and cytochrome c) and the activities of cleaved caspase‐9 and caspase‐3 caused by H2O2. Our results indicate that CNPE and C3G can suppress H2O2‐induced hepatotoxicity and cell death through stimulation of endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities and inhibition of apoptosis pathway in HepG2 cells. These findings might support development of CNPE as an alternative natural product for preventing CLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium is an essential mineral for both humans and animals. Around 0.5–1 billion individuals globally suffer from selenium deficiency, which can result in a range of illnesses. Hence, the cultivation of selenium-enriched agricultural items can serve as a potent strategy to mitigate selenium deficiency. This study aimed to examine the effect of selenium on the quality, and phytochemical and mineral content of red currant (Red Lake) and jostaberry. The study was conducted in 2022 and 2023. Different doses of selenium (0, 4, and 8 mg⋅kg−1) were sprayed on the fruits three times with 10-days intervals starting from the first formation of the fruits after flowering. Upon completion of the study, various factors were assessed including cluster and berry properties, water-soluble dry matter content, pH levels, titratable acid content, ascorbic acid levels, antioxidant activity, and total phenolics content. The mineral composition of the fruit peel, pulp, and seed was also measured. In jostaberry, the highest values of cluster weight, cluster height, and 100-berry weight were obtained with 8 mg⋅kg−1 selenium application. As the selenium dosage increased, the levels of ascorbic acid, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic content increased, with the highest values determined to be 0.063 mg⋅mL−1, 63.23% DPPH, and 3752.22 mg⋅g−1, respectively, at 8 mg⋅kg−1. In the Red Lake variety, it has been determined that the 4 mg⋅kg−1 dose is effective in terms of cluster weight, cluster width, and cluster height attributes. The highest values for ascorbic acid, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic content were determined to be 0.029 mg⋅mL−1, 53.42% DPPH, and 3117.17 mg⋅g−1, respectively, at the 4 mg⋅kg−1 dose. The selenium content was found to be highest in the peel and pulp of jostaberry at 8 mg⋅kg−1, and in Red Lake, it was obtained at the 4 mg⋅kg−1 application. As a result, an 8 mg⋅kg−1 dose of selenium could be recommended for jostaberry, and a 4 mg⋅kg−1 dose could be recommended for Red Lake.

Wolfberry, also known as goji berry or Lycium barbarum, is a highly valued fruit with significant health benefits and nutritional value. For more efficient and comprehensive usage of published L. barbarum genomic data, we established the Wolfberry database. The utility of the Wolfberry Genome Database (WGDB) is highlighted through the Genome browser, which enables the user to explore the L. barbarum genome, browse specific chromosomes, and access gene sequences. Gene annotation features provide comprehensive information about gene functions, locations, expression profiles, pathway involvement, protein domains, and regulatory transcription factors. The transcriptome feature allows the user to explore gene expression patterns using transcripts per kilobase million (TPM) and fragments per kilobase per million mapped reads (FPKM) metrics. The Metabolism pathway page provides insights into metabolic pathways and the involvement of the selected genes. In addition to the database content, we also introduce six analysis tools developed for the WGDB. These tools offer functionalities for gene function prediction, nucleotide and amino acid BLAST analysis, protein domain analysis, GO annotation, and gene expression pattern analysis. The WGDB is freely accessible at https://cosbi7.ee.ncku.edu.tw/Wolfberry/. Overall, WGDB serves as a valuable resource for researchers interested in the genomics and transcriptomics of L. barbarum. Its user-friendly web interface and comprehensive data facilitate the exploration of gene functions, regulatory mechanisms, and metabolic pathways, ultimately contributing to a deeper understanding of wolfberry and its potential applications in agronomy and nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: At the same location, variability among orchards may be high, which is reflected in fruit quality, and it may be associated mainly with growers' practices. This study aimed to identify physicochemical variability within pears (Pyrus communis L. cv 'Rocha') from three orchards from the same location and under the same climate conditions and correlate it with mineral composition. Methods: Fruits from three orchards harvested at the optimal harvest time were characterized during ripening under shelf-life conditions of 7 d at 20 ± 2 °C. The analyses performed included ethylene production, respiration rate, fruit quality (firmness, skin colour, soluble solids, and titratable acidity), macro and micronutrients, ethylene biosynthesis enzymes, esters, sugars, and organic acids. Principal component analysis was used to show the variability among fruits from the three orchards and to correlate the differences with the fruit mineral composition. Results: Phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were significantly correlated with esters and soluble solids content (r ∼ 0.4 for both minerals). Fruits with higher P and K concentrations were associated with a potential over-ripeness pattern considering their higher acetate production and lower sugar concentration. Esters, soluble sugars, and sorbitol were the dominant fruit quality factors responsible for the differences among the orchards. Conclusion: With this study it is expected that a better understanding of the relationship between specific minerals and quality parameters can help growers manage their orchards more efficiently and achieve consumers' quality demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aonla, commonly known as Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica), is a plant native to India with various therapeutic and dietary benefits. This review covers the taxonomical, morphological, and species-level classifications of aonla fruit, including its flower biology, maturation, harvesting, and yield metrics. It also discusses the nutritional, physico-chemical, and phytochemical characteristics and the total antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and mineral compositions of several aonla fruit cultivars. Additionally, the health benefits of aonla are reviewed, including its analgesic, antipyretic, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, ulcerogenic, chemo-protective, neuroprotective, free radical scavenging, hypoglycaemic, and immunogenic properties, which make it beneficial in the treatment and prevention of various illnesses. Further various forms of fruit extract are also considered to be beneficial for the improvement of plant and animal health. Overall, aonla is a valuable fruit with significant potential for use in improving human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study takes the fruit of Rosa roxburghii Tratt (RRT) as a fermentation substrate and carries out a quantitative visual analysis of the domestic and foreign literature on screenings of five different lactic acid bacteria to obtain a fermentation broth. Systemic anti-photoaging effects are analyzed at the biochemical, cellular, and molecular biological levels. DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities are used to verify the antioxidant capacity of the RRT fruit fermentation broth in vitro. Human embryonic skin fibroblasts (HESs) are used to establish a UVA damage model, and the antioxidant capacity of the RRT fruit fermentation broth is verified in terms of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant enzyme activity. RT-qPCR and ELISA are used to detect the expression of TGF-β/Smad, MMPs, and the MAPK/AP-1 and Nrf2/Keap-1 signaling pathways in order to explore the anti-oxidation and anti-photoaging effects of the RRT fruit fermentation broth by regulating different signaling pathways. The results show that an RRT fruit fermentation broth can effectively protect cells from oxidative stress caused by UVA and has significant anti-photoaging effects, with the co-cultured Lactobacillus Yogurt Starter LYS-20297 having the highest overall effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to characterize the species composition of fruit flies in South Wollo and North Wollo administrative zones of northeastern Ethiopia. Fruit flies were collected using two methods: rearing from infested mango, guava, and sweet orange fruits and trapping the adults with male lures and food-based attractants. Three fruit fly species were recovered from the fruits collected: Bactrocera dorsalis, Ceratitis cosyra, and Ceratitis capitata; in addition to these species, Ceratitis fasciventris was trapped. Bactrocera dorsalis was the most abundant species and accounted for 97.9 and 78.89% of the total trapped and emerged adults, respectively. The number of B. dorsalis and C. capitata showed a significant difference among trapping locations and attractants. The highest number of B. dorsalis was trapped with methyl eugenol at Kalu (722.2 flies per trap per week). Among the indigenous fruit fly species, C. capitata was higher at Habru which was guava and coffee-dominated habitat, whereas C. cosyra was relatively higher at Kobo which is mango dominated. More adults were trapped in male lure traps (97.03%) than in food-based attractants (2.97%). Hence, fruit fly management should focus on guava and mango crops which host all the fruit fly species, including the dominant B. dorsalis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]