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Abstract Purpose This study aims to understand how workplace bullying affects knowledge sharing among employees in Chinese scientific and technological enterprises. Methodology A convenience sampling method was employed to survey 275 employees from scientific and technological enterprises of Yangtze River Delta, China. The survey utilized a general information questionnaire, a workplace bullying scale, an organizational belonging scale, a knowledge sharing scale, and a forbearance scale. A moderated mediation model was set up, and the hierarchical regression and the bootstrapping method were applied. Findings The empirical results indicated that workplace bullying has a negative effect on the knowledge sharing, and organization belonging has played mediating effect. Furthermore, Forbearance not only moderated the effect of workplace bullying on organizational belonging, but also moderated the mediated effect of organization belonging, and the effect will be stronger when employees are at a lower level of forbearance. Implications This study offers important implications for scientific and technological enterprises. The findings imply that enterprises should discourage person-related workplace bullying to increase employees’ intention to engage in knowledge-sharing behavior. Moreover, the manager of these firms should develop a culture of family so that they can care for the organization belonging.

Purpose: This study aims to understand how workplace bullying affects knowledge sharing among employees in Chinese scientific and technological enterprises. Methodology: A convenience sampling method was employed to survey 275 employees from scientific and technological enterprises of Yangtze River Delta, China. The survey utilized a general information questionnaire, a workplace bullying scale, an organizational belonging scale, a knowledge sharing scale, and a forbearance scale. A moderated mediation model was set up, and the hierarchical regression and the bootstrapping method were applied. Findings: The empirical results indicated that workplace bullying has a negative effect on the knowledge sharing, and organization belonging has played mediating effect. Furthermore, Forbearance not only moderated the effect of workplace bullying on organizational belonging, but also moderated the mediated effect of organization belonging, and the effect will be stronger when employees are at a lower level of forbearance. Implications: This study offers important implications for scientific and technological enterprises. The findings imply that enterprises should discourage person-related workplace bullying to increase employees' intention to engage in knowledge-sharing behavior. Moreover, the manager of these firms should develop a culture of family so that they can care for the organization belonging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When dealing with EU's rule of law (RoL)-related issues, the Commission has often adopted a forbearance approach and the actions taken have crystallised in soft enforcement mechanisms directed at Poland. However, the use of the Conditionality Regulation as an enforcement instrument in 2022 in relation to (lack of) RoL compliance signalled a change into an assertive approach towards Hungary. Why so? This paper argues that exogenous events may change policy priorities and linkage of issues explain this change. Russian aggression against Ukraine prompted a shift in the priorities of member states' governments making them more receptive towards EU Commission enforcement actions. The Hungarian government's friendly attitude towards Russia clashes with the position of most member states and the Commission itself. Orban's partial isolation makes the Commission more willing to exercise RoL enforcement initiatives. Hence, supranational RoL-related forbearance is, at least in critical situations, affected by the calculus of opportunity that the Commission derives from other policy areas. Empirically, the process is traced through official/public documents and statements made by EU actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deliberate non-enforcement of the law has been analyzed as a policy tool to redistribute income. I show that it also responds to political incentives for the provision of insurance, resembling two well-known dimensions of social policy design. I analyze data from a large informal program of social insurance in the world: informal access to electricity service. Transmission and distribution losses (TDL) in the electricity sector are counter-cyclical because non-compliance and theft increase during economic crises. By exploiting variation in political institutions, I capture political motivations for the provision of informal insurance. Using a panel of 110 developing countries (1970–2014) and instrumental variables for business cycles and regime type, I show that unlike highly entrenched autocrats, democracies tolerate increases in electricity losses during negative income shocks. This paper expands the literature on "forbearance" showing how the provision of informal insurance varies across the developing world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following Valens's defeat at the hands of the Goths at the Battle of Adrianople in August 378 and immediately before Alaric's sack of Rome in August 410, both Gratian and Honorius issued temporary forbearance measures that relaxed the otherwise coercive religious policies against Donatists in North Africa. The present article analyzes these episodes as case studies in how the late Roman government reacted to disasters and crises in the religious sphere. These episodes are particularly puzzling because they go against the tendency of increasing coercion against schismatics and heretics expressed in late Roman laws and imperial propaganda. The article argues that late Roman religious policy that attempted to enforce theological orthodoxy was mainly the product of episcopal lobbying and petitions, and therefore it could be suspended when more pressing concerns, such as the loyalty of a crucial province for the food supply of the city of Rome, hung in the balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why would a supranational law enforcer suddenly refrain from wielding its powers? The authors theorize the supranational politics of forbearance—the deliberate underenforcement of the law—and explain how they arise from cross-pressures between prosecutorial discretion and intergovernmental policy-making. The article then traces why an exemplary supranational enforcer—the European Commission—became reluctant to launch infringements against European Union member states. While the Commission's policy-making role as engine of integration has been controversial, its prosecutorial role as guardian of the Treaties has been viewed as less contentious. Yet after 2004, infringements launched by the Commission plummeted. The authors demonstrate that the Commission's political leadership grew alarmed that aggressive enforcement was eroding intergovernmental support for its policy agenda. By reining in the bureaucrats managing enforcement and embracing conciliatory dialogues with governments, the Commission sacrificed its role as guardian of the Treaties to safeguard its role as engine of integration. The article's findings highlight the consequences of politicizing international institutions and the tradeoffs facing executives double-hatting as prosecutors and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I study the association between bank financial reporting opacity, measured by delayed expected loan loss recognition, and the intervention decisions made by bank regulators. Examining U.S. commercial banks during the 2007–09 financial crisis, I find that delayed expected loan loss recognition is negatively associated with the likelihood of regulatory intervention (measured by either severe enforcement action or closure). This result is robust to using various specifications and research designs. In additional analyses, I find evidence suggesting that this association is driven by regulators exploiting financial reporting opacity to practice forbearance. My findings contribute to the extant literature on bank opacity, regulatory forbearance, and the consequences of loan loss provisioning by suggesting that delayed expected loan loss recognition affects regulatory intervention decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conclusion of a secondary contract with a debtor customer is one of the solutions foreseen in the banking system to reduce the volume of non-performing exposures. However, the incorrect perception of the nature of these contracts and their confusion with the concept of forbearance in some laws and regulations have left adverse legal consequences. In recent years, several decisions have been issued in the judicial courts regarding their invalidity. Examining the substantive differences between the concepts of forbearance and secondary contract shows the incorrect interpretation of forbearance compared to the mentioned contracts and the need to amend related instructions. The solution of secondary contracts has been created to create benefits for credit institutions and for the customer to be able to pay his debt with a reasonable and logical increase in a more extended period, A subject that is entirely different from the philosophy of Islamic forbearance. Forbearance is an opportunity that is given to the debtor without any change in the legal relationship, and it does not bring any benefit to the creditor, and he may also suffer losses; Meanwhile, the renewal and conversion of contracts as two clear examples of the defined bank's forbearance the legal relationship of the parties are fundamentally changed. In addition, a designated bank's forbearance is not detrimental to the credit institution. Still, in all its assumptions, it increases the debtor's debt over an extended period. Eliminating the suspicion of the intention and realisation of abduction from secondary contracts, the absence of the need to prove the debt, and the failure to realise double damages and compound interest in these contracts are among the legal fruits of the separation of these two natures.

Foucaldian studies on the management of popular illegalisms tend to focus on their differential treatment by the State according to the social groups concerned. In doing so, they have been less interested in the everyday power relations, negotiations and compromises within the state that shape the regulation of illegal practices. In the case of Morocco, this article thus looks at the plural management of illegalisms -rather than their differential one- as it emerges from the interactions between a variety of public agencies concerned with the same set of extra-legal practices, and which have different positions regarding them. It does so by studying the use of untreated, and therefore highly contaminated, wastewater for small-scale market gardening in the heart of the city of Meknes.The management of these illicit water uses primarily involves local agents of the Ministry of the Interior (the moqqadems) as well as their hierarchy (qaïds, General Directorate of Local Authorities in Rabat). But it also includes other public agencies, such as the water company (RADEM), the Sebou river basin agency (ABHS) which issues water use permits, and the city of Meknès. How, then, do all these organizations interact in the management of these illegalities, and with what effects ?The fieldwork reveals that the management of illegalisms is fraught with tensions and contradictions between different segments of the state. These tensions lead to unstable compromises and frequent shifts between forbearance, negotiation and coercion. Thus, the moqqadems are structurally inclined to forbearance because of two main factors : their daily confrontation with users’ capacities of resistance, which dissuades them from repressing too harshly ; and their homology of subaltern position with the latter, which makes them sensitive to the moral economy of subsistence that animates the farmers. However, this posture of indulgence only heightens tensions with other State actors. This is particularly the case with the water company, RADEM, which sees some of its wastewater being intercepted before reaching the treatment plant, which threatens its proper functioning. RADEM officials lament the tolerance shown by the moqqadems, while also criticizing the inaction of the ABHS despite its legal mandate to verify, in collaboration with the Ministry of the Interior, the legality of water withdrawals. The municipality of Meknes is also trying to put an end to farming practices, which run counter to its strategy of setting up a “green” and recreational space in the area. These various pressures lead the moqqadems to forge shifting and uncertain compromises with the farmers, marked in particular by an attempt to invisibilize their practices in the public space. Thus, and contrary to what the literature on state indulgences generally demonstrates, the regulation of illicit practices in no way guarantees a minimally satisfactory political exchange between the rulers and the ruled. Rather, frustrations abound on both sides. Many State actors would like to see much stronger sanctions, while the moqqadems are constantly exposed to contradictory pressures, including calls for coercion, farmers' capacity to resist and adapt, and the recognition of their moral right to subsistence. As for the farmers, the perpetuation of their illicit practices does not open up any prospect of genuine development, but rather epitomizes a situation of deadlock and lack of alternative. As elsewhere, the illegal condition is experienced as a form of "degraded citizenship" : it constitutes a complex, precarious and constantly shifting combination of legality and illegality.Broadening the analysis so as to include all state actors involved in the management of illegality thus makes it possible not to presume the functionality of this management for the reproduction of the social order. The plural and often contradictory regulation of illegalisms does not necessarily nurture the gratitude and political loyalty of the public concerned. It reveals as much the precarity and instability of the compromises between the state and its subaltern populations, and the frustrations that these compromises engender.

Supererogation has gained attention as a means of explaining the voluntary behaviours of individuals and organizations that are done for the benefit of others and which go above what is required of legislation and what may be expected by society. Whilst the emerging literature has made some significant headway in exploring supererogation as an ethical lens for the study of business there remain several important issues that require attention. These comprise, the lack of primary evidence upon which such examinations have been made, attention has been given to only singular pro-social acts of organizations, and the focus has been upon the actions of large organizations. Furthermore, Heyd's (Supererogation, Cambridge University Press, 1982) original taxonomy of six supererogatory acts, comprising Moral Heroism, Beneficence, Volunteering, Favour, Forgiveness and Forbearance, has been considered to be complete and other forms of supererogatory acts have not yet been explored. In order to address these gaps this study poses the research questions: First, it studies how a single, contemporary SME performs multiple supererogatory acts in its attempts to address its social and environmental goals that go beyond CSR. Second, it seeks to gain a deeper theoretical understanding of Heyd's (Supererogation, Cambridge University Press, 1982) taxonomy of six forms of supererogation through the capture of primary data. This research makes a three-year case study examination of a single SME that has been formally recognized for its work in addressing social and environmental issues at local, national and global levels. Primary data are acquired of the supererogatory acts that it performs through a three-year participant observation case study, utilizing 61 interviews and 3 focus groups with internal and external stakeholders. In doing so, it addresses the empirical limitations of the extant research, substantiates each of the forms that supererogatory acts may take, and makes a contribution to the theory of supererogation by identifying a further class of act that is 'Sharing'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In current intellectual discourse, some scholars believe tolerance is unnecessary to interreligious interaction, viewing it either as veiled indifference toward others and their religious idiosyncrasies, or as crude relativism rooted in denial of the truthclaims and moral obligations of religious traditions. This essay addresses these ideas, and explores the possible connotations and hermeneutics of tolerance, providing a fresh reading of its role and value within interreligious relations and dialogue. It proposes a new status for tolerance, by exploring its potential meanings and values in perception of the self, and not just of the other. It then examines Christian-Muslim relations in Middle Eastern history and their notion of tolerance and reinterprets it in light of the Qur'anic notion of 'la ikrah'. A re-conception of tolerance is proposed, which invokes a new understanding of religiosity and religious affiliation: being tolerant in interreligious relations and dialogue means being one's true religious self. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kerime Nadir is a writer who has a respected place in Turkish Literature, is known for her romance novels, and has deeply influenced Turkish society. So much so that her novels have not only been adapted into films but have been the subject of many academic studies and postgraduate theses. What is the reason for this achieved status in the Turkish Literature of Nadir? Thus Nadir is a contemporary interpreter of the traditional orientation of love affairs. The protagonists in her novels are generally both forbidden and in some cases impossible love figures, such as cousins, half-siblings, and close relatives, who have a kinship and/or age difference between them. The characters of the novels are usually wounded souls who seek true love and encounter many unexpected events on the thorny paths of life. Finally, they have realized that happiness is not in vanity but in simplicity, virtue, patience, sacrifice, and nobility. In Nadir's works, there is also a reference to the freedom of choice, that we can change our destiny if we want, instead of accepting the destiny drawn by society. In this study, a comparison between Nadir's novel The Hiccup and Honoré de Balzac's novel Le Lys dans la vallée will be made, The main characters in Hiccup of Nadir and Le Lys dans la vallée of Balzac have similar attitudes and behaviors being observed. At the same time, it has been revealed how these two women sacrifice themselves and could not make their own choices beyond traditions and social roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Street vending in urban Tanzania is a big sector that touches different activities. This research paper applies the 'forbearance' conceptual understanding to investigate the introduction and implementation of small traders' Identity Cards or simply Wamachinga IDs as an official formalisation strategy. It reports the findings of a qualitative research design undertaken to explain the process of formalisation of street vendors and their trade in Dar es Salaam region. Multiple interpretations of the strategy were noted, such as a technique to collect data for further planning, a revenue collection tactic and an approach to equality between informal and formal traders. The study found that stakeholders embraced the initiative as progress towards gaining business freedom and access to improved earnings while boosting the government's coffers from the so-called informal sector. Additionally, the study found that the initiative had exposed challenges such as the lack of some important personal information in the IDs. It is hence sometimes dismissed as a politically-motivated initiative lacking legality. Moreover, the Local Government Authorities (LGAs) face challenges in managing business waste, business spaces, congestion and collection of some other revenues. Some formal business people/enterprises were reported to recruit young men and buy them Wamachinga IDs to sell items on their behalf. This was noted as a trick for tax evasion, which impedes tax compliance efforts. The study, therefore, recommends a participatory approach to improving the Wamachinga ID initiative alongside related by-laws to address the challenges this ID system faces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The relationship between forbearance, a psychological resource, and depression has to date remained inconclusive. The present study investigated heart rate variability (HRV) reactivity to acute stressor tasks in participants with different levels of forbearance to discover how forbearance influences depressive emotions when facing adversity. Method: The study examined the relationship between forbearance and depression, comparing HRV reactivity to stressor tasks in participants with different levels of forbearance. The levels of reported forbearance were assessed by the Forbearance Scale (FS). The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was used to assessed depression severity. HRV reactivity was evaluated at five stages: baseline, the active stressor task, the period of recovery after the active stressor task, the passive stressor task, the period of recovery after the passive stressor task. Results: FS scores had a significant negative correlation with PHQ-9 and a significant positive correlation with HRV; significant differences existed between the basal HRV in the higher and lower FS groups. In the passive stressor task and the period of recovery after the active stressor task, significantly different HRV responses were identified between the two groups. Discussion: Forbearance was correlated with depression and HRV. The present research found differences in HRV among subjects with different levels of forbearance in the baseline as well as stressor and recovery periods, suggesting that self-regulation dysfunction may exist among persons with lower levels of forbearance. Because of the higher levels of forbearance, the negative emotions of individuals caused by adversity are mitigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The international credit crisis of 2008–2013 changed the legal landscape of mortgage enforcement proceedings in Europe dramatically. The growing influence of the international right to housing, the increasing attention towards homeowner protection, the renewed policies towards mortgage financing and the changes in national legislation, make the study of these proceedings relevant and interesting. Moreover, the phase between default of the mortgage debtor and the actual start of these proceedings is becoming more and more relevant because of these developments. Nonetheless, this phase is quite underresearched, especially from a comparative legal research point of view. Our comparative study therefore takes a different approach than classical comparative studies on mortgage enforcement procedures. With this project, we investigate the approaches of mortgage lenders after the mortgage debtor is in default with his mortgage obligations. These approaches can be based on legislation, self-regulation or agreements with the mortgagor. The aim of this project is to discover how these regulations function in practice. This paper provides an introduction to this emerging legal comparative research project on, what we call, default resolution approaches in Europe. We explain the main interests involved in default resolution approaches and the dimensions that should be taken into account in our study. We then sketch our comparative framework for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tolerance is widely considered to be a key response to the challenge of managing diversity in pluralistic societies. However, tolerance comes in a number of different forms with distinct psychological profiles and societal implications. Drawing on research from political science, philosophy, sociology, and several subdisciplines within psychology, we discuss tolerance as a process of forbearance, which has received little attention in psychology. We propose a dual-process model of moral reasoning to differentiate between two distinct forms of tolerance and intolerance: intuitive and deliberative. Specifically, intuitive tolerance results from gut-level objection toward difference that is overridden (or not, in the case of intolerance) by more careful processing of the reasons to tolerate. By contrast, deliberative tolerance involves reflective thinking in which there is a weighing of one's reasonable objection to dissenting conduct against reasons to nevertheless tolerate, leading either to tolerance or intolerance. We further consider individual differences and situational factors that influence threat versus adjustment responses to living with diversity. Finally, we consider cultural differences involved in tolerance before exploring the implications of different meanings of tolerance and intolerance for living with cultural, religious, and ideological diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I utilize proprietary servicer call transcripts between a single servicer and the corresponding borrowers, whose loans they service, to shed light on borrower responses to the mortgage forbearance program contained in the CARES Act. My analysis reveals that borrowers (especially with non-performing loans) did not actively seek out mortgage forbearance (conditional on communication) in response to this policy, which was intended to prevent a pandemic-induced foreclosure. This is an outcome of the servicer's differential treatment between government and private loans, as the CARES Act was designed for government loans only and left scope for servicer discretion for private loans. These results bring into question the effectiveness of ad hoc laws and the implementation thereof during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract. Pancasila is a minimal morality, reiteration of maximal moralities lived by various religious groups in Indonesia. As minimal morality, Pancasila is needed for social solidarity and criticism in the public sphere. Hence all religious groups in Indonesia, including Christians, need to continuously actualize the historical essence of the principles of Pancasila from the faith perspective of the respected religious group. This writing intends to demonstrate the actualization of the principles of Pancasila from the perspective of Virtues Ethics. Through this study it can be concluded that the essence of the Pancasila is not something apart from what Christians believe and live. Pancasila has its resonance in specific Christian virtues of hope, vulnerability, humility, forbearance, and empathy. Abstrak. Pancasila adalah moralitas minimal yang merupakan reiterasi dari berbagai moralitas maksimal yang dimiliki oleh kelompok-kelompok agama yang berbeda-beda di Indonesia. Sebagai moralitas minimal, Pancasila dibutuhkan untuk solidaritas sosial dan kritik sosial di ruang publik. Oleh karena itu semua kelompok umat beragama di Indonesia, termasuk orang-orang Kristen, perlu terus menerus mengaktualisasikan esensi historis sila-sila Pancasila dari perspektif iman masing-masing. Tulisan ini bermaksud menunjukkan aktualisasi sila-sila Pancasila dari sudut pandang Etika Kebajikan. Melalui kajian ini dapat disimpulkan esensi sila-sila Pancasila bukanlah sesuatu yang asing dari apa yang diyakini serta dihidupi orang-orang Kristen. Sila-sila Pancasila mendapatkan resonansinya dalam kebajikan-kebajikan Kristiani yang spesifik, yaitu pengharapan, kerentanan, kerendahan hati, kesabaran sepenanggungan, dan empati.

A disruptive technology threat replaces incumbents. While a prior disadvantage of incumbent competing against disruptive technological entrants lacks an effective incumbent's competitive response. This research studied the case of a Chinese top animation firm, Comicfans Co., Ltd. This study aims to process a triangular qualitative research in the form of integrated qualitative research in terms of more comprehensive triangular formats. Furthermore, this study expands coopetition theory into entrant vs. incumbent under disruptive technology context and reveals how an incumbent-built competitive forbearance and formed coopetition with disruptive technological entrants by intra-industry integration (upstream and downstream) and cooperation (exploration and exploitation). When the disruptive entrants are in upstream substitution and show extension downstream, incumbent companies can adopt a strategy of diversified integration of downstream channels and cooperation with upstream entrants to increase the multi-point advantage and resource symbiosis in the downstream sectors against the entrants to obtain competitive priorities. When disruptive entrants are in downstream substitution and show an extension to upstream, incumbent companies can adopt a strategy of diversified integration of upstream product/business and exploitation cooperation with downstream entrants to improve the multi-point advantages and resource complementarity in the upstream sector against the entrants so as to obtain competitive priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Samenvatting: Het bevorderen van tolerantie wordt internationaal gezien als een belangrijk onderwijsdoel. In het onderwijs worden echter verschillende opvattingen over tolerantie door elkaar heen gebruikt, waardoor het begrip haar analytische en educatieve kracht verliest. In dit artikel gaan we specifiek in op de klassieke conceptualisering van tolerantie die verwijst naar iets verdragen waar men bezwaar tegen heeft, en daarmee verschilt van een momenteel dominante herinterpretatie van het begrip (tolerantie als appreciatie). Door middel van een heranalyse van reeds verzamelde gegevens onder middelbare scholieren laten we zien dat tolerantie als verdraagzaamheid voor jongeren moeilijk is, maar niet onmogelijk. We vinden daarbij verschillen tussen leerniveaus die samenhangen met multiculturalistische overtuigingen, waarbij VWO'ers gemiddeld toleranter zijn dan VMBO'ers. Op basis van de literatuur beschrijven we vervolgens een didactiek van tolerantie als verdraagzaamheid, waarbij het leren omgaan met onoverbrugbare verschillen centraal staat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Forbearance Scale (FS) is a 16-item self-report measure of forbearance. In this study, we examined the psychometric properties of the FS subscale and composite scores and developed a 9-item short form of the measure (FS-SF 9). A sample of 1,137 participants was drawn from community, NGO, and college settings. The sample was split into a derivation sample (n = 567) and a validation sample (n = 570). Exploratory factor analyses of the derivation sample data were used to select short-form items. Using the validation sample, confirmatory factor analyses were used to assess fit for proposed item-to-factor assignments. The results of the confirmatory factor analyses supported that the FS-SF 9 had a theoretically congruent factor structure and that all the subscale and composite scores displayed high internal consistency. Correlations with scores from established measures of a lack of forgiveness and emotion regulation also supported the validity of the FS-SF 9. Our data suggest that the FS-SF 9 subscales and composite score retained the psychometric strengths of their longer FS counterparts. Overall, the short form of the FS provides a brief assessment of the construct measured by the full form. Theoretical and practical applications are discussed.

The Forbearance Scale (FS) is a 16-item self-report measure of forbearance. In this study, we examined the psychometric properties of the FS subscale and composite scores and developed a 9-item short form of the measure (FS-SF 9). A sample of 1,137 participants was drawn from community, NGO, and college settings. The sample was split into a derivation sample (n = 567) and a validation sample (n = 570). Exploratory factor analyses of the derivation sample data were used to select short-form items. Using the validation sample, confirmatory factor analyses were used to assess fit for proposed item-to-factor assignments. The results of the confirmatory factor analyses supported that the FS-SF 9 had a theoretically congruent factor structure and that all the subscale and composite scores displayed high internal consistency. Correlations with scores from established measures of a lack of forgiveness and emotion regulation also supported the validity of the FS-SF 9. Our data suggest that the FS-SF 9 subscales and composite score retained the psychometric strengths of their longer FS counterparts. Overall, the short form of the FS provides a brief assessment of the construct measured by the full form. Theoretical and practical applications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the Buddhist quality of khanti. Khanti/kṣānti translates as patience, forbearance or tolerance, and includes the notions of non-retaliation and forgiveness. Understood in Buddhist texts as the opposite of anger and hatred, khanti may support measures of international humanitarian law (IHL) which prevent unlawful reprisals and other atrocities motivated by revenge in the context of war. As with IHL, Buddhism emphasises common humanity through the recognition of universal suffering. By drawing on Buddhist narratives and treatises, which apply the analysis of non-self (anattā) to anger itself as a basis for khanti, this article demonstrates that khanti is regarded as particularly appropriate for dealing with conflict. Khanti addresses the immediate psychological responses of victims of violence during conflict, thus offering immediate relief of suffering and preventing its further escalation. This article suggests that the brahmavihārās, particularly loving-kindness (mettā), may practically develop the quality of khanti. Just as mindfulness meditations have been used in the secular and global contexts, so too mettā practice as the development of khanti could be utilised alongside military training and the work of the International Committee of the Red Cross to enhance compliance with IHL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite many similarities, the gold rush that hit the Andean countries in 2004 elicited different state responses in Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru. Initially, there was a lack of enforcement of regulations towards informal mining, but eventually Colombia (2009) and later Peru (2011) enforced regulations with mixed results. Bolivia, on the other hand, has not enforced such regulations. At first, this may appear to be a matter of state capacity; however, a closer look uncovers different motivations behind these state actions (and inaction). We propose that the nature of social actors (or the lack of social actors) who profited from the gold boom, along with international and domestic pressures, are a crucial determinant of these different government responses. We explore this proposal through an analysis of the cases before and during the gold rush using a mix of archival research and interviews with key government actors. These findings allow us to distinguish empirically between forms of state inaction—standoff and forbearance—with distinct political consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ghana, collectivism holds people together in marital relationships, even if partners are religiously different. Married partners still hurt, betray, or offend each other and might develop avoidance or vengeful (i.e., unforgiving) motives. We investigated whether religious homogamy moderated connections of personality and marriage variables to unforgiving motives. Heterosexual married couples (N = 176 heterosexual married couples; N = 352 individuals; mean marriage duration 10.89 years) participated. Most identified as Christian (83.5% males; 82.3% females) or Muslim (11.9% males; 14.3% females). Couple religious homogamy was related directly to lower unforgiving motives. Religious homogamy did not moderate the connection between some personality variables (i.e., agreeableness and trait forgivingness) and unforgiving motives. Religiously unmatched couples tended to have greater unforgiveness at higher levels of neuroticism and lower forbearing, marital satisfaction, and marital commitment relative to religiously matched couples. One implication is that couple therapists need to assess partner neuroticism, marriage climate (i.e., satisfaction and commitment), and the general tendency to forbear when offended. Those can combine to produce unforgiving relationships, which might make progress in couple therapy improbable.

The goal of this special issue is to highlight the importance of unconventional social policies, theorize their development in comparison with traditional welfare state accounts and outline a new research agenda. In this introduction to the special issue, the editors present the concept of social policy by other means as encompassing two kinds of unconventional social policy (from the point of view of mainstream comparative research): First, functional equivalents to formal systems of social protection and, second, non-state provision of benefits. The concept builds upon a sizeable, but fragmented literature in comparative welfare state research. While numerous examples demonstrate that social policy by other means is more pervasive in both OECD and non-OECD countries than often acknowledged, a brief survey of the top 20 articles in the field reveals that this fact is not sufficiently reflected in the academic literature. With reference to both existing studies and the contributions to this special issue, the editors go on to explore (1) the different forms of social policy by other means, (2) explanatory theories and (3) their effectiveness in terms of social outcomes. They close by outlining a research agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International mega-events inject millions of dollars into host countries' economies, yet few studies assess which citizens benefit from events and which do not. Governments justify their bids for mega-events by arguing that infrastructure projects, event-related jobs, and tourist spending benefit many citizens. However, researchers find mixed impacts on host economies and the average citizen. Scholars and activists argue that a few businesses benefit while high prices and event-specific laws exclude poor citizens. Under what conditions do poor citizens benefit from mega-events? This article analyzes original interview, survey, and participant observation data on street vendors in São Paulo, Brazil during the 2014 FIFA World Cup. The project finds that most street vendors lost money, while a minority made record profits. Those who benefited from the event used brokers, bribes, and pockets of forbearance to circumvent FIFA's exclusionary rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent secular theorists of toleration have turned to Christian thought as a resource to overcome problems faced by secular-liberal accounts of toleration. This review essay examines three such projects, one in the tradition of Thomistic virtue ethics, another in the tradition of Frankfurt School critical theory, and another in political theory. While Christian ethics can learn from the methods and theoretical machinery deployed in these studies, each study assumes that the question of toleration is posed from a position of power and privilege. The essay asks what it might mean to consider toleration from the perspective of a marginalized community—like the early Christians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]