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Abstract Somatic hypermutations (SHMs) in the variable region (VH) of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene are common in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Recently, IgH VH SHMs have become known as immunogenic neoantigens, but few studies have evaluated the prognostic impact of the frequency of VH SHMs in DLBCL. The BIOMED‐2 protocol is the gold standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for clonality analysis in lymphoid malignancies, but can produce false negatives due to the presence of IgH VH SHMs. To overcome this problem, three primer sets were designed for the three framework regions (FR1, FR2, and FR3). We evaluated the predictive value of this PCR pattern in patients with DLBCL. To evaluate the prognostic impact of complete detection of the clonal amplifications (VHFR1–JH, VHFR2–JH, and VHFR3–JH) in the BIOMED‐2 protocol, we retrospectively analyzed 301 DLBCL patients who were initially treated with anthracycline‐based immunochemotherapy. Complete detection of the FR1 to FR3 primer‐based IgH VH PCR patterns in the BIOMED‐2 protocol was associated with low frequency of VH SHMs (p

The upper mid-band – approximately from 7 to 24 GHz — has recently attracted considerable interest for new cellular services. This frequency range has vastly more spectrum than the highly congested bands below 7 GHz while offering more favorable propagation and coverage than the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies. In this regard, the upper mid-band has the potential to provide a powerful and complementary frequency range that balances coverage and capacity. Realizing cellular networks that exploit the full range of these bands, however, presents significant technical challenges. Most importantly, spectrum will likely need to be shared with incumbents including communication satellites, military RADAR, and radio astronomy. Also, the upper mid-band is simply a vast frequency range. Due to this wide bandwidth, combined with the directional nature of transmission and intermittent occupancy of incumbents, cellular systems will likely need to be agile to sense and intelligently use large spatial and frequency degrees of freedom. This paper attempts to provide an initial assessment of the feasibility and potential gains of such adaptive wideband cellular systems operating across the upper mid-band. The study includes: (1) a detailed ray tracing simulation to assess potential gains of multi-band systems in a representative dense urban environment and illustrate the value of a wideband system with dynamic frequency selectivity; (2) an evaluation of potential cross-interference between satellites and terrestrial cellular services and interference nulling to reduce that interference; and (3) design and evaluation of a compact multi-band antenna array structure. Leveraging these preliminary results, we identify potential future research directions to realize next-generation systems in these frequencies.

Over the past three decades, the energy industry has embraced the adoption of a new type of biodegradable oil. Presently, the prevailing international standard for its evaluation is IEEE C57.155–2014. Various working groups, including those within CIGRE A2.68, IEC, and industry manufacturers, have embarked on endeavors to explore new evidence and methodologies for assessing the accuracy and alternatives in detecting failures. These failures are often indicated by elevated levels of seven gases: Hydrogen, Ethane, Acetylene, Methane, Ethylene, Carbon Monoxide, and Carbon Dioxide. Consequently, instances of high oil temperatures have been observed during the optimization of dimensions near hot-spot limits, particularly in renewable energy applications. This research article presents an in-depth analysis of a substantial database comprising 2834 units, aimed at establishing new thresholds for dissolved gas analysis applied to biodegradable oil in photovoltaic solar plants. The developed methodology successfully identified 844 oil samples in poor condition, 332 samples exhibiting one or more failure modes without fault or disconnection, and 1658 units in good condition. Validation of the instrumentation was conducted on 87 transformers through internal inspection, verifying the classification according to the new methodology for evaluating relevant variables and limits of gases through Gaussian distribution and seven algorithms. This validation aimed to enable early detection of failures and establish a health index, achieving an accuracy rate of 90.8 % with support vector machine, 97.6 % with random forest, and 98.3 % with XGBoost. Future research directions should consider evaluating viscosity as a factor in assessing the quality and degradation of transformers utilizing biodegradable oil.

The β‐hairpin conformation is regarded as an important basic motif to form and regulate protein–protein interactions. Single‐domain VHH antibodies are potential therapeutic and diagnostic tools, and the third complementarity‐determining regions of the heavy chains (CDR3s) of these antibodies are critical for antigen recognition. Although the sequences and conformations of the CDR3s are diverse, CDR3s sometimes adopt β‐hairpin conformations. However, characteristic features and interaction mechanisms of β‐hairpin CDR3s remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the molecular recognition of the anti‐HigB2 VHH antibody Nb8, which has a CDR3 that forms a β‐hairpin conformation. The interaction was analyzed by evaluation of alanine‐scanning mutants, molecular dynamics simulations, and hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. These experiments demonstrated that positions 93 and 94 (Chothia numbering) in framework region 3, which is right outside CDR3 by definition, play pivotal roles in maintaining structural stability and binding properties of Nb8. These findings will facilitate the design and optimization of single‐domain antibodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The β-hairpin conformation is regarded as an important basic motif to form and regulate protein-protein interactions. Single-domain V H H antibodies are potential therapeutic and diagnostic tools, and the third complementarity-determining regions of the heavy chains (CDR3s) of these antibodies are critical for antigen recognition. Although the sequences and conformations of the CDR3s are diverse, CDR3s sometimes adopt β-hairpin conformations. However, characteristic features and interaction mechanisms of β-hairpin CDR3s remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the molecular recognition of the anti-HigB2 V H H antibody Nb8, which has a CDR3 that forms a β-hairpin conformation. The interaction was analyzed by evaluation of alanine-scanning mutants, molecular dynamics simulations, and hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. These experiments demonstrated that positions 93 and 94 (Chothia numbering) in framework region 3, which is right outside CDR3 by definition, play pivotal roles in maintaining structural stability and binding properties of Nb8. These findings will facilitate the design and optimization of single-domain antibodies., (© 2023 The Authors. Protein Science published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Protein Society.)

This paper reported the experimental result of breakdown voltage characteristics of Refined, Bleach and Deodorized Palm Olein (RBDP Olein) with 10-50% of Envirotemp FR3mixture. The experiment was conducted at temperature of 40°C to 100°C under quasi-uniform electric field of AC applied voltage. In addition, the dissipation factor, water content, and the chemical compositions of the oil mixture were also investigated. Experimental result for RBDP Olein/FR3 mixtures revealed the increase trend of breakdown voltage with the increasing of FR3 ratio. All the breakdown voltage of RBDP Olein/FR3 mixtures are fulfill the IEC 156 standard which is greater than 30kV. The result of dissipation factor shows the increment trend for the RBDP Olein with ascending ratio of FR3 mixture. Analysis of chemical composition of RBDP Olein/FR3 mixtures shows the decrease of palmitic acid and significant increment of linoleic acid and linoleic acid. Gas Chromatography result also reveals the presence of BHT which is antioxidant additives in FR3 liquid. The water content in RBDP Olein/FR3 mixtures shows the decrease trend with the increase of FR3 ratio that yield to higher breakdown voltage of the oil mixture. The antioxidant presence in FR3 might be affecting the result of water content in this experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]