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This paper examines the decline of the fraternity of St. George in Nottingham between 1459 and 1546. It uses the guild's accounts in conjunction with Nottingham's rich surviving documentary materials to investigate the financial management of the fraternity by its officers. It argues that the officers were adept at negotiating shifting economic conditions by switching between various revenue streams. However, this adroit management did not stem the tide of membership decline. It discusses the role of religious reform in the guild's ultimate demise. It investigates why the decline in membership started long before any moves towards state-sponsored religious reform in the 1540s. It examines the impact of key individuals upon the guild's history. It argues that, for a more nuanced view of the decline of fraternal organizations in this period, a recognition of individuals' impact upon institutions needs to be incorporated into our understanding of institutions' influences upon the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Crítica y Resistencias: Revista de conflictos sociales latinoamericanos is the property of Fundacion El llano - Centro de Estudios Politicos y Sociales de America Latina (CEPSAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The institutional architecture for the provision of social health protection varies across countries, as do the actors and organizations involved. In some countries, mutual benefit societies and community‐based health insurance organizations (CBHI) play a role in this area. In the 1990s, these were promoted particularly as a means of extending social security coverage, especially in sub‐Saharan Africa. In the current context, the adoption of the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development, as well as renewed political will to realize universal coverage, has led to a questioning of the role of mutuals/CBHI. However, the literature on the roles they play in national social security systems remains limited. For this scoping review, 49 documents were analysed, covering 18 countries worldwide, focused on the delegation of functions to mutuals/CBHI in national social health protection systems. The results reveal the dynamics of the delegation of functions within social protection systems over time and their implementation processes. These provide areas for reflection that can inform policy processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ayer: Revista de Historia Contemporánea is the property of Asociacion de Historia Contemporanea and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We uncover fundamental dimensions of the process through which organizations embed the practice of fraternity through embarking on an organizational journey in the direction of the common good. Building on the latest encyclical of Pope Francis, Fratelli Tutti, about fraternal and social friendship, we offer insight into the understanding of what it means to become a fraternal organization and reflect on the key ethical and paradoxical challenges for organizations aiming at collectively contributing to the common good. We add to previous work by characterizing this journey as a process involving unique ethical challenges that emerge from the paradoxes associated with this process and how this might change the nature of the relationships between organizations and others within the organizational landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial presents the history and background of the research journal "Oracle: The Research Journal of the Association of Fraternity/Sorority Advisors." The journal's conceptualization began in 1997 with the Center for the Study of the College Fraternity. It mentions that Financial constraints and debates about its home delayed its development, but it eventually came to fruition in 2004 as a digital research journal.

Just as even the most personal of our narratives can ultimately be traced back to our communal pasts, so they are worked up, told, and retold through complex chains of sharing: Situated utterances, partial hearings, and fractured representations circulate meanings and interpretations through relays of retelling as social agents listen to and tell their own and each other's stories. Narrative political psychologists explore how the storied lives of political actors are both shaped by their historical and structured circumstances and reproduce their ongoing political agency. In such contexts, how do narrative political psychologists assess truth claims? Guided by a critical‐realist theoretical approach, the article sets out a series of considerations for the assessment of truth and facts. Three interrelated characteristics underpin the search for truth and meaning in political storytelling: responsibility, recognition, and representation, applied to the scientific community, research participants, and the broader polity, respectively. The article explores the ethical and practical implications of the three characteristics in the evaluation of truth claims across political narratives, highlighting both the quest for verifiable facts and the complexity and indeterminacy of the historical and cultural contexts in which truths emerge and are contested. Reference is made throughout to an empirical study of the narratives of members of a declining fraternal organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses articles in the issue on topics including inquiry regarding the college sorority and fraternity movement, fraternity men in their study felt dispossessed from hegemonic masculinity.

The purpose of this article is to shed additional light on the hopes, conflicts, and struggles of the Polish diaspora in the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries through an analysis of views on education, religious life, and fraternal organizations of the American Polonia presented in a popular weekly, the Wiarus, between the years 1886 and 1902. It is also to introduce Hieronim Derdowski--poet, journalist, and publisher--as a subject worthy of wider scholarly research and discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If we compare the social organization of factories in Japan and in the United States, then there is a discrepancy which can immediately be noted and continues to dominate and represents a large part of all the differences between the two systems. At any level of Japanese factory organization, at the time of the company for the rest of his remaining career. The company will not dismiss him even if only temporarily, except in the usual broad circumstances. He will not leave the company to work in another industry. He is a member of the company in such a way as to resemble membership in a family; fraternal organizations and members of personal and intimate groups in the United States. This lifelong commitment is well-proven because there are rarely exceptions, and the permanent relationship between workers and companies that imposes duties and responsibilities on both workers and employers differs from the employment practices and employee-company relations that exist in the United States. The difference between the two systems is of course not absolute, only a matter of level. The reluctance of workers to leave the company on the one hand and the reluctance of the company to lay off workers on the other, are constant factors in American relations; Japanese companies will lay off workers, and workers sometimes also leave work. However, the differences are quite large, and the consequences and implications will appear repeatedly throughout the description of this great Japanese factory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Partnerships are essential to creating effective global health leadership training programs. Global pandemics, including the HIV/AIDS pandemic, and more recently the COVID-19 pandemic, have tested the impact and stability of healthcare systems. Partnerships must be fostered to prepare the next generation of leaders to collaborate effectively and improve health globally. Objectives: We provide key matrices that predict success of partnerships in building global health leadership capacity. We highlight opportunities and challenges to building effective partnerships and provide recommendations to promote development of equitable and mutually beneficial partnerships. Findings: Critical elements for effective partnership when building global health leadership capacity include shared strategic vision, transparency and excellent communication, as well as intentional monitoring and evaluation of the partnership, not just the project or program. There must be recognition that partnerships can be unpredictable and unequal, especially if the end is not defined early on. Threats to equitable and effective partnerships include funding and co-funding disparities between partners from high-income and low-income countries, inequalities, unshared vision and priorities, skewed decision-making levels, and limited flexibility to minimize inequalities and make changes. Further, imbalances in power, privilege, position, income levels, and institutional resources create opportunities for exploitation of partners, particularly those in low-income countries, which widens the disparities and limits success and sustainability of partnerships. These challenges to effective partnering create the need for objective documentation of disparities at all stages, with key milestones to assess success and the environment to sustain the partnerships and their respective goals. Conclusions: Developing effective and sustainable partnerships requires a commitment to equality from the start by all partners and an understanding that there will be challenges that could derail otherwise well-intended partnerships. Guidelines and training on evaluation of partnerships exist and should be used, including generic indicators of equity, mutual benefit, and the added value of partnering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing attention is focusing on the creation of academic spaces in which students can engage with research and inquiry. This paper reports on the Geography Research Assistantship (GRA) module developed and implemented in Geography at Staffordshire University and reviews its contribution to student learning over the last decade. The GRA offers final year undergraduate students the opportunity to work as research assistants to members of staff and external collaborators. The experiences of students, staff and external collaborators involved in a range of research assistantships over the last ten years are reviewed and the main benefits, challenges and impacts of the initiative are analysed. The GRA engenders co-learning environments, characterized by engagement in the iterative practices of research and inquiry and the development of confidence, internal authority and self-authorship. Some students experience unease in adjusting to the liminal learning spaces inherent in the GRA and there are tensions in the exclusivity of the initiative. Evidence underscores the value of cultivating co-learning relationships and environments for mutual benefit and we encourage others to identify opportunities for adopting similar initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sickness funds information has given conflicting evidence on the evolution of morbidity during the mortality decline. Evidence on increased morbidity has been explained by an actual increase of morbidity, a cultural inflation of morbidity or changing institutional settings, however, morbidity rates have also been shown to be stable over time when age composition of members is controlled for. Most previous studies have been confined to data on men; however, in an earlier article, Castenbrandt found large gender differences in historical sick leave by using national statistics on both men and women. To move forward, this article aims to analyse trends in sickness claims during the mortality decline in the early twentieth century using individual level data from Swedish sickness funds covering the period 1898–1950. Concretely, we investigate gender differences in sickness claims (incidence and duration) and how institutional settings (member composition and fund-specific regulations) affected the sick leave patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using archival, archaeological, and oral historical evidence, I explore how Chinese men living at Stanford University's Arboretum Chinese Quarters navigated changing attitudes toward gender and race at the end of the nineteenth century. Artifacts helped prompt an intersubjective process of oral history and stories shared by descendants of Chinese employees at Stanford and other members of the local Chinese American community in California's San Francisco Bay Area. Based on these interviews and further research into documents and objects, I highlight two intertwined social spheres for the Chinese population at Stanford, including networks based on business, family, or fraternal organizations, and competitive games and athletics. I show how these men may have forged new ways to perform an emergent Chinese American masculinity by combining practices from both sides of the Pacific. Research conducted between 2016 and 2019 helped produce new senses of heritage for the Chinese American communities at Stanford and elsewhere in the Bay Area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Panhellenic Conference recognized 33 colleges and universities in the United States as having added a fraternity and sorority community between 2000 and 2015. Graduation rate data from these institutions were collected from before the addition of fraternal organizations, and from six years later. Graduation rates after the addition of fraternities and sororities (M = 57.00) were higher than before (M = 52.97), (t [32] = -4.42, p < .01). The results of this study suggest that the addition of a fraternity and sorority community can have a positive overall influence on student and institutional success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tensions between different relationship forms exist in every organisational setting. Catholic monasteries – as archetypical examples of voluntary total and greedy institutions – provide strategic cases of inquiry for understanding relational conflicts owing to the significance they assign to exclusively fraternal relations, resulting in explicit tensions regarding personal forms of relationships, such as friendship. Based on a multi-sited, qualitative case study of Cistercian monasteries in France, the present article pushes theorising on fraternal relations forward. Fraternal relations as a social form is membership-based and characterised by collectivism, egalitarianism and an imposed level of intimacy. In the monastic setting, it takes the form of prescribed impersonal love. The ideals of fraternal relations pose normative constraints for establishing friendship, but the ambition to minimise verbal interaction, perceived differences between members and the severe limits on joint, extra-organisational activities constitute additional constraints for friendship to form in monasteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This introduction to the volume on "The Fraternal Atlantic" places the eighteenth-century emergence of freemasonry within the context of the dynamic Atlantic world. It highlights three characteristics that persisted into the twentieth century: the importance of freemasonry to sociability across borders; the tensions within freemasonry between cosmopolitan fraternalism and the turbulent political waters of the modern era, often leading to exclusive practices; and the plasticity of freemasonry that facilitated local adaptations and resiliency. A focus on freemasonry and the fraternal Atlantic offers a bridge between the early modern and modern eras, from the Age of Revolutions to movements for international cooperation after the First World War. It likewise mitigates the tendency of Atlantic scholarship to compartmentalize into various sub-Atlantics, instead seeing the Atlantic world as a zone of interaction with broader global connections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Social participation benefits health. We assessed the relationship between self-reported visual impairment (VI) and glaucoma versus seniors’ social participation. Methods: Data from individuals aged ≥65 years responding to the Canadian Community Health Survey Healthy Aging 2008/2009 (n = 16,369) was analyzed. Participation in eight social activities by seniors with and without self-reported VI or glaucoma was compared. Results: Seniors with VI had significantly reduced participation (p<0.05) in sports/physical activities (18.0% vs. 33.6%), family/friendship activities outside the household (39.7% vs. 53.0%), service club/fraternal organization activities (11.4% vs. 18.4%), volunteer/charity work (13.4% vs. 24.9%), educational/cultural activities (16.2% vs. 24.5%), and other social recreational activities (21.6% vs. 31.0%) compared to those without VI. Differences in participation in church/religious activities (40.6% vs. 44.5%) and community/professional association activities (15.3% vs. 18.0%) were non-significant between seniors with and without VI. Seniors with glaucoma versus those without had significantly reduced participation (p<0.05) in family/friendship activities (46.6% vs. 52.9%), sports/physical activities (26.0% vs. 33.6%) and volunteer/charity work (20.4% vs. 24.9%). No participation in any social activity was significantly higher among seniors with VI versus those without (10.1% vs. 2.9%, p<0.05), but was similar among seniors with and without glaucoma (3.9% vs. 3.1%, p>0.05). After adjusting for the effects of age, sex, education, household income, ethnicity, job status and chronic diseases (adjusted odds ratio, aOR = 3.4 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.0–5.8), seniors with VI but no glaucoma were more likely not to engage in any social activities compared to seniors without VI and no glaucoma. Seniors with glaucoma but without VI had a similar level of non-participation (aOR = 0.9, 95%% CI 0.5–1.7). Conclusions: Significantly reduced social participation was found across six community activities among seniors with self-reported VI and in three activities among those with self-reported glaucoma. Policies and programs that help seniors with VI or glaucoma engage in social activities are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines digital news sharing between news consumers, often via social media, as a form of reciprocal exchange. Reciprocity is the informal exchange of goods and favors between people for mutual benefit and to maintain social cohesion. The study draws on seven focus groups of mobile news users of ages 18 to over 66 to explore the structure of news sharing and reciprocity, the values attached to shared news and the norms underpinning exchange behavior. Findings show that news reciprocity manifests in direct and indirect exchanges. The interviewees note that news sharing is neither haphazard nor casual. It involves strategic actions playing on implicit standards to optimize mutual offerings of news that are instrumentally and symbolically valuable. The data show that notions of reciprocity shape how often and in what form people share news with friends, for example, using chat apps to guarantee responses. Participants exchanged news items they felt would help the relationship prosper and thrive just as they avoided those that they thought would offend. Thus, the exchange of news becomes an element in the maintenance and development of social relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyse a different timing implementation of environmental regulation and compare the effects on the markets from a policy innovation perspective. The paper addresses the question: Should a regulator try to commit to a policy (ex-ante regulation) or rather adapt its policy to a firm's decisions (ex-post)? The findings are of interest towards improving regulatory effectiveness and economics efficiencies, e.g. for the transatlantic regional relationship between EU and USA. Our findings highlight differences in policy timing between markets may be harmful. The transatlantic regulators should consider the timing of the policy innovation for the achievement of mutual benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of our exploratory pilot study was to investigate the unofficial initiation rite of accepting novices in secondary school. We examined the prevalence of unofficial hazing, types and frequency of hazing activities and the attitudes toward hazing of students with different roles in hazing (targets, bystanders, and target‐bystanders) in a sample of 404 first‐year (secondary school) students. We found out that 79% of student‐novices were involved in unofficial hazing (43% of them involuntarily); that activities of subtle hazing prevail (in 72%), but there are activities of harassment and dangerous hazing present in 28%; and that targets and target‐bystanders have more positive feelings and attitudes toward hazing than bystanders do. Implications of the study findings are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of sexism exposure on gender related narratives was examined. Past literature reveals that individuals exposed to benevolent sexism recollect more memories of incompetence than when exposed to hostile sexism, (Dumont, Sarlet, & Dardeene, 2008); however, the authors examined the frequency of participants' memories rather than the narrative content and failed to examine relevant modifiers of the effect. The current study replicated and extended the work by Dumont and colleagues (2008). Participants (N=45, 45 female) were exposed to either benevolent, hostile, or no sexism and subsequently documented a gender relevant memory. Memories were coded for gender memory topic, presence of incompetence, meaning making, emotion, agency and communion. Participants were also scored on stigma consciousness and gender identity development. It was hypothesized that benevolent sexism would be more likely to elicit memories of incompetence than hostile and no sexism conditions and that stigma consciousness would moderate this effect. There was a significant interaction between sexism condition and stigma consciousness on the presence of incompetence and levels of meaning making in women's narrative memories. This finding suggests that both sexism type and individual interpretation can impact how sexism affects women's narrative memories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Radovi Zavod za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zaru is the property of Zavod za Povijesne Znanosti HAZU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the French colonial government in Indochina and the settler colonial nations of the United States, Australia, and Canada all engaged in the systematic removal of Indigenous and/or mixed-race children from their families. All four governments placed the children in institutions that were meant to sever ties to their home communities, re-educate and assimilate them, and then slot them into particular roles in the colonial social order. By comparing child removal programs in these four colonial contexts, we contend that diverse colonial administrations used child removal as a key strategy of governance to address various political and demographic problems. In the settler colonial nations, child removal functioned primarily as a means of eliminating Indigenous identities, cultures, and land claims. In Indochina, the French carried out child removal to create a French colonial elite that would reside permanently in the colony. This comparative approach reveals significant insight into colonial practices, including authorities' preoccupation with intimate family lives and children's upbringing, how officials and reformers turned to benevolent discourses to describe violent and coercive practices, how Indigenous women suffered from particular vilification, and how authorities removed Indigenous and/or mixed-race children to manage racial dynamics. The article particularly demonstrates the value of collaborative and comparative scholarship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discussion takes an evolutionary–cultural perspective in which (a) humans are inherently attracted to large figures (i.e., leaders, heroes), perceived as competent and benevolent entities; (b) the large figure's influence rests largely on evolutionary phylogenetic biases; (c) the large figure's effects are expressed through a mechanism designed to transmit cultural knowledge vertically. The suggested view sheds a different light on the psychological and cultural functions of myths about great leaders, and allows us to examine issues such as charisma and culture, the place of the leader in creating collective identity and transmission of cultural norms and practices. Research directions derived from the suggested approach are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on legal developments in marketing relative to the regulation of monopolistic methods. The author presents court cases related to the topic of price fixing, including United States Steel Corp. and National Steel Corp. v. Fraternal Association of Steelhaulers CCH (FASH), in which the court ruled that FASH had illegally interfered with the free flow of commerce, resulting in the restraint of trade. Other cases noted include United States v. American Radiator & Standard Sanitary Corp. and United States v. General Tire & Rubber Co.