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\nHighlightsThe byproducts generated during fish processing can represent up to 70% of the raw material entering the industry, and some of these byproducts are rich in high-quality proteins and other nutrients that could be used for human consumption. The products derived from these byproducts can be considered high-value-added products or coproducts, with the potential to create new ingredients and innovative food products. Among these, Fish protein concentrate (FPC) can be used as an ingredient in formulations for protein enrichment by food industry. Notably, the absence of global standardization in industrial processes for FPC production stems from the limited number of countries with established regulations and the scarcity of industries offering specialized equipment for industrial production. This dearth inhibits uniformity and efficiency in FPC manufacturing worldwide. These factors make FPC production inefficient and the quality of the final product unsatisfactory, mainly because of the presence of a large amount of lipids, which can be a concern and necessitate the use of chemical and physical lipid removal methods. In this critical review, information about FPC was compiled, with an emphasis on the byproduct of fish processing, processing techniques, and the nutritional and techno-functional aspects of this coproduct and formulated foods. Fish processing byproducts can be utilized in producing Fish Protein Concentrate for human consumption.Fish Protein Concentrate can be provided daily protein supplementation to populations in need.Fish Protein Concentrate needs to achieve an efficient global standardization of production processes.Specific legislation is required for Fish Protein Concentrate use as an ingredient in food formulations.Physical and chemical methods are used to obtain Fish Protein Concentrate delipided.Fish processing byproducts can be utilized in producing Fish Protein Concentrate for human consumption.Fish Protein Concentrate can be provided daily protein supplementation to populations in need.Fish Protein Concentrate needs to achieve an efficient global standardization of production processes.Specific legislation is required for Fish Protein Concentrate use as an ingredient in food formulations.Physical and chemical methods are used to obtain Fish Protein Concentrate delipided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish waste is a major environmental pollution problem and requires costly treatment prior to disposal. Conversion of fish waste to economically important and eco-friendly products will make fishing and fish processing more valuable and sustainable. This study evaluated waste residues from fish processing waste subjected to conventional physical extraction of fish oil for single-cell oil production using oleaginous yeast. Potential application of the single-cell oil to produce biodiesel was evaluated. The treatment containing fish waste residue (5%, w/v) and glucose (20 g/L, w/v) displayed the highest rate (14%) of total lipid generation. The fish waste residue proved to be a good nitrogen source for the oleaginous yeast, Rhodotorula sp. R1. At 15% (w/v) fish waste residue and 20% (w/v) glucose amendment of the medium, the highest biomass production was observed. The yeast bio-oil has a lipid profile like vegetable oils and consists of mainly long-chain fatty acids (between C14 and C24) which are suitable for biodiesel production. The most abundant fatty acids were palmitic acid (C16:0), elaidic acid (C18:1n-9t), and stearic acid (C18:0). FTIR analysis of the transesterification reaction product using the yeast oil confirmed its conversion to biodiesel. Although glucose amendment of medium supported lipid accumulation, it can be replaced with wastes rich in sugars to decrease the cost of single-cell bio-oil production. Results indicate the potential secondary value of fish processing waste in the cultivation of oleaginous yeast for bio-oil and biodiesel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to prepare and characterize Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) waste meal. The experimental design consisted of three treatments (carcass meal, mechanically separated meat meal - MSM, and head meal) and five replications of each treatment. Yield, microbiological quality, pH, water activity, proximate composition, energy value, mineral composition, fatty acid profile, amino acid composition, color, and particle size fractions and the geometric mean particle diameter (GMD) analyses were performed. Data were subjected to ANOVA, and means were compared by Tukey's test at P < 0.05. Carcass, mechanically separated meat, and head meals had a protein content of 56.45%, 78.60%, and 50.33%, respectively, a lipid content of 7.16%, 13.15%, and 4.58%, respectively, and an ash content of 32.61%, 4.26%, and 38.41%, respectively. The mean yield of fish waste meals was 13%. Oleic, palmitic, and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids in the three fish waste meals, and glutamic acid, leucine, lysine, and glycine were the major amino acids. Color analysis showed that lightness (L*) ranged from 55.32 to 77.19, redness (a*) from 4.44 to 4.88, and yellowness (b*) from 4.13 to 9.51. The GMD ranged from 0.37 to 0.99 mm. The results indicate that Nile tilapia waste meals have high nutritional value and adequate pH, water activity, and microbiological quality for use in human nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is an archipelagic country with two continents and an ocean, where it produces abundant marine products and the second largest marine source in the world, such as cuttlefish. Besides, it was for food, cuttlefish also produced shells as waste. Actually, this waste has been used for animal feed but in small scale. Others are still waste and cause pollution if not handled properly. Cuttlefish shell waste (CSW) is the basic ingredient for making hydroxyapatite (HA), while it was the main bone compound. Meanwhile, HA demand in the market is very high due to bone defects. The novelty of the research was to fulfil the increasing need for HA at low price and prevent air, water, and soil pollution by using circular economic principles (reused), and it has economic value. Synthesis HA was used microwave hydrothermal method. The CSW and coral were obtained from the pet market in Yogyakarta. They were crushed and calcined to the temperature of 900°C to obtain calcium oxide (CaO). Then, CaO was synthesized by microwave hydrothermal to obtain HA powder. Synthetic HA was characterized by the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The Ca/P ratio of HA CSW and coral are 1.7 and 1.87, respectively. Moreover, coral HA has higher crystallinity than CSW (48%). The TGA shows that the highest weight loss occurred in HA CSW (16.57%). The conclusion is that both CSW and coral are raw materials used to produce HA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe goal of our research described here was to prepare a class of biocompatible composite hydrogel beads as a delivery system for the poorly soluble drug, cefixime. Hydrogel beads were synthesized using collagen (Col) and hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles both extracted from fish wastes, and chitosan (Chi), for oral drug delivery. The in-vitro cytotoxicity of the Col showed good enough cell viability (95.51%) to be used as a potential candidate for biomedical applications, including tissue engineering and drug delivery. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to determine the crystallinity and functional groups of the synthesized hydrogel beads. The fibrous structure of the beads was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The 1:1 ratio of Col:Chi without HA, resulted in a maximum swelling degree of 2010% and a drug release percentage of 93%. As the concentration of Col was increased, the swelling and cefixime release decreased. Adding HA NPs to the hydrogel structure led to an average 10% reduction in cefixime release compared to samples without HA. The release rate kinetics followed the first order and Korsmeyer-Peppas models, proving the diffusion was the controlling factor. The results showed that the mentioned hydrogel beads had a great potential delivery platform to achieve the controlled release of cefixime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan preparation is a sequential method that involves demineralization and deproteinization followed by deacetylation. In the present study, the effect of different process parameters such as concentration of acid, concentration of alkali, ratio between solid and solvent, reaction time, and temperature for optimization of demineralization and deacetylation processes in chitosan synthesis from Labeo rohita scale was studied. The effects of the above process parameters on chitosan yield (in terms of dry weight and % of moist weight of mass) were carried out using Box–Behnken design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum condition for demineralization was observed at the ratio of solid to solvent (w/v) of 80 and incubation time of 10 min. Similarly, the optimum condition for deacetylation was revealed at alkali concentration of 15% and incubation time of 20 min. The obtained chitosan is characterized by UV–Visible spectroscopy, FT-IR analysis, SEM, and X-ray diffraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollution, climate change and waste accumulation are critical societal issues calling for advanced methods to recycle matter and clean polluted ecosystems. Here, we review the use of calcium oxide waste-based catalysts for industrial and environmental applications such as biodiesel production, and pollutant degradation and removal. Catalysts can be produced from mud clam shell, eggshell, spent coffee ground, fish bones waste, marble waste, face mask waste, and snail shell. The preparation of composite catalysts, adsorbents, nanoparticles, and photocatalysts is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein-based fish adhesives have historically been used in various bonding applications; however, due to the protein's high affinity for water absorption, these adhesives become destabilized in high-moisture environments, resulting in reduced bondline strength and early failure. This limitation makes them unsuitable for industrial applications with higher demands. To address this issue, water-insoluble raw powder materials such as iron, copper, or zeolite were incorporated into natural fish adhesives. In this study, the hygroscopicity, dry matter content, thermal analysis (TGA/DSC), FT-IR spectroscopy, surface tension measurements, vapour permeability, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) of the modified adhesives were determined. In addition, the bonding properties of the modified adhesives were evaluated by the tensile shear strength of the lap joints, and mould growth was visually inspected. The resulting modified protein-based adhesives demonstrated improved stability in high humidity environments. Enhancing the hygroscopic properties of protein-based fish adhesives has the potential to unlock new opportunities and applications, providing a healthier and more environmentally sustainable alternative to petroleum-based adhesives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millions of tons of fish are filleted each year, and a significant portion of unwanted carcasses is discarded worldwide. An alternative approach to use these materials is through hydrolysis reactions, which allow for the production of compounds with modified technological properties such as solubility, emulsification capacity, foam formation ability, and viscosity. In addition, they may exhibit different biological activities with beneficial effects such as antioxidant, antihypertensive, anticarcinogenic, lipid profile-lowering, and neuroprotective properties. Thus, these compounds can be included in food formulations as promising adjuncts in treatments, with health benefits to consumers. This study discussed the different enzymatic hydrolyses used in the treatment of fish waste and evaluate the compounds and their effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish by-products can be converted into high-value-added products like fish protein hydrolysates (FPHs), which have high nutritional value and are rich in bioactive peptides with health benefits. This study aims to characterise FPHs derived from salmon heads (HPSs) and Cape hake trimmings (HPHs) using Alcalase for enzymatic hydrolysis and Subcritical Water Hydrolysis (SWH) as an alternative method. All hydrolysates demonstrated high protein content (70.4–88.7%), with the degree of hydrolysis (DH) ranging from 10.7 to 36.4%. The peptide profile of FPHs indicated the breakdown of proteins into small peptides. HPSs showed higher levels of glycine and proline, while HPHs had higher concentrations of glutamic acid, leucine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Similar elemental profiles were observed in both HPHs and HPSs, and the levels of Cd, Pb, and Hg were well below the legislated limits. Hydrolysates do not have a negative effect on cell metabolism and contribute to cell growth. HPSs and HPHs exhibited high 2,2′–azino-bis(3 ethylbenzthiazoline-6)-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, Cu2+ and Fe2+ chelating activities, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, with HPHs generally displaying higher activities. The α-amylase inhibition of both FPHs was relatively low. These results indicate that HPHs are a promising natural source of nutritional compounds and bioactive peptides, making them potential candidates for use as an ingredient in new food products or nutraceuticals. SWH at 250 °C is a viable alternative to enzymatic methods for producing FPHs from salmon heads with high antioxidant and chelating properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Employing forced aeration (FA) in composting static windrows (SW) from fish waste (FW) has the potential to enhance the development of process and, organic fertiliser quality. However, due to the impact of season, the FA may lead to excessive drying of SW and, difficulty in thermophilic temperature maintenance. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of passive aeration (PA) and FA on the composting of FW in SW during the summer and winter seasons. The temperatures of the windrows remained within the thermophilic range for most of the composting period, with peak temperatures observed shortly after starting and turning the windrows (at 50 and 70 days). The aeration benefited the initial TS degradations, resulting in 86.66 and 45.99% of the TS total reduced to FA and PA piles, at 50 days during the winter. The C organic reduction was 77.77 and 76.33% in summer and winter to FA piles, respectively, but this reduction was 59.24% and 67.82% for winter and summer, respectively, in PA windrows. At 50 days, the N reduction in FA piles was already at 70.32% and 71.87% for winter and summer. The volatile solids reductions were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in FA piles during the summer. Although the FA has been shown to enhance the organic constituents' degradation during the composting of FW, its adoption was not enough to improve the compost composition. Thus, by conducting piles on a small scale, with the perforated wall, as described in this study, the FA could be dispensed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish gelatin is a promising polymer for creating plastics derived from agro-industrial waste, offering a sustainable alternative to single-use plastics. This research aimed to develop fish gelatin films that can be used to replace conventional single-use plastics employed in food packaging. Specifically, our focus was on reducing the high hydrophilic behavior of fish gelatin films which limits their possible applications. To address this, mono-, bi-, and tri- layer films were fabricated from fish gelatin and amylopectin. The fish gelatin was cross-linked with the enzyme transglutaminase to reduce its hydrophilicity achieving two levels of cross-linking: 40 ± 2%, and 65 ± 4%. Micrographs confirmed crack-free films and bilayer/trilayer formation. The cross-linked films exhibited reduced solubility: about 30% in monolayer and 40–67% in bilayer and trilayer films compared to pure protein films. Regarding the water vapor transmission rate, the highly cross-linked trilayer film displayed a value of 0.95 g/m2 h which is significantly lower than pure protein films (2.89 g/m2 h) and amylopectin films (9.37 g/m2 h). Additionally, Young's modulus and the thermal stability were improved with the lamination. These results suggest an effective method for manufacturing films from fish waste, which could contribute to a circular economy for the fishing industry. Enhanced water resistance also makes the films potentially suitable for sustainable biopolymer-based active food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world aims to address the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), it is becoming more urgent for heavy transportation sectors, such as shipping and aviation, to decarbonise in an economically feasible way. This review paper investigates the potential fuels of the future and their capability to mitigate the carbon footprint when other technologies fail to do so. This review looks at the technologies available today, including, primarily, transesterification, hydrocracking, and selective deoxygenation. It also investigates the potential of fish waste from the salmon industry as a fuel blend stock. From this, various kinetic models are investigated to find a suitable base for simulating the production and economics of biodiesel (i.e., fatty acid alkyl esters) and renewable diesel production from fish waste. Whilst most waste-oil-derived biofuels are traditionally produced using transesterification, hydrotreating looks to be a promising method to produce drop-in biofuels, which can be blended with conventional petroleum fuels without any volume percentage limitation. Using hydrotreatment, it is possible to produce renewable diesel in a few steps, and the final liquid product mixture includes paraffins, i.e., linear, branched, and cyclo-alkanes, with fuel properties in compliance with international fuel standards. There is a wide range of theoretical models based on the hydrodeoxygenation of fatty acids as well as a clear economic analysis that a model could be based on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, different strategies, including the application of bio-fertilizers, are used to ameliorate the adverse effects posed by salinity stress as the major global problem in plants. Fish waste is suggested as a novel bio-fertilizer to mitigate the effects of biotic and abiotic stresses. In this investigation, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effects by applying different concentrations (0, 5, 10, and 15% (v/v)) of fish waste bio-fertilizer on stevia plants grown under salt stress conditions (0, 20, 40, and 60 mM of NaCl). Results showed that salinity negatively affected growth parameters, the photosynthetic pigments, the relative water content, and the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters while increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, total phenol, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, and total carbohydrates compared with control samples. On the other hand, the application of fish waste bio-fertilizer mitigated the effects of salinity stress by enhancing growth and mitigating stress-relative markers, especially at the highest salinity level (60 mM). Overall, fish waste bio-fertilizer could be considered a sustainable, innovative approach for the alleviation of salinity stress effects in plants and, in addition, fish waste bio-fertilizer did not cause more salinity issues, at least with the applied doses and experiment time, which is an imperative aspect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increase in global aquaculture production, managing waste from aquatic biomass has become a significant concern. This research aimed to develop a sustainable valorization approach for recovering calcium-rich fish, including mackerel tuna and pangas bone and shrimp shell powders. The powders were characterized by various physicochemical and nutritional parameters, including proximate composition, amino acids, protein solubility, water holding capacity (WHC), oil holding capacity (OHC), and heavy metal contents. Color analysis and structural examination were carried out using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and in vitro radical scavenging activity was assessed. Significant protein content was observed in the powders, which was highest in shrimp shell powder (SSP) at 37.78%, followed by 32.29% in pangas bone powder (PBP) and 30.28% in tuna bone powder (TBP). The ash content was consistent in PBP and TBP at around 62.80%, while SSP had a lower ash content of 36.58%. Amino acid analysis detected 14 different amino acids in the recovered powders. Notably, SSP demonstrated the highest WHC and OHC values (2.90 and 2.81, respectively), whereas TBP exhibited the lowest values (1.11 for WHC and 1.21 for OHC). FE-SEM revealed the compact structure of TBP and PBP, contrasting with the porous surface of SSP. EDX analysis indicated higher calcium (24.52%) and phosphorus (13.85%) contents in TBP, while SSP was enriched in carbon (54.54%). All detected heavy metal concentrations were within acceptable limits. The recovered powders demonstrated significant ABTS free radical scavenging activity. The findings of this study suggest the suitability of the recovered powders for various food and pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present experiment was conducted during March--May 2022 at ICAR--CIFE, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India to develop a unique fish feed from locally available vegetable, and fish processing waste. These two sources of the waste were used in composite bio-silage (CBS) production by combining fish (80%)--vegetable (20%) waste with probiotic proteolytic strain (E. faecalis+L. acidophilus) and jaggery (15% Jaggery) as a carbon source. The final CBS materials were used in experimental fish feed preparation by replacing fish meal (FM) protein. Changes in physicochemical, and microbiological quality characteristics of fish feed were measured every 15th day at room temperature (25--30°C). There was no change in color, the appearance of a moderately bad odour, a little bit of soft texture, and broken pellets were found in the later stages of the storage. Crude protein (38.50--36.10%) and fat (8.60--4.82%) content were decreased whereas, moisture content increased (9.15--11.10%) in all samples during the storage period. There were no notable changes in ash or crude fiber. Lipid oxidation product TBARs (8.0--13.205 MDA; nmol mg-1), Total Plate Count (2.75--6.70 log cfu g-1), and Fungal Count (1--2.50 log cfu g-1) were within acceptable range. The study's findings indicated that composite bio-silage incorporated fish feed has a shelf life of up to 60th days and can be fed during this period. The study also suggested that manufactured fish feed should not be stored for more than two months, either in the place of production or at the farmer's store. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feed residues and fish waste from floating net cage activities in Kedung Ombo Reservoir are the main issues in decreasing water quality, impacting the abundance of phytoplankton as primary producers. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship of nutrients and turbidity with phytoplankton abundance. This study used a field survey method with a purposive sampling technique. Samples were collected 3 times at intervals of 1 month at 3 different stations. Samples of water and phytoplankton were taken on the surface. Data analysis using multiple linear regression. The results showed that the nitrate concentration was 0.2–0.7 mg/L; phosphate 0.1–0.87 mg/L; and turbidity of 3.52–20.18 NTU. The phytoplankton abundance was 17,882–90,280 cells/L with a low diversity index (1.127–1.849), a high uniformity index (0.406–0.701), and a low dominance index (0.243–0.557). There is a strong correlation between nutrients, turbidity, and phytoplankton abundance, with a value of r = 0.800. The coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.640 indicates that phytoplankton abundance is influenced by nutrients and turbidity by 64%, while other factors influence the remaining 36%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new extracellular protease from Bacillus subtilis strain MPK with collagenolytic activity was isolated and purified. Fish skin which otherwise would be treated as waste is used as substrate for the production of protease. Using various techniques such as ammonium sulphate precipitation and ion exchange chromatography, protease was purified and characterized subsequently. Protease of approximately 61 kDa molecular weight was purified by 135.7-fold with 18.42% enzyme recovery. The protease showed effective properties like pH and temperature stability over a broad range with optimum pH 7.5 and temperature 60 °C. K m and V max were found to be 1.92 mg ml−1 and 1.02 × 10−4 mol L−1 min−1, respectively. The protease exhibited stability in various ions, surfactants, inhibitors and organic solvents. Subsequently, the protease was successfully utilized for collagen hydrolysis to generate collagen peptides; thus, the produced protease would be a potential candidate for multifaceted applications in food and pharmaceutical industries due to its significant characteristics and collagenolytic properties. • Bacillial collagenases have a remarkably high collagenolytic activity. • Using fish waste, a new extracellular protease from Bacillus subtilis strain MPK was isolated, purified and characterized. • The protease exhibited stability in various ions, surfactants, inhibitors and organic solvents. • The purified protease demonstrated the ability to produce collagen peptides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

World fishery production and its processing generate huge volumes of fish waste which cause significant challenge to public health and urban planning. The objective of this study is to prepare nanocarbon dots using tuna skin waste and to assess their effectiveness as an additive in three epoxy polymer coatings. These coatings will be applied to BIS 2062 boat building steel to study corrosion in marine environments. Fish skin-derived nanocarbon dots (FSCD) were synthesized through hydrothermal carbonization. Spectroscopic evaluation confirmed the presence of multiple fluorophores in FSCD, which suggest that molecule's structure includes a cyclic conjugated carbon core with dangling functional groups such as COOH, C=O, −OH and C–NH at the edges, resulting in blue–green fluorescence. Electrochemical characteristics of FSCD-reinforced commercial epoxy polymer (3 types)-coated BIS 2062 steel demonstrated excellent corrosion resistance in marine environment. The optimum concentrations of FSCD were determined to be 0.05% in bisphenol A and Dobeckot epoxy polymers, and 0.02% in Araldite epoxy polymer, as evidenced by the highest polarization resistance, lowest corrosion current density and capacitance. The nano-FSCD exerted a synergistic influence on pore-free polymerization due to the presence of dangling functional groups such as amines, in addition to the amine-based hardener. Therefore, fish waste-derived carbon dots offer great potential as a cost-effective and eco-friendly anticorrosive additive for epoxy polymers, meeting the majority of requirements in the anticorrosive coating industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bioplastics sector promotes environmentally friendly means of cutting down on the usage of fossil fuels, plastic waste, and environmental pollution. Plastic contamination has detrimental effects on both ecological systems and the global food supply. The approach we present here to resolve this issue involves the integration of sericin and gelatin, obtained from cocoon and fish waste, respectively, with nano-reinforced cellulose crystals, to develop a biodegradable and compostable plastic material. The use of cocoon and fish wastes for the extraction of sericin and gelatin presents an environmentally beneficial approach since it contributes to waste reduction. The sericin level found in silk cocoon waste was determined to be 28.08%, and the gelatin amount in fish waste was measured to be 58.25%. The inclusion of sericin and gelatin in bioplastics was accompanied by the incorporation of glycerol, vinegar, starch, sodium hydroxide, and other coloring agents. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) examination of bioplastics revealed the presence of functional groups that corresponded to the sericin and gelatin components. The tensile strength of the bioplastic material was measured to be 27.64 MPa/psi, while its thickness varied between 0.072 and 0.316 mm. The results of burial experiments indicated that the bioplastic material had a degradation rate of 85% after 14 days. The invention exhibits potential as a viable alternative for packaging, containment, and disposable plastic materials. The use of this sustainable approach is recommended for the extraction of sericin and gelatin from silk cocoons and fish waste, with the intention of using them as raw materials for bioplastic production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lot of fish waste is produced by the community, both from the marketing sector and the fisheries sector, which is caught by fishermen. Almost 35% of the fish waste produced is in the form of heads, bones, innards and also fish remains that are not the main catch which are thrown away directly. Vermicomposting is one of method to reduce the amount of fish waste. The adding of livestock manure in vermicomposting will increase the quality of compost. The purpose of this research is to analyze the compost quality with the mixture of fish waste and livestock manure. The results showed that The compost that has the best quality based on SNI 19-7030-2004 is B2 with 45% fish waste, 20% cow dung and 35% sawdust with a dose of EM4 10 ml, which has a final temperature of 29ºC, pH 7, water content 41%, C-organic 19.83%, nitrogen 1.34%, phosphorus 0.36%, potassium 1.15%, and C/N ratio 14.85. Then, after incubating the soil improvement, it was found that the addition of compost can improve the chemical characteristics of the soil according to the dose given. This indicates that compost application can affect soil quality. Soil quality that has C-organic and nitrogen content according to BPT in 2009 is with the addition of a dose of 5.2 grams of vermicompost. The shortcomings of this study are that the phosphorus and potassium levels are too high.

Today, the fishery industry plays a crucial role in meeting the global demand for human food. However, the increased production and processing of aquatic animals like fish, shellfish, squids, and bivalves have resulted in a significant amount of waste generation. This waste, which includes fish heads, viscera, skin, bones, scales, exoskeletons, pens, ink, and clam, account for approximately 30–70% of the total aquatic product. The accumulation of this waste not only adds to production costs but also poses a serious environmental challenge. To address these issues, researchers have turned to utilizing fish by-products to extract bioactive compounds such as protein hydrolysate, chitin, chitosan, carotenoid, carotenoproteins, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and gelatin. These compounds possess desirable properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and therapeutic effects. As a result, they have grabbed the attention of the food and feed industry for various applications. In this article, we aim to provide a concise review of the bioactivity properties of these compounds and their potential applications specifically in aquaculture and seafood processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We reviewed available data regarding the benefits of feed additives for mitigation of ammonia toxicity in fish. We first emphasized the toxic effects of ammonia and the pathways involved in ammonia metabolism in fish. Then, we focused on the roles of different dietary additives on internal ammonia detoxification and/or to counteract the negative effects of ammonia toxicity. A wide range of feed additives has been studied for their benefits in fish under ammonia exposure. Most of these studies focused on the improvement of fish health and growth performance by these additives, but neglected underlying mechanisms of these effects as well as ammonia detoxification. It is necessary to monitor internal ammonia, urea, amino acids levels, ammonia/urea excretion, and enzymes involved in ureagenesis and glutamine formation along with health-related parameters (e.g., antioxidant, immunological, and growth responses) in the future studies to fulfil the knowledge gap. Moreover, the future researches should consider the route of ammonia and supplements administration to obtain reliable and practical data. A little evidence shows that dietary nutrients may interact to change the results of dietary supplementation on ammonia toxicity remediation, which must be considered in the future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Foliar spray of nutrients offers a best way to accelerate crop growth and boost up productivity of mungbean under irrigated conditions to meet out the demand raised by ever increasing population of our country. The study was framed to investigate physiochemical and biological properties of fermented fish waste extract (FFWE) and its effects on productivity performance in mungbean. Methods: The organic liquid FFWE was characterized for its physiochemical and biological properties in the laboratory. Field experiments were conducted during Kharif 2019 and 2020 in mungbean to study the effect of FFWE as foliar spray on growth, yield, quality and economics. Treatments consisted of foliar spray of different concentrations of FFWE (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 %) compared with 1% urea and control. The treatments were replicated four times in a randomized block design. Result: Laboratory analysis showed that fermented fish waste extract contains considerable amount of essential nutrients namely nitrogen (1.87%), phosphorus (0.49%), potassium (0.93%), calcium (0.54%), magnesium (0.26%), sulphur (0.04%), copper (3.1 ppm), zinc (38.2 ppm), manganese (4.8 ppm) and iron (118 ppm). The microbial population viz., total bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in FFWE were found to be 196±1.8, 11±0.06 and 203±0.87 (CFU/mL), respectively. Field experiments revealed that 2.0% FFWE foliar spray at flowering stage and 15 days after first spray in mungbean found to improve the plant height, (40.8 cm) dry matter production (1770 kg/ha), leaf chlorophyll (SPAD value 40.0), number of pods per plant (28.3), seeds per pod (9.9), grain yield (665 kg/ha) and grain protein (23.4%). Economics of foliar nutrition showed that foliar spray of 2.0% FFWE gave higher net return of Rs. 24057/- per ha and benefit cost ratio of 2.30. Thus, it could be concluded that foliar spray of 2.0% fermented fish waste extract could be considered as an excellent source of organic liquid manure for enhancing the productivity of mungbean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of silver nanoparticles has gained interest due to their diverse applications in various fields. It is very essential to use capping agents to avoid loss of nanosized characteristics due to agglomeration of AgNPs. In the present investigation, a simple and environmentally viable protocol to synthesize a wide range of concentrations of non-agglomerated and colloidal AgNPs using extracts of discarded wastes (gills and intestine) of Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) in three different aqueous media without the requirement of any additional stabilizing and capping agent is described. The size of most of AgNPs ranged from 2 to 20 nm, followed by sizes of 20–40 nm and some with sizes of 40–50 nm. Zeta potential was in the range of −31.1 to −52.8 mV and −33.3 to −53.6 mV, and surface plasmon resonance ranged from 405 to 410 nm for gill and intestine extracts respectively. HR-TEM images indicated that Phosphate buffer saline is the best suitable for synthesizing non-agglomerated AgNPs capped with biomolecules. Valorization has been achieved by trapping Ag NPs into two different forms of natural zeolites namely stilbite and mordenite and their ammonia removal efficiency have been evaluated. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of synthesized AgNPs and their valorized products exhibited potent inhibitory activity against test bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophila. This study not only establishes a simple and environmentally viable protocol for the synthesis of AgNPs and valorized products for environmental and disease management but also adds to the utilization of fish wastes in solid waste management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite their importance to global economies, the aquaculture and seafood sectors are major contributors to waste, which is a problem for the environment. Because of its biocompatibility and recyclability, fish waste, which is rich in chitin and chitosan—holds potential in several fields. The shells of crustaceans are the source of chitin and chitosan, two substances with versatile and useful qualities. Although it is not very soluble, chitin is very biocompatible and biodegradable, much like cellulose. The more versatile and solubilized chitosan is made when chitin is deacetylated. About half of seafood waste is made up of cephalothoraxes and shrimp exoskeletons, and chitin is the second most common polysaccharide in the world. An eco‐friendly strategy for managing seafood waste and creating value may be found in investigating these compounds originating from the ocean. The byproduct of fish scales, chitosan, has many uses in the cosmetics, pharmaceutical, culinary, and aquaculture industries. Greener ways of chitin extraction include enzymatic deproteinization and microbial fermentations, as well as biological approaches like demineralization and deproteinization. Chitosan has several potential uses in biomedicine, food technology, and tissue engineering because of its acid solubility and precipitation at pH values greater than 6.0. It may be used in wound healing, water treatment, and agriculture due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and antibacterial qualities. Research on chitosan supplementation in several fish species suggests that it may improve immune responses. However, further research is needed to properly comprehend this. Oral chitosan use has the potential to lead to a more efficient and environmentally friendly aquaculture industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The valorization of waste fishing trawl (WFT) and waste fishing rope (WFR) fibers in cementitious materials (CMs) has gained attention in recent years; however, the lack of information on the cutting and cleaning techniques for these fibers hinders their widespread commercial utilization. Existing research primarily relies on manual cutting, which proves to be impractical for large-scale production due to its time-consuming nature and lack of industrial feasibility. This research is a component of the VALNET project and introduces an innovative technique that utilizes the cutting mill to convert WFT and WFR into fibers to effectively overcome the constraints of earlier methodologies. By employing a rotor with blades, this apparatus enables efficient and precise cutting of WFT and WFR, eliminating the need for labor-intensive manual cutting. The sustainable cleaning of WFT and WFR was carried out utilizing rain and wind by placing them outside for a certain period of time. The advancements presented in this study provide a pathway for an efficient and scalable valorization of WFT and WFR fibers in CM. The study focused on analyzing the impact of varying fiber sizes and percentages on the mechanical properties of CM. Different sizes obtained from the cutting machine and different fiber percentages were examined to gain a better understanding of their influence. The fibers obtained by the utilization of a 20 mm sieve yield optimal outcomes, while the incorporation of fibers at a volume fraction of 0.5% yields the most favorable results. Furthermore, the study presents evidence of a noticeable rise in porosity resulting from the incorporation of WFT and WFR fibers, regardless of their size and proportion. Porosity slightly increases as the fiber length increases, but the rise in fiber proportion leads to a significantly greater increase in porosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased fish consumption by the growing human population in the world translates into an increase in fish waste. The reintroduction of these fish by-products into food and feed chains presents economic benefits and contributes to counteracting their negative environmental impact. Under this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of the dietary inclusion of fish hydrolysate and oil obtained from fish waste (experimental diet) in substitution of shrimp hydrolysate and salmon oil (control diet) mainly imported from third countries on palatability, apparent total tract digestibility, fecal characteristics and metabolites, blood fatty acid profile, flatulence, and coat quality of adult dogs. A two-bowl test was performed to evaluate palatability by the pairwise comparison between the two diets. A feeding trial was conducted according to a crossover design with two diets (control and experimental diets), six adult Beagle dogs per diet, and two periods of 6 weeks each. The replacement of shrimp hydrolysate and salmon oil with fish hydrolysate and oil did not affect the first diet approach and taste, as well as the intake ratio. Generally, the digestibility of dry matter, nutrients, and energy was not affected by diet, but the intake of digestible crude protein (CP) and ether extract was higher, respectively, with the control and the experimental diet. The higher intake of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid with the experimental diet was reflected in a higher content of these long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and the omega-3 index of red blood cells, but it did not affect coat quality. The significantly higher intake of digestible CP with the control diet might have contributed to the higher fecal ammonia-N and valerate concentrations. Daily fecal output and characteristics were similar between diets. Overall, results suggest that fish hydrolysate and oil from the agrifood industry might constitute sustainable functional ingredients for dog feeding while adding value for wild fisheries, aquaculture, and fish farming under a circular economy approach and reducing dependence on imports from third countries with a high carbon footprint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collagenolytic proteases produced by Aspergillus heteromorphus URM0269 were extracted using a PEG/sulfate aqueous two-phase system (ATPS). A 23 factorial design was performed to analyze the independent variables: PEG molar mass (MPEG), PEG concentration (CPEG), and sulfate concentration (Csulf). The extracted proteases were also evaluated for their optimum pH and stability at different pH levels (4.0 − 11.0) after 20 h of incubation. Collagen was extracted from mutton snapper (Lutjanus analis) skin using acetic acid (0.5 mol L−1). The enzyme was preferentially partitioned to the PEG-rich phase (K > 1), whose highest purification factor and recovery (PF = 6.256 and Y = 404.432%) were obtained under specific conditions: MPEG 8000 g.mol−1, CPEG 30%, Csulf 10%. The ATPS extraction provided an enzymatic activity range of pH 7.0 − 11.0, exhibiting greater stability compared to the crude extract. Approximately 80% of protease activity was maintained after 20 hours of incubation at all analyzed pH levels, except pH 11.0. Collagen extraction from L. analis skin yielded 8.056%, and both crude extract samples and ATPS-derived samples successfully hydrolyzed the extracted collagen, reaching peak hydrolysis after 36 hours of treatment. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of extracting highly purified and active proteases capable of hydrolyzing L. analis collagen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global increase in population has placed significant pressure on food security, leading to the emergence of aquaculture as a vital source of aquatic foods. However, rising costs and limited fish meal availability in aquafeeds have driven the search for alternative protein sources. While plant-based ingredients have been integrated into commercial aquafeeds, they come with challenges such as low protein content, palatability issues, and the presence of antinutritional factors. In this context, fish silage, made from fish waste and discarded fish, stands out as a promising alternative technology due to its cost-effectiveness and sustainability attributes. The production of fish silage involves the addition of organic/inorganic acids or lactic acid bacteria to homogenized fish waste, yielding a valuable mixture rich in peptides and free amino acids, offering significant nutritional benefits for animal diets. This review aims to promote sustainable practices in the aquaculture industry by analyzing research results related to ensiling technology, appraising the advantages and disadvantages of using fish silage as a feed ingredient, and focusing on emerging trends in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landfill leachate contains a significant amount of organic matter, making it a valuable source for CH4 production. However, due to its liquid form, the mono-digestion of leachate could result in a reduced CH4 yield per unit reactor volume. This necessitates its utilization in anaerobic digesters alongside solid waste streams. The objective of this study was to evaluate co-digestion performance of landfill leachate with different wastes using biomethane potential test and assess the optimum combination in terms of CH4 productivity. Modified Gompertz model was used for kinetic characterization. Experiments were held under mesophilic conditions and lasted for 30 days. Among mono-digestion of substrates, landfill leachate exhibited the highest CH4 productivity and yield: 83.17 mL/gVS.d and 793 ± 6.85 mL/gVS, respectively. Fish waste was found to have the lowest energy potential with 350 mL/gVS CH4 yield and 18.24 mL/gVS.d CH4 productivity. CH4 productivities for co-digestion cases ranged from 5.48 to 67.85 mL/gVS.d. Mixing landfill leachate and chicken manure with the same amount on wet weight basis yielded the highest CH4 productivity. On the other hand, inclusion of fish waste consistently resulted in decreased CH4 yield and productivity for all incubations, which suggests that fish waste may not be suitable as a co-substrate for landfill leachate in terms of CH4 production. Monitoring of chemical parameters revealed that buffering capacity of the system and free ammonia formation were the main parameters governing CH4 production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel is a highly promising and viable alternative to fossil-based diesel that also addresses the urgent need for effective waste management. It can be synthesized by the chemical modification of triglycerides sourced from vegetable origin, animal fat, or algal oil. The transesterification reaction is the preferred method of producing biodiesel. However, the non-miscibility of alcohol and oil layer causes excessive utilization of alcohol, catalyst, and a substantial reacting time and temperature. In the current investigation, transesterification of waste fish oil was performed with petro-diesel as cosolvent, under the influence of ultrasound energy. The combination of both techniques is a unique and efficient way to minimize the mass transfer limitations considerably and hence reduces the parameters of the reaction. It is also a sincere effort to comply with the principles of green chemistry. The optimum reaction conditions were obtained using response surface methodology (RSM) that were as follows: molar ratio of methanol to oil 9.09:1, catalyst concentration of 0.97 wt%, cosolvent concentration of 29.1 wt%, temperature 60.1℃, and a reacting time 30 min. Under these listed conditions, 98.1% biodiesel was achievable, which was in close agreement with the expected result. In addition, the cosolvent removal step from the crude biodiesel was also eliminated as it could be employed as a blended fuel in CI engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global marine fish harvests have reached a plateau over the last decade, and efforts to increase aquaculture tend to face limitations in terms of water resources and contamination problems. Of the current fish harvest, at least 50% is discarded as waste. The current situation requires efforts to process, preserve, and utilize the fish capture to minimize waste. Chemical and microbiological contamination limit the utilization of harvested fish. There is a need to improve fish preservation to minimize spoilage and to process them into more appealing products. Instead of resorting to individual food-processing methods, the efficiency of processing could best be increased by a combination of conventional and modern processing methods or by combinations of modern processing methods. Fish waste is a rich source of oils containing essential fatty acids, polypeptides, and amino polysaccharides that could be utilized through the upscaling of current scientifically proven methods to new processing technologies. The separation of collagens, gelatins, bioactive peptides, edible fish oils, and chitosan form the primary stages in the utilization of fish waste. The products need purification to meet food quality and safety standards and to have desirable industrial characteristics. The diversity of information and products generated through new methods require advanced data handling and prediction systems, such as artificial intelligence, to address food safety and to derive the best out of fish processing and utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish are the most edible protein source worldwide and generate several remnants such as scales, viscera, head, bone, and skin. Fish wastes are not disposed of properly, which adversely affects the environment, especially the water bodies where fish processing industries dispose of their waste. Fish waste mainly contains nitrogen, oil, fat, salts, heavy metals, and organic compounds, which increase the biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand. Fish waste can degrade in various ways, such as physicochemical or by enzymatic action, but using microbes is an environmentally friendly approach that can provide valuable compounds such as products such as collagen, chitin, minerals, and fish protein concentrates. This review is designed to focus on the suitability of microbes as tools for fish waste degradation and the production of certain associated. This study also provides insight into the production of other compounds such as protease, chitinase, and chitin applicability of these products. After processing, fish waste as a microbial growth media for enzyme production since microorganisms synthesize enzymes such as proteases, protein hydrolysates, lipids, and chitinase, which have broader applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, biomedical material, and food processing industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]