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Many tidal marshes have been lost by past land use changes, but are nowadays increasingly restored and created to provide valuable ecosystem services such as nature‐based flood and erosion protection along estuarine shorelines. To be functional for flood and shoreline erosion protection, restored and created tidal marshes should develop erosion resistant sediment beds. Here, we investigated which factors drive the spatial variations in sediment strength and erosion resistance in a developing tidal marsh restoration site. Our results show that decreasing tidal inundation frequency, decreasing sedimentation rate, and better drainage led to stronger consolidation in deeper sediment layers. This consolidation resulted in greater sediment strength, quantified here by shear strength and penetration resistance. Generally, sediment strength was greater when sediment had higher bulk density, while a higher water and fine fraction (= clay and silt) content decreased sediment strength. Overall, all measurement locations were relatively erosion resistant, likely caused by the dense root network and cohesive sediment. To restore or create resilient tidal marshes for nature‐based flood and shoreline erosion protection, we should thus aim for sites with relatively low tidal inundation frequency, moderate sedimentation rates, and cohesive sediment mixtures of clay, silt, and sand, which are well drained and have potential for vegetation establishment. These conditions have a high likelihood of resulting in restored or created tidal marshes that contribute to nature‐based flood and shoreline erosion protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a three-part framework to evaluate choices for adjusting to floods in New Zealand, factors influencing floodplain policies and practices since 1950 are identified. Each change came after severe regional flooding. Early emphasis was on enlarging channels and raising stopbanks, and on post-disaster relief. These responses enhanced urban floodplain development, and disasters when systems failed. Periodically, attempts to improve land use planning and building management, including requirements for flood hazard maps, met stiff resistance from developers, property owners and growth-oriented local politicians, resulting in changed legislation. Policy and practice thereby oscillated several times in response to prescriptive/coercive and devolved/co-operative mandates. Underpinning all has been poor understanding of flood frequency statements on the part of at-risk people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new type of small, dry-filled geotextile tubes is introduced, that, in a stacked formation, can be used as dike cores. Dikes made out of these tubes consist of great potential regarding more resilient flood protection. The geotextile protects the fill from erosion, enabling steeper slopes along with reduced material and less land consumption. The behavior and potential failure mechanisms of such dikes were investigated first by literature research and second by full-scale hydraulic model tests under systematic variation of tube number, number of textile layers, filling ratio, and fill material. The tubes were exposed to the loads of seepage and overflow. Most relevant failure mechanisms were seepage-induced sagging, lateral displacement, and overturning of the upper tube due to overflow. During seepage, the tube height was reduced by up to 22.8 % due to sagging. Overflow led to a lateral displacement of up to 13 cm and, at overflow heights of 23.1 cm and 26.8 cm, to overturning of the upper tube. The present results give new insights into the behavior of innovatively constructed geotextile tubes under hydraulic loads and serve as basis for the development of design rules. • Dry-filled geotextile tubes represent a promising way towards resilient river dikes • Tube behavior is investigated experimentally under parameter variation • Sagging and lateral deformation must be considered in design rules • The tubes withstand overflow heights of >20 cm • Compacting the tubes increases the stability [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significant rainfall in October 2018 in northern Iran caused devastating flooding that caused considerable economic losses and claimed at least nine lives. Following the flooding, several bridges have suffered different levels of damage. Immediately after the event, the authors conducted a field investigation to study the performance of RC bridges during the flood. This paper presents the failure modes of flood-affected bridges and provides reasons for every failure case. The results revealed that scour around foundations, pier tilting, flexural failure of piers, and superstructure unseating were the most significant failure modes observed. Pile-supported bridges performed notably better than those with shallow foundations. In addition, observations have revealed that structural integrity plays a crucial role in the general stability of bridges during flooding. Pier ductility is another significant parameter that affects the performance of bridges during flood events. Finally, fragility curves were developed based on the empirical data set provided from the post-flood status of the bridges in the affected region. The river flow velocity (Vs), maximum flow discharge (Qp), and Qp normalized to the 10-year average river discharge (Qm) were considered intensity measures of the fragility analysis. The correlation analyses revealed that despite Vs and Qp/Qm , the flow discharge was not an appropriate intensity measure for generating fragility curves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The study focuses on evaluating the reliability of prefabricated perimeter walls in substations during flood events. It employs a sophisticated numerical model based on actual engineering data to assess their load-bearing capabilities. The research investigates the impact of crucial flood parameters on the structural behavior of these walls, examines the force transmission mechanisms, and suggests "W-shaped" reinforcement techniques to mitigate stress-related issues. Methods: To meet our research goals, we developed an extensive numerical model for prefabricated perimeter walls, incorporating real-world engineering data. This model enabled us to analyze critical flood parameters, such as flood depth, flow velocity, and flood erosion. Furthermore, we investigated the force transmission mechanisms within the walls and introduced "W-shaped" reinforcement strategies to improve their load-bearing capacity. Results: Our results indicate that flood depth and flow velocity have a substantial impact on the performance of prefabricated perimeter walls, while flood erosion has a minor effect. Safety concerns become prominent when flood depth exceeds 1.0 m or flow velocity surpasses 3 m per second. Analysis of force transmission mechanisms reveals greater displacements at higher water levels. Critical areas, including wall panel-column and wall panel-foundation connections, experience heightened stress levels. Discussion: Our study highlights the significant role of flood depth and flow velocity in evaluating the load-bearing capacity of prefabricated perimeter walls in substation environments. To address potential structural weaknesses, we recommend implementing "W-shaped" wall reinforcement methods, which efficiently decrease both displacement and stress. These findings carry implications for substation design and flood resilience, underscoring the importance of comprehensive flood risk management strategies to protect internal facilities during floods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted in response to the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei mega heavy rainfall event at the end of July 2023, and the severely affected and representative Jiangou village in Beijing was selected as the study area. A variety of methods were used to synthesize and analyze the situation and propose an adaptive response to heavy rainfall and flooding in the village. Based on multi-source remote sensing (RS) data, a comprehensive topographic and hydrological characterization was carried out, and the precipitation before and after the disaster was analyzed; the flood inundation area was extracted using the improved normalized water body index (MNDWI) and OTSU thresholding methods, and the changes of water bodies during the flooding period were quantitatively analyzed; and an improved convolutional-neural-network-based building identification and extraction model was constructed to extract the research distribution of buildings in the area. The sponge city construction (SPCC) method was improved to obtain a method that can mitigate flood risk and adapt to villages by constructing small artificial lakes and local topographic buffers to improve the water storage and drainage capacity of villages. The study shows that these methods are innovative in flood hazard analysis and mitigation but still need further improvement in data accuracy, simulation depth, and system evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodic anode purges can remove excessive liquid water and nitrogen in the anode to mitigate hydrogen starvation in PEMFCs caused by flooding and nitrogen buildup. Experiments were conducted on a vehicular PEMFC stack to evaluate influences of operating conditions including current density, cathode flowrate, hydrogen recirculation and working pressures on performance decline during operations with anode purges. The accumulation of anode impurities was characterized by voltage decrease, voltage uniformity and anode pressure swing. The results reveal that anode flooding develops greatly with increasing current density. An optimal hydrogen recirculation pump speed of 1000 rpm substantially improves voltage stability and uniformity of the stack. High cathode pressure accelerates the impurity accumulation in the anode, while high anode pressure facilitates the removal of nitrogen. When the stack works with a constant pressure difference of 10–20 kPa between two electrodes, nitrogen buildup in the anode can be minimized and flooding becomes the primary contributor to performance decline under automotive operating conditions. As current density rises to 300–700 mA/cm2, the optimal pressure difference increases from 10.2 to 14.7 kPa. • An optimal recirculation rate greatly improves voltage stability and uniformity. • Anode nitrogen buildup can be minimized with a constant pressure difference. • The optimal pressure difference rises with the increase of current density. • Pressure swing at anode inlet reflects flooding development in the anode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impacts of climate change manifest heterogeneously across regions, and in Khovd City, a semi-arid area in Western Mongolia, the escalating threat of flooding is evident through the occurrence of 10 flash floods in the last 30 years. The risk zone, encompassing rivers and flash floods, endangers ca. 32,000 residents, with 750–1,800 traditional nomadic dwellings (ger s) located on the floodplain of the Buyant River during summer. There is a risk of flash floods in the eastern part of Khovd City from the mountains, while the western part is at a higher risk of flooding from the Buyant River. This paper aims at assessing flood hazards through a detailed topographical survey conducted using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). 15,206 aerial photos were collected in Khovd City using the UAV and measured by Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) on 22 Ground Control Points (GCPs). A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with a resolution of 2.7 meters was generated from the aerial drone mapping data, enabling surface morphology, hydrological and eight-direction pour point model analysis using a Geographic Information System (GIS). The resulting flood hazard map revealed 4 flood risk areas based on flood flow direction and topographical features. Recommendations for local govern and residents include enhancing flood protection facilities for flood disaster prevention on flood risk zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose an interactive web‐based application to inform the general public about personal flood risks. Flooding is the natural hazard affecting most people worldwide. Protection against flooding is not limited to mitigation measures, but also includes communicating its risks to affected individuals to raise awareness and preparedness for its adverse effects. Until now, this is mostly done with static and indiscriminate 2D maps of the water depth. These flood hazard maps can be difficult to interpret and the user has to derive a personal flood risk based on prior knowledge. In addition to the hazard, the flood risk has to consider the exposure of the own house and premises to high water depths and flow velocities as well as the vulnerability of particular parts. Our application is centered around an interactive personalized visualization to raise awareness of these risk factors for an object of interest. We carefully extract and show only the relevant information from large precomputed flood simulation and geospatial data to keep the visualization simple and comprehensible. To achieve this goal, we extend various existing approaches and combine them with new real‐time visualization and interaction techniques in 3D. A new view‐dependent focus+context design guides user attention and supports an intuitive interpretation of the visualization to perform predefined exploration tasks. HORA 3D enables users to individually inform themselves about their flood risks. We evaluated the user experience through a broad online survey with 87 participants of different levels of expertise, who rated the helpfulness of the application with 4.7 out of 5 on average. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an era flooded with a multitude of studies investigating the performance of concrete structures retrofitted using fiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) materials, this review addresses the critical need for a comprehensive overview of the retrofitting of concrete members using near‐surface mounted (NSM)‐FRP composites, aiming to save time and effort while providing engineers and research community with valuable resources relevant to the field. This review focuses on the key factors influencing both the flexural and shear retrofitting processes of reinforced concrete (RC) beams, such as the percentage, type, size and geometry of NSM‐FRP reinforcement, as well as groove design, groove‐filling materials and beam depth. Moreover, the paper explores the failure modes associated with each retrofitting type, for example, debonding failures, shear/flexural failure and rupture of steel or NSM‐FRP reinforcement, to name a few. The review also delves into the bond behavior of NSM‐FRP‐bonded joints, examining factors, such as the bonded length, surface texture of NSM‐FRP reinforcement and type of bonding agent, which would affect the bond behavior and strength of the joints. The failure mechanisms associated with the bonded joints, such as interfacial bond failure, FRP rupture and splitting of the adhesive cover, are also highlighted. Finally, this compilation aims to guide engineers and researchers by offering a critical and comprehensive database for optimal designs, further development and suggesting future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backward erosion piping constitutes a major threat for dikes on sandy or silty foundations during high water and floods. This erosion mechanism results in the formation and development of shallow hollow spaces (pipes) at the interface between the impermeable top layer and the aquifer. Erosion at the tip of the pipe determines the progression of the pipe towards the upstream side. A valid criterion should be developed to predict the critical local gradient at which erosion at the pipe tip occurs. Based on the failure mode of the tip of the pipe that the erosion near the toe of the scarp of the pipe tip causes the collapse of the scarp, in combination with the seepage field near the pipe tip, analyses are conducted regarding the equilibrium of forces on single particles at the toe of the scarp and a group of particles of the scarp. The conditions for incipient motion for particles at the pipe tip are determined. And a novel criterion for predicting the critical local gradient at the pipe tip is developed, which is essential for assessing the risk of pipe progression in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work focuses on the friction coefficient for various geotextile sandbag structures especially dikes under different conditions. Based on the review of existing investigations there are several gaps to close. Former investigations do not include the whole scope of needed surfaces and conditions. Especially the friction coefficients for polypropylene and even for jute as material mainly used for small geotextile sandbags are not fully available. Additionally, the influence of the surface moisture is not consequently investigated, particularly for jute. Due to this, eleven test series (three with sandbag on sandbag configuration and eight with sandbag on ground surface) with 780 single readings are finalized. In comparison to former studies there are results for surface combinations of good harmonization and those with differences. A comparison of the earlier studies already shows different results Summarized it can be stated that the presented results are representative friction coefficients for calculation of realistic sandbag structures e. g., sandbag dikes or spring cascades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Australian use of the term floodway refers to a trafficable transverse structure designed to facilitate the safe crossing of watercourses. Floodways are also commonly referred to as fords and causeways. This research explores areas of focus through experimental, numerical and survey methods to improve floodway resilience with regard to flood risk management. The industry‐based survey provides a dataset relating to user experiences, deduces the likeliness of floodways to sustain damage, defines several key focus areas, and reveals that the current risk levels are primarily managed without significant investigation into design. A floodway experimental and numerical simulation program was developed to investigate the lateral forces induced through debris impact using scaled models in a soil box and finite element analysis. Qualitatively, crack propagation and displacement correlated closely with the strain concentrations and displacements in the numerical simulation, with failure attributed to tensile strength being exceeded, followed by plastic strain development within the soil elements. It was concluded through this research that floodway failure during flood is complex and can be attributed to several different failure modes including concrete failure, yielding of adjoining soil material, and hydraulically via scour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spring-breakup ice-jam floods are a major hazard for many rivers in cold regions. They can cause severe damage to infrastructure, property, and ecosystems along riverbanks. To reduce the risk and impact of these events, it is essential to develop reliable and timely forecasting systems that can provide early warning and guidance for mitigation actions. In this paper, we highlight the elements and processes required for the successful development of a spring-breakup ice-jam flood forecasting system, using the lower Churchill River in Labrador, Canada as a case study. We review the existing forecasting methodologies and systems for spring-breakup ice-jam floods and discuss their strengths and limitations. We then describe the case study of the lower Churchill River, where a large ice-jam flood occurred in May 2017, triggering an independent review and a series of recommendations for improving the flood preparedness and response. We present the main components and features of the forecasting system that was developed for the lower Churchill River, based on the recommendations from the independent review. We also discuss the improvements that were made to the forecasting system, such as parallelization, adaptation, and determination of ice-jam prone areas. Finally, we provide some conclusions and recommendations for future research and development of spring-breakup ice-jam flood forecasting systems, focusing on the requirements for a technical framework that incorporates community engagement and special considerations for regulated rivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work analyzed the nutrient dynamics (2011–2022) and discharge (2005–2022) for the Bahlui River at four distinctive locations: Parcovaci—a dam-protected area that has been untouched by agriculture or urbanization; Belcesti—a primarily agricultural area, also dam-protected; Podu Iloaiei—a region influenced by agriculture and urbanization; and Holboca—placed after a heavily urbanized area. The analysis focused on determining a series of statistical indicators using the Minitab 21.2 software. Two drought intervals and one flood interval were analyzed to highlight daily discharge evolution during the selected period, showing that the constructed reservoirs successfully control the streamflow. For the entire period, the evolution of mean and median values of the streamflow is consistent, considering the locations' positions from the source to the river's end. The total nitrogen and total phosphorus were selected as representative quality indicators. The study follows the influence of the analyzed areas' characteristics and reservoirs' presence on nutrient dynamics. The results showed that the most influential factor that impacts nutrient dynamics is the reservoirs' presence, which controls the discharge, creates wetlands and swamps, and implicitly impacts nutrient concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open surface water across the globe is essential for many life forms and is an important source for human settlements, agriculture, and industry. The presence and variation in time and space is influenced by different natural conditions (e.g. climate, topography, geology) and human use (e.g. irrigation, flood protection). The information on the spatial and temporal distribution of open surface water is fundamental for many disciplines and is also required as an essential parameter for hydrological and climatological modelling. Here, we present a dataset derived from satellite earth observation, which is based on more than 6.3 million single MODIS products with a volume of approx. 300 TB. The resulting dataset reflects the situation of open surface water on a global scale for each day over the time period from 2003 to 2022 at a spatial resolution of 250 m. The dataset enables the analysis of the development of lake and reservoir surface areas, freezing cycles, and inundation areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and urban development are leading to the dichotomy of flood and drought in the same geographical locations, especially in the tropical/sub-tropical regions of the world. These areas have high rainfall intensity, an ever-increasing urban population, and partly existing infrastructure systems, resulting in waterlogging and subsequent floods. Interestingly, these tropical/sub-tropical regions are mostly developing countries. The United Nations states that developing countries have different drainage system requirements than developed countries. Through literature, this study has identified differentiating factors for designing sustainable drainage in developing countries such as climatic conditions, land use and density, socio-culture, pollution levels, runoff quantity, and quality, economics, lack of appropriate technology, governance, and political scenario. Consequently, recommendations for the implementation of sustainable drainage solutions have been made through the rational method for runoff calculations and Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) simulations. Utilization of public parks and participation from the surrounding street vendors have been demonstrated. This comprehensive approach provides sustainable solutions to flooding and drought in Nagpur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Confluences are dynamic morphological nodes that are found in all river networks. In mountain regions, they are influenced by hydraulic and sedimentary processes that occur in steep channels during extreme events in small watersheds. Sediment transport in the tributary channel and aggradation in the confluence can be massive, potentially causing overbank flooding and sedimentation into adjacent settlement areas. Previous works dealing with confluences have mainly focused on lowland regions, and those that have focused on mountain areas have used sediment concentrations and channel gradients that are largely under-representative of mountain river conditions. The presented work contributes to filling this research gap with 45 experiments that use a large-scale physical model. Geometric model parameters, the applied grain size distribution, and the considered discharges represent the conditions at 135 confluences in South Tyrol (Italy) and Tyrol (Austria). The experimental program allowed for a comprehensive analysis of the effects of (i) the confluence angle, (ii) the tributary gradient, (iii) the channel discharges, and (iv) the tributary sediment concentration. In contrast to most research dealing with confluences, results indicate that, in the presence of an intense tributary sediment supply and a small tributary-to-main-channel discharge ratio (0.1), the confluence angle does not have a decisive effect on confluence morphology. Adjustments to the tributary channel gradient yielded the same results. A reoccurring range of depositional geomorphic units was observed in which a deposition cone transitioned to a bank-attached bar. The confluence morphology and tributary channel gradient rapidly adjusted, tending towards an equilibrium state to accommodate both water discharges and the sediment load from the tributary. Statistical analyses demonstrated that the confluence morphology was controlled by the combined channel discharge and the depositional or erosional extent was controlled by the sediment concentration. Applying conclusions drawn from lowland confluence dynamics could misrepresent depositional and erosional patterns and the related flood hazard at mountain river confluences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is consensus within psychological, physiological, medical, and social science disciplines that active and passive exposure to nature enhances human well-being. Natural infrastructure (NI) includes elements of nature that can deliver these ancillary well-being benefits while serving their infrastructure-related purposes and, as such, offer great promise for agencies including the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as a means of enhancing economic, environmental, and societal benefits in civil works projects. Yet, to date, NI are typically framed as alternatives to conventional infrastructure but are rarely competitive for project selection because there is no standardized approach to demonstrate their value or justify their cost. The infrastructure projects subsequently selected may not maximize societal well-being or distribute benefits equitably. A framework is needed to capture diverse and holistic benefits of NI. As part of ongoing research, this paper describes the components necessary to construct a framework for well-being benefits accounting and equitable distribution of NI projects and explores how they might be applied within a framework. We conclude with methodological examples of well-being accounting tools for NI that are based on ongoing research and development associated with this project. The findings provide insights and support for both the Engineering with Nature community and the community of NI practitioners at large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the acceleration of urbanization and the frequent occurrence of extreme weather globally, the risk of urban flood disasters has gradually increased, and its potential consequences are immeasurable. Therefore, conducting risk assessment of urban flood disasters is of great significance, as it is one of the foundations and decision-making means for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, and has become a hot topic and trend in current research. This paper starts by exploring the concept and formation mechanism of urban flood disasters, taking Hazard Factors, Disaster-prone Environment sensitivity, Vulnerability of Exposed Bodies, and Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Capabilities as primary indicators. Based on this, a risk assessment index system is established with 14 secondary indicators, such as annual average rainfall, distance to water systems, elevation, and terrain undulation. The spatialization of each indicator data point is processed through ArcGIS10.7, and the importance of hazard and sensitivity indicators is ranked using the Random Forest algorithm. The indicators are then weighted using a combination of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the entropy method, and the combined weights of each assessment indicator are calculated. Taking Wuhan City as the research area, the weights of each indicator are input into the established risk assessment model. ArcGIS spatial analysis techniques and raster calculation functions are utilized to solve the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of the assessment model, obtaining zoning maps of risk levels for hazard, sensitivity, vulnerability, disaster prevention, and mitigation capabilities, as well as the distribution of comprehensive risk levels. The validity and rationality of the model results are verified by actual disaster data, providing important reference for urban flood disaster prevention in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dams cause loss of habitat due to the interception of sediment transport downstream. The impact of the Wadi Ma'awil watershed dam in Oman on the distribution and pattern of plant communities has not been fully investigated. Identifying and prioritizing critical erosion and trapped sediment areas are important aspects for policymakers. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the Wadi Ma'awil watershed dam on sediment transport across the watershed and its consequences on the pattern and distribution of plant communities. This study used the integrated valuation of environmental services and the tradeoffs sediment delivery ratio (InVEST-SDR) model to provide spatially explicit estimates of soil loss and sediment yield. The results showed that Sub-watershed 10 after the dam area exhibited the lowest sediment export, with a value of 0.36 ton/ha, while Sub-watershed 2 at the dam area had sediment retention of 1.02 ton/ha among the top five sub-watersheds. Around 1.51 ton/ha of sediments was trapped inside the dam at Sub-watershed 2 and did not reach the downstream area at Sub-watershed 10. The dam had a significant effect on the distribution, density, and communities of the small plant. The area downstream of the dam Sub-watershed 10 showed the lowest mean plant density (3.15) compared to the area upstream of the dam Sub-watershed s 3, 4, and 5 (19.65) or the dam area Sub-watershed 2 (42.9). These findings suggest a need to evaluate dam capacity, as sediment traps could hold risks that could decrease dam functionality and life span, jeopardizing dam storage and flood protection capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban green spaces are among the resources that provide many social and physical effects to decrease the adverse effects of urbanization. Their inappropriate locations can make them less accessible and, therefore, less sustainable or underutilized. This study presents the citywide and local characteristics of the size and morphological distribution of urban green spaces in Penang Island, Malaysia, using the space syntax method. Space syntax analyses were used to identify if there is a rational pattern for urban green spaces' size and accessibility and to determine the spatial distribution of needs and accessibility. To this aim, physical measurements of 24 parks and green recreational centers were calculated, followed by an axial mapping of the study area which was conducted to perform space syntax analysis. The results first showed that the locations of the green spaces were not equitably distributed, and larger green spaces were established in areas with less accessibility. Second, based on space syntax data, we evaluated the flood risk, land surface temperature, and population density maps. Finally, we proposed potential sites for future green spaces. This paper demonstrates new insights into the consideration for spatial priorities to reshape future urban green space planning in delivering more sustainable greenery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Informing reservoirs with forecasts is highly important for real‐time flood control. This study proposed a forecast‐informed methodology framework for reservoir flood control operation under uncertainty. A new combination of two post‐processing methods, that is, the Cloud model and error‐based copula functions, were developed to merge individual AI‐based forecasts to ensemble flood forecasts, so called stochastic errors‐based Cloud (SE‐Cloud). A multi‐objective robust optimization model (MRO) integrating the risk, resilience, and vulnerability was then proposed to tackle flood control problems under ensemble forecasts; for comparison, a two‐objective stochastic optimization model (TSO) was developed to minimize the expected highest reservoir level and peak release. The proposed methodology was applied to the Lishimen reservoir in the Shifeng River subbasin, China, aiming to comprehensively verify the relationships among deterministic forecasts, ensemble forecasts, and flood control performance. Results showed that the Cloud model could effectively integrate different models and improve forecast accuracy. But a higher deterministic forecast quality did not consistently result in improved flood control performance. SE‐Cloud could capture the peak flow and effectively characterize forecast uncertainties and increased hypervolume values by 13.14%–39.65% compared to the Cloud model, indicating the superiority of ensemble forecasts in generating robust solutions over individual deterministic forecasts. MRO released more inflow than TSO, decreasing the expected highest water level by 0.05 m and incrementing the expected peak release by 4.29%. However, with downstream resilience value remaining at zero, it is demonstrated that MRO improving upstream vulnerability did not necessarily diminish resilience. The enhanced robustness highlights the potential of AI‐based ensemble forecasts in flood control. Key Points: Flood scenarios characterized by forecast errors were developed using Cloud model and Copula functions based on individual AI‐based forecastsA multi‐objective robust optimization model integrating the risk, resilience, and vulnerability was proposed to enhance model robustnessEnsemble forecasts can be more valuable than deterministic forecasts in the flood control operation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mapping spatial data is essential for the monitoring of flooded areas, prognosis of hazards and prevention of flood risks. The Ganges River Delta, Bangladesh, is the world's largest river delta and is prone to floods that impact social–natural systems through losses of lives and damage to infrastructure and landscapes. Millions of people living in this region are vulnerable to repetitive floods due to exposure, high susceptibility and low resilience. Cumulative effects of the monsoon climate, repetitive rainfall, tropical cyclones and the hydrogeologic setting of the Ganges River Delta increase probability of floods. While engineering methods of flood mitigation include practical solutions (technical construction of dams, bridges and hydraulic drains), regulation of traffic and land planning support systems, geoinformation methods rely on the modelling of remote sensing (RS) data to evaluate the dynamics of flood hazards. Geoinformation is indispensable for mapping catchments of flooded areas and visualization of affected regions in real-time flood monitoring, in addition to implementing and developing emergency plans and vulnerability assessment through warning systems supported by RS data. In this regard, this study used RS data to monitor the southern segment of the Ganges River Delta. Multispectral Landsat 8-9 OLI/TIRS satellite images were evaluated in flood (March) and post-flood (November) periods for analysis of flood extent and landscape changes. Deep Learning (DL) algorithms of GRASS GIS and modules of qualitative and quantitative analysis were used as advanced methods of satellite image processing. The results constitute a series of maps based on the classified images for the monitoring of floods in the Ganges River Delta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides a summary of recent advancements in dam-break modeling for flood hazard mitigation in hydraulic engineering. The document emphasizes the importance of accurate numerical models for simulating dam-break flows and highlights the need for flood hazard assessment to design prevention and mitigation measures. It discusses various aspects of dam-break modeling, including the development of hybrid models and the use of surrogate models to reduce computational costs. The document also highlights the importance of accurate data and validation for numerical models and discusses the application of these models in flood hazard and risk assessment. The document concludes by highlighting the research articles included in a special issue on dam-break modeling, which cover topics such as simulation of floods, assessment of dam breach parameters, and integration of early warning systems. The research aims to improve the understanding and management of dam-break events and their potential impacts. [Extracted from the article]

The adverse impacts of climate change and the disparity between water availability and demand in agriculture necessitate the development of water-efficient irrigation schedules. The empirically derived crop water stress index (CWSI) is a popular tool for the detection of water stress in crops and the scheduling of water-efficient irrigation regimes. But the sensitivity of the empirical CWSI to the input parameters, i.e., air temperature (Ta), canopy temperature (Tc), and relative humidity (RH), is rarely studied. This study is conducted on wheat crops in the Uttar Pradesh province of India where four irrigation scheduling strategies/treatments are experimented with to study CWSI and its sensitivity to Tc and meteorological parameters (Ta and RH). Two irrigation scheduling strategies correspond to drip irrigation and the remaining two correspond to flood irrigation. The mean CWSI values, derived by empirical approach, are 0.11 and 0.03 for drip irrigated treatments and 0.29 and 0.31 for flood irrigated treatments. To observe the sensitivity of the empirical CWSI to the input parameters, initially, the accuracies of the research-grade equipment, used for taking Tc, Ta, and RH observations, are used as error values in the input parameters. This resulted in 3.5 to 7% errors in the empirically derived CWSI values. A maximum error of 2.7% was observed in CWSI values when an error of 10% was introduced in the RH data. The maximum error in CWSI (52%) was observed for the case when a combined error in Ta, Tc, and RH by −1 °C, 1 °C, and 10%, respectively, were introduced. A random error in the range −1 to 1 °C in Tc resulted in a maximum CWSI error of 21%. Out of the three input parameters, CWSI was found to be least sensitive to RH and with sensitivity to both Ta and Tc showing similar trends. A common pattern of decreasing error in CWSI values for increasing vapor pressure deficit (VPD) was observed for all the studied cases. The results show that the water stress, as reflected by the CWSI values, was significantly lower for the drip irrigation treatments as compared to the flood irrigation treatments. Also, small errors in the input parameters may combine to result in significant errors in empirically derived CWSI. Hence, data quality is critical for the studies that utilize CWSI for irrigation scheduling, especially in humid climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flood estimates based on stationary flood frequency models are commonly used as inputs to flood hazard mapping. However, changing flood characteristics caused by climate change necessitate more accurate assessments of the probabilities of rare flood events. This study aims to develop a flood hazard map based on the nonstationary flood frequency using a generalized extreme value distribution model for the Becho floodplain in the upper Awash River basin. The distributional location parameter was modeled as a function of rainfall amount of different durations, annual total precipitation from wet days, yearly mean maximum temperature and time as covariates. The one-dimensional Hydrological Engineering Center River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) hydraulic model with steady flow analysis was used to generate flood hazard map input, depth and velocity, and inundation extent for different return periods. The result indicated that the model as a function of rainfall, such as monthly rainfall (August) and annual wet day precipitation, provided the best fit to the observed hydrological data. Rainfall as a covariate can explain the variation in the peak flood series. The developed hazard map based on depth alone and the combination of depth and velocity thresholds resulted in more than 70% of the floodplain area being classified as a high hazard zone under 2, 25, 50, and 100-years return periods. The current study assists water resource managers in considering changing environmental factors and an alternative flood frequency model for developing flood hazard management and mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequent floodings in Semarang City have generated increasing damages and losses in property and life quality. The cause of flooding is related to the coupled impacts of land subsidence, hydraulics hazards along with poor drainage and water retention systems. This paper studies the most recent flooding hazards caused by hydrological origins (i.e., river discharge, tidal) and land subsidence. In the study, riverine origin of flooding is simulated with the help of HEC-RAS 2D, while the tidal origin is simulated to high highest water level. However, due to the absence of the most recent topographic data, the role of land subsidence is measured by estimating the vertical changes of digital elevation model taken from Sentinel 1A. Flooding extent, in terms of depth and coverage, is verified based on satellite imagery Sentinel-2 which is cloud-processed using Google Earth Engine (GEE) and field survey. Fluvial flood is simulated with several boundary condition scenarios using combinations of 5-, 25-, or 50-year return periods of flood which is integrated with mean sea level (MSL) or high highest water level (HHWL) tides. Those boundary conditions are then incorporated into different terrains, namely LiDAR, DEMNAS, and TerraSAR DEM, to see how different digital elevation models (DEMs) can impact model sensitivity. By overlaying model outputs and land cover map, it can be concluded that settlements and water bodies are among the most potentially affected areas, covering up to 17 km2. This study is expected to help policymakers make a primary assessment of combined tidal and fluvial flood hazard through mitigation and adaptation measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the Bozhong 25-1 oilfield formation oil as the experimental subject, systematically investigating the influence of different slim tube lengths (1 m, 12.5 m, 20 m, and 25 m) on the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) of the CO2 and formation oil mixture system. Through slim tube experiments, the interaction process of CO2 with formation oil in slim tubes of different lengths was simulated, with a particular focus on analyzing how changes in slim tube length affect the MMP. The experiments revealed an important phenomenon: as the slim tube length gradually increased from shorter dimensions, the MMP showed a decreasing trend; when the slim tube length reached 12.5 m, this trend stabilized, meaning that further increasing the slim tube length no longer led to significant changes in the MMP, with its stable value determined to be 27.86 MPa. This phenomenon can be explained within the theoretical framework of fluid dynamics and interfacial science, where several key factors play a significant role. Firstly, the flow characteristics of the fluid inside the slim tube significantly influence it; secondly, the interfacial tension between phases is also a decisive factor; lastly, the impact of the internal microstructure of the slim tube cannot be overlooked. These aspects together form the basis for understanding the impact of slim tube length on MMP and reveal the underlying mechanisms. This research is significant for deeply understanding and quantifying this effect, providing a solid theoretical basis for optimizing CO2 flooding technology and guiding more precise operational strategies in oilfield development practices to enhance oil displacement efficiency and economic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leakages from fuel tanks and fuel transport pipelines are common occurrences that affect the environment and the geotechnical properties of geomaterials, which is of significant relevance in the case of unstable soils. In this work, experimental and numerical analyses were conducted to study the effect of kerosene on the mechanical behavior of collapsible soils. The compressibility tests on undisturbed loess samples were performed at natural water content, flooded with water, and flooded with a nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL), such as kerosene. Numerical models were developed to reproduce and analyze the experimental results. The results show that the extended basic Barcelona model (EBBM) can successfully represent the stress–strain behavior of the soil under zero-lateral displacement conditions, as well as the higher compressibility developed by the specimens flooded with water than with kerosene. The presence of kerosene on tested loess produced negligible changes in swelling indexes and was not able to trigger collapse. The effect of particle–fluid interaction on the obtained results is discussed and analyzed to identify the main responsible mechanisms for soil collapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the recent research progress in bridge-related topics, including safety, maintenance, management, life-cycle, resilience, and sustainability. It highlights the International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety, and Management (IABMAS) and the papers presented at the conference. The article covers various aspects such as bridge design, structural monitoring, load testing, connectivity assessment, service life extension, refurbishment, digital twinning, and climate change considerations. It also explores new technologies for bridge inspection and monitoring, drive-by bridge condition monitoring, and the use of sensors in bridge monitoring. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of bridge condition monitoring and the potential benefits of digital twins in asset management and condition monitoring. [Extracted from the article]

The global community strives to minimize the impact of disasters through various actions, for example, mapping flood-prone areas. Flood-prone areas need to be identified correctly, predicted, understood, and socialized to minimize risks when a disaster occurs regarding death, property damage, and socio-economic losses. This type of data-based prediction has been developed and implemented widely and can be applied to predictions related to hydrology. Data mining approaches (estimation, classification, clustering, and time-series forecast) have significantly influenced research related to flood prediction in recent years. The time-series flood forecast has been widely used in previous research using various statistical and data-mining methods. Predicting floods that occur in coastal areas is less discussed than river floods. One method that is often used is exponential smoothing. Determining damping factor values (alpha, beta, and gamma) in the triple exponential smoothing method, in general, is to use all values from 0 to 1 to find the most optimal damping factor, this takes quite a long time and results generally appear with less accuracy. So, a combination of the triple exponential smoothing algorithm is proposed to perform tTimeseries forecast, and the gradient descent algorithm is used as an optimization algorithm to obtain optimal weight values for alpha, beta, and gamma in triple exponential smoothing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study explores morphologic changes in the Ahr River, Germany, caused by the high-energy flood in mid-July 2021. This study aims to assess the flood's significance as a morphological driver using the Lateral Mobility Index (LMI), as well as the impact of infrastructure on morphodynamics in terms of the formation of mud deposits and stagnant water pools, considering three focus areas of about 1 to 5 km river length. The three focus areas cover differences in the valley morphology as well as near natural and anthropogenically affected sections. Results: The LMI is derived from orthophotos from 1998 to 2022, and based on the surface area of the old and the new channel. It describes the sum of new and abandoned channel area in relation to the previous channel area. For the 2021 high-energy event, an increased LMI suggests an increasing change in river course and morphology. Post-flood, the LMI in focus areas 1 (furthest upstream, LMI of 1.5) and 3 (at the Rhine confluence, LMI of 3.2) surpasses the historic LMI by a factor of about 3. Focus area 3 exhibits the highest activity, while focus area 2 (LMI between 0.25 and 0.70) the lowest. The area of mud deposits and stagnant water pools increased immediately after the flood, especially in focus area 3. Over the following months, initial post-flood mud deposits not only washed away but also rebuilt to some degree later on. Conclusions: The LMI enabled to quantitatively identify a rare and significant morphological disruption in the Ahr River's lateral development in three focus areas, and thus, serves as additional proof that the flood of mid-July 2021 was a high-energy event impacting the local river geomorphology. Infrastructure impacted the formation of mud deposits and stagnant water zones during and after the flood, with additional influence from factors such as driftwood and valley width. The data suggested a phase of resuspension of sediments after the flood, likely due to cleanup and ad hoc river management, highlighting the need for continued river monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 expansion flooding technology has the potential to significantly enhance oil recovery in low permeability and ultra-low permeability reservoirs, while also facilitating carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) to a certain extent. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the mechanism of CO2 expansion flooding, the current research status of two main methods – self-generated expansion with viscosity reduction and gas injection expansion with viscosity reduction - as well as advancements in simulation studies on expansion flooding. Currently, achieving optimal CO2 flooding conditions remains challenging due to limited availability of large-scale gas sources and concerns regarding equipment pipeline corrosion during transportation. Finally, this environmentally friendly CO2 flooding technology is summarized and its future prospects are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban floods/inundation disasters are becoming a prominent problem affecting urban public security due to the impact of global climate change and rapid urbanization. Therefore, research on urban flooding via numerical modelling has important practical significance. According to hydrological and hydrodynamic theories and methods, based on the Storm Water Management Model and the self-developed Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) Accelerated Surface Water Flow and Associated Transport (GAST) model, we explore the best coupling mode, and take Xiaozhai block in Xi'an, China, as the research object to study, through the selected mode, the impact of the change of local land use type on surface inundation and pipe network. The results show that the hydrology–hydrodynamic coupling model (G-S) is more realistic, and its simulation results are more in line with the actual urban flood processes. The results are expected to provide help to other experts and scholars in future model coupling research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flooding can cause severe damage to roadway infrastructure due to inundated foundation. It is important to evaluate the postflooding pavement performance and make decisions for roadway opening and operation. Many studies have evaluated pavement performance after flooding, but the existing methods are either oversimplified or not applicable without information of realistic pavement saturation conditions. This study developed a new method to assess quantitatively the postflooding pavement performance, and proposes a decision support framework for roadway operation based on falling weight deflectometer (FWD) testing. Field measurements were collected to characterize the nonlinear modulus of pavement unbound materials under realistic stress states and moisture conditions. Finite-element models were developed and validated to relate FWD deflections to critical pavement responses under traffic loading. The results show that FWD deflections have good correlations with pavement surface deflections and tensile strains at the bottom of the asphalt layer under moving loads, which facilitates prediction of pavement performance. With the information of traffic loading on the roadway, pavement damage ratios at different saturation conditions after flooding can be evaluated. By comparing the estimated damage ratio and the agency-determined threshold, either truck weight limits or volume control can be adopted to mitigate the impact of flooding on pavement damage. With the method proposed in this study, transportation agencies can implement roadway operation considering performance deterioration and recovery of postflooding pavement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Takeaways: A Texas utility planning to double its surface water treatment plant (SWTP) capacity weighed the most cost‐effective path to achieving flood resilience for its critical assets. Adopting an asset‐by‐asset approach, the utility applied wet and dry floodproofing techniques to the proposed assets depending on resilience needs and priorities. Highlights of the SWTP project's success included bringing a flood‐resilience mindset to the proceedings, centering safety goals, and discussing permitting from the outset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A data-driven hydrological model is built to simulate the daily average flow process Huangzhuang (HZ), providing with reliable simulation results. • A quantitative analysis method identified that the upper reach of the Hanjiang River (UHR) is the main source of flooding, followed by the Tangbai River (TR) and the Nanhe River (NR). • The changing trend in flood composition proportions highlights the need to pay attention to flood control. • The comprehensive impact of environmental changes reveals that they have a small impact on flood-regional composition, but a significant impact on flood fluctuation. To investigate the flood-regional composition under changing environmental conditions in the middle reach of Hanjiang River (MHR), a data-driven hydrological simulation model and its related quantitative methods were developed. The flood-regional composition of Huangzhuang(HZ) in the MHR was quantitatively analyzed, and the influence of environmental changes on river flood routing was discussed. The primary research findings are as follows: ① A hydrological simulation model based on support vector regression machine (SVRM) is constructed to simulate the daily average flow process of HZ from 1965 to 2021. The Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) coefficient achieved values above 0.95, and the overall relative error (RE) was within ± 1 %, indicating excellent simulation performance. ② A quantitative analysis method has been proposed to identify the composition of flood areas. The results indicate that the upper reach of Hanjiang River (UHR) is the primary contributor to floods in the MHR, accounting for 60.62 % to 78.05 % of the total. The Tangbai River (TR) contributed between 14.1 % and 27.4 %, whereas the Nan River had a smaller contribution of only 6.83 % to 8.85 %. ③ Trend analysis indicates that the proportion of floods originating from the UHR increases in the summer flood season and decreases in the autumn flood season, while those changes of TR and Nanhe River (NR) are coincidental, especially in the autumn flood season, the proportion of floods in the TR increases significantly. The impact of floods from the UHR and TR cannot be ignored when implementing flood control measures. ④ A comprehensive analysis method has been proposed to quantify the integrated impacts of environmental changes. The results show that environmental changes had a relatively minor impact on flood routing and its flood-regional composition. However, they did affect the flood propagation process, resulting in earlier occurrences in peak flow, increased in peak discharge, and rapid rise and fall of floodwaters for floods exceeding 12,000 m3/s. These research findings provide strong foundational support for designing flood-regional, as well as flood control and disaster reduction systems in the MHR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery, notably Sentinel-1A's C-band, VV, and VH polarized SAR, has emerged as a crucial tool for mapping rice fields, especially in regions where cloud cover hinders optical imagery. Employing multi-temporal characteristics, SAR data were regularly collected and parameterized using MAPscape-Rice software, which integrates a fully automated processing chain to convert the data into terrain-geocoded σ° values. This facilitated the generation of rice area maps through a rule-based classifier approach, with classification accuracies ranging from 88.5 to 91.5 and 87.5 percent in 2017, 2018, and 2022, respectively. To estimate methane emissions, IPCC (37.13 kg/ha/season, 42.10 kg/ha/season, 43.19 kg/ha/season) and LST (36.05 kg/ha/season, 41.44 kg/ha/season, 38.07 kg/ha/season) factors were utilized in 2017, 2018 and 2022. Total methane emissions were recorded as 19.813 Gg, 20.661 Gg, and 25.72 Gg using IPCC and 19.155 Gg, 20.373 Gg, and 22.76 Gg using LST factors in 2017, 2018 and 2022. Overall accuracy in methane emission estimation, assessed against field observations, ranged from (IPCC) 85.71, 91.32, and 80.25 percent to (LST) 83.69, 91.43, and 84.69 percent for the years 2017, 2018 and 2022, respectively, confirming the efficacy of remote sensing in greenhouse gas monitoring and its potential for evaluating the impact of large-scale water management strategies on methane emissions and carbon credit-based ecosystem services at regional or national levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fallen trees enter the adjacent stream and are carried away downstream by the current. As the stream joins another one, the complex hydrodynamics near their confluence make the movement of wood hard to predict. These woods may accumulate near the confluence resulting in backwater and subsequent potential flooding. A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the movement and accumulation behavior of individual pieces of wood near the confluence. The characteristics of wood (i.e., the length, diameter, and density) and the hydraulic conditions (i.e., the discharge ratio and the release distance) were varied in this investigation. It was found that the wooden pieces released from the tributary got occasionally trapped in the flow separation zone of the confluence, whereupon they were mainly trapped by a clockwise vortex and continued to stay driven by a reverse cluster of currents within this zone. The accumulation probability of wood was mainly related to its length, the discharge ratio and the release distance. The effect of wood diameter and density within the tested parameters was negligible. The probability increased with an increase in the discharge ratio as well as a decrease in the release distance. The longer pieces had a higher probability of being trapped, whereas for those exceeding some critical value, the probability was nearly the same, or dropped sharply. A generalized model for wood accumulation near the confluence was developed for practical application. These findings carry significant implications for river management, particularly in preventing the risk of flooding caused by wood blockage. Key Points: Conducting a laboratory study to investigate the transport, accumulation and trapping mechanism of wood near the confluenceEvaluating the wood accumulation probability depending on different wood characteristics and confluence hydrodynamic conditionsWood released from the tributary may be trapped by the clockwise vortex and thus accumulate in the separation zone [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elevations of water surfaces hold important information on the earth's oceans and land surface waters. Ocean sea surface height is related to the internal change of the ocean's density and mass associated with ocean circulation and its response to climate change. The flow rates of rivers and volume changes of lakes are crucial to freshwater supplies and the hazards of floods and drought resulting from extreme weather and climate events. The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) Mission is a new satellite using advanced radar technology to make headway in observing the variability of the elevation of water surfaces globally, providing fundamentally new information previously not available to the study of earth's waters. Here, we provide the first results of SWOT over oceans, rivers, and lakes. We demonstrate the potential of the mission to address science questions in oceanography and hydrology. Plain Language Summary: Earth is a water planet. The vast amount of ocean water has stored most of the heat released to the atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution through burning fossil fuels. Climate change is thus moderated by the ocean. Over land the freshwater in lakes, rivers, and reservoirs, a critical natural resource, is affected by the warming climate and direct human modifications. Processes of oceanic uptake of heat and carbon from the atmosphere and cycling of freshwater on land take place at spatial scales too small to have been adequately quantified from space. A new satellite, the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission, was launched in December 2022. Using advanced radar technology, SWOT provides unprecedented global observations for understanding the ocean's role in climate change and how freshwater resources respond to human influence. SWOT observations near coasts will also advance understanding of how rising sea levels impact those coasts. Key Points: The first space observations of submesoscale ocean surface topography for understanding ocean's role in heat uptake from the atmosphereThe first space observations of the change of water storage of lakes and flow rates of rivers for understanding the freshwater cycleThe first space observations of the details of the change of coastal water levels to assess the impact of local sea level rise [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutting tool condition is crucial in metal cutting. In-process tool failures significantly influences the surface roughness, power consumption, and process endurance. Industries are interested in supervisory systems that anticipate the health of the tool. A methodology that utilizes the information to predict problems and to avoid failures must be embraced. In recent years, several machine learning-based predictive modelling strategies for estimating tool wear have been emerged. However, due to intricate tool wear mechanisms, doing so with limited datasets confronts difficulties under varying operating conditions. This article proposes the use of transfer learning technology to detect tool wear, especially flank wear under distinct cutting environments (dry, flood, MQL and cryogenic). In this study, the state of the cutting tool was determined using the pre-trained networks like AlexNet, VGG-16, ResNet, MobileNet, and Inception-V3. The best-performing network was recommended for tool condition monitoring, considering the effects of hyperparameters such as batch size, learning rate, solver, and train-test split ratio. In light of this, the recommended methodology may prove to be highly helpful for classifying and suggesting the suitable cutting conditions, especially under limited data situation. The transfer learning model with Inception-V3 is extremely useful for intelligent machining applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]