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This article uses the Novy model improved by value-added trade data to measure the cost of inter-provincial trade in the Yangtze River Delta and, on this basis, uses the differential decomposition method to explore the promoting effect of inter-provincial trade costs on the development of inter-provincial trade in the Yangtze River Delta. The results show that the inter-provincial trade costs of the provinces/municipalities in the Yangtze River Delta have increased and decreased, but the changes are small, and there are significant differences in sectoral and bilateral trade costs; the results of the differential decomposition show that the contribution of inter-provincial trade costs to inter-provincial trade development in the Yangtze River Delta is much lower than that of economic growth. Therefore, the Yangtze River Delta should deepen the division of labor and cooperation, give full play to the radiation and leading role of Shanghai as an economic center, and accelerate the digital innovation transformation of the service industry to reduce inter-provincial trade costs and achieve a higher level of integrated development of the Yangtze River Delta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the sustainability of the current account deficit (CAD) and validity of the intertemporal budget constraint of India for the period of 1980 to 2019. The cointegration results show that exports and imports are not cointegrated and the current account (CA) series is not mean reverting during the study period. Therefore, the results refute the sustainability of CAD and the validity of the intertemporal budget constraint in the Indian context. Furthermore, the study also emphasised the testing of the disaggregated CA and found that while the goods account is not sustainable, the services account found to be sustainable in the long run. Our findings thus indicate the potential for aggregation bias to have an impact on the overall CA sustainability results. Therefore, policies that help in achieving self‐sufficiency on the one hand and export promotion in goods on the other may eventually contribute to CA sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human resource management theory, commonly known as Human Resource Management (HRM), is currently looking for different concepts to find ways to stabilise employment relationships in the current "turbulent" economic environment, which is also marked by the aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic. One possible way at the corporate level is the importance of the human factor, i.e. in particular the qualification and flexibility of workers as an effective corporate response to crisis phenomena in the economy or society. This view of the important role of employees in the economic prosperity of the business is not, of course, current news. It can therefore be defined that the main factors of the economic prosperity of the company are not physical, i.e. invested natural resources and capital, but the human factor. Building on this premise, the area of human resources management can be derived from the practice of capital investment, which has always followed the future of the business and is based on the situation it was in and where it wanted to go. In a sense, part of running a business should be the process of partially relocating company funds to staff training and qualifications. The employee development and care factor are increasingly seen by economists as a tool for the company's profitability and growth. In the economic context, in international relations, the issue of education and development is addressed, among other things, in the framework of economic diplomacy. Economic diplomacy is, in the simplest definition, the economic dimension of foreign policy, when this foreign policy, as part of diplomacy, means many uses of economic relations not only for the development of companies. It can be defined as facilitating access to foreign markets for domestic firms, attracting foreign direct investment to the nation state, and influencing international rules serving the national interest, in a wide variety of ways, including education. In modern economic diplomacy, which is now quite broadly defined, the tools can be used in a wide variety of ways. The work of trade diplomats can then be better viewed in various processes, for example in advice, representation, but also in trade and investment promotion and foreign direct investment. Such economic diplomacy already has a managerial dimension and a trade diplomat can, with the right management, focus on promoting international trade. The economic diplomat is then not overwhelmed by technical fields, science, research, tourism and can easily increase the efficiency of his work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a quantitative ex post analysis of the competitiveness of the Czech Republic's agrifood exports to other European Union (EU) Member States between 2002 and 2020, using the constant market share (CMS) methodology. The application of this methodology to Czech agrifood exports is novel, as it allows for analysing the export competitiveness variation and its components. Although the findings are consistent with those of previous studies in which the investigators used alternative methodological approaches, we make three contributions to the existing literature. Firstly, the Czech Republic experienced an overall increase in its competitiveness in agrifood exports between 2002 and 2020. Secondly, the high territorial specialisation of Czech agrifood exports to other EU Member States, combined with a general slowdown in the growth of EU markets, has had a significant effect on the growth dynamics of the country's agricultural exports. Thirdly, there is a problem with the specialisation profile of Czech agrifood exports in terms of commodity and territorial structure. The current composition does not allow the Czech Republic to reach its full potential for agrifood exports. These findings will help industrial, agricultural and trade policymakers to assess the nature of liberalisation and transformation of the Czech Republic's agricultural sectors, with a view to improving or designing structures and instruments for the promotion of agrifood exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital economy has become a driving force in the rapid development of the global economy and the promotion of export trade. Pivotal in its advent, the digital transformation of enterprises utilizes cloud computing, big data, artificial intelligence, and other digital technologies to provide an impetus for evolution and transformation in various industries and fields. in enhancing quality and efficiency. This has been critical for enhancing both quality and efficiency in enterprises based in the People's Republic of China. Through the available data on its listed enterprises, this paper measures their digital transformation through a textual analysis and examines how this transformation influences their export product quality. We then explore the possible mechanisms at work in this influence from the perspective of enterprise heterogeneity. The results find that: (1) Digital transformation significantly enhances the export product quality in an enterprises, and the empirical findings still hold after a series of robustness tests; (2) Further mechanism analysis reveals that the digital transformation can positively affect export product quality through the two mechanisms of process productivity (φ), the ability to produce output using fewer variable inputs, and product productivity (ξ), the ability to produce quality with fewer fixed outlays; (3) In terms of enterprise heterogeneity, the impact of digital transformation on export product quality is significant for enterprises engaged in general trade or high-tech industries and those with strong corporate governance. In terms of heterogeneity in digital transformation of enterprise and the regional digital infrastructure level, the higher the level of digital transformation and regional digital infrastructure, the greater the impact of digital transformation on export product quality. This paper has practical implications for public policies that offer vital aid to enterprises as they seek digital transformation to remain sync with the digital economy, upgrade their product quality, and drive the sustainable, high-quality, and healthy development of their nation's economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Latin American Integration Route (RILA), or bioceanic corridor, is a project aiming to integrate Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) with the Ports of Northern Chile. The city of Porto Murtinho (MS), located on the banks of the Paraguay River, is where a bridge is being built to connect this city to the municipality of Carmelo Peralta, in Paraguay. The challenge is that this corridor is not only a catalyst for development, expanding its benefits beyond the already consolidated export sectors, but that it also opens up opportunities for the promotion of intra-regional trade, tourism, culture, education, in line with the objectives of the Sustainable Development Goals, SDG. This article aims to discuss the RILA in view of the UN 2030 Agenda, from a debate on the concept of development. This is a qualitative study, conducted in the SciELO database and in documents from ECLAC, IPEA, among others. Bardin's content analysis methodology was adopted for data discussion. It is concluded that the development promised by Brazilian governments with RILA must be an inclusive and sustainable development to bring prosperity and peace to everyone and not just to grain, cellulose, and meat exporters. And that the authorities of Porto Murtinho, through their public policy agendas, in line with the UN 2030 Agenda, develop programs aimed at workers, so that they can work in the jobs that will emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Vietnamese government has advocated developing an export-based economy. In fact, the Prime Minister issued Decision No. 2471/QD-TTg dated December 28, 2011, approving the strategy of import and export of goods for the period 2011 to 2020, with a vision to 2030 formulating policies on development of logistics services, credit, and investment to develop export production, and customs clearance places for import and export goods. That fact prompted us to conduct the research investigating the impact of export support policies on export performance of firms locating in Ho Chi Minh City. The combination of qualitative and quantitative research method was applied. The netnography method and in-depth interview were used to explore support policies influencing export performance, and found Tax Incentives, Credit Incentives, Trade Promotion Support, and Custom Procedures Reform are four policies significantly explaining firms' export performance. To measure the impact of these policies on export performance, we surveyed 141 firms in HCMC. The quantitative study confirmed that four policies impact positively significantly on export performance. The best explanatory factor is Trade Promotion Support, the second is Customs Procedure Reforms, followed by Tax Incentives. Credit incentives have the lowest effect on export performance. The findings asserted the positive effectiveness of policies promoting export performance implementing in Vietnam, and provided empirical evidence to support institutional theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trade support institutions (TSIs) play an important role in the development of foreign trade for micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs). These organizations, due to the wide spectrum of their activities, enable greater access to markets, availability of commercial information and facilitation of technical and administrative procedures related to trade. Over the years, the number of TSIs has grown, as has the diversity of their functions and activities. The work of the TSIs in Cuba in favor of business internationalization is still insufficient in its structure, practices and functionalities. This text constitutes a modest investigative contribution that serves the reader to know the particularities and importance of the TSIs in foreign trade. In turn, it describes and characterizes the work of these entities to promote international insertion, especially of Cuban MSMEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Countries provide to improve their social and economic structure and to raise the country to modern countries through development. Ensuring and sustaining development is directly dependent on economic power. The financing and promotion of foreign trade, which is one of the important dynamics of economic power, is provided in line with appropriate opportunities. The aim of this study is to interpret Turquality's contribution to branding and company expectations through the interview form, which helps our country achieve its sustainable development goals. In the study, 10 of 112 companies operating in and around Istanbul were selected by random sampling method. Appointment meetings were held with the senior managers responsible for the Turquality processes of these companies in different sectors. In this context, the data were arranged and analyzed using "Open Analysis" and "NVivo" qualitative analysis methods. It has been concluded that the enterprises have expectations from the Turquality program on issues such as "accelerating the payments, reducing the formalities, providing freight and R&D support". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Leipzig Trade Fair was the first multilateral international exhibition the People's Republic of China (PRC) attended since 1949. The fair was a venue for the People's Republic of China to trade with both the West and the East and demonstrated China's industrial development and ideology to the rest of the world. Until the outbreak of the Cultural Revolution in 1966, the PRC and German Democratic Republic (GDR) both reaped economic and political benefits from their participation in the Leipzig fair. This study frames the history of China and the Leipzig Trade Fair mainly from the Chinese perspective by focusing on the decision-making and contention of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) policy elites, as well as the efforts of middle-ranking Chinese trade officials to promote trade. It also examines the role of the Leipzig fair in China's trade relations with both the West and the East. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The development in information communication and technology (ICT) has led to many changes such as reorganization of economics, globalization and trade. With more innovation processes being organized and adopted across technologies, trade, etc., these are getting more closely related and needs fresh research perspective. This study aims to empirically investigate the interrelationship between ICT penetration, innovation, trade and economic growth in 20 developed and developing nations from 1995 to 2018. Design/methodology/approach: The present paper examines both long-run and short-run relationships between the four variables, namely, innovation, ICT penetration, trade and economic growth, by applying panel estimation techniques of regression and vector error correction model. ICT penetration and innovation indices are constructed using principle component analysis technique. Findings: The findings of the study highlight that for developed nations, growth, trade and innovation are significantly interlinked with no significant role of ICT penetration While for developing nations, significant relationship is present between growth and trade, ICT penetration and innovation. With respect to trade, in case of developed nations, significant relationship is present with ICT penetration. While for developing nations there is no significant result for trade promotion. On further employing the vector error correction model, the presence of short run causality between growth, trade and innovation in case of developed nations is established but no such causality between variables for developing nations is seen. Originality/value: The present paper adds to the existing strand of literature examining interlinkage between innovation and growth by introducing new variables of ICT penetration and innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The study was carried out to empirically evaluate the impacts of RCEP tariff concessions on the export of agricultural products to RCEP members in the Greater Bay Area, and provide policy implications for the Greater Bay Area to seize opportunities of RCEP to expand agricultural exports.【Method】The difference between the agreed tariff rates within 5 years of the RCEP's entry into force and effective tariff rates in 2021 were compared to identify tariff reduction of agricultural products imported from China by other members under the RCEP, and the tariff elasticity method was used to calculate the impact of tariff reduction on the export of agricultural products in the Greater Bay Area based on the product department with HS 4-digit code.【Result】Among the agricultural products exported in the Greater Bay Area, in the first year of the RCEP coming into force, 69 agricultural products are expected to be positively promoted by tariff concessions. Assuming that other factors remain unchanged, tariff concessions are expected to increase the total exports by 34.50% compared with those in 2021. In five years, a total of 80 kinds of agricultural products will be affected by tariff concessions, and the export volume is expected to increase by 48.20% over 2021; within five years after the entry into force of the RCEP, the tariff concessions faced by agricultural exports mainly come from Japan and Korea, so the promotion effect of tariff concessions is expected to mainly come from Japan and Korea, and a small amount of other growth comes from Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Cambodia, and etc. Due to the differences in the scope and elasticity of tariff concessions, the promotion effects of tariff concessions on different categories of products are greatly different. Within five years after the entry into force of RCEP, the export growth effects of tariff concessions rank in the top ten categories of products, including 1211, 1604, 2103, 4409, 0301, 4412, 3503, 2005, 1302 and 2403.【Conclusion】In order to seize the opportunity of RCEP tariff concessions to expand agricultural exports, we should attach importance to the export promotion of agricultural products to Japan and Korea, support the production and export of advantageous agricultural products with large tax reduction effect and export basis and accelerate the promotion of agricultural product export facilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The previous studies of exports performance in Fiji were carried out at the aggregate level. We conduct a disaggregated analysis of exports of three major products, namely, sugar, tourism, and gold. This analysis is useful for developing sector-based export promotion policies. The long run as well as dynamic export demand functions are estimated at the aggregate and disaggregate levels. The results identify a number of factors such as trading partner income, relative prices, productivity shocks, natural disasters, political disturbances, and the exchange rate that affect the export demand for sugar, tourism, and gold, though not in the same way. For instance, tourism and sugar enjoy the highest income elasticity. Sugar export is adversely affected by natural calamities and political upheavals. The political upheavals also affect tourism adversely in Fiji. The exchange rate affects the export of sugar more than others. The idea that devaluation will promote exports in Fiji needs careful investigation because results show that this will happen with a high cost, i.e. 5% nominal devaluation will be required to increase real exports by 1%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The paper investigates the effects of agricultural exports on agricultural growth and overall growth in ECOWAS countries. • The instrumental variables approach is applied to control the cross-sectional dependence and endogeneity issues. • Findings indicate that the agricultural export-led agricultural growth hypothesis is verified. • We show that agricultural export increases the overall economic growth while the combined effect of the agricultural export and agricultural growth does not affect overall growth. • To increase foreign exchange earnings and avoid vulnerability to external shocks, ECOWAS' policymakers should pursue the implementation of outward-looking strategies, and agricultural export promotion and adopt market diversification policies. Given the urgent need to increase farming income and foreign exchange earnings, a substantial expansion of agricultural production for export is often a rational policy in developing countries, including the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The study analyzes the effects of agricultural exports on agricultural growth and overall economic growth in the ECOWAS region for the period 1996–2018. It also explores the combined effect of agricultural exports and agricultural growth on economic growth. We use the instrumental variables approach to control the endogeneity issue. Findings indicate that agricultural exports significantly enhance agricultural growth and overall economic growth. Moreover, the effect differs considerably from the agricultural growth equation to the economic growth equation. We also find that there is no complementarity nor substitutability effect of agricultural exports and agricultural growth on economic growth. These findings have important policy implications in agricultural development policy design and implementation in ECOWAS countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water diplomacy agents typically manage tensions between promoting peace and securing self-interest. This paper conducts a discourse analysis of a commissioned policy report by a leading Netherlands think-tank that helped inform Dutch policy on water diplomacy. We first establish the importance of the report. We then identify its focus on the theme of 'neutral broker' and apply vocabulary analysis, argumentation analysis and metaphor analysis, together leading up to frame analysis. From this report and the larger water diplomacy literature, we propose that water diplomacy must be viewed in connection with discursive politics and trade promotion. We illustrate relevant methods for future enquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the role of government policies and stakeholder involvement in improving the performance of MSMEs in North Kayong Regency. This research uses a mix method. The population in this study were MSME actors in North Kayong Regency, totaling 7,687 MSME actors. Sample selection using purposive sampling and quota sampling techniques. The data collection techniques used were interviews, questionnaires, documentary studies and literature studies. The analysis method used is multiple regression analysis using statistical software SPSS 26.0. The results showed that for the role of government policy, the funding aspect indicator had a significant value of 0.000 (p-value 0.000 <0.05). The facilities and infrastructure aspect has a significant value of 0.213 (p-value 0.213> 0.05). The business information aspect has a significant value of 0.010 (p-value 0.010 < 0.05). The partnership aspect has a significant value of 0.002, (p-value 0.002 < 0.05). The licensing aspect has a significance value of 0.008 (p-value 0.008 < 0.05). The business opportunity aspect has a significance value of 0.001 (p-value 0.001 <0.05). The trade promotion aspect has a significance value of 0.749 (p-value 0.749 > 0.05). Furthermore, for stakeholder involvement, namely financial institutions have a significance value of 0.034 (p-value 0.034 < 0.05) and business associations have a significance value of 0.110 (p-value 0.110 > 0.05) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indispensable for the production of all goods and services, water is used free of charge, mainly for agricultural production, and a large part of this production is exported, including water, called virtual water. Thus, the objective of the study is to compare the use of the Virtual Water Footprint of Mato Grosso exports with the refunds applied by the Kandir Law and Financial Aid for Export Promotion (FEX) received by the State and its municipalities. The study is descriptive, bibliographic, with a quantitative approach, and used as a source of secondary data. Export data were displayed on the official website of the Ministry of Industry, Foreign Trade and Services (MDIC) by the “Brazilian Trade Balance: Federation Units”. The Water Footprint (PH) was based on existing literature, calculated for each product, aggregated to one year and product. Water pricing was based on charges for the use of water resources provided by the National Water Agency (ANA). Data on federal onlendings referenced by the Kandir Law and the FEX were recorded on the official website of the National Treasury Secretariat (STN). Considering the metrics, the Virtual Water Footprint, in the 2013/2017, was R$ 4,141,608,401.68, while the amounts transferred by the Federal Government for the compensation was R$ 2,192,403,831.16, that is a difference in the amount of R$ 1,949,204,570.53, thus leaving an environmental deficit, as the transfers received are less than the cost of the Virtual Water Footprint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present technical report aimed at presenting a research agenda regarding the influence of the Brazilian Trade and Investment Promotion Agency (ApexBrasil) on academic research about export, interna- tionalisation, and foreign trade for academia, policymakers, practitioners, and other stakeholders. Method: We pursued a case study approach divided in a two-stage process. Firstly, we systematically reviewed 35 articles related to ApexBrasil's influence on scientific research. Secondly, we analysed official documents and conferences, besides consulting a panel of specialists from ApexBrasil, in order to propose the research agenda. Main Results: Firstly, the results suggested that the knowledge about ApexBrasil's influence on scientific research is scattered in different journals, researchers, and themes; furthermore, many studies do not have an impact on the international academy. Secondly, based on the data analysed, we propose a research agenda that might narrow the gap between ApexBrasil, academia, and other stakeholders. Relevance / Originality: The findings suggest unique insights about how and to what extent ApexBrasil's influence is reported by scientific research and show which themes for future investigations are aligned with the agency's interests, as well as the interests of its stakeholders in a scenario affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Theoretical / Methodological Contributions: Our main contributions consist in a research agenda proposal based on theoretical and practical perspectives developed as a technical report. By doing so, we seek to raise awareness of academia, practitioners, and policymakers about ApexBrasil's influence and potential relevance for international business studies, whilst pointing out important research gaps in the literature and potential new research avenues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable development goal 17 emphasizes the importance of international trade in achieving inclusive growth. Likewise, countries with high level of corruption will experience limited growth. In order to examine the causality, this study considers the impact of international trade and corruption on the economic growth of selected sub-Saharan African countries (Angola, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa) from the period 2000-2019. The granger causality test and fixed effect method of estimation were adopted. The result of the granger causality tests shows that there is no causality between import and economic growth, there is unidirectional causality between export and economic growth and there is no causality between control of corruption and economic growth. Furthermore, it was discovered that export, import, and control of corruption have a positive impact, 25.4%, 32%, 45.5% respectively, on the economic growth of selected sub-Saharan African countries. Hence from these findings, policies towards export promotion should be encouraged as export is crucial for the economic growth of these countries and policies to curb corruption should be implemented in order to promote economic growth in the selected sub-Saharan African countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transport infrastructure connectivity (TIC) has strong endogeneity issues, making it difficult to directly assess its impact on local conflict resolution. This study presents new evidence of the effects of TIC on conflict resolution by conducting a natural experiment and applying machine learning methods to overcome the endogeneity issue. Based on global conflict data from 2010 to 2017, the empirical results show the following: (1) TIC can significantly improve countries' global ranking for conflict resolution; in particular, the marginal benefit of developed countries is greater than that of developing countries. (2) The mechanism behind this effect is the promotion of trade facilitation, a more balanced employment ratio across genders, and improved income levels through TIC, which further enhances the conflict governance capacity of countries. In light of the findings, policy-makers should consider the opportunity to combine TIC with greater security for the realization of economic and social benefits, taking into account the significant opportunities for developing countries and the importance of balance across genders and income levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the export behaviour of micro, small, medium and large enterprises of the Indian manufacturing sector. The main finding of the study is that micro and small industry groups' export performance is higher as compared to medium and large industry groups. Foreign share and research and development expenditure have a positive significant impact on export performance. Export promotion policies for specific industries could be an effective means of protecting and promoting certain manufacturing industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the founding of the nation in 1948 to 2018, the Workers’ Party of Korea puts national security and regime stability in the first place, and has successively formulated and implemented the strategic lines of the simultaneous development of economic construction and national defense construction, the Sungun Revolutionary Line and the simultaneous development of economic construction and nuclear forces. In 2018, in order to get rid of the pressure of external sanctions, under the premise of major breakthroughs in the nuclear and missile projects, the Third Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Workers’ Party of Korea issued a “new strategic line” to strengthen economic construction and improve people’s livelihoods, and effectively guarantee its smooth implementation from the fields of politics, diplomacy, military and opening up. However, the implementation of the “new strategic line” of the Workers’ Party of Korea is faced with the contradiction between security, stability and reform and development, the contradiction between the prevention and control of the new coronavirus disease and the promotion of foreign economic and trade activities, and many difficulties such as the unclear and unoptimistic relations between it and the United States as well as the ROK. Only when the Workers’ Party of Korea faces up to and overcome these constraints can the “new strategic line” be truly implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the twin deficit hypothesis in case of India. Furthermore, this paper examines the Ricardian equivalence hypothesis and the Feldstein‐Horioka puzzle to complement the twin deficit hypothesis. To substantiate objectives, annual time series data for the period 1970 to 2012 have been used. Time series econometrics techniques such as vector autoregressive model and auto regressive distributive lag model have been employed wherever necessary. The empirical findings suggest the rejection of twin deficit hypothesis and Feldstein‐Horioka puzzle. However, it validates the Ricardian equivalence hypothesis i.e the fiscal deficit does not affect the current account deficit. Fiscal deficit retaining strategy may not be all in controlling current account deficit, than taking wholesome strategy that includes export promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study applied a panel data of 37 African countries in examining the impact of trade openness and foreign direct investment on sustainable agriculture towards the attainment of the United Nation (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially, SDG-2, with the aim of ending extreme hunger, achieve food security and improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. Data for the study was sourced from the Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) and World Development Indicators (WDI) of the World Bank, for the period 2005 - 2019. To control for endogeneity, the study engaged the system Generalised Method of Moments (GMM). The result shows that FDI and trade openness have significant negative impact on agricultural sustainability in Africa. This result implies that, increase in FDI may decrease agricultural sustainability by 0.00294%, while increase in trade openness may lower agricultural sustainability by 0.430066 %. Therefore, the study concludes that while trade openness is negative, policy to raise local production towards export promotion should be encouraged. In addition, FDI should be encouraged to augment local employment and investment towards increasing output and productivity in the Africa region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analysed the determinants of trade flow of some selected non-traditional agricultural export commodities in Nigeria, for the period 2007 to 2017. The objective of the study was to analyse the factors that determine the export of these commodities. The study used trade data of thirty-six importing countries of these commodities around the world. The secondary data used was sourced from various institutions' databases. A balanced panel data from 36 countries for the years 2007-2017 were used with one dependent variable and ten explanatory variables (a total of n=396, N=36, and T=11); all variables were expressed in natural logarithm. The gravity estimation model was used in data analysis. The Hausman test was used in model selection and the test rejected the null hypothesis (random effects were efficient). Therefore, the fixed effects model was used in the gravity model results' interpretation. The gravity model results indicate that Nigeria's export of non-traditional commodities (classified as HS12 in the United Nations International Trade Statistics) follows the basic gravity model apriori expectations, implying that bilateral trade flows will increase in proportion to the trading partner's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and decrease in proportion to the distance involved. The level of openness of Nigeria's economy and that of the importing countries were major determinants of trade flow of Nigeria's HS12 commodity exports. This variable carried the expected positive sign for both Nigeria and its trading Partners and was also statistically significant at the 5% level. However, the real exchange rate variable was not a major determinant of HS12 commodity trade. The distance variable was statistically significant indicating the need for regional trade expansion. The dummy variable of the trading partner being an African country was positive and a significant factor in the determinants of the HS12 commodities. However, colonial or official language ties were negatively signed and significant, implying that this was not a major contributor to trade in these commodities. The study recommends that favorable import and export promotion policies and trade openness to boost growth in the quantity of non-traditional exports should form part of government trade policies; and Nigeria should also take advantage of the proposed African Free Trade Area considering the gains she stands to make through proximity in distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews South Korea's economic experience, defining it as a successful case of economic convergence. It highlights a leading role of public intervention to promote export industrialization, with initial phases of protection and then with others of promotion of export of manufactures, adapting education to the economic strategy's challenges. The result shows relevant achievements in productivity, innovation, technological leadership, and a considerably better income distribution than that of Latin America. Finally, the article tries to detect the main axes of this strategy, by discussing the possibility of separating them from the authoritarian political regime that promoted them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: While the born global (BG) phenomenon has been well established in the literature, studies on accelerated internationalization of firms in the service sector have been scarce, particularly for the specific case of knowledge-intensive services (KIS). The purpose of this paper is to explore which competitive characteristics differentiate KIS BGs from other KIS firms in the context of a peripheral region. Design/methodology/approach: The empirical focus of this study comprehends primary survey data from 250 Spanish KIS firms (Andalusia) that have been internationalized and analyzed through ordinal and ordinary least squares regressions. The authors address the "born-global effect" on five features of interest, namely, entry mode, technological capabilities, qualification of staff, external resources and quality of services. Findings: Results suggest that KIS BGs in Andalusia perceive exports as a more relevant form of internationalization than its non-BG peers. Also, KIS BGs in Andalusia present higher levels of technological intensity. Differences in terms of staff qualification, access to extramural R&D resources and the quality of services could not be identified. Research limitations/implications: The main limitation of this research concerns its cross-sectional character, thus hindering the evaluation of developmental trajectories taking place in the cohort under scrutiny. Such an approach would allow a better comprehension of the competitiveness dynamics in internationalized KIS firms. Also, because this assessment is geographically restricted to Andalusia, Spain, the authors recommend caution in establishing direct comparisons and appropriation of results for other regional/national contexts. Practical implications: Recommendations for public policy include establishing the necessary infrastructures to encourage the technological development of KIS companies and provide support – through export promotion agencies, for instance – for early approximation with foreign markets. Taking into account the contributions of KIS firms for the development of a peripheral economy, this involves the need to establish instruments that provide strategic information to internationalize, as well as lines of funding for these companies. Originality/value: Empirical evidence on KIS BGs is needed to fully grasp its differences to other internationalized service firms. The analysis within this specific domain represents an advance in the literature on this subject. Also, the context of peripheral regions – considering their economic differences to core areas – has been understudied. The elaboration and application of the survey have allowed the authors to have access to primary in-depth data and, therefore, to build a better understanding of KIS BGs in Andalusia, Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Huawei serves as a vehicle for presenting the multiple barriers faced by Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) that happen to be born in China, a non-democratic and non-Western country who now challenges the world's No.1 superpower, thus requires a multi-disciplinary analytical framework by taking much broader contexts into considerations. This comparative case study of its operations in the US and UK aims to develop the old model of examining Chinese MNEs that is heavily economic factor focused by including more variables, such as 'bilateral relations', 'law', 'media influence' and 'cultural proximity' under host country factors, and 'governance structure' under home country factors. The new model will show the increasing complexity in the global competitive landscape and inspire more research to further advance understanding of this new international business phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses Lafay index (LFI), trade balance index (TBI) and concentration ratio to investigate the dynamics and comparative advantage of the ten most traded agri-food products between Nigeria and the world as well as the European Union (EU28) and Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The country markedly recorded an adverse TBI in food trade with the world, EU28 and ECOWAS. The share of Nigeria's food export in total food exports to the EU28 declined from 65% in 2007 to 37% in 2017. On the other hand, the share of the country's food exports to ECOWAS rose from 2% to 14% within the same period under study. Remarkably, 5 out of 46 mostly traded food products accounted for 78%, 93% and 92% of total food exports to the world, EU28 and ECOWAS, respectively. The LFI further reveals that Nigeria has comparative advantages and positive TBI in trading with the world, the EU28, and ECOWAS with food products, such as crustaceans, cocoa, and oilseeds. On the other hand, Nigeria has comparative disadvantages and adverse TBI in about half out of the ten most traded products with the world, EU28, and ECOWAS. The study further reveals that Nigeria mostly exports unprocessed and imports high processed food products. Food processing and export promotion policies should be heightened to diversify export food baskets and reduce excessive reliance on food imports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyze the significance of export market destinations for productivity growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. We use matching and difference-in-differences techniques to evaluate these questions. We find that exports generate productivity growth among exporters, with the more productive firms exporting to multiple markets. We also find that changes in export markets are as a result of firm-level productivity growth suggesting that firms will sell products to additional markets if their productivity level increases hence the changes in export markets are correlated with productivity growth. Moreover, we find that exporting to multiple markets raises the firm's productivity growth by 42.3%, higher than exporting to only one export market at a time. These findings hold at the country and industry level and are robust to other factors that may correlate with increased productivity like age, size and ownership. At the policy level, policies on export promotion should provide information on how prospective exporters can enter into African export markets. Firms that have started exporting should be helped with credit access to expand their sales to other additional export markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trade agreements are thought to raise trade integration, but existing preferential trade agreements (PTAs) are insufficient in measuring market access of products. This study develops a product-based coverage index of PTAs using the World Trade Organization (WTO) preferential trade agreements and calculates bilateral trade measures using the EORA multi-regional input-output (MRIO) tables covering 189 countries worldwide over the period 1990–2015; the structural gravity model is employed to test how PTAs affect bilateral trade. Our findings show that countries sharing a common PTA could boost the trade volume compared to those without PTAs, supporting the trade creation effect. However, the trade promotion effect of the product-based coverage index of PTAs is significant only if the member countries are low-and middle-income countries. Further, the wide range of product liberalization brought by PTAs can promote global production networks by stimulating the trade of intermediate goods. Our results are important for understanding the market access effect of PTAs with the increasing development of trade integration and global value chains (GVCs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ramularia blight, caused by Ramularia foeniculi Sybille's a highly destructive fennel disease and may cause complete failure of the crop. The use of chemicals especially mancozeb to manage Ramularia blight increases the load of residues in seed and reduces the export and market price. Removal of lower yellow leaves would not only help in reducing the load of Ramularia pathogen but, also increase the aeration in fennel crop. To manage this disease, field trial was conducted for three consecutive kharif seasons (2017-18, 2018-19 & 2019-20) with agronomical practices i.e. removal of lower yellow leaves at different stages and different spraying schedules of chlorothalonil 75WP. Removal of lower yellow leaves at 50 % flowering stage and grain filling stage with two sprays of chlorothalonil 75WP @ 0.15% (20 g/10 lit. water) first spray at just appearance of disease and second spray at15 days after first spray was found effective not only in terms of management of disease (10.91 % disease incidence), yield (2078 kg/ha) and quality aspects but also reduced the load of fungicide on seed which promote the export. Thus, limited use (2 sprays) of chlorothalonil with the removal of lower yellow leaves helps to meet out the quality standards for export promotion with respect to residual limits in the said commodity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This theoretical essay discusses the international trade promotion actions carried out by Trade Promotion Organizations (TPOs), aimed at Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), in the view of internationalization theories. The work involves the understanding of the challenges of MSMEs for internationalization; it clarifies how the TPOs reach MSMEs; it describes the explanatory theories of internationalization processes; and it identifies relations between products and services of the TPOs with the theories of internationalization. The work contributes to understanding the performance of TPOs, highlighting their complementary role in the internationalization of companies by identifying opportunities, integrating international networks, and offering support to compensate for competitive imbalances in the global value offer [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article assess the apparent return of nation-states to the centre of European politics, especially following the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic. It mentions foreign policy analysts have focused on other issues such as European integration, trade promotion and Europe's security architecture. It also mentions liberal foreign policy discourse has focussed on efforts to secure peace and protect human rights.

Objective: The objective of this article is to analyze how an export promotion program, as a formal institution, influences the internationalization process of MSMEs in an emerging economy, under the theoretical perspective of the institution-based view. Method: Multiple case studies were carried out, comprising a corpus of 9 interviews conducted in a semi-structured manner, with representatives of the formal institution under analysis and MSMEs from the textile and clothing sector of Agreste Pernambucano. Main Results: A significant influence of the formal institution for the internationalization of MSMEs in the T&C Sector was identified, especially in the demystification of export myths, information on procedures for internationalization, promotion and support at fairs, adjustments in processes, products and management. However, there are also negative influences such as incipient attention to foreign trade issues, disclosure of the program with political interests, few practical export results, state bureaucracy and exchange rate volatility. Relevance: The focus on the role of the institutions of the country of origin, especially in emerging economies, in the internationalization of companies, is an emerging theme, therefore, this article can collaborate for the permanence of the local and global relevance of the theme. Theoretical / Methodological Contributions: Uses the theoretical perspective of the institution-based view to understand the interactions between institution and internationalization, contemplating a distinct institutional environment, bringing new perspectives for analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study explores and compares short-run and long-run analyses of the validity of precautionary and mercantilist approaches to accumulation of foreign exchange reserves (FER) in Pakistan. Research Design & Methods: This study uses quarterly data from 1990 (1st) to 2015 (4th). The autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) test is used to check short-run and long--run analyses of the mercantilist and precautionary approaches for the accumulation of foreign exchange reserves in Pakistan. Findings: The empirical results of the study reveal that Pakistan accumulates FER for a precautionary motive. The variables associated with precautionary motives are economically and statistically important in explaining FER accumulation. In contrast, variables linked to mercantilist motives are statistically significant, while insignificant economically for FER accumulation. Implications / Recommendations: In an underdeveloped economy like Pakistan's, a large volume of international reserves helps not only in handling exchange rate strategies, but also in pursuing macroeconomic policies such as: export promotion, development projects, repayment of foreign debt, maintaining employment opportunities, and improvement of the financial sector. Contribution: The econometric estimates show that Pakistan accumulates FER for a precautionary motive. The variables associated with precautionary motives are economically and statistically important in explaining FER accumulation. In contrast, variables linked to mercantilist motives are statistically significant, while insignificant economically for FER accumulation. These results are also true for most of the research studies, including on China, that we see in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increase of global trade and sourcing, there is a growing need for exact measurement and reliable standards for products and services. This paper attempts to develop a unified and integrated structure for the effectiveness evaluation of quality infrastructure on the promotion of export quality from the perspective of system and coordination. Starting from determining component-based evaluation criteria and index, we propose a three-phase analytical framework. Firstly, the development level of quality infrastructure system is evaluated through factor analysis. Secondly, the coordination degree of quality infrastructure system is calculated by grey coordination evaluation model. Thirdly, we explored the relevance of quality infi·astructure system within export quality through grey relational analysis. Using a sample of quality infrastructure and export data from 2009 to 2018 in China, empirical results show that quality infrastructure can be divided into two subsystems according to their characteristics, including 'scale and structure subsystem' and 'standard subsystem'. There is evidence that the performance of a quality infrastructure system and its coordination degree are closely related to the upgrade of export product quality. The main contribution of this paper is to address the gap in the quality infrastructure literature by proposing a three-phase analytical framework for effectiveness quantification problems. The clarification of the economic connection between quality infrastructure and export product quality can raise awareness of governments and enterprises about the significance of construction and utilization of quality infrastructure system for competitive advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high costs of complying with standards adversely affect export competitiveness. Existing evidence suggests that the harmonisation of standards to international benchmarks reduces compliance costs and is less trade-inhibiting, or may even be trade-promoting. This paper thus investigates how the regulatory margin in food standards affects Africa's fish exports to the EU. We measure the regulatory margin in standards by comparing EU standards to the international scientifically-formulated benchmarks. Our results indicate that, relative to the international standards, EU fish standards are indeed non-inhibiting. Thus, the high number of fish exports from Africa rejected by the EU due to non-compliance with EU standards does not really suggest that the measures are overly restrictive but rather is an indication of the poor quality of Africa's fish exports. This finding suggests a need for upgrades to Africa's fish export quality, especially the fish supply chain infrastructure, through continuous improvements in fish export logistics facilitation and export promotion measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The promotion of agricultural exports is a national goal aimed at revitalizing the export sector and increasing its rates to keep pace with economic, local and global changes. Green beans are among the promising crops in the field of production and export, as Egypt has a comparative advantage in its production, which made it occupies an advanced export position. The research problem lies in the fluctuation and in stability of the produced quantities of green bean, and the lack of export and marketing information. The study aimed to identify the current state of green bean exports, the economic stability of exports, and how to increase the export and marketing capacity, the using linear regression model for linear, cubic and quadratic. One of the post important results was that the general average of cultivated area during the period (2000-2018) was about 57.88 thousand fads., with an average productivity of about 4.35 ton/fad. By studying the development of the quantity, value of exports and the export price of green bean in Egypt during the same period, it was found that the amount of exports increased by a significant annual amount of about 1.75 thousand tons, Equivalent to about 6.7I% of the average quantity of exports, which amounted to about 26.12 thousand tons. Egypt has an apparent comparative advantage, reaching a maximum of about 21.98 in 2010 and the lowest of about 2.90 in 2003 and a general average of about 13.60, and this may be due to the high value of exports of green beans. The study revealed that the coefficient of instability for the export's quantity varied between high and low, reaching about 2.93% in 2014 and a maximum of about 103.58% in 2008, with a general average of about 26.39%. By studying the most important export seasons. The results indicated that the minimum for the seasonal record for the monthly development of the quantity of Egypt's exports reached about 12.29% in September, while it reached its maximum in April. Followed by 'November, May and December with a value of 169.84%, 166.80%, %165.82 and 165.66%, respectively. By studying, the strength of exports, it was found that it started between high and low, with a. minimum of about 2.04% in 2003 and a maximum of about 20.06% in 2008 and general average of about 8.45% from domestic production. This may be due to the instability of agricultural exports in general and Green beans specially, not following a good export policy or not observing the quality conditions required in the import market. The study recommended increasing exports of green bean and providing a governmental! Database that studies foreign markets and presenting production and export data according to the types of agricultural exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trade promotion plays a critical role in real-world marketing and operations management. However, previous research paid rare attention to how to provide trade promotions in a sustainable manner when consumer demand is disrupted. Considering that demand disruption is becoming surging because of the digital economy, it is quite necessary to discern the managerial implications for sustainable trade promotion practice in demand disruption scenarios. For this purpose, we analyze trade promotions under demand disruption by integrating demand uncertainty and limited capacity into a stylized demand disruption model. Three trade promotion types, i.e. off-invoice, scan-back, and revenue-sharing, are examined, and optimal promotion decisions are derived for each strategy. Our results show that both manufacturer and retailer would adopt aggressive pricing strategies as the demand disruption being intensified. For trade promotion strategies, our results show that, for a certain level of demand disruption, the manufacturer prefers off-invoice rather than revenue-sharing when the manufacturer needs to offer a more aggressive trade promotion. This result indicates that, when aggressive trade promotions are needed, the manufacturer may be worse off by a revenue-sharing strategy, even though the revenue-sharing could coordinate a supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the export promotion system of advanced and emerging economies in fifty countries. Results show that advanced economies offer, on average, more complete export promotion system, i.e. a greater variety of Export Promotion Programs (EPPs) than emerging economies. Advanced countries offer more financial support, informational services, facilitating activities and education and training services. The specific services that contribute most to these differences are also identified, which is important for national export promotion agencies and policy makers to upgrade their offer to firms in order for them to be better prepared for international trade interactions, especially emerging economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates the causal nexus between export and output growth of Japan to identify the validity of the export-led growth (ELG) hypothesis in a modified theoretical setting. The study is unique in the sense that it takes the Japanese crisis of 1992 into account and also addresses the possible income identification problem that most of the earlier studies largely ignored. The direction and extent to which the explanatory variables, namely, exports, imports, capital expenditure, total labor productivity and a dummy representing the crisis affect the industrial output are investigated employing both Granger causality and Leveraged Bootstrap Simulation Techniques. Both of the approaches suggest that the relationship between exports and output growth is not unidirectional which implies that export promotion cannot be regarded as a tool to promote economic growth for Japan that has important implications for policymakers to set suitable strategies to boost its economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tests whether the performance of South Africa's trade balance, that is, the country's export and import performance, can effectively explain the economy's growth rate. Formally, the study tests the applicability of Thirlwall's law to the South African economy. The law states that the estimated growth rate (y B t ) of an economy is proportional to the growth rate of exports (x t) divided by the income elasticity of imports (π). The South African Reserve Bank (SARB) quarterly data from 1960 to 2009 for exports, imports, the exchange rate, export prices, import prices, and the economic growth rate is used for regression. The study runs an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model in the presence of structural breaks and after adjusting for structural breaks and finds that growth in the South African economy can be shown to be trade balance constrained. This finding has policy implications with regard to trade promotion and strategies and strategies to enhance growth performance by increasing the overall competitiveness of the South African economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Argentina, the export sector has historically been an alternative to develop the domestic economy, and/or a channel to access new markets and generate complementarities within the productive structure. Since the beginning of the 21st century, given the transformations in the world trading system, exports not only have represented between a fifth and a quarter of GDP, but they have also been a fundamental determinant of long-term growth, increasing the inflow of foreign currency and contracting the external restriction. In this paper, we demonstrate that in 2014 and 2015 the Program of Increase and Diversification of Exports (PADEx, for its acronym in Spanish) was a public policy tool, in response to the fall of the sales of goods abroad. We study the case because it is a program designed with informed criteria, and in which different agencies of the state participated, whose results were not as projected. The PADEx is useful to reflect on the limitations of the export promotion policies and their effectiveness, especially in the case of short-term scenarios, with macroeconomic problems --such as external, fiscal and relative price imbalances--, and when fiscal and monetary policies, previously fixed, are oriented to other goals. Our study is structured from the analysis of the stages of construction and development of public policy, based on official statistics and documentation related to program issued by different state agencies. First, we make a diagnosis about the export situation, that is, we examine the context in which the PADEx was built. Second, we explain its planning and implementation processes between 2014 and 2015. Third, we carry out an ex post evaluation according to known results. Finally, we propose a reflection on the limitations of public policies to promote exports in Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, from the perspective of economic exchange between Japan and Central Asia (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan), the current situation and challenge, as well as future prospects, will be described through the work of promoting trade and investment. One of the characteristics of economic exchange between Japan and Central Asia is that the forms and fields of business developed by the target countries differ significantly, and one is that the public and private sectors are working together unexpectedly. One can point out that neither Japan nor the target countries can be decisively important economic partners, and as a result, exchanges remain at a low level. The lack of information is at the top of the challenge in developing economic exchanges between Japan and Central Asia. Also the difficulty of logistics, the vulnerable foreign exchange circumstances and the compliance problem are major bottleneck for commercial activities for Japanese companies. Although rosy expectations for future economic exchanges are forbidden, there are several directions for efforts that can contribute to building win-win relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Export promotion programmes (EPPs) are argued to support firms' export activity. However, the empirical evidence for the link between EPPs and exporting is inconclusive. We argue and demonstrate by using fuzzy set methods one can uncover configurations that combine the firm's participation in specific EPPs, namely trade missions and fairs, together with certain firm-specific characteristics. We base our analysis on a sample of 641 Chilean exporters (2010-2015), and show regression results are mostly insignificant and with a much lower model fit level compared with our fuzzy set analysis. Our main findings illustrate that small, young and non-export-experienced firms gain the most from trade fairs and trade missions, which supports the notion that EPPs provide the information required in export markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]