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BACKGROUND: High temperature stress (HTS) has become a serious threat to rice grain quality and few studies have examined the effects of HTS across multiple stages on rice grain quality. In the present study, we conducted 2 years of HTS treatments under three temperature regimes (32/22 °C, 40/30 °C and 44/34 °C) and HTS durations of 2 days and 4 days at three critical stages: booting, flowering, and a combination of booting and flowering. We employed the heat degree days (HDD) metric, which accounts for both the level and duration of HTS, to quantify the relationships between grain quality traits and HTS. RESULTS: The results revealed the diverse effects of HTS on rice grain quality at different stages, durations and temperature levels. HTS significantly (P < 0.05) reduced grain quality, with the highest sensitivities (reduction per 1 °C day−1 increase in HDD) observed at the flowering stage, followed by the combined and booting stages treatments under mild HTS treatment (40/30 °C). However, under extreme HTS treatments (44/34 °C) for 4 days, rice grains subjected to combined HTS treatment experienced complete mortality. CONCLUSION: Pre‐exposed to HTS at the booting stage within a certain intensity can alleviate the adverse effects of post‐flowering HTS on grain quality. This provides valuable insights for assessing the potential impact of multiple HTS events on the grain quality under future climate warming. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Flowering is a complex, finely regulated process involving multiple phytohormones and transcription factors. However, flowering regulation in pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) remains largely unexamined. This study addresses this gap by investigating gibberellin-3 (GA3) effects on flower bud (FB) development in pitaya. Our findings reveal that GA3 application induces significant bud dormancy and suppresses FB formation, highlighting GA3's role in modulating flowering in this species. Results: GA3 application during peak flowering period significantly altered hormone levels, reducing auxin (AUX), cytokinin (CTK) active forms dihydrozeatin riboside (dhZR), zeatin riboside (ZR), N6-isopentenyladenosine (iPA), and brassinosteroid (BR), while increasing jasmonic acid (JA), GA3, and gibberellin-4 (GA4) levels, with abscisic acid (ABA) levels remaining unchanged compared to control. Conversely, FB formation was associated with increased levels of AUX, dhZR, ZR, iPA, ABA, and JA, and decreased GA3 and GA4 levels. Transcriptomic analysis revealed batches of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with phytohormone signal transduction, aligning with observed hormone changes. Notably, except four CONSTANS-like (CO) (HU06G02633, HU10G00019, HU04G00234, and HU02G01458), all other CO genes were preferentially active in GA3-treated buds. GA3 treatment inhibited genes linked to the ABC model (AP1, AP2, MADS-box, AGL, SPL) and floral identity genes (LFY, FT), favoring dormancy and clean sweep of FB formation. Conclusion: These findings underscore the potential of GA3 as a powerful modulator of flowering and bud dormancy in pitaya. By elucidating the hormonal and genetic responses to GA3 treatment, this study contributes to our understanding of flowering regulation in pitaya and highlights the significant impact of GA3 on bud developmental pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabis sativa L. one of the oldest cultivated crops, has a complex domestication history due to its diverse uses for fibre, seed, oil, and drugs, and its wide geographic distribution. This review explores how human selection has shaped the biology of hemp and drug-type Cannabis , focusing on acquisition and utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus, and how resulting changes in source–sink relations shape their contrasting phenology. Hemp has been optimized for rapid, slender growth and nutrient efficiency, whereas drug-type cultivars have been selected for compact growth with large phytocannabinoid-producing female inflorescences. Understanding these nutrient use and ontogenetic differences will enhance our general understanding of resource allocation in plants. Knowledge gained in comparison with other model species, such as tomato, rice, or Arabidopsis can help inform crop improvement and sustainability in the cannabis industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticle-based methods can compensate for yield and quality loss of crops affected by drought. The current study, performed in a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design, addressed to evaluate the effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) at 0, 10, 20, and 30 mg L−1 under three irrigation regimes (full irrigation, partial root drying (PRD), and sustained deficit irrigation (SDI)) on Fragaria × ananassa cv. Camarosa. Results revealed that the PRD stress had more adverse effects on F. ananassa cv. Camarosa than SDI stress. Assessment of the behavior of TiO2 NPs in this study elucidated that mean productivity, yield stability index, and fruit number in plants grown under full irrigation increased when treated with 10 mg L−1 TiO2 NPs. Under the deficit irrigation, including PRD and SDI, all levels of TiO2 NPs mitigated mean productivity and yield stability index by ameliorating the fruit number and water use efficiency (WUE) and decreasing transpiration. Flowering and fruit set times were reduced by TiO2 NPs and deficit irrigation while their periods were enhanced by ones. It seems that when the strawberry was exposed to TiO2 NPs exhibited approximately drought tolerance. These nanoparticles ameliorated photosynthesis and mineral uptake and allocated dry matter to the root. These alterations can contribute to crop production in deficit irrigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flowering marks the critical transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in plants. In this work, three vascular plant one-zinc finger (VOZ) genes, namely, MiVOZ1A, MiVOZ1B and MiVOZ2, were identified from mango (Mangifera indica). The expression levels of the three MiVOZs increased after salt and drought treatment, increased during the vegetative period, and then decreased during the floral induction period. MiVOZ1A and MiVOZ1B were expressed mainly in adult stems, leaves and juvenile stems, but MiVOZ2 was mainly had high expression in juvenile buds and adult stems. The expression levels of CONSTANS (AtCO) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (AtFT) increased and that of FLOWERING LOCUS C (AtFLC) decreased in the MiVOZ transgenic Arabidopsis lines, resulting in an earlier flowering phenotype under long-day (LD) and short-day (SD) conditions. However, the overexpression of MiVOZ reduced the tolerance of the transgenic Arabidopsis to salt and drought stress. In addition, the interaction between MiVOZ proteins and CONSTANS-Like 16 (MiCOL16) proteins in mango was confirmed in vivo via yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assays and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). This work demonstrated the functions of MiVOZ1A, MiVOZ1B and MiVOZ2 and provided a basis for further research on the regulation of mango flowering and molecular genetic breeding.Key message: Three MiVOZs were isolated from mango, and the overexpression of MiVOZs promoted earlier flowering and reduced tolerance to abiotic stresses in transgenic Arabidopsis. All three MiVOZs interact with MiCOL16A and MiCOL16B in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton plant is a valuable technical crop grown in various regions of the world. For assessing the five colored cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes, the yield contributing traits received 60Co γ-ray irradiation at 0 (control), 100, 150, and 200 Gy. By treating colored cotton cultivars with 100 and 200 Gy rays, variations were visible in early maturity properties. An enhancement in bolls per plant were evident when treating the cream-colored cotton genotypes; however, a decrease occurred in the green-colored cotton genotype. Notably, the colored fiber genotypes treated with 200 Gy ray showed an increased number of bolls per plant. Colored fiber genotypes treated with 200 Gy ray caused a slight fiber elongation than with lower doses of 100 and 150 Gy and the control. The result further revealed cotton genotypes treated with 100 and 200 Gy rays positively affected the yield-contributing traits. The above properties can be beneficial in the selection and improvement of colored fiber cotton genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chickpea is a prominent leguminous crop cultivated in the West Asia and North Africa (WANA) region. Historically, it is planted during the spring season as a rainfed crop in the area, characterized by its unpredictable and frequently inadequate precipitation. Methods: To examine the impact of various levels of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and yield components of the Adel cultivar of chickpea, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with four replications at the research farm in Esfarayen Region in Khorasan-Iran (36.92 N, 57.55 E) throughout the 2022 and 2023 growing seasons. The experimental treatments included three levels of nitrogen: 30, 75 and 150 kg ha-1 as urea fertilizer. The irrigation was applied at three levels: full irrigation, one supplementary irrigation at the flowering stage and two supplementary irrigations at the flowering and pod filling stages. The studied traits included grain yield, biological yield, the number of pods per plant and the number of seeds per pod. Result: Our results showed that different levels of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer had a significant effect on the number of seeds per pod, pods per plant and biological and grain yield. The interaction effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer was significant for all studied traits. In this study, the interaction between the full irrigation treatment and 75 kg N ha-1 resulted in a significant increase in all traits (except biological yield) compared to other treatments. Furthermore, one irrigation at the flowering stage with 150 kg N ha-1 caused a significant decrease in all of the studied traits. The combination of full irrigation and 150 kg N ha-1 treatment had the highest biological yield (8.9 t ha-1), while its grain yield was 1854 kg ha-1. Therefore, by maintaining moisture levels during the critical period of chickpea growth and utilizing balanced nutritional levels, particularly nitrogen at rates of 30 and 75 kg ha-1, the yield of chickpea can be increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gibberellins are key plant hormones, and their application in citrus plants is frequently reported. This review aims to provide an overview of the application of gibberellic acid (GA3) in citrus cultivation, emphasizing their effects on growth, flowering, fruit quality, and ripening. Citrus fruits often face challenges like irregular fruit set, size inconsistency, and environmental stress, impacting yield and profitability, with exogenous gibberellin application as a potential solution. Applying gibberellins can accelerate citrus seed germination and seedling growth, enhance vegetative growth, inhibit flowering, delay fruit ripening, and improve fruit quality. However, the efficacy of gibberellins varies across species and conditions, highlighting the need for reference studies. This work presents an alternative option for optimizing gibberellin use to support sustainable citrus production practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LED light technology has been used in recent years in plant breeding due to its proven energy efficiency, low cost, and high quality for the enhancement of crops, including some aromatic medicinal plants (AMPs). Nonetheless, although several studies have shown that specific wavelengths can increase the content of bioactive compounds used by pharmaceutical, medical, and perfumery industries, there is limited information on this topic and the possible implications for plant stress in AMPs. The current systematic review focused on the effects of LED light on the physiological response, metabolite synthesis, and flowering induction in three important AMP genera: Lavandula, Salvia, and Thymus, belonging to the Lamiaceae family. A literature search was performed in the Web of Science and Scopus databases. This review is reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The bibliographic analysis highlights the significant variation in physiological responses to different light spectra between species, even within the same genera, implying a need to optimize light conditions in each species to achieve the best results. Finally, this review provides essential information for laying the groundwork for future research focused on enhancing AMPs using LED light to overcome various types of stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant species phenology is an important driver of invasions in seasonal climates. The phenology of non‐natives is generally uncoupled from that of native species. Grasses cover a large proportion of the land surface and are important invaders around the world. Interestingly, the phenology of native and non‐native grasses could be modulated by the different metabolic pathways. We aimed to compare the vegetative and reproductive phenology of invasive C₄ grasses with that of coexisting native C₃ and C₄ grasses and to explore the relationship between phenology and climate. We recorded the onset, duration and synchronicity of vegetative and reproductive phenology (flowering and fruiting) during 1 year. Native C₃ grasses had 50% of their above‐ground biomass green earlier and remained in that state for a longer period than non‐native and native C₄ grasses. Flowering and fruiting occurred earlier in non‐native C₄ grasses than in native C₄ grasses. The flowering period was longer in non‐native C₄ than in native C₃ and C₄, with the non‐native Melinis repens (Poaceae), a highly invasive species worldwide, accounting for most of the difference. Non‐native C₄ tended to exhibit a lower flowering and fruiting synchrony than both native C₃ and C₄ species. Finally, reproductive and vegetative phenology was positively associated with temperature, while precipitation was mostly associated with C₄ species. The uncoupled vegetative phenology observed could be related to differences in metabolism among the studied species, while the uncoupled reproduction between non‐native and native C₄ grasses could be due to an advantage in resource use by non‐native species. Our work provides the first insight into the possible role of the species origin and metabolic pathways in the vegetative and reproductive phenology of invasive non‐native C₄ and native C₃ and C₄ grasses. Finally, we suggest future directions to elucidate these processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flowering time is a crucial rice trait that influences its adaptation to various environments, cropping schedules, and agronomic characteristics. Rice breeders have exploited spontaneous mutations in heading date genes to regulate the flowering time. In the present study, we investigated how breeders in Fukui Prefecture regulated days to heading while developing promising rice varieties. Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) identified Hd1, Hd16, and Hd18 as the major genes controlling days to heading in the population. However, we suspected that this highly bred population might exhibit genomic stratification, which could lead to spurious or false correlations in the GWAS. Thus, we also conducted correlation and partial correlation analyses, which uncovered another key heading date gene, Hd17, that GWAS failed to detect because of its linkage disequilibrium with the major effect gene Hd16. Examination of haplotype frequencies across different breeding periods revealed that the early‐heading Hd16 (Hd16(E)) and late‐heading Hd17 (Hd17(L)) were increasingly co‐selected in the Hd1 functional population. Varieties carrying this Hd16(E)/Hd17(L) combination exhibited days to heading in the range of 70–80, which corresponds to the peak temperature and sunshine period and is also optimal for grain quality and yield components in the Fukui environment. The present study highlights that it is imperative to remain vigilant for Type I (false positives) and Type II (false negatives) errors when performing GWAS on highly bred populations and to implement appropriate countermeasures by accounting for gene‐by‐gene interactions established through the breeding process. We also discuss the effectiveness of Hd16(E), which is not used outside Japan for subtle days to heading control but is widely used in Japan at certain latitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil salinity is a serious environmental threat to plant growth and flowering. Flowering in the right place, at the right time, ensures maximal reproductive success for plants. Salinity‐delayed flowering is considered a stress coping/survival strategy and the molecular mechanisms underlying this process require further studies to enhance the crop's salt tolerance ability. A nuclear pore complex (NPC) component, HIGH EXPRESSION OF OSMOTICALLY RESPONSIVE GENE 1 (HOS1), has been recognized as a negative regulator of plant cold responses and flowering. Here, we challenged the role of HOS1 in regulating flowering in response to salinity stress. Interestingly, we discovered that HOS1 can directly interact with and ubiquitinate transcription factor SPL9 (SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN‐LIKE 9) to promote its protein degradation in response to salinity stress. Moreover, we demonstrated that HOS1 and SPL9 antagonistically regulate plant flowering under both normal and salt stress conditions. HOS1 was further shown to negatively regulate the expression of SPLs and several key flowering genes in response to salinity stress. These results jointly revealed that HOS1 is an important integrator in the process of modulating salinity‐delayed flowering, thus offering new perspectives on a salinity stress coping strategy of plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robinia pseudoacacia L., commonly known as black locust, is a nitrogen-fixing species characterized by multiple uses. Among these uses, black locust is of special interest to beekeepers due to its abundant flowering and delicious honey. Given the great importance of honey production in Italy, beekeepers are looking for genotypes that have a delayed flowering time. As a consequence, the aim of the present study was to develop a complete protocol of micropropagation for genotypes, which have been selected in the Veneto region due to their delayed flowering, i.e., about 3 months, in comparison with the normal flowering time (from late April to early June). The subsequent steps of the micropropagation protocol (explant decontamination, shoot induction, proliferation, and rooting) were investigated and optimized. The most effective decontamination treatment of explants (axillary buds from shoots developed in a greenhouse) was obtained using 50 mg/L AgNO3 for 20 min. This method resulted in the highest survival and regeneration rates for the explants (90%), although contamination was slightly higher than when using HgCl2 and NaOCl. The best medium for shoot establishment was MS with 1 mg/L of mT, which achieved 100% regeneration of the explants. In comparison with BA, mT at 1 mg/L was shown to be the best stimulator of shoot proliferation, especially in combination with 0.7 mg/L GA3 (Proliferation Rate, 4.7). An intermediate 2 h treatment with AgNO3, in combination with mT, was shown to be beneficial in improving the shoot proliferation and quality in the subsequent subculture in a gelled medium. As for shoot rooting, the shoots that were pre-treated in NH4NO3-free and mT-free MS medium gave the highest ex vitro rooting percentage in a cell tray (80%) and the highest number of roots per shoot (3.6). This optimized protocol opens the door to the massive micropropagation of valuable genotypes of black locust selected for delayed flowering. This is an outcome of extraordinary importance for beekeepers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) cultivation is undergoing a great expansion in Spain, which is promising for regions where water and winter chilling are not limiting. Many areas of Castilla y León (Spain) provide suitable conditions for pistachio production, but heat requirement could be a limiting factor. The aims of this study were (i) to investigate the status of pistachios in Castilla y León and the relationships between phenology and agroclimatic conditions and (ii) to assess the performance of three pistachio cultivars ('Kerman', 'Lost Hills', and 'Golden Hills') in a plantation within this region. This work describes the phenological and productive behavior of three pistachio varieties in seven orchards over three years. The chilling requirements were exceeded, and heat accumulation was sufficient to complete the cycle in all seasons. Bloom and harvest occurred later in 'Kerman' than in 'Golden Hills' and 'Lost Hills'. In general, 'Kerman' had higher nut yield than the other two cultivars but also had more non-split and blank nuts, aspects that should be considered for future plantations. Despite the interannual variability in yield, a trend to increase the production with water received was observed, but this also affected the quality and modified the splitting percentage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a warm winter due to climate warming, it is necessary to suppress early flowering of autumn-sown wheat plants. Here, we propose the use of cytoplasmic genome effects for this purpose. Alloplasmic lines, or cytoplasmic substitution lines, of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) have cytoplasm from a related wild Aegilops species through recurrent backcrossing and exhibit altered characteristics compared with the euplasmic lines from which they are derived. Thus, alloplasmic lines with Aegilops mutica cytoplasm show delayed flowering compared with lines carrying normal cytoplasm. In the wheat flowering pathway, VERNALIZATION 1 (VRN1) encodes an APETALA1/FRUITFULL-like MADS box transcription factor that plays a central role in the activation of florigen genes, which induce floral meristems in the shoot apex. Here, we compared expression of VRN1 alleles in alloplasmic and euplasmic lines after vernalization. We found that alloplasmic wheat showed a lower level of VRN1 expression after vernalization compared with euplasmic wheat. Thus, nuclear-cytoplasm interactions affect the expression levels of the nuclear VRN1 gene; these interactions might occur through the pathway termed retrograde signaling. In warm winters, autumn-sown wheat cultivars with spring habit can pass through the reproductive growth phase in very early spring, resulting in a decreased tiller/ear number and reduced yield performance. Here, we present data showing that an alloplasmic line of 'Fukusayaka' can avoid the decrease in tiller/ear numbers during warm winters, suggesting that this alloplasmic line may be useful for development of varieties adapted to global warming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The duration of flowering and maturity is an important agricultural trait determining the suitability of a variety for cultivation in the target region. In the present study, we used genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) to search for loci associated with soybean flowering and maturity in the Central and West Siberian regions of Russia. A field experiment was conducted in 2021/2022 at two locations (Orel and Novosibirsk). A germplasm collection of 180 accessions was genotyped using SoySNP50K Illumina Infinium Bead-Chip. From the initial collection, we selected 129 unrelated accessions and conducted GWAS on this dataset using two multi-locus models: FarmCPU and BLINK. As a result, we identified 13 loci previously reported to be associated with duration of soybean development, and 17 new loci. 33 candidate genes were detected in these loci using analysis of co-expression, gene ontology, and literature data, with the best candidates being Glyma.03G177500, Glyma.13G177400 , and Glyma.06G213100. These candidate genes code the Arabidopis orthologs TOE1 (TARGET OF EAT 1), SPL3 (SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN LIKE 3), the DELLA protein, respectively. In these three genes, we found haplotypes which may be associated with the length of soybean flowering and maturity, providing soybean adaptation to a northern latitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb renowned for its high flavonoid content and significant medicinal value. However, the dynamic changes in safflower petal flavonoid profiles across different flowering phases present a challenge in optimizing harvest timing and medicinal use. To enhance the utilization of safflower, this study conducted an integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of safflower petals at different flowering stages. Our findings revealed that certain flavonoids were more abundant during the fading stage, while others peaked during full bloom. Specifically, seven metabolites, including p-coumaric acid, naringenin chalcone, naringenin, dihydrokaempferol, apigenin, kaempferol, and quercetin, accumulated significantly during the fading stage. In contrast, dihydromyricetin and delphinidin levels were notably reduced. Furthermore, key genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, such as 4CL, DFR, and ANR, exhibited up-regulated expression with safflower's flowering progression, whereas CHI, F3H, and FLS were down-regulated. Additionally, exposure to UV-B stress at full bloom led to an up-regulation of flavonoid content and altered the expression of key flavonoid biosynthetic genes over time. This study not only elucidates the regulatory mechanisms underlying flavonoid metabolism in safflower but also provides insights for maximizing its medicinal and industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Winter annual crops are sown in late summer or autumn and require chilling to promote flowering the following spring. Floral initiation begins in autumn and winter, and in winter oilseed rape (OSR), continued chilling during flower development is necessary for high yield potential. This can be a problem in areas where chilling is not guaranteed, or as a result of changing climates. Here, we used chilling disruption and low chilling to identify loci with the potential to increase chilling efficiency in winter OSR. We report that time to flowering and yield potential under low chill conditions are affected by variation at the PLANT HOMOLOGOUS TO PARAFIBROMIN gene, a component of the plant PAF1c complex. We show that increases in winter chilling given to developing flowers can improve seed yields and that loss of function of BnaPHP.A05 leads to early flowering in B. rapa and B. napus and an increase in seed set where chilling is limited. Because PHP is known to specifically target the FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) gene in Arabidopsis, we propose that variation at PHP is useful for breeding modifications to chilling responses in polyploid crops with multiple copies of the FLC gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impatiens New Guinea (Impatiena hawkeri Bull.) is an ornamental flower plant that has very attractive flower colors, flower shapes and leaf shapes. In reducing the use of inorganic fertilizers and increasing the growth and flowering of impatiens, it can be done by optimizing the use of ecoenzyme concentrations so that the application of NPK fertilizer can be suppressed. The aim of this research was to learn the interaction of eco-enzyme concentrations and NPK fertilizer doses on the growth and flowering of Impatiens. This experiment was carried out February 2023 - May 2023 in a greenhouse located in Jatimulyo Village, Lowokwaru District, Malang City, East Java. The tools and materials used were analytical scales, chlorophyll SPAD, pH meter, measuring cup, polybags with a diameter of 25x25 cm, Impatiens New Guinea seeds, soil, cocopeat, husk, eco-enzyme, NPK Mutiara 16:16:16 fertilizer, fungicide with the active ingredients difenoconazole 250 g.l-1, and 80% mancozeb. The experimental design used was a factorial randomized block design. The experimental results showed that there was an interaction between the treatment of eco-enzyme concentrations and the dose of NPK Mutiara 16-16-16 fertilizer on the variables of plant length growth, number of leaves, number of branches, leaf area, time of flower appearance, and the total number of impatiens plant flowers. At an eco-enzyme concentration of 20 ml.l-1 with a fertilizer dose of 4 g.tan-1, it showed the highest growth in the variables of plant length, number of leaves, number of branches, leaf area, time of flower appearance, and total number of flowers compared to other treatments. Administration of an ecoenzyme concentration of 20 ml.l-1 with a dose of 4 g.tan-1 NPK fertilizer increased flowering by 22.79% compared to an ecoenzyme concentration of 10 ml.l-1 with a dose of 4 g.tan-1 NPK fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is an important and popular perennial fruit tree cultivated worldwide. Grapevine ripening is affected by flowering time, and although members of the MADS-box protein family play vital roles in regulating flowering in plants, the functions of MADS-box proteins in grapevine remain largely unknown. AGAMOUS-LIKE 11 (VvAGL11), a MADS-box gene in grapevine, was reported to be a regulator of seed morphogenesis. In this study, heterologous overexpression of VvAGL11 was found to significantly promote flowering in Arabidopsis, suggesting that its active expression in grapevine may induce early flowering and ripening. Transcriptome analysis showed that VvAGL11 overexpression affected the expression of genes involved in stress responses, hormonal signaling responses, and flowering regulation. Notably, VvAGL11 significantly increased the expression of key flowering genes such as FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), APETALA3 (AP3), and SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 5 (SPL5), which might have contributed to the early flowering in Arabidopsis. In summary, we characterized a novel flowering regulator, VvAGL11, which could be a potential target for early ripening breeding in grapevine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basic helixeloopehelix (bHLH) transcription factor gene family in plants controls various growth and development aspects; however, the actual roles of these genes in flowering plants are not well known. In this study, a novel bHLH protein CmbHLH110 was found to interact with CmERF110 by in vitro and in vivo experiments, a chrysanthemum ERF110 homolog that acts as a positive flowering regulator. In addition, CmbHLH110 was also found to regulate the flowering of chrysanthemums, overexpression of CmbHLH110 causes chrysanthemums to flower earlier, and suppressed CmbHLH110 leads to delayed flowering. Furthermore, the loss-of-function Arabidopsis mutant of its homologue PERICYCLE FACTOR TYPE-A 5 (PFA5) had a noticeable late flowering phenotype, and CmbHLH110 completely complemented the late flowering phenotype of the pfa5 mutant, whereas heterologous overexpression of CmbHLH110 in Arabidopsis Col-0 caused early flowering. Transcriptome sequencing revealed significant differential expression of flowering-related and circadian clock-related genes in transgenic chrysanthemum. Therefore, we concluded that CmbHLH110, as a novel flowering regulator, could interact with CmERF110 to regulate flowering in chrysanthemum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal Impact Statement: The iconic Yoshino cherry tree in Japan is experiencing shifts in its blossom timing due to climate warming. To develop a genetically informed predictive model for bud dormancy release, we examined seasonal gene expression in Yoshino cherry trees at three different locations. Our experiments, coupled with the analysis of DORMANCY‐ASSOCIATED MADS‐box (DAM) genes, highlighted DAM4 as the most reliable indicator for the rate of bud dormancy release. Our study demonstrated that seasonal gene expression profiles serve as a valuable indicator for forecasting the timing of dormancy release, benefiting Japanese traditions and providing insights into the biological impacts of climate change. Summary: The Yoshino cherry tree Cerasus × yedoensis 'Somei‐yoshino' stands out as an iconic springtime symbol in Japan. For the Yoshino cherry trees to bloom in the spring, dormant buds must undergo a period of exposure to low temperatures, allowing them to break dormancy. Key genes related to dormancy release, known as DORMANCY‐ASSOCIATED MADS‐box (DAM), have been extensively studied. However, it remains unclear how these genes function in natural environments to regulate the timing of bud dormancy release.To develop a genetically informed predictive model for bud dormancy release, we explored seasonal changes in genome‐wide gene expression profiles in the Yoshino cherry trees at three distinct sites in Japan. Five distinct genome‐wide transcription profiles, subjectively named as modes—early summer, summer, autumn, winter, and spring—were identified, with the winter and spring modes observed when the daily mean temperature was below approximately 10°C.Our experiments of bud dormancy release, along with the assessment of expression profiles of DAM genes, have revealed that among the six DAM genes, DAM4 expression profile is the most indicative of the rate of bud dormancy break. Our estimates suggest that, on average, the tree needs to be exposed to temperatures below 10.1°C for 61.1 days to suppress DAM4 expression to the threshold required for bud dormancy release.Our projections for the timing of bud dormancy release indicated a delay of approximately 2.3 days per decade from 1990 to 2020. Our study demonstrated that gene expression serves as a valuable indicator for forecasting the timing of dormancy release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study aims to establish somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration from cotyledon culture in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. cv. TMV13) under NaCl-stress conditions. Cotyledon tissue was found to be efficient for somatic embryogenesis in MS medium fortified with 10mg/L of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Moreover, in order to achieve salt-tolerant regenerants in peanut, cotyledons were inoculated on MS-medium supplemented with various concentrations of NaCl-salt in presence of 2,4-D (10mg/L). Results indicate that with the increase in NaCl-concentrations in medium, frequency of embryogenic callus formation gradually declines and obtained as minimum (17.1±0.16%) with high concentration (150mM) of NaCl-salt while NaCl (200mM) was proved to be lethal. Further, salt-tolerant embryogenic callus was transferred to medium added with (0.5mg/L, 1.0mg/L, 1.5mg/L, and 2.0mg/L) of BAP in combination with (1.5mg/L) of IAA and NaCl (100mM) for the germination of somatic embryos followed by shoot regeneration. Significantly, the maximum frequency (70.2±0.59%) of shoot regeneration was obtained on medium containing BAP (1.5mg/L), IAA (1.5mg/L) and NaCl (100mM). Moreover, salt-tolerant regenerated shoots were further transferred to medium containing kinetin (1.0mg/L, 2.0mg/L, 3.0mg/L, and 5.0mg/L) along with NAA (1.5mg/L) and NaCl (100mM) for root initiation. The high frequency (51±0.7%) of root regeneration was observed on ½ MS medium containing kinetin (2.0mg/L), NAA (1.5mg/L), and NaCl (100mM). Interestingly, rooting medium fortified with NaCl (100mM) was also proved to be effective for precocious induction of in vitro flowering (26.66±0.12%) in the regenerated plantlets. The regenerated plantlets were further transferred to plastic cup soil and acclimatized under greenhouse conditions. The result indicated, salt-tolerant peanut cotyledon culture also shows In Vitro plantlet regeneration and flower formation.

Societal Impact Statement The iconic Yoshino cherry tree in Japan is experiencing shifts in its blossom timing due to climate warming. To develop a genetically informed predictive model for bud dormancy release, we examined seasonal gene expression in Yoshino cherry trees at three different locations. Our experiments, coupled with the analysis of DORMANCY‐ASSOCIATED MADS‐box (DAM) genes, highlighted DAM4 as the most reliable indicator for the rate of bud dormancy release. Our study demonstrated that seasonal gene expression profiles serve as a valuable indicator for forecasting the timing of dormancy release, benefiting Japanese traditions and providing insights into the biological impacts of climate change. Summary The Yoshino cherry tree Cerasus × yedoensis ‘Somei‐yoshino’ stands out as an iconic springtime symbol in Japan. For the Yoshino cherry trees to bloom in the spring, dormant buds must undergo a period of exposure to low temperatures, allowing them to break dormancy. Key genes related to dormancy release, known as DORMANCY‐ASSOCIATED MADS‐box (DAM), have been extensively studied. However, it remains unclear how these genes function in natural environments to regulate the timing of bud dormancy release. To develop a genetically informed predictive model for bud dormancy release, we explored seasonal changes in genome‐wide gene expression profiles in the Yoshino cherry trees at three distinct sites in Japan. Five distinct genome‐wide transcription profiles, subjectively named as modes—early summer, summer, autumn, winter, and spring—were identified, with the winter and spring modes observed when the daily mean temperature was below approximately 10°C. Our experiments of bud dormancy release, along with the assessment of expression profiles of DAM genes, have revealed that among the six DAM genes, DAM4 expression profile is the most indicative of the rate of bud dormancy break. Our estimates suggest that, on average, the tree needs to be exposed to temperatures below 10.1°C for 61.1 days to suppress DAM4 expression to the threshold required for bud dormancy release. Our projections for the timing of bud dormancy release indicated a delay of approximately 2.3 days per decade from 1990 to 2020. Our study demonstrated that gene expression serves as a valuable indicator for forecasting the timing of dormancy release.

In order to achieve the desired quality characteristics and good growth in ornamental plants, various applications are carried out. Recently, the importance of beneficial bacteria, which play an extremely important role in sustainable ecology and are environmentally friendly, has been increasingly recognized. However, the effect of beneficial bacteria, which are not sufficiently applied in ornamental plants as well as in other plant groups, on the growth and quality characteristics of spray carnation variety, which is the most preferred among cut flowers, was investigated in this study. In the greenhouse, the carnation seedlings were treated with Enterobacter ludwigii (KF29A), Pseudomonas fluorescens (KF31B), Paenarthrobacter nitroguaiacolicus (KF3B), Pseudomonas sp. strain VG242B (KF5A), Paenibacillus xylanilyticus (KF63C), Pseudoalteromonas tetraodonis (TV126C) bacteria which have been selected according to nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilizing, ACC deaminase and siderophore production properties were applied. In the study, in which phenological and morphological observations were made, the effects of bacterial inoculations were tried to be determined. The effects of beneficial bacteria treatments on the number of petals, the number of nodes, the length between the nodes and the weight of the branches in the carnation plant were statistically insignificant; effects on the parameters of bud first bloom time, full bloom time, time from planting to first harvest, number of flower buds and stem length (P

Abstract Background Seed germination is a key process in the plant life cycle that affects the vegetative and reproductive stages of plants. Although the JAZ gene family has been characterized in many plants, the relationship between the JAZ gene and seed germination is still unclear. Results We identified two members of the JAZ family from wheat, TaTIFY3B and TaTIFY10A. TaTIFY3B and TaTIFY10A were localized in both the cell membrane and nucleus. Spatio-temporal expression analysis of TaTIFY3B and TaTIFY10A in wheat revealed that these genes are essential for the preharvest sprouting (PHS) stage of seed development, with expression levels significantly decreasing during the ripening period. Transgenic rice plants overexpressing wheat TaTIFY3B and TaTIFY10A improved seed germination rates. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing wheat TaTIFY10A improved seed germination rates and promoted flowering. In addition, abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) were found to induce TaTIFY3B and TaTIFY10A expression. Under different ABA concentrations, the seed germination rates of transgenic rice and Arabidopsis overexpressing TaTIFY3B and TaTIFY10A are superior to wild-type (WT) and mutant plants, and the root lengths of Arabidopsis overexpressing TaTIFY3B and TaTIFY10A also change. Under different JA concentrations, there is no difference in the seed germination rate of rice overexpressing TaTIFY3B and TaTIFY10A compared to WT and mutant plants, but there is a significant difference in the seed germination rate and root length of overexpressing Arabidopsis compared to WT and mutant plants. Under different concentrations of salt and drought treatments, the seed germination rate and root length of overexpressing Arabidopsis of TaTIFY3B and TaTIFY10A are affected. Conclusions This study offers a novel perspective for understanding the molecular basis of pre-harvest sprouting and provides potential candidate genes for controlling wheat seed germination.

LED light technology has been used in recent years in plant breeding due to its proven energy efficiency, low cost, and high quality for the enhancement of crops, including some aromatic medicinal plants (AMPs). Nonetheless, although several studies have shown that specific wavelengths can increase the content of bioactive compounds used by pharmaceutical, medical, and perfumery industries, there is limited information on this topic and the possible implications for plant stress in AMPs. The current systematic review focused on the effects of LED light on the physiological response, metabolite synthesis, and flowering induction in three important AMP genera: Lavandula, Salvia, and Thymus, belonging to the Lamiaceae family. A literature search was performed in the Web of Science and Scopus databases. This review is reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The bibliographic analysis highlights the significant variation in physiological responses to different light spectra between species, even within the same genera, implying a need to optimize light conditions in each species to achieve the best results. Finally, this review provides essential information for laying the groundwork for future research focused on enhancing AMPs using LED light to overcome various types of stress.

Thinning is an expensive and time-consuming management practice used in peach orchards to improve resource distribution among plants and improve production quality. Determining the right time and intensity for thinning is challenging and involves expertise. Furthermore, it generally consumes many hours of work, which makes, in some cases, unfeasible to analyze an entire orchard. For this reason, information that can assist in making making decisions about thinning can improve the cost–benefit ratio of the technique. To mitigate these problems, an electronic nose system, the e-nose, that explores the relationship between the smell of peach trees outdoors and the different growth phases was developed. Twenty-two composed volatile samples were collected from around peach trees (open environment) during its reproductive period (around 39 days) and five supervised machine learning classification algorithms (k-nearest neighbors (KNN), multilayer perceptron (MLP), random forest (RF), logistic regression (LR), and support vector machine (SMV)) were used to analyze the data, to evaluate the possibility of estimating phenological stages from odor environment. The result showed that all models achieved a balanced accuracy greater than 97.5%. As a secondary contribution, the importance of sensors was also analyzed for this application, and a combination of three sensors achieved a classification rate of 100% with the KNN classifier. The e-nose system was successful in distinguishing between petal drop, initial fruit formation, advanced fruit formation, and formed fruit. These results demonstrate the potential of using an electronic nose in a remote system to assist in decision-making in orchard practices as thinning.

In the study, the effects of 0, 100, 200 and 400 ppm spray applications of GA3 on root and above-ground parts of 'Jan Reus', 'Bloody Mary' and 'Yokohama' tulip cultivars were determined. According to the results, on the development of plant upper part properties, 200 ppm in 'Jan Reus' and 'Yokohama' and 100 ppm in 'Bloody Mary' were the most effective applications. Again, the least increases in upper part properties were obtained from the control plants in 'Jan Reus' and 'Bloody Mary', and from the 100 ppm application in 'Yokohama'. While 100 ppm was the most effective application in 'Jan Reus' and 'Yokohama' in terms of root development, the effect of the applications in 'Bloody Mary' was lower than the control. The application that least increased root development was determined as 400 ppm in 'Jan Reus' and 200 ppm in 'Bloody Mary' and 'Yokohama'. Root growth was found to be negatively related to GA3 content. High GA3 is thought to negatively affect overall root growth, possibly by suppressing the effect of auxin. It is assumed that GA3 produced by the plant itself may be sufficient for root development or may be effective at much lower dose applications. On the other hand, it has been determined that the effects of GA3 application vary depending on the variety. According to these results, it is recommended to apply it at a dose of 200 ppm to ensure flowering by providing cooling in tulip cultivars and cut flower cultivation. High doses of GA3 are not recommended for root development.

The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays crucial roles in cellular processes including plant growth, development, and stress responses. In this study, we report that a pair of E3 ubiquitin ligases, AvrPiz-t-interaction protein 6 (APIP6) and IPA1-interaction protein 1 (IPI1), intricately target early flowering3 (ELF3) paralogous proteins to control rice immunity and flowering. APIP6 forms homo-oligomers or hetero-oligomers with IPI1. Both proteins interact with OsELF3-2, promoting its degradation to positively control resistance against the rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe oryzae). Intriguingly, overexpression of IPI1 in Nipponbare caused significantly late-flowering phenotypes similar to the oself3-1 mutant. Except for late flowering, oself3-1 enhances resistance against M. oryzae. IPI1 also interacts with and promotes the degradation of OsELF3-1, a paralog of OsELF3-2. Notably, IPI1 and APIP6 synergistically modulate OsELF3s degradation, finely tuning blast disease resistance by targeting OsELF3-2, while IPI1 controls both disease resistance and flowering by targeting OsELF3-1. This study unravels multiple functions for a pair of E3 ligases in rice. [Display omitted] • APIP6 forms homo-oligomers with itself and hetero-oligomers with IPI1 • Both APIP6 and IPI1 promote OsELF3-2 degradation to enhance rice immunity • IPI1 targets OsELF3-1 to enhance immunity but negatively controls flowering • APIP6/IPI1 hetero-oligomers facilitate the degradation of ELF3 proteins in rice The pair of E3 ubiquitin ligases, APIP6 and IPI1, positively control rice immunity by promoting the degradation of OsELF3-2, while IPI1 delays flowering by destabilizing OsELF3-1. By forming hetero-oligomers, APIP6 and IPI1 synergistically control ELF3-mediated development and immunity in rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, published in the Journal of Experimental Botany, reinterprets the concept of olive bud dormancy. The authors argue that olive buds do not undergo true physiological dormancy, but rather go through a process of para-dormancy and eco-dormancy. They discuss the challenges of studying bud dormancy in olive trees, which are evergreen and have different growth patterns compared to deciduous trees. The article also explores the relationship between cold temperatures and flowering in olive trees, highlighting the role of the FT gene in promoting flower induction. Overall, the authors suggest that further research is needed to better understand the reproductive biology of olive trees and improve olive production. [Extracted from the article]

The phenology of temperate perennials, including the timing of vegetative growth and flowering, is well known to be controlled by seasonal dormancy cycles. Dormant structures are known as buds and have specialized covering structures, symplastic isolation from the plant, and often autonomous stores of carbon and nitrogen reserves. In contrast, in annual plants, our current understanding of the control of the timing of flowering focuses on the mechanisms affecting floral initiation, the transition from a vegetative apical meristem to a inflorescence meristem producing flower primordia in place of leaves. Recently we revealed that annual crops in Brassicaceae exhibit chilling-responsive growth control in a manner closely resembling bud dormancy breakage in perennial species. Here I discuss evidence that vernalization in autumn is widespread and further discuss its role in inducing flower bud set prior to winter. I also review evidence that flower bud dormancy has a more widespread role in annual plant flowering time control than previously appreciated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Seed germination is a key process in the plant life cycle that affects the vegetative and reproductive stages of plants. Although the JAZ gene family has been characterized in many plants, the relationship between the JAZ gene and seed germination is still unclear. Results: We identified two members of the JAZ family from wheat, TaTIFY3B and TaTIFY10A. TaTIFY3B and TaTIFY10A were localized in both the cell membrane and nucleus. Spatio-temporal expression analysis of TaTIFY3B and TaTIFY10A in wheat revealed that these genes are essential for the preharvest sprouting (PHS) stage of seed development, with expression levels significantly decreasing during the ripening period. Transgenic rice plants overexpressing wheat TaTIFY3B and TaTIFY10A improved seed germination rates. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing wheat TaTIFY10A improved seed germination rates and promoted flowering. In addition, abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) were found to induce TaTIFY3B and TaTIFY10A expression. Under different ABA concentrations, the seed germination rates of transgenic rice and Arabidopsis overexpressing TaTIFY3B and TaTIFY10A are superior to wild-type (WT) and mutant plants, and the root lengths of Arabidopsis overexpressing TaTIFY3B and TaTIFY10A also change. Under different JA concentrations, there is no difference in the seed germination rate of rice overexpressing TaTIFY3B and TaTIFY10A compared to WT and mutant plants, but there is a significant difference in the seed germination rate and root length of overexpressing Arabidopsis compared to WT and mutant plants. Under different concentrations of salt and drought treatments, the seed germination rate and root length of overexpressing Arabidopsis of TaTIFY3B and TaTIFY10A are affected. Conclusions: This study offers a novel perspective for understanding the molecular basis of pre-harvest sprouting and provides potential candidate genes for controlling wheat seed germination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to achieve the desired quality characteristics and good growth in ornamental plants, various applications are carried out. Recently, the importance of beneficial bacteria, which play an extremely important role in sustainable ecology and are environmentally friendly, has been increasingly recognized. However, the effect of beneficial bacteria, which are not sufficiently applied in ornamental plants as well as in other plant groups, on the growth and quality characteristics of spray carnation variety, which is the most preferred among cut flowers, was investigated in this study. In the greenhouse, the carnation seedlings were treated with Enterobacter ludwigii (KF29A), Pseudomonas fluorescens (KF31B), Paenarthrobacter nitroguaiacolicus (KF3B), Pseudomonas sp. strain VG242B (KF5A), Paenibacillus xylanilyticus (KF63C), Pseudoalteromonas tetraodonis (TV126C) bacteria which have been selected according to nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilizing, ACC deaminase and siderophore production properties were applied. In the study, in which phenological and morphological observations were made, the effects of bacterial inoculations were tried to be determined. The effects of beneficial bacteria treatments on the number of petals, the number of nodes, the length between the nodes and the weight of the branches in the carnation plant were statistically insignificant; effects on the parameters of bud first bloom time, full bloom time, time from planting to first harvest, number of flower buds and stem length (P<0.01), flower (diameter) width and stem thickness (P<0.05) was found to be statistically significant. First bud bloom, full bloom and time from planting to first harvest are 103.38 days, 103.74 days and 106.28 days (KF63C) respectively, maximum number of flower buds is 4.77 (TV126C), flower diameter is 46.73 mm at the widest (KF63C), the highest stem thickness was 3.39 cm (KF3B) and the highest stem length was 56.33 cm (TV126C). The first flowering time of the buds appeared with a delay of approximately 10-30 days compared to the control with bacterial applications. It is seen that bacterial applications cause an increase on flower stem thickness, flower stem length, flower bud and petal number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgroud/Objectives: Ferula spp. is an essential crop in Central Asia with pronounced economic benefits governed by its flowering process. However, the mechanisms of the flowering phenotype remain unclear. Methods: In this study, using F. sinkiangensis as a model plant, we integrated transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome analyses to compare the multilayer differences in leaves and roots of plants with flowering and unflowering phenotypes. Results: We found that several variations in the transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome were closely associated with flowering. The Photosynthesis and Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways in plants with the flowering phenotype were more active. Additionally, three flowering genes, named FL2–FL4, were upregulated in the leaves of flowering plants. Notably, six transcription factors were potentially responsible for regulating the expression of FL2–FL4 in the leaves to mediate flowering process of F. sinkiangensis. Moreover, genes relevant to Photosynthesis and Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were also involved in regulating the expression of FL2–FL4 in flowering plants. Conclusions: The active regulation network together with Photosynthesis and Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were essential for inducing the expression of flowering-related genes in leaves to promote the flowering process of F. sinkiangensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osmanthus fragrans, a native to China, is renowned as a highly popular gardening plant. However, this plant faces significant challenges from drought stress, which can adversely affect its flowering. In this study, we found that the plasma membrane-localized gene OfPIP2 exhibited a substantial upregulation during the flowering stages and in response to drought stress. GUS staining has illustrated that the OfPIP2 promoter can drive GUS activity under drought conditions. The overexpression of OfPIP2 was found to enhance petal size by modulating epidermal cell dimensions in Petunia and tobacco. Moreover, this overexpression also bolstered drought tolerance, as evidenced by a reduction in stomatal aperture in both species. Furthermore, yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) and dual-luciferase (Dual-LUC) assays have indicated that the transcription factor OfMYB28 directly binds to the OfPIP2 promoter, thereby regulating its expression. Together, we speculated that a module of OfMYB28-OfPIP2 was not only involved in the enhancement of petal size but also conferred the improvement of drought tolerance in O. fragrans. These results contribute valuable insights into the molecular function of the OfPIP2 gene and lay a foundation for molecular breeding strategies in O. fragrans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INDETERMINATE DOMAIN (IDD) genes encode plant-specific transcription factors containing a conserved IDD domain with four zinc finger motifs. Previous studies on Arabidopsis IDDs (AtIDDs) have demonstrated that these genes play roles in diverse physiological and developmental processes, including plant architecture, seed and root development, flowering, stress responses, and hormone signaling. Recent studies have revealed important functions of IDDs from rice and maize, especially in regulating leaf differentiation, which is related to the evolution of C4 leaves from C3 leaves. Moreover, IDDs in crops are involved in the regulation of agriculturally important traits, including disease and stress resistance, seed development, and flowering. Thus, IDDs are valuable targets for breeding manipulation. This review explores the role of IDDs in plant development, environmental responses, and evolution, which provides idea for agricultural application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: The intracellular localization of the florigen FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) is important for its long‐distance transport toward the shoot apical meristem. However, the mechanisms regulating the FT localization remain poorly understood. Here, we discovered that in Arabidopsis thaliana, the chloroplast‐localized protein THYLAKOID FORMATION 1 (THF1) physically interacts with FT, sequestering FT in the outer chloroplast envelope. Loss of THF1 function led to temperature‐insensitive flowering, resulting in early flowering, especially under low ambient temperatures. THF1 mainly acts in the leaf vasculature and shoot apex to prevent flowering. Mutation of CONSTANS or FT completely suppressed the early flowering of thf1‐1 mutants. FT and THF1 interact via their anion binding pocket and coiled‐coil domain (CCD), respectively. Deletion of the CCD in THF1 by gene editing caused temperature‐insensitive early flowering similar to that observed in the thf1‐1 mutant. FT levels in the outer chloroplast envelope decreased in the thf1‐1 mutant, suggesting that THF1 is important for sequestering FT. Furthermore, THF1 protein levels decreased in seedlings grown at high ambient temperature, suggesting an explanation for its role in plant responses to ambient temperature. A thf1‐1 phosphatidylglycerolphosphate synthase 1 (pgp1) double mutant exhibited additive acceleration of flowering at 23 and 16°C, compared to the single mutants, indicating that THF1 and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) act as independent but synergistic regulators of temperature‐responsive flowering. Collectively, our results provide an understanding of the genetic pathway involving THF1 and its role in temperature‐responsive flowering and reveal a previously unappreciated additive interplay between THF1 and PG in temperature‐responsive flowering. Significance Statement: In this study, the interaction between Arabidopsis florigen FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and the chloroplast‐localized protein THYLAKOID FORMATION 1 (THF1) is unveiled. THF1 sequesters FT within the chloroplast envelope, particularly under low ambient temperature conditions, modulating temperature‐responsive flowering in Arabidopsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]