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Coral restoration plays a pivotal role in mitigating the decline of coral reefs, increasing the need for implementing effective techniques and methodologies. This study investigates the efficacy of stocking Acropora muricata and Pocillopora grandis using fishing line versus rope in mid‐water floating nurseries, offering valuable insights for coral restoration practitioners. Over 1 year, survival, tissue cover, growth, cleaning time, cost, preparation, and stocking timing for both methods were evaluated. Fishing line reduced contact with fouling organisms, contributing to enhanced coral tissue cover and growth rates for P. grandis compared to rope, but no significant effect was detected for A. muricata. Survival differed among species, with higher rates for P. grandis compared to A. muricata, indicating no impact due to stocking methods but species‐specific differences. Challenges like nursery collapses and amphipod outbreaks may have impacted survival, emphasizing the importance of consistent maintenance and accessibility of project sites. Furthermore, the fishing line method reduced cleaning effort. However, cost considerations and preparation complexities for fishing line warrant careful evaluation, particularly with regards to project budgets. The study underscores the necessity for further research, incorporating diverse genotypes, species, and initial fragment sizes to refine restoration strategies. In summary, this study provides important guidance for coral restoration practitioners, aiding informed decisions on stocking methods for different projects and species while considering the balance between coral health benefits and operational feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aquatic ecotoxicity of three α-amino acid-derived polyamidoamines (PAAs) was studied using zebrafish embryos as a viable vertebrate model organism. The PAAs examined were water-soluble amphoteric polyelectrolytes with a primarily negative charge, which were efficient flame retardants for cotton. The fish embryo acute toxicity test performed with PAA water solutions using 1.5–500 mg L−1 concentrations showed that toxicity did not statistically differ from the control. The survival rates were indeed >90%, even at the highest concentration; the hatching rates were >80%; and the numbers of morphological defects were comparable to those of the control. Tests using transgenic zebrafish lines indicated that the numbers of microscopic vascular and musculoskeletal defects were comparable to the control, with one random concentration showing doubled alterations. Sensory–motor tests in response to visual and tactile stimuli were also performed. In the presence of PAAs, embryos exposed to alternating light/dark cycles showed an insignificant mobility reduction during the dark phase. Touch-evoked response tests revealed a mild effect of PAAs on the neuromotor system at concentrations > 10 mg L−1. The cystine/glycine copolymer at 100 mg L−1 exhibited the greatest effect. Overall, the studied PAAs showed a minimal impact on aquatic systems and should be further considered as promising ecofriendly materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The phenomenon of cellular vacuolization is closely related to apoptosis. During the culture of marine fish cell lines, an interesting phenomenon was found that the addition of excessive concentrations of serum to the culture medium could lead to the vacuolization of marine fish cells. However, this vacuolization phenomenon will disappear as the number of cell passages increases. Transcriptome sequencing was used to reveal the relationship between this transiently reversible phenomenon of cellular vacuolization and two influential factors, serum concentration and trypsin digestion. This study provides new insights into the mechanisms of cellular vacuolization and serves as a reference for the culture of marine fish cell lines. As an important research tool, cell lines play a vital role in life science research, medical research, and drug development. During the culture of the Scophthalmus maximus head kidney (TK) cell line, we found a phenomenon of cell vacuolization caused by excessive serum concentration. Moreover, the vacuolization of the cells gradually disappeared after passage by trypsin digestion. In clarifying the formation mechanism of this reversible cellular vacuolation, transcriptomics was utilized to explore the mechanism of cell vacuolization caused by excessive serum concentration. Transcriptome analysis indicated that excessive serum concentration could cause the up-regulated expression of PORCN and other genes to promote cell proliferation. Compared with cells whose vacuolization disappeared after trypsin digestion and passage, the expression of mitosis-related genes (BUB1, ttk, Mad2, Cdc20, CDK1, CCNB1), nuclear stability-related genes LMNB1 and tissue stress and repair-related genes HMMR in vacuolated cells caused by excessive serum concentration was significantly up-regulated. There is a regulatory system related to adaptation and stress repair in the cells, which can maintain cell stability to a certain extent. This study provides a theoretical basis for the stable culture of fish cell lines and the solution to the problem of cell vacuolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To quantify the seismic effectiveness of the most commonly used fishing line tie up method for securing museum collections and optimize fixed strategies for exhibitions, shaking table tests of the seismic systems used for typical museum collection replicas have been carried out. The influence of body shape and fixed measure parameters on the seismic responses of replicas and the interaction behavior between replicas and fixed measures have been explored. Based on the results, seismic effectiveness evaluation indexes of the tie up method are proposed. Reasonable suggestions for fixed strategies are given, which provide a basis for the exhibition of delicate museum collections considering the principle of minimizing seismic responses and intervention. The analysis results show that a larger ratio of height of mass center to bottom diameter led to more intense rocking responses. Increasing the initial pretension of fishing lines was conducive to reducing the seismic responses and stress variation of the lines. Through comprehensive consideration of the interaction forces and effective securement, it is recommended to apply 20% of breaking stress as the initial pretension. For specific museum collections that cannot be effectively protected by the independent tie up method, an optimized strategy of a combination of fishing lines and fasteners is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curracurrang 1 (1CU5) is a rockshelter site located in the Royal National Park (RNP) on the coast south of Sydney. Excavated from 1962 to 1966, the site's rich Holocene cultural deposit has become important for understanding regional Late Holocene developments in Australian lithic and shell technologies. Our comprehensive analysis of 1CU5's faunal remains is presented here, accompanied by new AMS radiocarbon dates and a reinterpretation of the site's occupation sequence. Much of the midden deposit spans from about 2500 BP to approximately 1850 AD, rather than only the last ∼1500 years as originally believed based on less comprehensive dating. A wide range of terrestrial and marine fauna were exploited at 1CU5, with the relative importance of the latter group increasing within the last ∼1500 years. Greater fish consumption during the later period may relate to use of novel hook and line fishing technology using hooks made from shellfish, but concurrent increases in seals, seabirds and marine invertebrates suggest a broader increased reliance on marine resources. By comparison, the earlier period, which coincides with the manufacture of backed microliths, displays relatively greater reliance on terrestrial marsupials. Taxonomic representation suggests occupation of the shelter from winter through spring, and potentially into summer. Analysis of the 1CU5 fauna marks an important contribution to the understanding of Late Holocene economies at the interface of the greater Sydney and NSW South Coast cultural and biogeographic regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hematopoietic stem cells emerge in the embryo from an aortic-derived tissue called the hemogenic endothelium (HE). The HE appears to give birth to cells of different nature and fate but the molecular principles underlying this complexity are largely unknown. Here we show, in the zebrafish embryo, that two cell types emerge from the aortic floor with radically different morphodynamics. With the support of live imaging, we bring evidence suggesting that the mechanics underlying the two emergence types rely, or not, on apicobasal polarity establishment. While the first type is characterized by reinforcement of apicobasal polarity and maintenance of the apical/ luminal membrane until release, the second type emerges via a dynamic process reminiscent of trans-endothelial migration. Interfering with Runx1 function suggests that the balance between the two emergence types depends on tuning apicobasal polarity at the level of the HE. In support of this and unexpectedly, we show that Pard3ba – one of the four Pard3 proteins expressed in the zebrafish – is sensitive to interference with Runx1 activity, in aortic endothelial cells. This supports the idea of a signaling cross talk controlling cell polarity and its associated features, between aortic and hemogenic cells. In addition, using new transgenic fish lines that express Junctional Adhesion Molecules and functional interference, we bring evidence for the essential role of ArhGEF11/PDZ-RhoGEF in controlling the HE-endothelial cell dynamic interface, including cell-cell intercalation, which is ultimately required for emergence completion. Overall, we highlight critical cellular and dynamic events of the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition that support emergence complexity, with a potential impact on cell fate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entanglement in commercial fishing gear is one of the main factors inhibiting the recovery of critically endangered North Atlantic right whales. Installing low-breaking-strength (LBS) components in the buoy lines and main lines of stationary fishing gear may be a viable solution for some fisheries. But is it an effective solution for deep-water trap fisheries? This study quantified in-line rope tensions observed during fishing operations for snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. We conducted a controlled fishing experiment in which we documented the loads experienced while hauling fleets of traps. The results showed that several factors contributed to the loads observed, including the components of the traps, the presence of crabs, and environmental conditions such as wind direction and wave height. According to the statistical models, the maximum tension from the estimated marginal means was 477.53 kgf in the buoy line and 987.99 kgf in the main line for the baited hauls, which exceeds the safe working load (154 kgf) of the proposed low-breaking-strength components. Our results suggest that LBS components are not a viable solution for this deep-water fishery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We performed a diagnostic disease investigation on a cohort of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fingerlings in Alaska exhibiting anorexia, gaping mouths, anemia, and increased mortality. Histologic examination revealed mild-to-severe myocardial degeneration and lymphohistiocytic and neutrophilic myocarditis, moderate splenic histiocytosis, and mild renal histiocytosis. Piscine orthoreoviruses 1 and 3 were not detected by molecular methods, and no other viruses could be cultured on 3 common diagnostic fish cell lines. De novo assembly produced a viral genome of 10 linear segments with >80% homology to piscine orthoreovirus 2 (PRV2) encoding all 11 PRV2 proteins. An in situ hybridization probe using RNAscope was developed against 697 viral nucleotides identified by sequencing, which revealed viral genome in heart, spleen, gill, kidney, liver, blood, and the lamina propria of the intestines. Our findings are supportive of a novel piscine orthoreovirus most closely related to PRV2 associated with morbidity and mortality of coho salmon in the northeastern Pacific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manipulation of the somatotropic axis, governing growth, has been a focus of numerous transgenic approaches aimed at developing fast-growing fish for research, medicine and aquaculture purposes. However, the excessively high growth hormone (GH) levels in these transgenic fish often result in deformities that impact both fish health and consumer acceptance. In an effort to mitigate these issues and synchronize exogenous GH expression with reproductive processes, we employed a novel transgenic construct driven by a tilapia luteinizing hormone (LH) promoter. This approach was anticipated to induce more localized and lower exogenous GH secretion. In this study, we characterized the growth and reproduction of these transgenic LHp-GH zebrafish using hormonal and physiological parameters. Our findings reveal that LHp-GH fish exhibited accelerated growth in both length and weight, along with a lower feed conversion ratio, indicating more efficient feed utilization, all while maintaining unchanged body proportions. These fish demonstrated higher expression levels of LH and GH in the pituitary and elevated IGF-1 levels in the liver compared to wild-type fish. An examination of reproductive function in LHp-GH fish unveiled lower pituitary LH and FSH contents, smaller follicle diameter in female gonads, and reduced relative fecundity. However, in transgenic males, neither the distribution of spermatogenesis stages nor sperm concentrations differed significantly between the fish lines. These results suggest that coupling exogenous GH expression with endogenous LH expression in females directs resource investment toward somatic growth at the expense of reproductive processes. Consequently, we conclude that incorporating GH under the LH promoter represents a suitable construct for the genetic engineering of commercial fi sh species, providing accelerated growth while preserving body proportions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrodynamic pressure sensors offer an auxiliary approach for ocean exploration by unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs). However, existing hydrodynamic pressure sensors often lack the ability to monitor subtle hydrodynamic stimuli in deep-sea environments. In this study, we present the development of a deep-sea hydrodynamic pressure sensor (DSHPS) capable of operating over a wide range of water depths while maintaining exceptional hydrodynamic sensing performance. The DSHPS device was systematically optimized by considering factors such as piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride–trifluoroethylene/barium titanate [P(VDF-TrFE)/BTO] nanofibers, electrode configurations, sensing element dimensions, integrated circuits, and packaging strategies. The optimized DSHPS exhibited a remarkable pressure gradient response, achieving a minimum pressure difference detection capability of approximately 0.11 Pa. Additionally, the DSHPS demonstrated outstanding performance in the spatial positioning of dipole sources, which was elucidated through theoretical charge modeling and fluid–structure interaction (FSI) simulations. Furthermore, the integration of a high Young's modulus packaging strategy inspired by fish skull morphology ensured reliable sensing capabilities of the DSHPS even at depths of 1000 m in the deep sea. The DSHPS also exhibited consistent and reproducible positioning performance for subtle hydrodynamic stimulus sources across this wide range of water depths. We envision that the development of the DSHPS not only enhances our understanding of the evolutionary aspects of deep-sea canal lateral lines but also paves the way for the advancement of artificial hydrodynamic pressure sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell lines are important in vitro models to answer biological mechanisms with less genetic variations. The present study was attempted to develop a cell line from rainbow trout, where we obtained a cell line from the heart, named "RBT‐H." The cell line was authenticated using karyotyping and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequencing. The karyotype demonstrated diploid chromosome number (2n) as 62 and the sequence of partial COI gene was 99.84% similar to rainbow trout COI data set, both suggesting the origin of RBT‐H from the rainbow trout. The heart cell line was mycoplasma‐free and found to be refractory to infection with the Tilapia lake virus. The RBT‐H cell line is deposited in the National Repository of Fish Cell Line (NRFC) at ICAR‐NBFGR, Lucknow, India, with Accession no. NRFC0075 for maintenance and distribution to researchers on request for R&D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment of animal models for Parkinson's disease (PD) has been challenging. Nevertheless, once established, they will serve as valuable tools for elucidating the causes and pathogenesis of PD, as well as for developing new strategies for its treatment. Following the recent discovery of a series of PD causative genes in familial cases, teleost fishes, including zebrafish and medaka, have often been used to establish genetic PD models because of their ease of breeding and gene manipulation, as well as the high conservation of gene orthologs. Some of the fish lines can recapitulate PD phenotypes, which are often more pronounced than those in rodent genetic models. In addition, a new experimental teleost fish, turquoise killifish, can be used as a sporadic PD model, because it spontaneously manifests age‐dependent PD phenotypes. Several PD fish models have already made significant contributions to the discovery of novel PD pathological features, such as cytosolic leakage of mitochondrial DNA and pathogenic phosphorylation in α‐synuclein. Therefore, utilizing various PD fish models with distinct degenerative phenotypes will be an effective strategy for identifying emerging facets of PD pathogenesis and therapeutic modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mandarin fish ranavirus (MRV) infection poses a substantial challenge to the mandarin fish culture industry as no effective preventive or therapeutic measures currently exist. The creation of a highly permissive cell line from a natural host is crucial for developing a vaccine for MRV and understanding its pathogenic mechanisms. In this research, the mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) kidney cell line (SCK) was isolated from mandarin fish kidneys. Subsequently, SCK-a to SCK-g monoclonal cell lines were derived from the SCK cell population, distinguished by morphological variations. Notably, MRV infection induced an advanced cytopathic effect (CPE) in almost all cells of the SCK-f clone. Further tests showed that MRV achieved a peak viral titer of 1010.7 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50)/mL and consistently exceeded 1010 TCID50/mL across nine passages in SCK-f cells. Electron microscopy verified the MRV virion integrity within SCK-f. In vivo experiments revealed that MRV infections led to cumulative mortality rates of 86.9% in mandarin fish and 88.9% in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Such results suggest that SCK-f is highly permissive to MRV. This study underscores the importance of cellular diversity in developing viral permissive cell lines. The SCK monoclonal cell line pool may offer potential for generating highly permissive cell lines for other mandarin fish viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax is the main species reared in Mediterranean aquaculture. Its larval stage, which is very sensitive and highly affected by sanitary and environmental conditions, is particularly scrutinized in hatcheries. Recently, a Mediterranean sea bass farm had to deal with an abnormal increase in mortality, especially between 20 and 35 days post-hatching (dph). Biological investigations led to the observation of cytopathic effects on three different fish cell lines after almost 3 weeks of culture at 14 °C in contact with homogenized affected larvae, suggesting the presence of a viral agent. High-throughput sequencing revealed a 6818-nucleotide-long RNA genome with six putative ORFs, corresponding to the organization of viruses belonging to the Totiviridae family. This genome clustered with the newly described and suggested Pistolvirus genus, sharing 45.5% to 37.2% nucleotide identity with other piscine toti-like viruses such as Cyclopterus lumpus toti-like virus (CLuTLV) or piscine myocarditis virus (PMCV), respectively. Therefore, we propose to name this new viral agent sea bass toti-like virus (SBTLV). Specific real-time RT-PCR confirmed the presence of the viral genome in the affected larval homogenate from different production batches and the corresponding cell culture supernatant. Experimental infections performed on sea bass fingerlings did not induce mortality, although the virus could be detected in various organs and a specific immune response was developed. Additional studies are needed to understand the exact involvement of this virus in the mortality observed in hatcheries and the potential associated cofactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine protected areas (MPAs) have become a popular tool utilised across global oceans to achieve a variety of conservation goals. Because the reasons for MPA implementation can differ, it is imperative that resource managers design and execute management strategies that allow them to effectively assess MPA performance relative to the goals they set.We compared three MPA monitoring techniques commonly utilised to survey groundfish populations across different depth strata of temperate rocky reef habitat: underwater visual census (0–20 m), scientific hook and line fishing (10–50 m) and baited remote underwater video (30–100 m). We compared the strength and direction of standardised metrics, including response ratios, diversity indices and community structure, examining results through the lens of MPA performance.While each of our monitoring techniques detected similar MPA effects on groundfish biomass and density aggregated across species, MPA effects for individual species varied across methods.Each technique was shown to survey distinct groundfish community assemblages with varying levels of species diversity and richness.Synthesis and applications. While each technique was found to measure similar general trends in marine protected area (MPA) performance over time, we found compelling evidence that the utilization of multiple techniques allows managers to create the most comprehensive, effective and inclusive MPA monitoring regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parabens are a group of para-hydroxybenzoic acid (p-HBA) esters widely used in pharmaceutical industries. Their safety is well documented in mammalian models, but little is known about their toxicity in non-mammal species. In addition, chlorinated and brominated parabens resulting from wastewater treatment have been identified in effluents. In the present study, we explored the cytotoxic effects (EC50) of five parabens: methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP), butylparaben (BuP), and benzylparaben (BeP); the primary metabolite, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA), and three of the wastewater chlorinated/brominated byproducts on fish and human cell lines. In general, higher cytotoxicity was observed with increased paraben chain length. The tested compounds induced toxicity in the order of 4-HBA < MP < EP < PP < BuP < BeP. The halogenated byproducts led to higher toxicity with the addition of second chlorine. The longer chain-parabens (BuP and BeP) caused a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability in fish cell lines. Intriguingly, the main paraben metabolite, 4-HBA, proved to be more toxic to fish hepatocytes than human hepatocytes by 100-fold. Our study demonstrated that the cytotoxicity of some of these compounds appears to be tissue-dependent. These observations provide valuable information for early cellular responses in human and non-mammalian models upon exposure to paraben congeners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fishing landings in Chile are inspected to control fisheries that are subject to catch quotas. The control process is not easy since the volumes extracted are large and the numbers of landings and artisan shipowners are high. Moreover, the number of inspectors is limited, and a non-automated method is utilized that normally requires months of training. In this work, we propose, design, and implement an automated fish landing control system. The system consists of a custom gate with a camera array and controlled illumination that performs automatic video acquisition once the fish landing starts. The imagery is sent to the cloud in real time and processed by a custom-designed detection algorithm based on deep convolutional networks. The detection algorithm identifies and classifies different pelagic species in real time, and it has been tuned to identify the specific species found in landings of two fishing industries in the Biobío region in Chile. A web-based industrial software was also developed to display a list of fish detections, record relevant statistical summaries, and create landing reports in a user interface. All the records are stored in the cloud for future analyses and possible Chilean government audits. The system can automatically, remotely, and continuously identify and classify the following species: anchovy, jack mackerel, jumbo squid, mackerel, sardine, and snoek, considerably outperforming the current manual procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite its relevance, the economic contribution of small-scale fisheries to poverty alleviation is still poorly understood. This study investigates why some fishers perform economically better in fisheries than others under similar conditions and whether these variations in performance were due to individual adaptive strategies related to fishing technology and effort. A pairwise comparison between fishers' income from the Brazilian equatorial region in 1994 and 2014 was performed while modeling individual changes related to the fishing activity (Generalized Linear Model, GLM) and the factors that would explain why fishers became richer or poorer over time (Proportional odds model). Fisher's geographical region, the use of motorized boats and the adoption of hookah compressors explained income in 1994, whereas having larger boats and fishing with hook and line explained it in 2014. Fishers were slightly more likely to gain income if they changed their type of boat. Some fishers are trapped in poverty, and the changes they made were either not enough to leave this condition or made it worse. Escaping poverty traps in fisheries may require efforts beyond those available to the individuals, especially as stocks become increasingly overfished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author came to lateral line research rather by chance, yet this sensory system ended up as the main research focus of my entire scientific career. This paper is not a review article. Instead, it gives an overview of some of the major research topics that the author, collaborators, and students have worked on for more than 4 decades. During the last century, lateral line research was mostly approached by using mono-frequency water motions generated in still water with a stationary vibrating sphere. At the beginning, this approach was necessary and useful. During studies, it became apparent that the fish lateral line can only be fully understood if more natural hydrodynamic stimuli (including natural hydrodynamic noise) were applied. Better methods, like particle image velocimetry, are then needed in the research of lateral line systems. Finally, how a biomimetic approach can be used to investigate lateral line function is discussed. In the final paragraph, some research gaps and hence, opportunities that still exist in the research of the lateral line systems are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During an experiment of Octopus maya fishing with baited lines during 2012 and 2013 off Lerma, Campeche, Mexico, 307 octopuses (18.3% of all sampled) shown recently caught 424 prey items in their webs. Preys were composed of crustaceans, mollusks, teleost fish, and sipunculans representing at least 52 species. Most prey occurrences were single (73.29%), but up to five prey items were found in some octopus. Crustaceans were the most frequent and abundant prey accounting for 61%FO, 59%N, and 20%W. The most important single prey was the majoid crab Pitho anisodon with 24%FO and 22%N. Molluscans occurred in half of octopus and represented more than a third of all preys and most of preys' weight. They were mostly bivalves. Fishes did not reach 2% of prey share by any account. Prey numbers differed significantly by year. O. maya feed on small preys, crustaceans, and bivalves in the range of 5–50 mm and gastropod and fishes mostly 50–120 mm in length. Size of prey was weakly or not related to octopus size, although only larger octopus feed on larger prey such strombid conchs. This work represents the first systematic study of octopus diet from direct observations on their recently taken prey. The advantages of this new method to study octopus food are discussed, as well as the feeding behavior associated to some prey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the continuous exploitation of skipjack tuna in the waters of Ternate Island, using active pole and line fishing gears, the skipjack tuna population is suspected to experience degradation in the waters of Ternate Island. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the status of skipjack tuna populations in the waters of Ternate Island based on population dynamics studies, including parameters of growth, mortality, recruitment and exploitation rate. Experimental fishing methods were implemented to measure fish length which was then analyzed to determine the pattern of growth, mortality, exploitation rate and yield per recruit. The results showed that the parameter of the skipjack tuna population studied had an asymptote length (L∞) of 77.7 cm, with a growth coefficient of 0.4 per year and a t0 of -0.41. Furthermore, natural mortality (M) was 1.75, while the fishing mortality was determined as 1.60, and the current exploitation rate (E) showed a value of 0.48. These values indicate that the management of skipjack tuna in Ternate Island waters is close to optimum conditions (E = 0.5). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contextualization: artisanal fishing in the Colombian Pacific is positioned as one of the main sources of income for the communities settled on the coasts; therefore, there is a strong pressure on fishing resources, with non-selective fishing gears such as the trammel netting and the hand linehook, capturing individuals that have not experienced any reproductive events and that belong to incidental and discard fishery. Knowledge gap: in the Colombian Paci fic, the spatiotemporal relationships have not been explored between target and discard fishing, according to the environmental variables. Purpose: evaluate the spatiotemporal dynamics of catch per unit of effort [CPUE] and the sustainability of artisanal fishing associated with environmental variables, in Tumaco Bay [Colombian Pacific], to value their environmental impact. Methodology: four samplings were conducted throughout the year 2020 and 2021, two in the dry season and two in the rainy season, with the trammel and hand hook line fishing gears in the internal and external zone of the Tumaco bay. Samples of physical-chemical variables were carried out. Results and conclusions: within the target catch, the families Ariidae and Sciaenidae were the most representative, Pristigasteridae and Gerreidae in the bycatch and Engraulidae and Cynoglosidae in the discard. With the hand hook line, 94.60% was target catch, 3.90% bycatch and 1.48% belonged to discard; while with trammel netting, 49.07 % was discarded, 41.78 % was target catch and 9.15 % was bycatch. The trammel net caught smaller individuals (17.49 ± 4.26 cm), which may indicate that it is a little selective gear as it does not respect the minimum catch sizes. The total catch per unit of efiort was higher with the hand hook fishing gear (8.84 ± 5.42 kg h-1). The variables of salinity, total dissolved solids and transparency presented a negative correlation with the total catch per unit of effort in the trammel net, while with the hook they presented a positive association. It is recommended to regulate the use of trammel nets in the internal area and in the rainy season due to the fishing gear captures juvenile commercial species that are discarded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capture fisheries business is a type of fishery business that is mostly carried out in the Anambas Islands Regency. Therefore, an overview of the fishing effort is important to know to support fishery development in Anambas Islands Regency. The domination of fishing locations in Anambas Islands Regency is in the Mesabang Waters area, with the domination of fishermen from Batu Belah Village using hook and lines fishing gear. Fishing operations are carried out between night and day depending on the fishing gear used. The size of the fish is longer and bigger in November-February, during the peak season. The price of fish is highest when the season is less. There are three marketing schemes for fish catches in Batu Belah Village, namely directly, through collectors, and through exporting agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally manufactured for ropes and fishing lines, braids are now found in structural composite parts used in the transportation industries and the medical sector. Braiding machines are increasing in size and complexity. However, engineers mostly rely on expertise and on trials and errors to select a collision-free carrier arrangement, which is inefficient in terms of both time and resources. In this paper, we propose a method, based on graph theory, to detect collisions between carriers for any braiding machine configuration and for any number of carriers. To do so, the braiding machine is modeled as a graph. Each horngear is represented by a face and each horngear slot is represented by a vertex. A collision detection algorithm is developed, which validates or invalidates the proposed carrier arrangement. Two case studies are carried out to demonstrate the algorithm. The first one is carried out on a traditional maypole braiding machine, while the second one is done on a T-shape braider. The T-shape braider has a more complex configuration with horngears having different number of slots and diameters. The developed solution is an efficient method to detect collisions based on any carrier arrangement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fish hook is a commonly known tool used in recreational fishing, which is one of the forms of active, specialised tourism. As a component of a fishing rod, the hook is intended to be anchored into the mouth of a fish and hold the fish on the end of the line while landing it. However, in the context of the protection of living aquatic resources and Catch-and-Release (C&R) fishing, its role and significance are becoming broader. In addition to the impact of the hook type on fishing efficiency, including the Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE), the importance of hook selection in terms of minimising the resulting damage to the tissues of caught and released fish is increasing. It appears that alternative hook types, such as barbless hooks and circle hooks, are safer for fish in the aforementioned context while not significantly reducing fishing efficiency. This review study is aimed at describing the design, types, and role of the fish hook in modern C&R angling, including the impact of the hook type on both fishing efficiency and the safety and welfare of released fish, which translates into the status and protection of living aquatic resources. The issues presented in the study highlight a number of related technical, biological and social factors that are specific to inland angling in particular. Such a holistic perspective can be used to support the effective management of recreational fishing, which, as one of the most popular human activities when in contact with water, has a very significant impact on the state of the environment and, thus, on the possibility of tourism development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Local therapeutic hypothermia (32°C) has been linked experimentally to an otoprotective effect in the electrode insertion trauma. The pathomechanism of the electrode insertion trauma is connected to the activation of apoptosis and necrosis pathways, pro-inflammatory and fibrotic mechanisms. In a whole organ cochlea culture setting the effect of therapeutic hypothermia in an electrode insertion trauma model is evaluated. Material and Methods: The cochleae of C57Bl6/J mice (Charles River®, Freiburg, Germany) are cultured for 24 hours at 37°C and 32°C after inserting a fishing line through the round window simulating an insertion trauma. The resulting effect was evaluated for the apoptotic reaction - B-cell-Lymphoma-2-Associated-X-Protein (BAX), B-Cell-Lymphoma-2-Protein (BCL2) and Cleaved-Caspase-3 (CC3) -, the inflammatory response - Tumor-Necrosis-Factor-Alpha (TNFα), Interleukin-1-Beta (IL-1Imm) and Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) - and proliferation process - Transforming-Growth-Factor-Beta-1 (TGFβ1) - using immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR technique. A minimum of 12 cochlea per experiment were used. Results: A pro-apoptotic situation was observed in the normothermic group (BAX, CC3 > Bcl2) whereas an anti-apoptotic constellation was found at 32°C culture conditions (BAX, CC3 < Bcl2). Furthermore the effect of the IT knowing to effect the pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNFα, Il1β) and enzyme (COX2) expression has been reproduced. This reaction was reversed with the application of therapeutic hypothermia resulting in significant lower pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNFα, Il1β) and enzyme (COX2) expression. TGFβ1 was increased by hypothermia. Discussion: Concluding a protective effect of hypothermia on the experimental electrode insertion trauma can be described by an anti-apoptotic and antiinflammatory reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the occupational folklife Of a Cajun community living on the Atchafalaya River Basin in southern Louisiana. Through personal interviews, members of the Myette Point houseboat community share stories of their unique livelihood. Detailing tools, techniques, and environmental knowledge of riverbasin fishing acquired through experiences and oral narratives, the people of this community embraced a way of life that is virtually nonexistent in modern America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is a novel RNA virus that has been causing substantial economic losses across the global tilapia industry. Despite extensive research on potential vaccines and disease control methods, the understanding of this viral infection and the associated host cell responses remains incomplete. In this study, the involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway in the early stages of TiLV infection was investigated. The results showed a distinct pattern of ERK phosphorylation (p-ERK) upon TiLV infection in two fish cell lines, E-11 and TiB. Specifically, the p-ERK levels in the TiB cells decreased substantially, while the p-ERK levels in the E-11 cells remained constant. Interestingly, a large number of cytopathic effects were observed in the infected E-11 cells but none in the infected TiB cells. Furthermore, when p-ERK was suppressed using the inhibitor PD0325901, a significant reduction in the TiLV load and decrease in the mx and rsad2 gene expression levels were observed in the TiB cells in days 1–7 following infection. These findings highlight the role of the MAPK/ERK signalling pathway and provide new insights into the cellular mechanisms during TiLV infection that could be useful in developing new strategies to control this virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human activities are at the origin of anthropogenic threats altering ecosystems at any hierarchical level. To mitigate them, environmental managers develop projects to obtain effective outcomes on biological targets of conservation concern. Here, we carried out two new approaches (TAN = Threat Analysis and TRA = Threat Reduction Assessment) aimed at assessing the effectiveness of conservation actions on two threatened beach-nesting landbird species, the Kentish Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus) and the Little Ringed Plover (C. dubius), breeding along a coastal beach of central Italy. Using a score-based evaluation (TAN approach), a panel of experts assessed the extent, intensity, and magnitude of a set of species-specific threats, ranking them from more to less impacting. Domestic dogs, dune trampling, and synanthropic predators appeared as the threats with the most significant magnitudes. Using the TRA approach, experts obtained a rank of threats that were more urgent to solve: i.e., domestic dogs and dune trampling. To contrast with these threats, in 2021, we carried out a conservation project with specific measures that were aimed at reducing the threat magnitude on birds. They included: dune borders demarcation, anti-predatory cages on plover nests, the removal of beach-stranded fishing lines and hooks, field surveillance by volunteers, dog control, social- and mass-media communication, and alliances with stakeholders and institutions. After the project, mechanical beach grooming (>80%), dune trampling, and synanthropic predators (both >60%) showed the highest percentage of impact reduction. The project showed a medium–high level of effectiveness in reducing the total threat magnitude (TRA-I index = 63.08%). The Threat Analysis should be routinely used to arrange a causal chain that is useful for defining the relationships among human-induced threats and ecological targets, selecting the threats with the highest magnitudes. After the projects, the Threat Reduction Assessment may assess the level of threat reduction, suggesting measures for adaptive management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acoustic telemetry allows detailed observations of the movement behaviour of many species and as tags get smaller, smaller organisms may be tagged. The number of studies using acoustic telemetry to evaluate marine invertebrate movement is growing, but novel attachment methods include unknowns about the effects of tagging procedures on individual survival and behaviour. This study compared methods of tag attachment on green sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) to determine the feasibility of using acoustic transmitters to track echinoid movement. Four tagging methods were compared in the lab and tag retention, urchin condition, and survival analysed. Two tagging methods (Dyneema® fishing line and T-bar tags) were evaluated in the field using an existing acoustic telemetry array. Urchins were tagged and the study area revisited one week and 2 months post-release by scuba divers to estimate movement and tag retention. Results: The best methods in the lab, with high tag retention, survival, and minimal effects on urchin condition, were fishing line methods. T-bar tags, although showing high tag retention, caused significant mortality and had deleterious long-term effects on urchin condition and behaviour. After 2 months in the field, as in the lab, fishing line was a more effective tagging method. Urchins tagged with fishing line showed increased estimates of space occupancy compared to T-bar-tagged urchins and a single fishing-line tagged individual was found by divers in good health after 80 days. Combined, these laboratory and field results demonstrate the feasibility of using acoustic telemetry to observe urchin movement. Conclusions: Results strongly suggest that surgical attachment methods that minimize injuries at the attachment site should be prioritized for echinoid tagging studies. Together, lab and field tests indicate that acoustic telemetry is a promising method to examine marine echinoid movement over ecologically relevant spatial and temporal scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bottom hand line is one of the fishing tools commonly used by fishermen around Manado Bay. This fishing gear is classified as environmentally friendly and selective because it does not damage the ecosystem, and the hook size of the fishing line used is adjusted to the target catch. The making of this fishing gear is straightforward, as in the construction of fishing rods in general. The branch line is tied on the main line and given a hook and a weight. This old construction, when operated, often occurs twisting of the branch line on the main line, so the catching success rate is low. Based on these problems, this study aimed to create a new design that minimizes twisting of the branch line on the main line, which in turn can increase the catch. The method used in this research is an experimental fishing method. In this experiment, four boats used fishing lines with the old construction, and the other four ships fishing lines with the new structure. The results obtained during the 15 trips of experimental fishing were 38 for the old construction fishing line and 80 for the new construction fishing line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have studied the origin of immunoglobulin genes in fish. There are two evolutionary lines of bony fish, Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii. The former gave rise to most of the current fish and the latter to the animals that went to land. Non-teleost actinopterygians are significant evolutionary, sharing a common ancestor with sarcopterygians. There are three different immunoglob- ulin isotypes in ray-finned fish: IgM, IgD and IgT. We deduce that translocon formation in im- munoglobulins genes occurred already in non-teleost Actinopterygii. We establish a relationship between no teleosts and teleostean fish at the domain level of different immunoglobulins. We found two evolutionary lines of immunoglobulin. A line that starts from Immunoglobulin M and another from an ancestral Immunoglobulin W. The M line is stable, and the W line gives rise to the IgD of the fish. Immunoglobulin T emerges by recombination between both lines. • Actinopterygii have genes for three classes of immunoglobulins (IgM, IgD, and IgT). • A single locus has already been generated in the oldest Actinopterygii. • The results support the hypothesis that there are two evolutionary lines of immunoglobulins. The IgM Line and the IgW Line. • The IgT have a recombinational origin between the two lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A nasal septal dislocation is a common form of septal deviation with many challenges and different surgical techniques for correction. Objective: To assess the efficacy of fashioned mucoperichondrial flap technique versus fishing line technique in the repair of septal dislocation. Methods: The study was a prospective comparative cohort study conducted on 88 patients aged above 18 years who have symptomatic mild to moderate caudal septal dislocation spanning the period from June 2021 to June 2022. Preoperatively, all patients were evaluated by the Nasal Obstruction and Septoplasty Effectiveness (NOSE) scale to assess the degree of nasal obstruction. Anterior rhinoscopy and endoscopic examination of the nose were done for every patient to assess the degree of obstruction, whether mild, moderate, or severe. Outcomes included an assessment of both techniques' efficacy in managing nasal obstruction as expressed by the NOSE scale and comparing both techniques regarding the operative and postoperative details. Results: The current study showed a highly significant improvement in the NOSE scale postoperatively in both groups (P <.00001 for both groups). The mean operative duration for group I was significantly less than that for group II (P <.00001). There was a nonsignificant difference between both groups regarding the postoperative NOSE scale, and postoperative degree of obstruction (P =.066 and.56, respectively). Regarding postoperative complications, there was a nonsignificant difference between both groups except for patient discomfort as assessed 1 week postoperatively. Group II showed significantly more patient discomfort (P =.02), which improved 4 weeks postoperatively. Conclusion: Both techniques presented in this study effectively corrected mild and moderate caudal septal dislocation with significant improvement of nasal obstruction postoperatively. Both techniques produced good esthetic outcomes and were associated with few comparable complications in both groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the mechanism behind the rapid extension and retraction of Lacrymaria olor's neck, a predatory protist. Flaum and Prakash reveal that the protist's neck relies on membrane pleating, guided by a unique cytoskeletal structure, enabling swift and efficient deployment, shedding light on how cellular morphology can evolve for specialized behaviors like hunting.

Pregnenolone (P5) is a steroid that functions in the brain and in zebrafish embryogenesis. It is synthesized from cholesterol via the enzymatic activity of P450scc, encoded by CYP11A1. P5 exerts its function by activating CLIP1, which in turn promotes microtubule assembly necessary for many biological processes including embryogenesis. To examine the functional relatedness of CYP11A1 and CLIP1, we ablated the embryonic expression of both genes in zebrafish, i.e. cyp11a1 and clip1a. Two cyp11a1 knockout fish lines were generated. Both homozygous cyp11a1 knockout lines appeared normal. But the development of fish embryos was delayed and embryonic cell migration was reduced when cyp11a1 function was depleted of by morpholinos. This discrepancy in phenotypes by two different gene depletion methods was also observed for clip1a. While clip1a morphants are defective in embryogenesis, clip1a knockout fish appeared normal. The phenotypes depend on the methods that create gene depletion. While knockout fish lines do not have expected phenotypic defects, clip1a and cyp11a1 morpholinos both reduce embryonic cell migration. We have evaluated the usefulness of both methods of gene ablation, and conclude that CYP11A1 and CLIP1 function in the same pathway to promote embryogenesis. • CYP11A1 and CLIP1 are required for the function of pregnenolone. • Morpholinos against cyp11a1 or clip1a cause defects of zebrafish embryogenesis. • Zebrafish cyp11a1 or clip1a mutants appear normal. • Both morpholinos and CRISPR have limitations, and need to be used carefully. • Cyp11a1 and Clip1a control the same function with the same defects when depleted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitochondria are a crucial cellular organelle that organizes a wide range of biological processes, from energy production and calcium homeostasis to cell proliferation, differentiation, and death as well as inflammation. Mitochondria also support immune cell phenotypes and function. The aim of this communication is to evaluate the mitochondrial status and plasticity of four fish cell lines: SAF-1 (derived from gilthead sea bream skin), DLB-1 (derived from European sea bass brain), FuB-1 (established from mummichog brain), and PLHC-1 (a topminnow hepatocellular carcinoma). A mitochondrial stress assay was performed to compare the bioenergetic capabilities of these four fish cell lines as well as the importance of choosing the correct cell line when performing different in vitro studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For infrastructure inspections, shelled drones have efficiently and effectively visually inspected various infrastructures, giving good visual conditions and increasing motion effectiveness. In bridge inspection, shelled drones can encounter another problem considering the presence of wind. Improving the flight performance by reducing the overall drag means decreasing the overall area of the shell. However, this could danger the drone because of the larger extrusions of the protective shell component. Thus, adding meshed net further augments the safety and survivability of the shelled drone. An aerodynamic investigation was conducted through Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations and wind tunnel experiments. The addition of meshed net increased the drag force of the shelled drone by 1.52% for the ordinary nylon material and 1.61% for the braided fishing line material. The added meshed net gives only an average value of 1.56% drag contribution for any meshed net material type for the shelled drone. Moreover, reduced overall drag force was attained at increasing sideslip angle application. For bridge inspections, shelled drones will experience significant vibrations due to wind. Thus, the wind tunnel experiment and actual flight test investigated the shelled drone with meshed net vibration response. Based on the evaluation, the shell with any material of meshed net showed system stability. The shell with its monofilament nylon meshed net indicated lower amplitude values, giving a better vibration response than the shell of other meshed net material. The actual flight test in the bridge was made and further verified the performance of the shelled drone with the monofilament nylon meshed net. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic debris is a widespread and prevalent component of aquatic systems. Organisms are increasing exposed to debris, leading to detrimental impacts through pathways such as entanglement, ingestion, and bioaccumulation. Multiple taxa interact with debris, and while the consequences to individual organisms are known in principle, their impacts at scales relevant to management are poorly understood. Despite uncertainties, decision-makers are tasked with addressing issues associated with debris and require an estimate of risks. Here, we provide a methodology to estimate the risk posed by specific debris items to a range of organisms within a management area. Risk was determined as a function of both (1) the consequence of an interaction, and (2) the likelihood of exposure, estimated through expert elicitation and empirical debris data, respectively. Using the New South Wales (NSW) Marine Estate as a case study, the methodology identified specific debris items posing risks to seven biological 'assets' (benthic assemblages, cetaceans, fish and sharks, planktonic assemblages, shorebirds, seabirds, turtles) through several pathways. Items posing 'high risk' to these biological groups included fishing-related items (fishing line, nets, traps and pots) through pathways of ingestion and entanglement. Microplastics and hard-plastic fragments also posed high risk via ingestion and bioaccumulation. The values were then assessed spatially, using marine debris databases, identifying variability in risk across the Marine Estate and thus, priority areas for management. By identifying the prominent debris items causing risks to specific and multiple assets, resources may be better allocated to maximise the efficacy of interventions. [Display omitted] • We provide a novel methodology to assess the relative risk of debris items to marine biota. • Qualitative risk values are estimated within a management area. • Entanglement and ingestion from fishing items posed elevated risk. • Bioaccumulation from plastic fragments and microplastics posed elevated risk. • Debris risk showed differences latitudinally, being higher near major population centres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The rising applications of silver (Ag) nanoparticles in many sectors such as food, medicine, and agriculture lead to toxic effects on the ecological environment. Thus, studies on biological synthesis methods are carried out in order to diminish the toxicity caused by Ag nanoparticle synthesis methods. However, studies on the toxicity of biosynthesized Ag nanoparticles on fish cell lines are very few. The purpose of this research was to perform the biological synthesis of Ag nanoparticles via Eruca vesicaria plant extract and to examine their toxicity in the rainbow trout gonad cell line-2 (RTG 2). The characterization of Ag nanoparticles obtained from E. vesicaria was done by UV-vis, TEM, and XRD. The toxicity of Ag nanoparticles (100 µg/mL- 6,25 µg/mL) in the RTG-2 cell for 24 hours was determined by sulforhodamine B assay. Ag nanoparticles were obtained in the form of a sphere, triangle, cube, and sizes of 5-20 nm showed significant a toxic effect on RTG-2 fish cells depending on the dose at p≤0,001 levels. This study is important in terms of proving that Ag nanoparticles were obtained by biological synthesis have a toxic effect on fish cell lines and showing that there is a need for studies to reduce the release of Ag nanoparticles to the environment rather than synthesis methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the majority of marine organisms are water-breathing ectotherms, temperature and dissolved oxygen are key environmental variables that influence their fitness and geographic distribution. In line with the temperature-size rule (TSR), marine ectotherms in warmer temperatures will grow to a smaller maximum body size, yet the extent to which different species experience this temperature-size response varies. Here, we analysed the maximum body length of ten teleost fish species in line with temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration and geographic location (that encompasses multiple latent variables), across a broad (26°) latitudinal gradient throughout Norwegian waters. Our results showed that the two largest study species, spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor) and cusk (Brosme brosme), display the strongest negative temperature-size response. We also observed smaller maximum body lengths for multiple species within the coldest extent of their temperature range, as well as parabolic relationships between maximum length and temperature for Atlantic wolffish (Anarhichas lupus) and beaked redfish (Sebastes mentella). The smaller maximum body lengths for high latitude species at both warm and cold temperature extremes of species' thermal ranges corroborate the temperature-size mechanisms of the gill-oxygen limitation theory (GOLT), whereby spontaneous protein denaturation limits growth at both warm and cold temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper aims to analyze studies conducted over recent years (2011–2021) on hydrocarbon pollution in the Danube's Romanian sector. This involves looking at three main issues: Space-related Romanian Danube hydrocarbon pollution; the nature of samples and the types of tests used for hydrocarbon authentication; hydrocarbon effects on bioindicators and fish cell lines. The papers extracted for this review were selected from three scientific article platforms: Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, by using keywords, a specific search protocol and various selection filters. The main results of the present analysis are the following: the highest levels of hydrocarbon contamination in suspended particulate matter and sediments were found in the sector Iron Gates-Călărași (2013), and the main pollution sources were industry, navigation and wastewater discharges; sediment and biological samples accumulate higher concentrations of hydrocarbons than water samples, and are a good indicator for these pollutants' presence; the most widely used bioindicators are aquatic worms, mollusks, crustaceans, the wild common bleak, and, in the laboratory, fish cells; various methods are used in order to confirm hydrocarbon presence and/or their effects on biota: fluorescence, comet assay technique, micronucleus test, complementary passive samplers, in vitro bioassays, fugacity-based calculation model, sensors, oil spill modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A long term operation of Multi-Strip Multi-Gap Resistive Plate Chambers (MSMGRPC) with gas mixtures based on C 2 H 2 F 4 and SF 6 leads to aging effects observed as depositions on the surface of the resistive electrodes, especially in the region of the spacers used for defining the gas gaps between the resistive electrodes. The observed higher noise rate and dark current has a negative impact on the performance of the chamber and leads to an increase of the data volume in a free running readout mode operation. MSMGRPC prototypes designed with a direct gas flow through the gas gaps and minimization of the number of spacers in the active area were developed as mitigation solution. Three new prototypes of different granularities were assembled using fishing line as spacers and investigated for aging effects. Although a significant reduction in the dark current and dark counting rate was evidenced, noise rate localized around the fishing line spacers, even though reduced, still remains. In this paper, a new generation of direct flow chambers based on discrete spacers is presented. The results of their aging investigations show that, even at lower gas flows, the aging effects become negligible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review article provides an account of coastal and marine bird species contaminated with plastics in light of ingestion, taxonomy, feeding clusters, types, shapes, colours and lethal and sublethal effects. Bird species were found contaminated with plastics in 39 locations/countries across the seven continents. Global analysis shows that low, medium and high plastic ingestion occurred in bird species across the globe. Fulmars, shearwaters, petrels, albatrosses, gulls, and kittiwakes (all marine/seabirds) were found contaminated with plastics in several locations in the world. Bird species belonging to the Procellariidae, Laridae, Diomedeidae (by taxonomy), piscivorous, molluscivorous, and cancrivorous (by feeding habits) were most contaminated with plastics. Microplastic, mesoplastic and macroplastic (by sizes), PP, PE, PS, PET, PAN and PVC (by types), fragments, pellets, fibres, foams, sheets, threads, fishing lines and films (by shapes) and white, blue, green, black, clear, red and yellow (by colours) were the most common plastics ingested by birds. Several bird species contaminated with plastics fall within the critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable categories. The ingestion of plastics can cause direct harm to birds resulting in death. In addition, plastic-derived toxic chemical additives and plastic-adsorbed toxic chemicals would be an additional stressor causing both lethal and sublethal effects that can cause greater harm to the health of birds. Several measures are suggested to reduce plastic pollution in the environment to safeguard birds and the environment. [Display omitted] • Coastal and marine bird species were contaminated with plastics across the globe. • Low, medium and high plastic ingestion occurred in bird species. • Bird families and bird feeding habits affected plastic ingestion/intake in birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]