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The optical imagery at high spatial resolution to monitoring and observation of faba bean crop growth obtained from The Sentinel-2 sensor during November 2021 to February 2022 (daytime) were used. Thirteen bands of multispectral data covering the visible, near-infrared, and short wave infrared portions of the spectrum using to monitor land cover change for environmental monitoring. A surface emissivity calculation is the first step of land surface temperature observation and finding the agricultural indices of faba bean crop. The emissivity per pixel was obtained directly from Sentinel-2 sensor data. Natural surfaces at the resolution of 30 m are heterogeneous and they differ from each other in their emissivity. In the present study, surface emissivity was evaluated by analysis of NDVI, NDMI, SWIR, NDWI, Agriculture Composite, and SAVI of vegetation cover per pixel, and the maximum values of climatic indices such as sunshine duration, relative humidity, long, short wave radiation, ultraviolet radiation direct, diffuse radiation, soil temperature, FAO reference evapotranspiration (Eto. The results showed the monthly composite pictures which produced using to generate correct crop growth findings by comparing band reflectance values, vegetation indices, and environmental indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aimed to develop and evaluate the raised bed machine to suit faba bean planting with local materials. Metering plates were designed with different shapes index and slots shapes suitable for faba bean planting and tested at the Department of Agriculture Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Egypt. The raised bed machine was tested and evaluated under three different forward speeds (2, 3.5, and 4.5 km/h), and three different planting distances (D1, D2, and D3 were 15, 20, and 25 cm). The results indicated that the lowest percentage of missing hills, seed damage, germination ratio, and dispersion ratio were 1.4%,1.2%, 97.57%, and 8.5% at a forward speed of 2km/h and planting distance of 15 cm. The highest value of the actual field capacity, the lowest value of specific energy, and the lowest value of operating costs were 1.25 fed/h, 11. 66kW.h/fed, and 280 L.E./faddan (4,200 m²), respectively for first metering plate (TPU Materials, Hole Length 19mm, Hole Width15mm, Slot Shape Ellipse and Shape Index1.76. Linear regression analysis were performed to predict the operating parameters for the raised bed machine the machine at different forward speeds during different planting distances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modelling by Finite Element Method (FEM) and fatigue assessment of the single-screw of a press for obtaining fish oil through Solidworks software. Fish oil is a dietary supplement resulting from the tissues of fatty fish, such as salmon, mackerel, herring, and other different types of fish. It is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, and this oil is extracted using an extrusion machine. The objective of this study is to design and analyze extruder parts by finite element analysis at the Department of Agricultural Engineering - Faculty of Agriculture, Egypt. The functional parts of the machine include a feeder, nozzle (barrel), filter mesh, pressure chambers 1 and 2, screw axis, and finally a waste outlet. As for finite element analysis, 9 indicators were studied such as Von Mises, yield strength, INT (stress intensity), TRI (triaxle stress), static displacements, RFRES (resultant reaction), ESTRN (equivalent strain), SEDENS (strain energy density, and ENERGY (total strain energy), and the results for screw axle were (3.12e+07 N/m², 1.72e+08 N/m², 3.60e+07 N/m², 3.71e+07 N/m², 3.17e-02 mm, 1.91e+02N, 1.08e-04,1.41e+03 N.m/m³, 4.41e-15 N.m) when applied 100 N as a torque load, this axle can press 5 times the added weight of fish waste. Also, for screw axis, the results of fatigue indices such as load factor and biaxiality were (7.72e+08, and 9.34e-01) respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiments were conducted at Agricultural Engineering Department Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture Al-Azhar University, Assiut Governorate during 29th of July to 15th of November 2022, in order to develop and manufacture a small unit for producing high quality black honey depends on heating and vacuum system. Also, to determine the optimum treatment forsafe method taken into consideration the environmental impact and evaluate changes in black honeyquality during cooking. This unit consisting of pan vessel, heater, compressor, condenser, rectifier, vessel receiver oil and smart control system. The experimental treatments for black honey cooking unit were tested on three heating temperatures different at 200, 350 and 500 ℃ and four vacuum levels at 150, 300, 450 and 600 mbar and atmospheric pressure. The results shows a decreasing of cooking time at vacuum pressure less than from atmospheric pressure. At vacuum pressure samples, cooking time ranged from 30 to 172 minutes. The highest cooking time was (177, 77and 40 minutes) recorded with atmospheric pressure at different heating temperatures (200, 350 and 500℃), respectively. The lowest cooking time was (155, 64and 30 minutes) recorded with vacuum pressure (-600 mbar) with different heating temperature (200, 350 and 500℃), respectively. The data shows an increasing of evaporation rate of water from sugar cane juice at vacuum pressure more than from atmospheric pressure. At vacuum pressure samples, evaporation rate ranged from 4.53to 26 gH2O/min. The lowest evaporation rate was (4.41, 10.13 and 19.50 gH2O/min) recorded with atmospheric pressure at different heating temperatures (200, 350 and 500℃), respectively. The highest evaporation rate was (5.03, 12.19 and 26 gH2O/min) recorded with vacuum pressure (-600 mbar) with different heating temperature (200, 350 and 500℃), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this research study is the use of 3D printing to manufacture of a metering plates with different materials and slots shapes for the planting of faba beans. Also, testing the manufactured metering plates by the finite element, fatigue, and topology optimization. Metering plates were designed and tested at department of agriculture engineering, faculty of agriculture, Tanta university, Egypt. through 2022. the maximum values of finite element indices such as von mesies, yield strength, INT (stress intensity), TRI (triaxle stress), ERR (energy norm error), static displacements, RFRES (resultant reaction force), ESTRN (equivalent strain), SEDENS (strain energy density), and ENERGY (total strain energy) were (9.72e+05, 4.04e+06, 8.53e+05, 3.87e+06, 1.00e-16, 1.58e-02, 3.40e-02, 1.52e-4, 8.27e+01, and 4.72e-07) respectively. Also, the minimum values for same indices were (2.54e+04, 7.89e+05, 1.33e+04, 4.71e+03, 1.00e-16, 2.84e-5, 9.19e-03, 1.04e07, 5.06e-07, and 7.88e-08) respectively, with different shapes index of first, second, third, and fourth metering plates were (1.76, 1.78, 3.01, and 1.65) respectively. And for fatigue analysis results, damage, load factor, total cycles, and stress amplitude were (3.36e+05, 5.32e+06, 1.39e+06, and 1.60e+00) respectively. Also, the minimum values for same indices were (2.92e+00, 2.26e-07, 2,21e+04, and 8.26e+00) respectively. And for topology optimization analysis results, the maximum values of topology optimization indices such as best stiffness, and displacement were (4.82e-02, and 3.90e-10) respectively. Also, the minimum values for same indices were (7.97e-2, and 2.61e-06) respectively, and the maximum efficiency of the metering plate was 98% for the first metering plate with TPU material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to study of the correlation between RGB colour indicators and lead concentration in leafy plants. Cabbage and lettuce crops were watered with 3 levels of Lead Pb-contaminated (2.4 and 6 mg/lit). To distinguish the heavy metal contamination and their impact on vegetative characteristics for plants, the results showed with the levels of poisoning (0,2,4, and 6 mg/lit) showed the maximum value of Hue and vegetative were 0.76. and 0.032, also showed the minimum value for the same indices were 2.15 and 1.51. Also with the levels of poisoning (0,2,4, and 6mg/lit) showed the maximum value of simple red-green ratio and Green-red vegetation index was 1.61. and 0.23, also showed the minimum value for the same indices were 1.28 and 0.12. for Cabbage crops while for lettuce the results showed with the levels of poisoning (0, 2, 4, and 6 mg/lit) showed the maximum value of Hue and vegetative were 0.71. and 0.027, also showed the minimum value for the same indices were 0.41 and 0.024. Also with the levels of poisoning (0,2,4, and 6 mg/lit) showed the maximum value of simple red-green ratio and Green-red vegetation index was 1.65. and 0.43, also showed the minimum value for the same indices were 1.6 and 0.2. Linear regression analysis was performed on the equations to predict the monitoring Hue and vegetative and simple red-green ratio and Green-red vegetation index The red, green, blue band and intensity, the simple blue-green ratio addition to visible atmospherically resistant index simple green leaf and normalized greenblue difference index The RGB-based vegetation index 2 and RGB-based vegetation index 3 at different poisoning levels. The existence of a strong relationship between them and contains a high coefficient of determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study demonstrated the possibility of using the digital image model and Detect The RGB Colour Vegetation Indicators for Cabbage and Lettuce Crop under nitrogen deficiency and water deficiency. For cabbage, the results show the relationship between the vegetation indicators based on colour indicators and the different fertilization levels of cabbage crops, which were at level (50 ETC), indicating that the Hue index and vegetative reached their heights indicators in the fourth level of fertilization (150%) respectively, which amounted to 2.23 and 2.03. While their minimum indicators were the third level of fertilization and amounted to 2.10 and 0.64 respectively. For Lettuce, the results demonstrated the correlation between the color indicators and the fertilization level (0%), which was at level (100% ETC), during the third stage of irrigation. The simple red-green ratio, green-red vegetation index, and visible atmospherically resistant index all reached their maximum indicators on irrigation, amounting to 0.9, 0.84, and 1.07 respectively, while the simple blue-green ratio, green leaf was increasing until it reached 0.22, 0.73, then followed by the normalized green-blue difference whose maximum indicator reached 0.67 in the same period. As a result of irrigation, the RGB-based vegetation indexes 2 and 3 attained their maximum indicators, which were 5.56 and 6.74, respectively. After watering, the Hue index and vegetative indicators attained their respective peak values of 2.23 and 2.81. While their minimum markers were 2.16 and 2, respectively, before irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was the possibility of using infrared thermography IR to detect and continuously monitor for lettuce plants growing conditions. Also, discernment plants stresses under the shortage of nitrogen and irrigation water. The results showed for Lettuce plants, At the level of fertilization (0%), the maximum values of lettuce the lowest values for MTD maximum temperature difference, and normalized relative canopy temperature NRCT were 0.673 and 0.1 °C at irrigation systems ETC 100% and ETC 50% and nitrogen fertilization systems at 0% level.. And ETC 50% and systems and nitrogen fertilization level 100%. In the fourth level of fertilization (150%), the maximum value of leaf temperature was 24, 23, 22.5, and 23 °C and NRCT was 5.5 and 3.5 °C, and the lowest values for MTD and NRCT were 0.82, 0.28 °C, and 0.018 °C at 0.018 °C. Irrigation ETC 100% and ETC 50% and systems and nitrogen fertilization standard 150%. Also crop water stress index increased from 0.18. at the initial stage to 0.4. and at rapid stage, mid-season stage, and late season stage increased from 0.28 to 0.45, from 0.3 to 0.5, and from 0.31 to 0.59 respectively at constant irrigation level (0%) and the fertilization level from 0 % to 100%, also the index of stomatal conductance with the same trend the crop water stress index increased from 0.51. at the initial stage to 1.26. and at rapid stage, mid-season stage, and late season stage increased from 0.36 to 2.14, from 0.93 to 3.52, and from 0.95 to 5.52 respectively at constant irrigation level (0%) and the fertilization level from 0 % to 50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was the possibility of using IR images to detect lead toxicity for Cabbage and lettuce crops. Lead Pb-contaminated were watered with 3 levels of (2, 4,and 6 mg/lit). To distinguish the heavy metal contamination and their impact on vegetative characteristics. For plants, the results showed a poisoning level (2mg/liter). The maximum MTD and NRCT values were 6.3 and 4, respectively. The lowest values under the same level of poisoning were 0.89 and 0.01. The greatest MTD and NRCT values at the poisoning level (4 mg/liter) were 5.3 and 2.5, respectively. The lowest values at the same level of poisoning were 0.19 and 0.07. Additionally, at the same time period with the same poisoning level (6 mg/liter), the maximum values for MTD and NRCT were 5.8 and 0.24, and the lowest values were 1.5 and 0.1. C. For lettuce plants, at a toxic dose of 2 mg/liter. The MTD and NRCT values ranged from 6.2 and 1.5 to 0.2 and 0.09 at the same amount of poisoning, respectively. Intoxication (4 mg/liter). In poisoning level (4mg/liter) the highest values for MTD and NRCT were 3.2 and 1.87 also the minimum value in the same level of poisoning were 0.2 and 0.08. And in the same period with poisoning level (6mg/liter) the highest values for MTD and NRCT were 2.88 and 1.55 also the minimum value in the same level of poisoning were 0.22 and 0.05. Linear regression analysis was performed to predict MTD and NRCT at different days were done . The maximum value of cabbage temperature of air, soil, canopy, and leaf was 35, 30, 27, and 23 °C, also showed the minimum value for the same indices were 17.4, 16.2, 15.5 and 14.5 °C, in poisoning level (2mg/liter). In poisoning level (4mg/liter) the maximum value of cabbage temperature of air, soil, canopy, and leaf were 40, 35, 28, and 31 C, also showed the minimum value for the same indices were 14, 15, 16. and 17.9 °C. While the maximum value of lettuce temperature of air, soil, canopy, and leaf was 33.6, 30.6, 28.6, and 26 °C, also showed the minimum value for the same indices were 18.9, 17.8, 15.4 and 13.6 °C, in poisoning level (2mg/liter). In poisoning level (4mg/liter) the maximum value of Lettuce temperature of air, soil, canopy, and leaf were 40, 32.7, 28.6, and 26 °C, also showed the minimum value for the same indices were 24, 21, 18. and 13.7 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was conducted on the farm of the agricultural research station, Agricultural Research Center, Tripoli, Libya (latitude of 32° 12' 25" and longitude of 13° 62' 16") during the season of 2021-2022. Cabbage and lettuce crops were planted at greenhouse condition in November 2021. The objective of this study was using alternate representations of infrared thermography IR to detect the vegetative indicators addition to continuously monitor cabbage and lettuce plants growing conditions for discrimination plants stresses under the shortage of nitrogen and irrigation water, using four levels of nitrogen fertilization (0, 50, 100 and 150% of Nitrogen recommended). Also four levels of water regime (50%, 75%, 100% and 125% of ETc) . The leaf-to-air temperature difference (ΔT), The relationship between the temperature of the canopy (Tc) and temperature of soil (Ts), pair is best suited to find the plant under water stress. Water stress index (CWSI) and stomatal conductance index (Ig) using various reference and non-reference thresholding techniques were tested. In this research a thermal imaging system was used to measure the leaf-temperature changes of several crops according to plant stresses. Results showed by applying 100% fertilization and 100% ETc to cabbage. The heat stress was the highest as MTD, maximum temperature difference, normalized relative canopy temperature were 8 and 0.32 C when the water stress as CWSI, IG index of stomatal conductance were 0.5 and 4.15 for cabbage in100% ETC and 150%F. Finally, possibility of using infrared thermography for detailed and continuous monitoring showed its ability to distinguish and show the thermal and water stress of plants under nitrogen and water deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The locally manufactured small-scale agricultural machinery in Egypt has recently acquired high importance in order to localize technology and innovation at the farm level. This study aims to design a cost-effective multi-seed planting raisedbed machine to rationalize water use and enhance land productivity in the Nile Delta of Egypt. The small farmers will adopt this technique to enable water, energy, seeds, and effort saving. The design of the machine went through a systematic process of tests to ensure that the design fit for purpose considering a set of design criteria such as soil type, crop type, and varieties as well as seeds size, planting rates, roads networks, farm sizes, cost-effectiveness, and available existing traction forces. The analyses using SolidWorks, a solid modelling computer-aided design and engineering application program, and Ansys simulation software were carried out to the loads and stresses subjected to different parts of the machine in order to identify the proper thickness and materials to manufacture the machine. Based on the stress and strain analysis, the machine structure and its components were designed. The main components of the machine include the main skeleton, seed drill box, planter seed box, feeding chambers, and cells as well as a feeding tube, gearbox, ditchers, ground-driving wheel and transmission mechanism, and mounting triangle. After building the machine components, various investigations were performed by subjecting the used materials to ascending loads to analyze shearing force, normal stress, shear stress, strain, and strength analysis in a micro meshes scale in all machine components. These tests enabled the identification of deformations, equivalent elastic strain, and Safety factor on different machine parts. The simulated values of the machine's parts in thicknesses and dimensions were in good correspondence and consistency with the actual design values. The model showed that the boundary conditions were accurate and rational, and it would provide a scientific basis for the optimum design of the raisedbed machine under multiple and interlinked loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate different time-dependent drying and moisture content under different infrared (IR) and hot-air drying levels and product quality. In this experiment it was used a hybrid drying system to minimize energy consumption during the drying operation and to reduce environmental impact by reducing product loss in wastes. Three different levels of sweet potato slices thickness (1, 3, 5 mm), were pre-treated by dipping into a solution of 0.5 % sodium meta-bisulphite and 1% citric acid for 30 min. Four different levels of infrared radiation (0.861, 0.973, 1.039 and 1.161 kW.m-2) and three different levels of air-drying temperature (45, 55 and 65°C) were using. The changes in moisture content during the drying process with a constant air velocity of 1.2 m. s-1 were noticed. The moisture content decreased with drying time. To obtain the desired moisture content from (6.92% to 7.52%), the drying time for 1mm and 0.861 kW.m-2 was 165,150 and 105 min while for 5mm and 1.161 kW.m-2 was 330, 270 and 240 min at 45, 55 and 65 °C, respectively. The total energy consumption decreased from 14.685 kW. h to 5.72 kW. h as the radiation intensity increased from (0.861 to 1.161 kW.m-2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to determine the carbon footprint of poultry farms. Breeder farms were included in the study. The fuel and electricity bills from farm, house size and age, flock size and number of flocks per year, and manure management were all collected. The methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide equivalent emissions were calculated, as well as the effect of these gases on breeder farms productivity, as well as determining the carbon footprint of breeder farms to reduce the negative effects of greenhouse gas emissions. In addition to providing necessary information on breeder's chicken performance and advising poultry farmers on the relative merits of different climatic conditions to help set standards for different production traits. The experiments were conducted of closed farms in the city of Mansoura during the period from May 2019 to December 2021 and the capacity of the farm was 43,300 breeders' chickens. The results showed that the amount of methane gas produced from the farm was 1.76 ton ch4 yr-1 and nitrous oxide gas was 0.13 ton n2o yr-1 for manure management. Thus, the total emissions of manure management are estimated at 81.65 tons of co2-eq. The amount of greenhouse gas emissions for diesel is 5.23 tons of co2-eq. The amount of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) for the electricity used in the farm is 0.15 tons of co2-eq. In the end, the total amount of emissions produced from the farm is 87.04 tons of co2-eq. In the end, the total amount of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions generated from Egypt's farms is 271.8 (kiloton co2-eq). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study discussed the effect of application optimum operational conditions for fine bubbles aeration of 0.554 m³.h-1 air flow rate, tube depths from water surface of 0.7 m, tube inner diameter of 11 mm, circular design shape at aquaculture greenhouse for rearing Nile Tilapia and compared with traditional water change system in three replicates for every treatment. Water change ratios were 10 and 30% for fine bubbles and traditional water change method, respectively. The experiment period were 8 weeks until reach commercial size. The water quality indicators were: Dissolved oxygen (DO), Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), Temperature, Total dissolved solids (TDS), pH. Also, the Fish growth indicators were: Weight gain, Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and survival rate, Specific growth rate (SGR). The best FCR value was 1.181 and obtained at the seventh week for fine bubbles aeration. The maximum SGR value was 1.96 which obtained at the seventh week for fine bubbles aeration, while the minimum value was 0.86 obtained at the fifth week for water change method. The maximum mean value for dissolved oxygen was 91% of saturation obtained at fine bubbles aeration method. Also, the minimum mean value for total ammonia nitrogen was 0.32 mg/l obtained at fine bubbles aeration method. The minimum and maximum mean values for total dissolved solids (TDS) in fine bubbles treatment were 1.610 and 1.7 mg/l, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the impact of applying the optimum operating condition for fine bubbles aeration of 0.554 m3.h-1 air flow rate, tube depths from the water surface of 0.7 m, tube inner diameter of 11 mm, and circular design shape at aquaculture greenhouse for rearing Nile Tilapia and compared with conventional water change system in three replicates for every treatment. For the classic water change method and fine bubbles, the corresponding water change ratios were 10 and 30, respectively. Before reaching commercial size, the experiment lasted for 8 weeks. Biological indicators estimated for blood, blood bio-chemical, digestive enzymes, anti-oxidant enzymes and serum bio-chemical parameters. Aeration method has a significant effect on red blood cells (Rbcs) where P value was 0.033. Also, a significant effect obtained on hemoglobin content (HB) where P value is 0.04. fine bubbles aeration has highest value of total protein by 4.93 g/dl compared with 4.46 g/dl for water change treatment. Amylas mean values were 21.047 and 12.307 U/L for fine bubbles aeration and water change treatment, respectively. mean values for SOD were 8.87 and 8.187 U/gm, CAT were 10.617 and 10.367 U/gm and MDA mean values were 12.93 and 18.367 nmol/g for fine bubbles aeration and water change treatment, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The difference in some dimensions of the seeds prevents the optimal determination of the dimensions and shape of the holes in the feeding device, which reduces the efficiency of seed distribution during planting. The design and building of metering plates suitable for the faba bean seeds from material that is affordable and appropriate for the environmental and operational conditions during their onset on the land to cultivate the crop and enhance productivity. The plates were built by 3D printing by Tanta Motors - Egypt and tested at the Department of Agricultural Engineering - Faculty of Agriculture, Egypt. This research study was conducted for the design and development of plates. The discs were designed and built through a series of processes that were defined and plotted in proportion to the main dimensions and shape index of the seed. The materials analysis was tested by (Solidworks). Changes in materials (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene-Polyamide Nylon and Thermoplastic polyurethane) and shape index 1.7674 and 1.8782 were tested at Stress, displacement, Strain analysis, mesh, Deformation, and plate safety factor. Moreover, the simulation results indicated that the computational values were in agreement with the theoretical values. They all showed that the model and boundary conditions were correct and logical, and would provide a scientific basis for the optimal design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aimed to design, simulate, analyze stresses then manufacture a rice transplanting machine with local materials suitable for small rice holdings. The machine was designed and the stresses were simulated by Solidworks software to ensure the integrity of the design before manufacturing themachine. The transplanting machine consists of several parts, the most important of which are: Main frame, seedlings mat, and power transmission system. The main frame and the seedlings mat were designed and stresses affecting it were simulated in order to make sure that the design is suitable for the loads placed on them. The power transmission system is one of the most important parts in the rice transplanting machine. It contains important three unit of shafts namely: the intermediate reduction unit shaft, the transplanting unit shaft, and the wheel axle unit shaft. The sprockets and rotation speed of power transmission system were determined and synchronized to achieve the desired forward speed of 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, and 1.75 km h-1 and achieve the recommended hill spacing of 16, 18, 20, and 22 cm. Also, the diameters of the transmission shafts were calculated based on the torsional moments exposed to them and the stresses on shafts were analyzed and simulated. The design results concluded that the shafts diameters were 25, 20 and 40 mm and the maximum von Mises stress recorded 6.75e+001,4.34e+001and 5.39e+001 MPa for the intermediate reduction unit shaft, the transplanting unit shaft, and the wheel axle unit shaft, respectively. From simulation results, it was concluded that this parts will not fail under the given stresses and the parts will not carry out any significant deformations according to the applied loading conditions then the machine was manufactured based on these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research to determine of color properties of seed related to help in safe passage for seed through cleaning and separation processes. Also investigate some seed properties can be used in design and development of multi-seed planting machine. Soya bean, wheat, corn, cotton faba bean and sunflowers were tested at department of agriculture engineering, faculty of agriculture, Tanta University, Egypt. Through 2022. The design of feed mechanism system required easy movement for seeds this is a critically moving during the filling of the feed disk, so must detriments of the small differences in the surface area and topography of the grains and determine some image analyses. There are clear differences between faba bean and soybean in Hue value was 0. 626. the intensity, and the browning index was 91.75 and 16.25 in faba bean while in soybean were 0. 565,85.33, and 21.79 respectively. While the differences between corn and wheat in Hue value was 0. 699.Also the intensity, and the browning index was 100.08, 17.30 in corn while in wheat were 0. 708. 97.94, and 13.38 respectively. Also, clear differences between cotton and sunflowers in Hue value was 0. 634. Also the intensity, and the Black & White band was 87.40, and 87.40 in cotton while in sunflowers were 0. 480, 96.75 and 96.75 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of aquaculture ponds necessitates the development of aeration and the addition of oxygen. Rubber tubes are a new way of aerating by generating micro bubbles on the water surface. Experiments were conducted to investigate and determine the effects of air flow rate, tube wall thickness, depth from the surface and design shape on saturation time, the oxygen mass transfer coefficient and standard aeration efficiency. To identify each indicator, testing were carried out in accordance with ASCE 2007 guidelines from the American Society of Civil Engineers. The findings demonstrated a connection between oxygen mass transfer coefficient and operational parameters were as follows: inverse relationship with air flow rate, inverse relationship with depth from water surface, positive relationship with tube wall thickness and increases with circular shape design more than longitudinal. The maximum value of standard aeration efficiency was 2.66 kg.O2/kW.h under operational parameters of 0.1 m³ .h-1 for air flow rate, 0.70 m for depth from the water surface, 7 mm for tube wall thickness and circular design shape. The minimum value of saturation time was 8 minutes under operational parameters of 0.1 m³ .h-1 for air flow rate, 0.70 m for depth from the water surface, 7 mm for tube wall thickness and circular design shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanical transplanting of rice is considered one of the safest methods of rice cultivation. It is also one of the most desirable methods for Egyptian farmers, saving about 70% of the seeds, saving labor costs, better plant density, water saving, and weed control. Due to the fragmentation of agricultural holdings in Egypt and the high costs of mechanical transplanting with imported machines, the research aimed to manufacture a rice transplanting machine with local materials suitable for small rice holdings and achieve the technical recommendations of Egyptian conditions. Also, testing and evaluating the manufactured machine under different operation conditions. The rice transplanting machine was manufactured and tested at the Rice Mechanization Center, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, Egypt. The machinecontains five rows and the distance between each row is 20 cm. The manufactured transplanter was tested and evaluated under four different forward speeds (1.00, 1.25, 1.50, and 1.75 km/h), four different intra-row hill spacing (16, 18, 20, and 22 cm), and two seedling cross-section area (1.00 and 2.00 cm2 ). The obtained results indicated that the lowest percentages of missing, floating, and damaged hills were 2.92, 1.83, and 0.27%, respectively.The highest transplanting efficiency and field efficiency were94.98 and 83.75%, respectively, obtained at themachine forward speed of 1.00 km/h, intra-row hill spacing of 22 cm, and seedling cross-section area of 2.00 cm2 . Also, the lowest value of requirement energy was 4.599 kW.h/fed, which achieved the highest actual field capacity of 0.285 fed/h obtained at forward speed of 1.75 km/h, intra-row hill spacing of 22 cm, and seedling cross-section area of 1.00 cm2 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The drying characteristics of apricot were determined usingOpen Sun and three Greenhouse Drying (Black Mesh Shading, white and black poly film plastic in as absorbers plate covering greenhouse. pretreatments (control, sucrose syrup and Sodium bicarbonate ) were used before drying conditions at ( Open air, White and Black poly film plastic greenhouse). The color values (L*, a* and b*),beta carotenoids, total soluble sugar and ascorbic acid content were also measured for the different fresh and dried apricot.The fresh apricot fruit initial moisture content was 80.03% d.b. The color values Lightness (L* was 71.14,) Red/Green Value( a* was 21.36) and Blue/Yellow Value (b* was 70.23), Browning Index (BI, was 223.47)hue angle, Hº was73.08 and chroma, relative saturation(C was 73.41). Results showed that the moisture, beta carotenoids, total soluble sugar and ascorbic acid were highest in sodium bicarbonate blanched sample and color attributes were found maximum in sodium bicarbonate blanched sample, immediately after dehydration. The values of the dried apricot color spaces (L*, was 14.22, a* was 13.17 and b* was 18.04) while chroma, hue angle, and Browning Index was 22.33, 53.87and 390.12 Black Mesh Shading with pretreatments at Sodium bicarbonate ) There was not much change on the ascorbic acid contents of fresh and dried apricot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study discusses the result of a life cycle assessment (LCA) for three Egyptian aquaculture farms categorized as semi-intensive culture. The cradle-to-grave system was used to calculate the overall carbon footprint of fish unit production. The major data came from a study of three feed factories in Egypt, which included a wide range of feed manufacturing and agricultural practises in order to reveal the varied greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Pre-farm, farming, and post-farming were the three stages of the life cycle assessment. Feed manufacture, which was primarily tied to the production and processing of raw materials, was the largest source of GHG emissions for all three processes. GHG emissions were also produced during the transport of raw materials to the factory. GHG emissions were also produced during the transportation of raw materials to manufacturers, as well as feed from factories to fish farms, via ship or road. Energy consumption in feed factories varies due to variances in design technology and manufacturing efficiencies. Feed conversion ratios (FCR) have a significant influence on GHG emissions since more feed is required to produce one kilogramme of fish. The kind of packaging material and energy utilised in the factories had an impact on GHG emissions, as each type had a distinct emission factor (EF). Aside from fingerling production, there are direct and indirect N2O emissions, as well as post-farming operations like packaging, ice serving method, and customer transportation. The conclusions of the investigation revealed that According to the results of the study, the emissions linked with the three farms varied greatly. Hanafy farm had the greatest emissions, with 3.265 kg CO2e/kg fish and 50.917 tonnes CO2e/Season, followed by Hashim farm with 2.259 kg CO2e/kg fish and 45.829 tonnes CO2e/Season, and finally Aly farm with 2.223 kg CO2e/kg fish and 38.864 tonnes CO2e/Season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the combined infrared-hot air dryer develops and optimize in Agricultural Engineering laboratory, faculty of agriculture, Tanta University, Egypt. Thin-layer modelling of sweet potato slices drying under infrared (IR) and hot-air drying (HAD) were used to estimate the drying coefficients. The initial moisture content of the freshly harvested sweet potato was 79 - 81 % (w. b.). Three different levels of sweet potato slices thickness (1, 3, 5 mm), were pre-treated by dipping into a solution of 0.5 % sodium meta-bisulphite and 1% citric acid for 30 min. Four different levels of infrared radiation (0.861, 0.973, 1.039 and 1.161 kW.m-2) and three different levels of airdrying temperature (45,55 and 65°C) with a constant air velocity of 1.2 m. s-1 were using. The experimental measurements included sweet potatoes slices moisture content, air temperature, radiation intensity, and quality changes of the dried sweet potato. Three different thin layer drying models (Lewis's model and Henderson & Pabis's and Logarithmic model) were examined for describing the changes of moisture content during the drying process. The results show that, the Coefficient of determination R² and Standard error, SE. for The Logarithmic model recorded R²= 0. 99 and SE= 0.122 were considered more proper for describing the drying kinetics and predicting the changes in moisture content of sweet potatoes more than the Henderson and Pabis's were model recorded R²= 0.94 and SE= 0.51 and Lewis's model were recorded R²= 0.96and SE = 0.241. The results show that, the moisture ratio of sample slices decreased when the radiation intensity and the drying air temperature increased. Meanwhile, the drying constant of Logarithmic model (kLog) increased with the increasing of radiation intensity and air-drying temperature and the decreasing of slice thickness. The diameter and thickness shrinkage percentage occurred with all treatments, while slightly increasing with infrared radiation. The rehydration ratio ranged from 3.95 to 5.53. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this research to determine of physical properties of seed related to help in safe passage for seed through cleaning and separation processes. Also investigate some seed properties can be used in design and development of multi-seed planting machine. Soya Bean, Wheat, Corn, Cotton Faba Bean and Sunflowers were tested at department of agriculture engineering, faculty of agriculture, Tanta university, Egypt. through 2022. From the results, it is clear that the little differences in the maximum of Length dimensions between Soya Bean and Wheat were 7.62 and 8.72 mm., it increased between Corn and Cotton to 15 and 10.12 mm. and Faba Bean and Sunflowers were 11 and 19 mm. the maximum of Geometric mean diameter recorded little differences between Soya Bean and Wheat were 2.76 and 2.81 mm., it increased between Corn and Cotton to 4.83 and 5.13 mm. and Faba Bean and Sunflowers were 8.47 and 6.86 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was established at an earthen aquaculture private farm in Kafrelshikh Government, Egypt. During 2021. To study the effect of operational variables at tube diffusion aeration system on turbidity values corresponding to Secchi disk clarity. Experimental variables under study were five air flow rates (0.1, 0.18, 0.23, 0.28 and 0.33 m³.h-1), three tube wall thickness (4, 6 and 7 mm), three tube depth from water surface (0.3, 0.50 and 0.70 m) and two design shapes for aeration system (circular and Longitudinal). Aeration system consist of circular tube holder, an electric single-phase compressor, three models of rubber diffusion tubes (D25-4, D25-6 and D25-7), portable galvanic dissolved oxygen meter, Secchi disk, digital LCD anemometer and thermometer and digital vernier. The results showed that, the lowest value for Secchi disk clarity were 7 cm obtained at operational conditions of 0.33 m³.h-1 air flow rate, 0.70 m depth from water surface, 4 mm thickness of tube wall and circular shape design. While, the highest value for Secchi disk clarity were 41 cm obtained at operational conditions of 0.10 m³.h-1 air flow rate, 0.30 m depth from water surface, 7 mm thickness of tube wall and Longitudinal shape design. The permissible variables limits were (0.1, 0.18 and 0.23 m³.h-1) for air flow rate, (4, 6 and 7 mm) for tube wall thickness, (0.3, 0.50 and 0.70 m) for tube depth from water surface and both of (circular and Longitudinal) design shapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental contamination due to off-target deposition of pesticide droplets can be minimized by using optimum design and operating parameters of sprayers. The fabricated electric rotary cage atomizer manufactured from the following component, rugged stainless steel welded frame with protective air intake grate, the center axial fane, high strength fiberglass protective and DC electric motor. The motor rotating speed was 3500 rpm. The liquid distribution system consisted of a metal liquid feed channel with holes leading to a series of grooves on the insides of the vanes between the slots. The open-ended design allowed the cage to act as a small centrifugal fan. This paper describes a collaborative theoretical and experimental research effort to investigate the performance of developed electric rotary cage atomizer utilized in agricultural field specially to spray orchards. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed and used to evaluate concepts of rotary cage atomizer sprayer setup to orchard spraying to reduce drift without a decrease in biological efficacy. The result indicated that the maximum power requirement for single and two rotary cage spryer atomizers were 29.76 W and 55.2 W at rotational speed 3,500 rpm respectively. The maximum air velocity was recorded 5.3 ms-1 at out let distance 20 cm and rotational speed 3,500 rpm. The values of droplet size D0.5 were 251.72 at operating condition 0.4 L min-1, 1,500 rpm and 0.5 ms-1 air velocity compared with droplet size D0.5 80.23 at operating condition 1.4 L min-1, 3,500 rpm and 5.3 ms-1 air velocity. The increasing of the air velocity (U), rotational speed (Ω) and liquid flow rate tends to decrease the droplet size D0.25, D0.5, and D0.75. The values of droplet size D0.5 were 251.72 at operating condition 0.4 L min-1, 1,500 rpm and 0.5 ms-1 air velocity compared with droplet size D0.5 80.23 at operating condition 1.4 L min-1, 3,500 rpm and 5.3 ms-1 air velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiments were conducted directly after the flax harvest season with the object of conditioning the flaxseeds in optimal condition to preserve them in storage as long as possible using different types of storage bags. The measurements during the storage period such as moisture content of seed inside the bags, temperature, the percentage of carbon dioxide, oxygen, peroxide value and free fatty acids, as well as fatty acid ratios. The results showed that, during the storage process, the carbon dioxide concentration with bags (type 7 layers) showed the highest levels of CO2 concentration which increased from 0.1 to 21.3 %, from 0.1 to 20.5 % and from 0.0 to 19.8 for the non-treated seeds, conduction heat treated and infrared heat treated. seeds respectively after six months of storage and starts to decrease again during the winter months due to lower seeds temperature and respiration rate. While the bags (type 3 layers) showed an increase of CO2 level from 0.1 to 16.8 %, 0.1 to 16.4 % and from 0.0 to 16 for the non-treated, conduction heat treated and infrared heat treated seeds respectively. However burlap bags showed CO2 levels ranged from 0.1 to 0.2 % for both treated and non-treated flaxseeds. Also, The total microbial load at the end of storage period approached 885, 861 and 3,512 colonies/g for the non-treated flaxseeds stored in plastic bags 3 and 7 layers and burlap bags respectively. While, the corresponded values for the conduction heat treated flaxseeds were 196, 180 and 2,310 colonies/g respectively. And for the Infrared heat treated seeds were 178, 163 and 1,240 colonies/g respectively. However, at the end of the storage process both bags types 3 and 7 layers recorded lower peroxide value and free fatty acid in comparison with burlap bags during the storage time which indicated good oil quality of the stored seeds. In general, Storage of flaxseeds in both types of tested hermetic bags showed safe storage of flaxseeds with keeping the final quality in comparison with burlap bags. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the experiments was determine the amount of greenhouse gases emitted (nitrous oxide,ethane and carbon dioxide equivalent) resulting from poultry farms and the effect of these gases on energy productivity of poultry, as well as determining carbon footprint of laying hens production farms to reduce the negative effects of greenhouse gases emissions. In addition to providing necessary information on the performance of laying hens and providing guidance to poultry farmers on the relative merits of different climatic conditions to help set standards for different production traits. The experiments were conducted in one of the farms in the city of Mansoura during the period from June to October 2021 and the capacity of the farm was 40,000 laying hens. The results showed that the amount of methane gas produced from the farm was 0.4 ton CH4 yr-1 and nitrous oxide gas was 0.677 ton N2O yr-1 for manure management. Thus, the total emissions of manure management are estimated at 50.365 tons of CO2-eq. The amount of greenhouse gas emissions for diesel is 434.59 tons of CO2-eq. The amount of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) for the electricity used in the farm is 8 tons of CO2-eq. In the end, the total amount of emissions produced from the farm is 492.96 tons of CO2-eq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimum and safe storage treatment for cowpea and evaluate changes in quality during storage in different types of hermetic bags. Using two different pre-conditioning methods infrared heating and ultraviolet radiation compared with Non-treated on cowpea seeds before storage process. The aim of this study to discrimination of color change for Cowpea seeds were treated by FIR and ultraviolet UVC irradiation intensity, the seeds was stored in woven and hermetic bags (three & seven layers), the differences in Red color band increased from 161.3 to 197 when using the seeds that irradiated with FIR radiation and stored in 3 and 7Layers bag,, while at woven bag increased to 247.6 the differences in intensity I2 increased by using UVC radiation and stored in woven bag and the differences in R/G increased by 9.5% when using in the seeds that irradiated with FIR radiation and stored in three layers bag. the differences in Hue increased by 7.14% when using the seeds that irradiated with UVC and stored in three layers bag, The moisture content of seeds stored in woven bags increased to 14.82% in contrast with both types of hermetic bags which approached to 10.8% and 10.7% of three layers and seven layers bags respectively due to moisture absorption from surrounding air and also the released moisture due to high respiration rate of seeds and microorganisms. Seven-layer bags recorded the highest levels of Carbon dioxide concentration inside the bags which arrived at the end of storage period to 24.8%, 20.9 % and 20.5% for non- irradiated, infrared irradiated and ultraviolet irradiated bags respectively. Carbon dioxide inside the three-layer bags were to 19.7%, 16.9 % and 16.2% for the non -irradiated, infrared irradiated and ultraviolet irradiated treatments in respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiments were conducted in a farm in Mansoura during the period from June 2017 to October 2018, and the farm's capacity was 40,000 laying hens. The ideal environmental conditions needed for hens inside the closed houses such as air temperature, humidity, lighting for hours, air speed, to raise the higher rate of egg production and raise the rate of daily consumption of feed and reduce the mortality percentage, so measurements were used in the presence of ideal environmental factors and the absence of this ideal factors. The experiments aimed to determine the production capacity of the farm and the performance of laying hens, under measured and standard environmental conditions with the aim of increasing meat and egg production. Also, the environmental conditions were adjusted according to the ideal parameters to reduce the losses of feed and hen egg weight. The results revealed that the weekly growth in average weight of chickens approached the closest weekly increase of the standard weight of the herd breeding index to 244 g at the 24th week. Weight homogeneity increased from 83% to 92% at week 24. The difference of the mean weekly egg weight from the mean egg weight of the standard egg was the closest between them at the twenty-fourth week, and the difference between them was 1.6 grams. The mortality rate then decreased to 0.1% at the 24th week. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most important feature of the storage systems is to preserve the integrity of the grain for a given period with minimal loss in quality and quantity. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of seed conditioning prior to storage process using infrared heating at the optimum radiation intensity of 882.67W/m2 and exposure time of 15 min and the ultraviolet radiation at radiation intensity of 3.538mW/cm2 and exposure time of 40 min on storability of cowpea seeds using different types of plastic hermetic bags in comparison with pp woven bags. The changes in cowpea seeds quality during storage of pre-treated cowpea seeds in terms of moisture content, protein content, total microbial count and insect detection were also determined. The results show that, the moisture content of seeds stored in pp woven bags increased in contrast with both types of studied hermetic bags, oxygen concentration for hermetic bags decreased during storage period and carbon dioxide increased unlike pp woven bag, The rate of seeds infection with microorganisms and weevils was lower for the samples stored in both types of hermetic bags and crude protein content of seeds stored in hermetic bags reduced at a very slight rate in comparison with that stored in woven bag. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiments were carried out through summer season 2019 in the Rice Mechanization centre at Meet El-Deeba, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate to study the effect of infra-red radiation and ultraviolet radiation on protein, trypsin inhibitor and total microbial count of cowpea seeds as pre- conditioning methods prior to storage process. Five exposure times of (3-6-9-12-15 min) and five irradiation intensity (804.255, 882.67, 964.74, 1,050.45, 1,139.8 W/m2) were used for infra-red treatments. For ultraviolet treatment four exposure times (10-20-30-40min) and three irradiation intensity (7.077 – 3.538 – 2.359 mW/cm2) were used. For the IR conditioning method, irradiation intensity of 882.67 W/m2 at exposure time of 15 min is recommended. This level of radiation intensity and exposure time, showed total microbial count of 2.3 Log CFU/g., protein content 28.88 %, trypsin inhibitor 1.148 TIU/mg and moisture content 8.13 % of cowpea seeds. Meanwhile the irradiation intensity of 3.538 mW/cm2 at exposure time of 40 mins is recommended for UVC irradiation pre-treatment to get total microbial [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aims tot Study the effect of using two different heating methods on stabilization of flaxseeds using a rotating cylindrical dryer with conduction & infrared heating systems. The study also tested and evaluated two different mathematical models to describe the drying behavior of flaxseed, with linking the constants in the Mathematical examined equations to the experimental variables. The most appropriate mathematical model to describe the behavior of flaxseed moisture loss was also determined. The samples used for experimental work were fresh flax seed at moisture content 11±1 % wb. Four different temperatures of the surface of the cylinder (90, 105, 120 and 135oC at 3, 6. 9, 12, 15 and 18 minutes were examined for the conduction heating dryer. At Infrared treatments fixed feeding rate of 2 kg was used at radiation intensity of 53.01, 331.6, 477.5, 848.89 and 1,326.39 w/m2 and exposure times of 3, 6. 9, 12 and 15 minutes. The results showed that, for conduction heating process using heat treatment at 105 0Cfor min gives the best result in terms of lower free fatty acids and peroxide value, But in Infra-red treatment the best result was obtained at 331.59 w/m² for 15 min [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sclerotium of ergot is hard fungal body which contain toxic alkaloids to human and livestock. These alkaloids include ergotamine, ergovaline, ergocornine, ergocryptine, and ergocristine. Consumption of ergot can lead to human harmful health effects. These include constriction of blood flow to extremities, gangrene, hallucinations, muscle spasms and vomiting. Livestock fed ergot sclerotia can develop gangrene symptoms of ears, hooves and tails. The alkaloids can also cause abortions and reduce mammary gland development. The study was carried out through 2019 at the agriculture engineering department, faculty of agriculture Tanta University, Egypt. To prevent the harmful health effects in humans and livestock’s using separating methods which depend on physical properties and image analysis software for different varieties of wheat imported to Egypt which contaminated with ergot fungi sclerotia. The average dimensions of ergot fungi sclerotia were ranged according imported place the length ranged from 2.32 to 22.51 mm. width from 0.12 to 2.91 mm. thickness from 0.12 to 2.21 mm. volume from 0.0511 to 65.133 mm³, geometric mean diameter from 0.46 to 4.98 mm, the arithmetic mean diameter from 1.7 to 9.10 mm, and sphericity, from 7.9 to 55.6%. Also surface area ranged from 0.66 to 78.02 mm² . On the other hand, the average dimensions of the different varieties of Russian Ukrainian and French wheat were: length 5.24, 5.24, 5.17 mm, width 1.92, 1.92, 2.35 mm, thickness 162, 161, 186 mm, volume 8.81, 8.75, 12.1 mm³, arithmetic mean diameter 2.52, 2.52, 2.82 mm², geometric mean diameter 2.92, 2.92, 3.13 mm², sphericity 48.2, 48.1, 57.8%, aspect ratio 36.7, 36.7, 45.9, and surface area 20.3, 20.2, 25.2 mm² respectively. These results revealed that the differences between the physical properties of wheat varieties and ergot sclerotia is not strong spicily for length, width and thickness this case led to obstructing separation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to investigate the efficiency of cold pressing and low temperature techniques to produce oil and cakeform flax seeds. Also, to evaluate the performance of the oil press machine and discuss cold press extraction is one of the methods of mechanical extraction as well as required less energy than other oil extraction techniques and also environmentally friendly. The samples were used from fresh flax seed weighted as a amount of feeding at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 kg at 12% db moisture content. The results with cold pressing showed according feeding ratio increased from 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 %. operation time increased to 8, 16, 23, 32- and 38- min. addition to the temperature start at 29 0C. and increase by 31, 34, 35, 36 and 370C. Also, the oil product increased by 184, 402, 576, 775 and 981g. Cake product increased by 786, 1,576, 2,351, 3,196 and 3,991g. While with low temperature techniques using heater start temperature at 470C for all the samples the feeding ratio increased from 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 %. the extraction time increased from 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 min. The oil product increased by 187, 388, 581, 783 and 991 g., cake product increased by 800, 1,591, 2,394, 3,191 and 3,900 g. according feeding ratio increased from 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 %. but the temperature decreased from 43, 42, 41, 40 and 390C after using cold pressing and low temperature techniques the oil quality have high contents of functional EPA (20:5 ω 3) and DHA (22:6 ω 3) for oil flax cake. Also, oxidizability index was 1.318. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The auxiliary roll of the rice combine harvester were developed and manufactured from local material to reduce wearing rate for threshing device also minimize fuel consumption and energy requirements. Replacing auxiliary roll knives arranged in a spiral instead by forks separating on length were 90 cm with seven rows and each row has four blades to increase the efficiency of separating the seed. The measurement indices of the auxiliary roll before and after development were threshing efficiency, threshing capacity, fuel consumption, power required, energy requirements, device mass losses percent, wearing rate, wearing resistance, critical wearing value, specific wear and expected life. during the harvesting operation of rice crop the rustles showed It is recommended to use the knife as a threshing device because auxiliary roll threshing efficiency increased by 0.2% threshing capacity increased by 16.83 %, fuel consumption decreased by 0.16 %, power required decreased by 0.15 %, energy requirements decreased by 0.33 % device mass losses percent decreased by 1.4 %, wearing rate decreased by 0.11 % wearing resistance decreased by 0.12%. critical wearing value increased by 34 %, specific wear decreased by 25 % and expected life increased by 78.60% all this result tested after 500h operating time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]