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Stable Unbonded Fibre Reinforced Elastomeric Isolators (SU-FREI) have been investigated extensively for seismic applications, with over 20 years of literature supporting their use in isolation of structures as an alternative to conventional Steel Reinforced Elastomeric Isolators (SREI). Preliminary investigations have been conducted into their potential use as bridge bearings, where they could provide an alternative to unreinforced and steel reinforced elastomeric bearings. SU-FREI offer a number of potential advantages in this application relative to SREI, including compactness due to thinner reinforcement layers, ease of installation, rotational tolerances, and ease of manufacture. Recently, SU-FREI have been installed under certain highway bridges along the 407 ETR where the previous unreinforced elastomeric bearings had experienced failure. Monitoring has been conducted by Associated Engineering for the 407 ETR Corporation. Data was collected from this monitoring program and field visits have been conducted to observe the condition of the bearings. The original design process used for the SU-FREI bearings has also been reviewed. The monitoring data was compared against design calculations, and the behavior of the SU-FREI analysed to determine whether they meet performance expectations and are suitable for further use as bridge bearings. It was found that some SU-FREI had experienced degradation, including the appearance of an unidentified liquid. The causes of deterioration were investigated and postulated to be primarily related to design limitations imposed by the geometry of the bridges, original design calculation assumptions, and installation issues. Where these factors were not present, the SU-FREI bearings were found to have experienced little to no deterioration. Furthermore, it was determined through comparative design calculations that the FREI outperformed equivalent SREI with regard to rotational capacity. Recommendations have been developed for future deployment of SU-FREI as bridge bearings. Based on the results of initial deployments, larger-scale employment of SU-FREI in this application should be considered. Thesis Master of Applied Science (MASc) Concrete and steel bridges deform due to temperature changes, traffic motion, and other factors. To allow these deformations without inducing large forces or damage, bearings are employed between the bridge deck and supports. One type of bearing consists of alternating layers of rubber and steel: steel strengthens the bearing, while the rubber provides lateral and rotational flexibility. A relatively new type of bearing has been developed and tested that replaces the steel layers with carbon fibre. Recently, several of these new SU-FREI bearings have been installed on actual highway bridges. The focus of this thesis is on the performance of SU-FREI installed as bridge bearings. The goal was to observe their performance, identify any unexpected behavior, and create recommendations for future consideration whenever SU-FREI are to be used as bridge bearings. Generally, it was found that their performance is satisfactory provided they are designed and used appropriately.

International audience; This work focuses on the diluent influence on stable methane flames in a fused silica micro flow reactor (MFR). Experimental and numerical investigations are performed. The first part presents the method of performing experiments and extracting data from an MFR in order to increase the reliability of the experimental results necessary for subsequent numerical simulations. Those methods are applied to premixed stoichiometric methane flames diluted by nitrogen, argon, helium and xenon. Methods to point out the influence of mixture thermodynamic and transport properties influence is presented. A numerical study of the influence of diluent on stable flames is also undertaken to support the experimental observations difficult to realize in such micro-devices.

International audience

This paper presents the results of a numerical and experimental study aiming to define the vertical and horizontal stiffness of Fiber-Reinforced Elastomeric Isolators (FREIs). In FREIs, the conventional steel shims of laminated rubber bearings are replaced by flexible fiber reinforcements. The axial and lateral response of these bearings is influenced by the flexibility of these layers. This study describes results of an analytical model capable of providing an accurate estimation of the vertical and horizontal stiffness of the bearings under static and dynamic loads. Results of this analytical model are compared to output of finite element analysis (FEM) available in literature. The influence of the geometry of the isolator (i.e., strip and circular shape), its shape factor and type of reinforcement on the vertical and horizontal stiffness are discussed. Considerations are also given on the effects of the compressibility of the rubber on the axial and lateral response of the devices.

This paper investigates the possibility of improving the seismic performance of a small historical masonry church using fiber reinforced elastomeric isolators in bonded (BFREI) and unbonded (UFREI) applications. Detailed three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) models are used to characterize the behavior of the two types of FREIs. An Abaqus User Element (UEL) is developed to simulate the 3D behavior of FREIs for large scale seismic analyses of complex isolated structures. The results of cyclic shear analyses show that the proposed UEL model can accurately predict the FREIs behavior obtained through detailed 3D FE models. A series of non-linear dynamic analyses are performed to investigate the seismic response of a small historical masonry church in the original and base-isolated configurations employing both BFREIs and UFREIs. Numerical results show that the fixed-base model of the church experiences severe and widespread damage, while UFREIs are found to be effective in significantly reducing the damage level of the church when subjected to moderate-to-high seismic actions. Moreover, it can be observed that both the isolator types satisfy the maximum lateral displacement requirements reported in the literature.

The iab-8 transcript, expressed in the CNS, is essential in Drosophila for fertility in both sexes. After two unsuccessful attempts at generating a reporter line that could recapitulate the pattern of expression of the iab-8 RNA, our project became intertwined with a second project centered on a micropeptide that could be expressed from a version of the iab-8 RNA called msa. Using transfection in tissue culture cells and in vivo transgenic constructs, we characterized the presence of short open reading frames present in the two firsts exons of the iab-8 transcript acting as translational repressors for the micropeptide. Using what we learned, we generated a Gal4 reporter line that allowed for the characterization of the pattern of expression of the iab-8 RNA in different tissues at both the larval stage and in the adult. These findings led to numerous hypotheses about how the iab-8 RNA may function in reproduction in males and females.

Nowadays with the demand for high efficiency systems, there is growing development and application of micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS devices) which may generate more energy than the modern batteries. In this context, a new experimental device has been developed. It consists of a micro tubular reactor with a controlled external temperature profile. The high gas temperature allows auto-ignition of the mixture and the flame stabilization in reactors with inner diameter smaller than the ordinary quenching diameter. The temperature profile along the tube is measured continuously using an infrared camera while an EMCCD camera is used to collect the CH* emission from the flame. The present experimental study on fuel/air mixtures reacting in narrow channels has been undertaken to provide detailed information on flame combustion at micro-scale. Three kinds of flame behavior were observed: (i) bright and stable flames under high flow velocity, (ii) flames with repetitive extinction and ignition (FREI) in the middle flow rate range, and (iii) weak flames at low flow rates. The presence of oscillating transitional regimes was also investigated and a detailed analysis of the unstable regimes (determination of frequencies and characteristic times) was carried out. Three fuels were used, namely methane, ethylene, and acetylene. The effect of different parameters was investigated: inlet velocity, equivalence ratio, and reactor size. Numerical simulations were also conducted to study the ignition characteristics of unstable flames., Aujourd’hui, avec la demande de systèmes à haute efficacité, les microsystèmes électromécaniques (MEMS) ont connu un développement croissant, car ceux-ci peuvent générer plus d’énergie que les batteries modernes. Dans ce contexte,une étude expérimentale sur la dynamique de la combustion à microéchelle a été conduite. Un nouveau dispositif expérimental a été mis au point. Il se compose d’un microréacteur tubulaire avec un profil contrôlé de la température imposée sur sa face externe. La température élevée du gaz permet l’auto-allumage du mélange combustible circulant à l’intérieur de ce microréacteur et elle permet aussi la stabilisation de flammes dans des réacteurs de diamètre intérieur inférieur au diamètre de coincement. Le profil de température le long du tube est mesuré en continu par une caméra infrarouge, alors qu’une caméra EMCCD est utilisée pour enregistrer l’émission de CH* de la flamme. Cette étude expérimentale sur des mélanges carburant/air dans un réacteur de faible diamètre a été entreprise pour fournir des informations détaillées sur la combustion à microéchelle. Trois régimes de flamme ont été observés : (i) des flammes stables et lumineuses pour les écoulements à vitesse élevée, (ii) des flammes avec extinction et allumage répétitif (FREI) pour des débits de milieu de gamme, et (iii) des flammes faibles pour les écoulements à très faible vitesse. La présence de régimes transitoires oscillants a également été étudiée et une analyse détaillée des régimes instables (détermination des fréquences et des temps caractéristiques) a été réalisée. Trois combustibles ont été utilisés, c.-à-d., , le méthane, l’éthylène et l’acétylène. Les effets des différents paramètres ont été étudiés: la vitesse débitante, la richesse et la taille du réacteur. Des simulations numériques ont également été conduites pour étudier les caractéristiques d’allumage des flammes instables.

This article takes as its starting point an analysis of the theoretical component of the scientific programs conceived by Charles Bally, Albert Sechehaye and Henri Frei between 1900 and 1940. Our purpose is to point out and examine the homogeneity effect, possibly an identifying trait of the school, which comes to light when dealing with the expression category. This linguistic issue, which is treated by the three linguists from Geneva, brings to the fore some significant points of convergence, linked primarily to three common domains of representation : the status of psychology, the approach to affectivity and the ways in which the speaking subject may be envisaged. In the second part of the article, by bringing forward the notions of conformity and variation (Schlanger 2008), we discuss the links between these points of convergence and another common identifying trait, described as “ minimal Saussureanism” (Godel 1961 et Amacker 1975)., À partir d’une analyse de la composante théorique des productions scientifiques de Charles Bally, Albert Sechehaye et Henri Frei entre 1900 et 1940, nous nous proposons de relever et d’analyser l’effet d’homogénéité, possible trait identitaire de l’école, qui se dégage autour de la catégorie de l’expression (comportant deux volets, expressivité et exprimabilité). Cette problématique développée par les trois linguistes genevois permet d’identifier quelques points de convergence significatifs, liés principalement à trois domaines de représentation communs : le statut de la psychologie, l’approche de l’affectivité et les modes de représentation du sujet parlant. Dans la seconde partie de notre article, en évoquant les notions de conformité et de variation (Schlanger 2008), nous examinons les modes d’articulation entre ces points de convergence et un autre trait identitaire commun, qualifié de «saussurisme minimal » (Godel 1961 et Amacker 1975)., Neag Curea Anamaria. La problématique linguistique de l’expression à Genève entre 1900 et 1940 : Charles Bally, Albert Sechehaye et Henri Frei. In: Histoire Épistémologie Langage, tome 37, fascicule 2, 2015. "Faire école" en linguistique au XXe siècle : l'école de Genève. pp. 71-91.

International audience; Ce travail tend à révéler la partie mécanique du jeu de mots à travers des analyses linguistiques. Un regard normatif porté sur le jeu et son fonctionnement l’assimile à la faute de langue. Nous proposons un regard « matériel » sur le jeu de mots : un regard sur la langue. Nous pensons qu’en analysant le système langagier qui est structuré, les mécanismes contrevenant aux normes langagières sont systémiques et peuvent être catégorisés. En conceptualisant les procédés du jeu, l’article propose deux aspects vitaux du jeu de mots : l’être et le devenir. La matérialité du jeu qui est son être conditionne son devenir. Le détournement des « conditions » de l’être du jeu serait son inspiration ludique, sa raison d’être.

Norges kommuner utreder i disse dager mulighetene for kommunesammenslåing. Dette skjer gjennom den pågående kommunereformen, ledet av Kommunal og Moderniseringsdepartementet. Kommunesammenslåingen mellom Kristiansund og Frei i 2008 er denne oppgavens case. Den har blitt omtalt som eksempel på en vellykket sammenslåing. Denne sammenslåingen har også blitt benyttet til veiledning i utredningsprosessene av kommende kommunesammenslåinger i Møre og Romsdal. Kommunereformen har til dels klare mål for, og utredninger av, de nye kommunenes oppgaver og ansvar. Hvilke konsekvenser kommunesammenslåing kan få for kommunal planlegging og byutvikling er derimot per i dag i liten grad utredet. Gjennom denne oppgaven ønsker jeg derfor å undersøke i hvilken grad en konkret kommunesammenslåing har virket inn på arealplanleggingen, og hvordan denne forholder seg til nasjonale forventninger og føringer. Oppgaven behandler komplekse problemfokus som årsaker for byutvikling. Entydige konklusjoner blir dermed vanskelig å trekke. Den presenterer likevel et problemfokus som det også bør tas stilling til ved fremtidige kommunesammenslåinger. Sett opp mot nasjonale forventninger til fysisk planlegging, tyder denne oppgavens funn på at kommunesammenslåingen mellom Kristiansund og Frei har gitt en byutvikling som i mindre grad er i tråd med overordnede mål. Denne forståelsen er basert på flere aspekter ved sammenslåingen som presenteres i denne oppgaven. Kristiansund kommune fikk etter sammenslåingen med Frei et betydelig nytt areal for videre utvikling. Dette henger også sammen med bakgrunnen for sammenslåing. Kristiansund kommune opplevde før sammenslåingen et arealpress som ble ansett til å legge en demper på utvikling og vekst. Dette ble blant annet gitt utrykk for av næringslivet i kommunen. Fra Frei sin side ble det fremsatt ønsker om å ta del i bykommunens vekst og utvikling. Disse aspektene har samlet ført til en arealdisponering som i større grad preges av byspredning og dermed et økt behov for transport i kommunen. Denne forståelsen er basert på en stor oppsving i boligbyggingen i den tidligere distriktskommunen Frei. Innbyggerne i disse boligområdene er også i stor grad avhengige av Kristiansund by for arbeid og handel, noe som gir økt reiseavstand per innbygger i kommunen. Sammen med det faktum at bilbruk står svært sterkt i Kristiansund, gir dette en lite hensiktsmessig utvikling i henhold til mål og forventninger som ligger til planleggingen. Utviklingen i Kristiansund har skjedd uten en tilsvarende satsning på kollektivtransport og tilretteleggelse for sykkel og gange. Dette samsvarer med funn fra intervjuer og studier av relevante dokumenter og statistikk, som er gjennomført i denne oppgaven. Oppgavens funn viser til at kommunesammenslåingen har gitt en større grad av byspredning som anses å være en ufordelsmessig utvikling sett i lys av mål og føringer. Funnene anses å kunne være relevante også for kommende kommunesammenslåinger. Videre utredninger av kommunereformens konsekvenser for byutvikling er derfor ønsket. The possibilities of municipality mergers are in these days investigated by Norwegian municipalities. This happens through the ongoing municipalities form, led by the Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation. The merger between the municipalities Kristiansund and Frei, is this thesis case. This merger has been referred to as an example of success, and has been used to guide the evaluation processes of the upcoming municipality mergers in the county of Møre and Romsdal. The municipalities form has partly clear objectives for, and investigations of, the new municipal tasks and responsibilities. Currently, there has only to a limited extent, been investigations of the consequences a municipality merger may have on urban planning and development. This exercise is an examination of the consequences a specific municipality merger has affected land use planning. And how this relates to national expectations and guidelines for land use planning. The task processes complex aspects as reasons for urban development. Clear conclusions are therefore difficult to draw. This thesis still presents issues that also should be investigated in future municipal mergers. In light of national expectations for physical planning, this thesis finds that the municipal merger between Kristiansund and Frei has given a development that are less in line with the overall objectives. This understanding is based on several aspects of the merger presented in this thesis. Kristiansund municipality received through the merger with Frei, a significant new area for further development. Kristiansund municipality experienced before the merger a lack of space that was to impede development and growth. Frei municipality wanted to take part in the city’s growth and development. These aspects have collectively led to a land use that can be characterized by urban sprawl and thus a greater need for transport. Together with the fact that the car use seems to stand strong in Kristiansund, this provides a very appropriate development in accordance with goals and expectations to urban planning. The developments in Kristiansund has occurred without a corresponding investment in public transport and facilitation of cycling and walking. This is consistent with findings from interviews and studies of relevant documents and statistics, which are conducted in this task. The thesis findings are also considered relevant for future municipal mergers. Further studies of consequences of the municipal form on urban planning are therefore required. M-BYREG

Das Ziel des vorliegenden Aufsatzes war es, die semantische Leistung von frei in adjektivischen Wortbildungsprodukten auf -frei zu analysieren und zu beschreiben. Im Rahmen der durchgeführten Analyse wurden die semantischen Beziehungen innerhalb der morphologischen Struktur A-freies B untersucht und die semantischen Grundmuster in der Gruppe der adjektivischen Komposita auf -frei ermittelt. Aufgrund der Untersuchungsergebnisse konnte festgestellt werden, dass bei der überwiegenden Mehrheit der in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Lexeme die Konstituente frei weitgehend semantisch ‚verblasst‘ ist, so dass sie zum Status eines Suffixes tendiert. The aim of this article was to analyze and describe the semantic power of the German adjective frei in the products of adjective word formation ending with -frei. Through the semantic analysis carried out in this study it was possible to research into the semantic relations within the morphological structure A-freies B and to determine the basic semantic patterns in the group of adjectives ending with -frei. It could be found out that by the vast majority of the compound adjectives included in the study the adjective frei tends to the status of a suffix. Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00.

Temaet for oppgaven er Håkon den gode og slaget på Rastarkalv på Frei i Kristiansund kommune, Møre og Romsdal. Hovedmålet for oppgaven har vært å finne en forklaring på om gravrøysene kan være spor etter slaget og om årsaken til middelalderkirkens plassering. Jeg har også prøvd å finne mulig lokalisasjon for hvor Rastarkalv kan ha vært. I tillegg har også det å sammenholde ulike analyser og kilder vært en egen problemstilling, samt at metodeutviklingen har vært et mål med oppgaven. For å undersøke dette har jeg brukt visuell arkeologisk landskapsanalyse, norrøn sagalitteratur som beskriver slaget og reiseskildringer fra 1700- og 1800-tallet. I forbindelse med landskapsanalysen var jeg på befaring på Frei for å kartlegge alle kulturminnene, slik at jeg fikk et overblikk over hva som fantes og hvordan de så ut. Under befaringen vurderte jeg kulturminnenes plassering i landskapet ut fra landskapets utforming. I den norrøne sagalitteraturen oversatte jeg teksten og brukte den til å finne igjen elementer i landskapet ut i fra beskrivelsen av dem. På den måten kunne jeg til en viss grad undersøke hvordan landskapet kan ha vært på 1200-tallet. Jeg analyserte også reiseskildringene og deres beskrivelser av kulturminnene og landskapet, og satte de i sammenheng med hvordan landskapet er i dag. Jeg har gjort disse analysene hver for seg først, for deretter å sette de opp mot hverandre i en diskusjon for å kunne sammenligne dem. Resultatene av oppgaven viser at landskapsanalyse og reiseskildringer sammen kan gi en fyldigere og grundigere vurdering av kulturminnene. De tapte kulturminnene blir på den måten også en del av landskapsanalysen i tillegg til de som eksiterer i landskapet i vår samtid. Dette kan gi et mer helhetlig inntrykk av kulturminnene og hvordan de tolkes i forhold til sine plasseringer i landskapet. Resultatene viser også at det ikke er mulig å komme så langt med landskapsanalysen alene når det er mange tapte kulturminner og det er vanskeligheter med å fastslå sikre dateringer. Dermed utgjør reiseskildringene et godt supplement. Analysen av den norrøne sagalitteraturen og landskapet viser at kildene kan delvis brukes til å forstå landskapet på 1200-tallet. Det er noen flere usikkerhetsmomenter i disse kildene, siden de har blitt skrevet så lenge etter slaget og det var derfor vanskelig å tolke gjengivelsen av landskapselementene. De norrøne kildene kan delvis brukes til å forklare gravminnene etter slaget, men det vil kreves omfattende arkeologiske undersøkelser for å få et nærmere svar på om det faktisk har vært et slag på Frei. Resultatene av analysen viser videre at røysene på Freistranda har vært gravrøyser basert på funn som har blitt gjort på 1800-tallet. Opplysningen om disse funnene har jeg hentet fra reiseskildringene, så disse er også gode kilder til både eksisterende og tapt arkeologisk materiale. Denne informasjonen har vært avgjørende, sammen med beskrivelsene av røysene, for å antyde at det vi tolker som rydningsrøyser, opprinnelig kan ha vært gravrøyser. I forhold til kirkens plassering på Frei, fant jeg ut fra landskapsanalysen at den har fått sin plassering på grunn av nærhet til vei og gårdstun. Analysen kunne ikke brukes til å vurdere om det har vært en eldre trekirke her, og det kreves derfor arkeologiske undersøkelser for å finne ut mer om den, og for å stadfeste om det faktisk har stått en trekirke på kirkegården. Studien har bidratt til en synliggjøring av de tapte kulturminnene, og en avklaring av røysene på Freistranda. Den er også en introduksjon til en ny, tverrfaglig måte å tilnærme seg problemstillinger som både er knyttet til beretningene i sagalitteraturen, reisebeskrivelsene og analyse av landskapet.

Seismic isolation is a seismic design philosophy that aims to reduce the demand on structures as opposed to increasing their capacity to endure forces. Seismic isolation can be achieved by placing isolating bearings with relatively low stiffness compared to the structure itself beneath the superstructure. This low stiffness layer increases the structural period, shifting the structure into a period range of low seismic energy content. The objectives of this research were to investigate the dynamic properties, durability and limitations of stable unbonded fibre reinforced elastomeric isolator (SU-FREI) bearings. Vertical compression testing indicated the bearings possessed adequate vertical stiffness. Due to lack of bonding at the bearing interface surfaces rollover deformation was observed to occur during lateral cyclic testing. This response behaviour was found to result in advantageous effective lateral stiffness and damping properties. The bearings maintained stability during rollout testing while serviceability and fatigue testing both conformed to code specified test specimen adequacy limitations. Experimental shake table testing showed that the isolated structure behaved essentially as a rigid body during testing. Test results showed that a SU‐FREI isolation system significantly reduced the seismic demand on the structure. Modelling of the bearings dynamic properties was completed using a bilinear model and a backbone curve model. Both models showed adequate results in predicting experimental peak responses. A simplified design spectrum analysis was presented and used to model the structure in four Canadian cities. This design spectrum analysis approach showed adequate capabilities in predicting peak response values, such that the method could be used in preliminary analysis and design of isolated structures. Master of Applied Science (MASc)

La llamada Concertación (de partidos de centro izquierda) - con la que hizo un excelente gobierno Michelle Bachelet-, venía ganando todas las elecciones presidenciales en Chile, desde 1989. Por ello, su derrota el pasado 17 de enero (aunque por una leve diferencia de 4% de los votos depositados en la segunda vuelta), es un hecho digno de destacarse pues corrige cierta tendencia que venía publicitándose de nuevos gobiernos latinoamericanos hacia la izquierda y permite anunciar la existencia de una nueva derecha (moderada, inteligente y de cambio) así como un retroceso o cansancio de una izquierda en coalición con otros, que no tiene la misma fuerza de antes. Con elementos frescos (que asumimos del excelente analista político chileno Patricio Navia) podemos plantearnos dos preguntas y sus correspondientes respuestas sobre el caso. 1-2 neira@intercable.net.ve

Since the early 1960s, Chilean history has been characterised by the implementation of widely different political projects. Despite the ideological differences between them, these projects have shared a strong orientation towards modernity and odernisation. All of them have been focused on making Chile a ‘modern country’ in a relatively short period of time, based on different interpretations of what modernity is. These projects have been labelled the ‘Revolution in Liberty’ (1964-1970), he ‘Chilean Road to Socialism’ (1970-1973), he ‘Silent Revolution’ (1973-1990), and more recently ‘Growth with Equity’ (1990-2006). This study shows that these projects share key characteristics in their conception and implementation. They have all been based on modernising doctrines and economic development theories, and have focused on the state, technocracy, and state planning as the main motors for modernisation. As a result of their competition and interaction, these projects have left lasting legacies, which have crystallised into particularly stable patterns of modernity.