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This work portrays a sustainable utilization of fruits and vegetable waste (FVW) and aims in extraction of valuables. The waste chosen for the study are papaya peel, pea pod, mustard oil cake, banana peel, orange peel, pomegranate peel, pineapple peel, used coffee bean, onion peel, and apple peel. The extraction of bioactive components was done with methanol by percolation method at room temperature. The extraction was also done using microwave extractor and bath ultrasonicator. The extracts were analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC) using Folin-Ciocalteu method in terms of mg/ml of gallic acid equivalents (GAE). Total phenolic content was found to be highest in apple peels (0.171 mg/ml), papaya peels (0.166 mg/ml), onion peel (0.146 mg/ml), and pomegranate (0.126 mg/ml). The extracts were analyzed for their antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays. Pomegranate peel showed 51.05% degradation in comparison to pure ascorbic acid which is a super antioxidant showing 90% degradation of DPPH (0.2 mM). Total protein content was determined by Biuret method. Anthrone reagent was used to determine the amount of carbohydrate in each sample quantitatively. The results underscore the immense potential for sustainability and innovation within the domain of food waste utilization for extraction of valuables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ricinoleic acid (RA) from castor oil was employed in biotransformation of peach-flavoured γ-decalactone (GDL), using a Candida parapsilosis strain (MTCC13027) which was isolated from waste of pineapple crown base. Using four variables—pH, cell density, amount of RA, and temperature—the biotransformation parameters were optimized using RSM and BBD. Under optimized conditions (pH 6, 10 % of microbial cells, 10 g/L RA at 28°C), the conversion was maximum and resulted to 80 % (+)-GDL (4.4 g/L/120 h) yield in shake flask (500 mL). Furthermore, optimization was achieved by adjusting the aeration and agitation parameters in a 3 L bioreactor, which were then replicated in a 10 L bioreactor to accurately determine the amount of (+)-GDL. In bioreactor condition, 4.7 g/L (>85 %) of (+)-GDL is produced with 20 % and 40 % dissolved oxygen (1.0 vvm) at 150 rpm in 72 h and 66 h, respectively. Further, a new Al-Mg-Ca-Si composite column-chromatography method is developed to purify enantiospecific (+)-GDL (99.9 %). This (+)-GDL is 100 % nature-identical as validated through 14C-radio-carbon dating. Thorough chemical investigation of enantiospecific (+)-GDL is authenticated for its use as flavour. This bioflavour has been developed through a cost-effective biotechnological process in response to the demand from the food industry on commercial scale. • Efficient Candida parapsilosis (MTCC 13027) strain produces (+)- γ -Decalactone (GDL). • Biotransformation parameters were optimized through RSM and Box Behnken Design. • (+)- γ -GDL is produced 4.4 g/L/120 h in shake-flask and 4.7 g/L/64 h in 10 L bioreactor. • Novel Al-Mg-Ca-Si composite produced to purify 99 % (+)- γ -GDL through Column. • (+)-GDL is identified 100 % biobased and safe for food-flavour application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a literature review about Food and Loss Waste Management in Horeca Supply Chain is developed. Some trends and characteristics of that research line are presented. Three research questions are proposed: 1) What journals and authors have published papers Food and Loss Waste Management in Horeca Supply Chain? 2) Which are the methodological characteristics of the papers on Food and Loss Waste Management in Horeca Supply Chain?and 3) What knowledge areas have been analysed? A descriptive analysis is made to identify the relevant journals and authors and the methodological characteristics (type of study, analytical techniques and sources of information). Finally, knowledge areas and the-ories are described. The general literature on supply chain in hospitality about food and loss waste is quite extensive and interdisciplinary. However, specifically on Horeca sector, it is rather scarce. The results confirm the need for further literature on the Horeca sector and its Supply Chain, due to its implications for food waste. The interest is mainly due to the large social and practical implications that can be derived in the extension of the research, moving towards the implementation of sustainable practices involving the reduction of food waste and loss.

This review article seeks to evaluate existing research in hydroponic systems which utilise a fertiliser solution derived from food-waste, also known as "Food-waste based hydroponic fertilisers" (FWBHF). FWBHF research is rooted in addressing increasing concerns surrounding food security, addressing both non-productive waste streams and sustainable production of hydroponic fertilisers. In 2018, the world was predicted to have wasted 931 million tonnes of food, 17 % of the total food produced throughout the year (FAO, 2021). Meanwhile, existing hydroponic systems rely on synthetic fertilisers which are constituted from unsustainable processes, such as Haber-Bosch systems or mining for phosphate rocks. These practices contribute heavily to greenhouse gas emissions or rely on destructive exploitation of finite reserves, which researchers believe will increase in price as accessible reserves are exhausted (Liu et al., 2020 ; Cordell et al., 2011). With increasing population in urban areas, the demand of produce imported from regional areas grows alongside the density of waste generation. Thus, exploring methods to re-utilise urban food-waste in urban horticultural systems may help in improving food security, reducing waste, and providing a local source of fresh produce for consumers. The objectives of this review article are to : i) Utilise PRISMA protocol to collect and synthesize existing literature related to food-waste based hydroponic systems, ii) Identify major challenges found across literature which inhibit yield outcomes in food-waste based hydroponic systems, iii) Explore potential improvements using conventional or non-conventional methods, including chemical, physical, and biological modifications to existing systems, iv) Suggest a standardized reporting framework for future research in this area. Using the PRISMA protocol, 6840 papers were identified with key words: "Food-waste AND hydroponic AND fertiliser," "Organic AND hydroponic AND fertiliser," and "Organic AND Hydroponics." 308 papers were selected based on the relevance of their title and abstract. After considering quality, overlaps, and relevance, 37 papers were chosen to be part of this systematic review. Literature was chosen based on its contents utilising any form of processing to prepare waste generated from the food-waste industry for use in a hydroponic system. These papers utilised waste generated at i) Farm, ii) Industry, and iii) Consumer, levels as well as a range of novel methods such as fermentation, steaming, or composting. This review studies how both feedstock composition and processing methodologies play a role in determining the efficacy of a food-waste based hydroponic fertiliser. It was found that while feedstock plays a larger role in the final nutritional composition, categorisation by methodology offers greater clarity for future research. This is attributed to "methodology" being the primary factor researchers can influence, with feedstock being based heavily on regional, industrial factors.. Overall, no clear trends or processing methods were identified as being particularly effective, with the strongest relationship between a FWBHF and positive yield outcomes being its similarity to the corresponding synthetic control solution. Synthesis of existing literature identifies two key avenues for future research: i) nutrient/salinity imbalancesand ii) microbial activity. Nutrient deficiency and excess salinity are identified as the main limiting factors in FWBHF research and are closely related. N deficiency was the most recurring nutrient deficiency, although deficiencies in P were also common. Excessive salinity limits plant available macro-nutrients and was more frequent in research which utilised food-waste generated at "consumer" levels. Cultivating microbial agents may potentially improve overall plant yield by improving mineralisation of nutrients, assisting rhizosphere efficiency, or by antagonising pathogenic species. Finally this review suggests a standardized reporting system. The infancy of this research leads to irregular reporting standards. The suggested reporting procedure seeks to amend discrepancies by clearly establishing a list of 21 factors which have been reported across the available literature and attributes a priority ranking to the relevance of the paper based on its field of study. This review article seeks to develop a synthesis of existing research for a clearer direction of development for food-waste based hydroponic research. This research is important as it aims to accomplish three goals in urban environments: i) Provide economically beneficial, local, and sustainable use for food-waste, ii) Improve their own food security by increasing local food production, and iii) Develop sustainable urban horticulture practices. • There exists no significantly effective methodology for the consistent conversion of food-waste into an effective hydroponic nutrient solution. • The primary obstacle to developing effective food-waste based hydroponic fertilisers is nutrient density relative to salinity. • Utilising food-waste based nutrients challenges existing sterile cultures in hydroponic systems. • This review suggests a framework which seeks to amend discrepancies in reporting standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead contamination in the industrial wastewater is a major concern because of human health effects, so wastewater treatment is required before uses. Adsorption is an effective method with a reasonable cost, and natural wastes are an interesting choice as low-cost adsorbent. Lemon peels were chosen with their proper chemical properties for lead removal. This study is aimed at synthesizing lemon peel adsorbents; analyzing adsorbent characterizations; investigating affecting factors on dose, contact time, pH, and concentration; examining adsorption isotherms and kinetics; and exploring desorption experiments and fixed-bed column experiments. This study was successful synthesized adsorbents of lemon peel powder (LP) and beads (LPB) and was characterized through XRD, FESEM-FIB, EDS, BET, and FTIR. The optimum conditions of LP and LPB of 50 mg L−1 lead concentration were 4 g, 6 h, and pH 5 and 3 g, 5 h, and pH 5, respectively. Both adsorbents were corresponded to Freundlich and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Fixed-bed column experiments which represented LPB had high lead removal efficiency with the adsorption capacity of 1.67 mg g−1, and it was also a good reusability more than 2 cycles. Therefore, LPB is a potential adsorbent to possibly apply for wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asphaltenes, the heaviest and most polar components of crudes, are generally associated with considerable operational issues in refineries. In order to understand potential operational issues during upgrading/processing of bio-crudes, structural and thermal behaviour of asphaltenes derived from bio-crude (bio-asphaltenes) from hydrothermal liquefaction of food-waste and wood residues were compared with petroleum derived asphaltenes derived from bitumen. Structural analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance and elemental analysis revealed 7 aromatic rings per unit structure for bitumen asphaltenes, 4 for food-waste asphaltenes, and 3 for wood asphaltenes. The calculated molecular weight per unit structure followed the order: bitumen asphaltenes (589–636 g mol−1) > food-waste derived asphaltenes (338–358 g mol−1)> wood residue derived asphaltenes (268–274 g mol−1). The carbon residues using thermal gravimetric analysis (bitumen asphaltenes = 40%, bio-asphaltenes = 19–25%) and glass transition temperature (bitumen asphaltenes = 80 °C, bio-asphaltenes = 4–64 °C) followed the same order. These results indicate a very different structural and thermal behaviour for petroleum and bio-asphaltenes. • Asphaltenes from food-waste and wood bio-crude are compared with that from bitumen. • HTL asphaltenes have much lower calculated molecular weight per unit structure. • Aromatic rings per unit structure: 3–4 for HTL asphaltenes and 7 for bitumen asphaltenes. • HTL asphaltenes produce 35–50% less carbon residue. • Glass transition temperatures are lower for HTL asphaltenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] In this paper, struvite crystallization approach was used to treat anaerobically digested food-waste slurry in order to recover ammonia nitrogen. [Methods] We investigated the effects of temperature, the reaction time, initial pH value, and the molar ratio of magnesium to phosphorus to nitrogen on the recovery of ammonia nitrogen by struvite crystallization approach. Furthermore, struvite crystallization effectiveness of keeping a constant pH value throughout the trial and only adjusting initial pH value were also compared in the study. [Results] The results showed that adjusting initial pH value instead of keeping constant pH value was beneficial to removing or recoving ammonia nitrogen due to the struvite formation of a higher purity. Optimum parameters including reaction temperature of 28°C, initial pH of 9.0, the reaction time of 90 min, and the mole ratio of magnesium, phosphorus and nitrogen with 1.43:1.3:1 were observed for obtaining the highest removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen, and the main component of the precipitate was identified as struvite by detection. [Conclusions] Under the optimal conditions, the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen can reach 98%. After struvite crystallization, the residual ammonia nitrogen and phosphate in anaerobically digested food-waste slurry were drastically reduced to 48.74 and 35.35 mg·L-1, respectively. As a result, the ratio of the chemical oxygen demand(COD) to total nitrogen content(TN) in slurry was enhanced by about 8 times, which would improve subsequent wastewater purification by activated sludge process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, life cycle assessment has been used to evaluate life cycle environmental impacts of substituting traditional anaerobic digestion (AD) feedstocks with food wastes. The results have demonstrated the avoided GHG emissions from substituting traditional AD feedstocks with food waste (avoided GHG-eq emissions of 163.33 CO 2 -eq). Additionally, the analysis has included environmental benefits of avoided landfilling of food wastes and digestate use as a substitute for synthetic fertilisers. The analysis of the GHG mitigation benefits of resource management/circular economy policies, namely, the mandating of a ban on the landfilling of food wastes, has demonstrated the very substantial GHG emission reduction that can be achieved by these policy options – 2151.04 kg CO 2 eq per MWh relative to UK Grid. In addition to the reduction in GHG emission, the utilization of food waste for AD instead of landfilling can manage the leakage of nutrients to water resources and eliminate eutrophication impacts which occur, typically as the result of field application. The results emphasise the benefits of using life-cycle thinking to underpin policy development and the implications for this are discussed with a particular focus on the analysis of policy development across the climate, renewable energy, resource management and bioeconomy nexus and recommendations made for future research priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While we state it seems unthinkable to throw away nearly a third of the food we produce, we still continue to overlook that we are all very much part of this problem because we all consume meals. The amount of food wasted clearly has an impact on our view of what we think a sustainable meal is and our research suggests food waste is a universal function that can help us determine the sustainability of diets. Achieving sustainability in food systems depends on the utilisation of both culinary skills and knowledge of how foods make meals. These are overlooked by the current food waste debate that is concerned with communicating the problem with food waste rather than solutions to it. We aim to change this oversight with the research presented here that demonstrates the need to consider the role of food preservation to reduce food waste and the requirement for new marketing terms associated with sustainability actions that can be used to stimulate changes in consumption behaviours. We have chosen frozen food to demonstrate this because our research has shown that the use of frozen foods results in 47 % less household food waste than fresh food categories. This has created a step-change in how we view food consumption and has stimulated consumer movements that act across different products and supply chains to enable the consumption of the sustainable meal. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study explored a new approach to enhance VFA productivity from anaerobic co-digestion of food-waste (FW) with source-segregated brown-water (BW) [feces-without-urine]. Effort was made to separate urine and BW from the source (using no-mix-toilet) mainly to expedite further treatment and resource-recovery. Effect of alkaline-pH [B] and acclimatized acidogenic inoculum [C] on acidification efficiency was investigated and compared with raw FW + BW co-digestion [A]. Batch-assay results indicated that VFA productivity persists for 144-h with about 615%, 522% and 376% increase in VFA-COD, respectively for 3-conditions [A-C]; which accounted for 70%, 49% and 58% of CODs input, respectively. High butyric-acid was observed in [A] and [C], followed by acetic, propionic-acids; whereas, abundant acetic-acid (86% of TVFA) was observed in [B], which are the most favorable-forms for methane production or other value-added-products. For 144-h of acidification, this study validated the feasibility of maximizing VFA-yield by 7-12 times compared to FW or BW as a sole-substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Batch anaerobic co-digestion studies were conducted using 21 mixtures (M1–M21) of food waste (FW), primary sludge (PS), and waste activated sludge (WAS) at 37°C and an initial pH of 5.5±0.2. The results showed that co-digestion of FW and sludges had a positive impact on the hydrogen production. The maximum hydrogen yields by co-digestion of FW+PS, FW+WAS, and FW+PS+WAS were achieved at volumetric ratios of 75:25, 75:25, and 80:15:5, respectively, with corresponding optimal COD/N mass ratios of 26, 31 and 30, respectively. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of co-digestion was proven and quantified: the measured hydrogen productions were higher than the sums of the hydrogen productions calculated from each fraction, and the highest percentage increase above the calculated value of 101%, was achieved in the FW+PS+WAS mixture (80:15:5). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A conventional 1300 m 3 continuously stirred anaerobic tank reactor at the city of Boden, north Sweden, which was receiving a feed of both sewage sludge and food waste, was put out of operation due to the build-up of a float phase. The reactor was emptied and cleaned. At start-up there was no methanogenic sludge available, so an unconventional start-up procedure was applied: The reactor was rapidly (8 days with 1200 kg of total solids (TS) added daily) filled with thickened, and slightly acidic sewage sludge, showing only slight methane generation, which was subsequently heated to 55 °C. Then compressed air was blown into the digester and within a month a fully functional methanogenic culture was established. The transfer from acidogenic to methanogenic conditions happened in about one week. As a start-up technique this is fast and cost efficient, it only requires the access of a compressor, electricity and a source of air. In total, about 16 tonnes of oxygen were used. It is proposed that this method may also be used as an operational amendment technique, should a reactor tend to acidify. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]