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Aquaponic production relies on microbial activity to convert fish wastes into nutrients for plants. An aquaponic system contains multiple compartments that each have varying environmental pressures that can impact the types of microbes living in the compartment. Furthermore, differences in fish and plant species, system startup and management, and water source can impact microbial communities that colonize an aquaponic system. In this study, we sampled two aquaponic facilities that each operated six replicate aquaponic systems. Metataxonomic analyses were performed on the samples to compare the microbial communities of aquaponic facilities in Minnesota (MN) and Wisconsin (WI), assess the consistency of the microbial communities across multiple systems within a single facility, and evaluate the abundance and types of microbes present within each compartment of a system. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were common in both facilities, but nitrifying organisms were in greater abundance at the WI facility. Microbial communities were largely consistent among systems within a facility, but microbial communities among different compartments of the systems varied. Nitrifying organisms were primarily associated with the biofilter compartment of the MN systems but were found throughout the WI systems, which do not have a dedicated biofiltration compartment. While nitrifying organisms have an important role in an aquaponic system, they comprise less than 10% of the total microbial community of the aquaponic systems we sampled. Other taxa are likely to have equally important roles in the productivity of an aquaponic system, but those taxa and their functions have not been well characterized, and it is unclear how system startup, management, and other factors impact colonization and maintenance of these taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nNOVELTY STATEMENTIn this study, three microalgae species were cultivated using dairy and fish wastewater: Haematococcus pluvialis, Coelastrella saipanensis, and Chlorella sp. The process involved manipulating various physicochemical conditions, to determine optimal growth parameters. Our evaluation considered cell count, biomass productivity, specific growth rate, pigments, carbohydrates, proteins, lipid compositions, and cellulose stored in microalgae. A significant observation of highest cellulose accumulation was recorded in C. saipanensis cultivated in dairy waste (DW) medium (2.54 ± 0.042 µg/mg). In contrast, the species grown in fish waste (FW) media recorded a lower level (0.9405 ± 0.06 µg/mg) of cellulose. In DW, H. pluvialis and C. saipanensis accumulated substantial amounts of astaxanthin and carotenoid, respectively. Carbohydrate, protein, and lipid accumulation was maximized in DW culture, with H. pluvialis exhibiting a more incredible carbohydrate content. Lipid analysis showed as Chlorella sp. was capable of accumulating alpha-linolenic acid. The disparity may be attributed to DW’s nutritional and mineral content, which encourages cellulose deposition. The FTIR analysis confirmed the accumulation of cellulose. These findings underscore the potential of DW and FW media as valuable resources for microalgal biofuel and ethanol production, offering a hopeful future for sustainable energy production.The comparative analysis of microalgae cultivated in DW and FW water reveals distinct carbon sequestration patterns and bio-capture potential, observed from this study. In fact, this study identified C. saipanensis, which thrives exceptionally well in DW water and accumulate cellulose, a unique finding that pave the way on further research in this species on bioenery sequestration. By confirming the feasibility of bioproducts harvesting through compound analysis, this study highlights the potential of DW and FW as cheap nutrient resources for microalgae biomass generation, paving the way to bioremediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critical water crisis due to overpopulation, industrialization and urbanization has resulted to the shortfall of providing safe drinking water to one billion people in the world. This work intends to fabricate modified hydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane by hydrophilic chitosan extracted from waste fish scales for wastewater treatment. Chitosan was blended with PVDF in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solution by solution casting method. Three different concentrations of 1, 3 and 5 wt% of chitosan were taken. The morphological, spectral and thermal analysis of the produced films were elaborately studied. The contact angle decreased with the increase of chitosan content from 82.64° to 60.97°. The tensile strength decreases from 1.11 to 0.38 MPa and Young’s modulus decreased from 12.08 to 7.4 MPa with increase in chitosan content in the film from 1 to 3 %. The performance of microparticle embedded membrane was compared with the pristine PVDF membrane, and it was affirmed that the microsized-chitosan embedded PVDF membrane manifests a broad promising application perspective towards wastewater treatment owing to its excellent water flux (76 L m−2 h−1) as well as antibacterial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the performance of recycled waste fishing net sheets (WSs) as a sustainable strengthening material for reinforced concrete (RC) slabs. The primary challenge addressed is the debonding failure caused by the low bond strength at the WS-to-concrete interface. To analyze this, two full-scale RC slabs—one with and one without strengthening—were cast and tested under a four-point bending setup. Finite element (FE) models incorporating existing bond–slip laws were developed using the ABAQUS software to simulate the strengthened slab's behavior. A sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the impact of bond–slip parameters on the failure mechanism. Experimental results indicated that the WS-strengthened slab enhanced the RC slab capacities by 15% in yield load and 13% in initial stiffness. Furthermore, the maximum shear stress of 0.5τmax or interfacial fracture energy of 0.2Gf, compared to values proposed by Monti et al., enabled the simulation of the global response observed in the experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a notable commercial aquaculture species, channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in US faces challenges including the global market competition and enhanced feed costs. Since fish bone waste is a major source of calcium and hydroxyapatite, re-utilization gives birth to several advanced products in the development of animal feed, fertilizers, and nutrition supplements. Recent research findings introduce fish bone powder (FBP) reinforcement in Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) of plastic composites. However, FBP so far has not been widely utilized for Direct Ink Writing (DIW) 3D printing of silicone composite. In this paper, catfish bone waste has been recycled and processed with a thermal procedure. FBP reinforced silicone composite structures have been developed and manufactured using low-viscosity DIW 3D printing. Morphological and chemical structures of FBPs were analyzed and compared before and after calcination. The rheological and mechanical characterization have indicated the potential of calcinated FBP in advancing the silicone composites. With 0%–50% weight percentages of FBP, composite samples can be designed to get any specified mechanical response (0.5–1.4 MPa in 50% tension strain and 150–550 N in 30% compression strain). The shape holding, overhang, and dimensional accuracy of FBP reinforced silicone composites in single (DIW) and dual (FDM + DIW) 3D printing processes have been demonstrated and summarized. With appropriate adjustments, this FBP-based 3D printing technology can be applied to byproduct recycling of all the US food-fish species, poultry, and livestock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current investigation explores biogas production from water hyacinth (WH) and fish waste (FW) with cow dung (CD) as an inoculum source in two scenarios. In the first scenario, the optimization of mono-digestion was performed where the effect of WH/FW (substrates) with CD (inoculum) in varied ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, and 3:1 was observed to enhance the biogas production. In the second scenario, the optimization of co-digestion using both FW and WH as substrates in different ratios (1:1, 1:2, and 2:1) with a fixed amount of inoculum was studied. The experiments were conducted in 500 mL digesters in duplicate under mesophilic conditions. Under mono-digestion conditions for FW, the digester operating with FW/CD in a 1:2 ratio demonstrated the highest biogas yield of 970 ± 14.1 mL/g VS, containing 610 CH4 mL/g VS, while in WH, the WH/CD ratio of 1:1 exhibited the highest biogas yield of 925 ± 49.4 mL/g VS, with a methane content of 440 CH4 mL/g VS. The co-digestion of the WH/FW ratio (1:1) showcased the highest biogas production of 1655 ± 91.92 mL/g VS, accompanied by 890 ± 70.7 CH4 mL/g VS. This was followed by the 1:2 and 2:1 ratio, yielding 1400 ± 56.5 and 1140 ± 169.7 mL/g VS. of biogas and 775 and 585 CH4 mL/g VS, respectively. The CD and WH mixture at a 1:1 ratio demonstrated the most significant decrease in chemical oxygen demand (COD), reaching 91.68%. COD reductions over 80% in all combinations were observed in all instances. Anaerobic digestion (AD) simulations were validated using the Gompertz model, with high correlation coefficient values (R-squared) above 0.99 for all of the studied ratios, depicting a significant correlation between experimental data and model predictions. The propionic to acetic acid ratio did not cross the threshold level, indicating no inhibition of methane production. ANOVA analysis of biogas production between the co-digestion and mono-digestion of substrates showed non-significant results (p > 0.310 and p > 0.824, respectively), while overall digestion was significant (p < 0.024), indicating efficiency variations among substrates. Paired sample t-tests revealed substantial differences between co-digestion ratios, which were also significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise in fisheries production worldwide has caused a remarkable increase in associated anthropogenic waste. This poses significant concerns due to adverse environmental impacts and economic losses. Owing to its renewability, high abundance, and potential as a rich source of many nutrients and bioactive compounds, strategies have been developed to convert fish waste into different value-added products. Conventional and improved methods have been used for the extraction of biomolecules from fish waste. The extracted fish waste-derived value-added products such as enzymes, peptides, fish oil, etc. have been used to fortify different food products. This review aims to provide an overview of the nature and composition of fish waste, strategies for extracting biomolecules from fish waste, and the potential application of fish waste as a source of calcium and other nutrients in food fortification and animal feed has been discussed. In context to fishery waste mitigation, valorization, and circular bioeconomy approach are gaining momentum, aiming to eliminate waste while producing high-quality value-added food and feed products from fishery discards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on reusing the waste fishing nets with natural rubber (NR) to create a value‐added composite material. WNF fibers at different loadings (2, 4, and 6 phr) and lengths (2, 3, 5, and 7 mm) were investigated for a general tire formulation. The anisotropic nature of WNF was evident in tear strength, with optimal results for 2 mm, 2 phr fiber loading. It displayed 15.87% improvement longitudinally compared with the control. Further, it displayed improved 5.55% hardness, whereas resilience, abrasion volume loss, and tensile strength were decreased. In the second stage, these fibers treated with KOH (2%, 6%, and 10%) with the expectation of enhancing the mechanical properties. The 2% KOH‐treated sample presented a significant escalation in hardness (+12.50%), resilience (+6.25%), abrasion volume loss (+3.63%), tear strength (+17.23%), and tensile strength (+8.20%) as of the control. Partial replacement of carbon black (CB) with 2% KOH treated 2 mm 2 phr WNF was evaluated. A 9% of CB in rubber compound was easily supersede by WNF. Our findings indicated that WNF fibers could be reuse as a filler in rubber composite where special property enhancements are advantageous in tire technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fish gill serves many physiological functions, among which is the excretion of ammonia, the primary nitrogenous waste in most fishes. Although it is the end-product of nitrogen metabolism, ammonia serves many physiological functions including acting as an acid equivalent and as a counter-ion in mechanisms of ion regulation. Our current understanding of the mechanisms of ammonia excretion have been influenced by classic experimental work, clever mechanistic approaches, and modern molecular and genetic techniques. In this review, I will overview the history of the study of ammonia excretion by the gills of fishes, highlighting the important advancements that have shaped this field with a nearly 100-year history. The developmental and evolutionary implications of an ammonia and gill-dominated nitrogen regulation strategy in most fishes will also be discussed. Throughout the review, I point to areas in which more work is needed to push forward this field of research that continues to produce novel insights and discoveries that will undoubtedly shape our overall understanding of fish physiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrimp head by-product (SHP) has been increasingly studied for applications in bacterial fermentation and the production of secondary metabolites. In this work study, Bacillus velezensis EB.KN15 was grown via fermentation using SHP as a novel substrate on a large scale and its potential fungicidal effect against durian pathogen fungi was evaluated. SHP was found rich in protein content (29.18%) and several mineral elements suitable for EB.KN15 fermentation. The appropriate cultural medium for B. velezensis EB.KN15 growth in the small-scale fermentation using 250 mL-Erlenmeyer flask included 2% SHP/LB (7/3), 0.05% MnSO4, and 0.1% KH2PO4 at 34 °C, pH 7 for 36 h. When scaling up fermentation in a 14 L-bioreactor system, this strain exhibited better productivity (1.2 × 1012 CFU/mL) in a shorter fermentation time (only 10 h). Anti-fungal activity tests revealed for the first time, that EB.KN15 has potential fungicidal effect against Fusarium incarnatum, Phytophthora palmivora, and Fusarium solani with high inhibition values of 70%, 78.95%, and 80%, respectively. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry could identify 11 major volatiles produced by B. velezensis EB.KN15 in the supernatant. The molecular docking indicated effective interaction of these major volatiles with the target protein responsible for F. solani inhibition with good binding energy (DS ≤ 7.1 kcal/mol) and an acceptable root-mean-square deviation value (1.05–1.96 Å). This study suggests that SHP is a new substrate for the fermentation of B. velezensis EB.KN15 and recorded this strain as a novel potential candidate to effectively manage durian pathogen fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, the fishery industry plays a crucial role in meeting the global demand for human food. However, the increased production and processing of aquatic animals like fish, shellfish, squids, and bivalves have resulted in a significant amount of waste generation. This waste, which includes fish heads, viscera, skin, bones, scales, exoskeletons, pens, ink, and clam, account for approximately 30–70% of the total aquatic product. The accumulation of this waste not only adds to production costs but also poses a serious environmental challenge. To address these issues, researchers have turned to utilizing fish by-products to extract bioactive compounds such as protein hydrolysate, chitin, chitosan, carotenoid, carotenoproteins, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and gelatin. These compounds possess desirable properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and therapeutic effects. As a result, they have grabbed the attention of the food and feed industry for various applications. In this article, we aim to provide a concise review of the bioactivity properties of these compounds and their potential applications specifically in aquaculture and seafood processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We reviewed available data regarding the benefits of feed additives for mitigation of ammonia toxicity in fish. We first emphasized the toxic effects of ammonia and the pathways involved in ammonia metabolism in fish. Then, we focused on the roles of different dietary additives on internal ammonia detoxification and/or to counteract the negative effects of ammonia toxicity. A wide range of feed additives has been studied for their benefits in fish under ammonia exposure. Most of these studies focused on the improvement of fish health and growth performance by these additives, but neglected underlying mechanisms of these effects as well as ammonia detoxification. It is necessary to monitor internal ammonia, urea, amino acids levels, ammonia/urea excretion, and enzymes involved in ureagenesis and glutamine formation along with health-related parameters (e.g., antioxidant, immunological, and growth responses) in the future studies to fulfil the knowledge gap. Moreover, the future researches should consider the route of ammonia and supplements administration to obtain reliable and practical data. A little evidence shows that dietary nutrients may interact to change the results of dietary supplementation on ammonia toxicity remediation, which must be considered in the future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores sustainable methods for Sardine Processing Waste (SPW) valorization. Two approaches were investigated: (a) SPW microbial pretreatment adding Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Bacillus sp. in a two-stage anaerobic digestion (AD) for enzyme and biomethane production and (b) a single-stage AD without SPW pretreatment. Both S. cerevisiae and Bacillus sp. secreted proteases (0.66 and 0.58 U mL−1, respectively) and lipases (3.8 and 4.3 U mL−1, respectively) during hydrolysis, thus reducing viscosity (2.8 and 2.9 cP, respectively) compared with the untreated SPW (4.1 cP). Biomethane production was higher in the single-stage AD (1174 mL CH4 g−1 VS−1) when compared with the two-stage AD (821.5 and 260 mL CH4 g−1 VS−1 with S. cerevisiae and Bacillus sp., respectively). S. cerevisiae addition enhanced SPW degradation as implied by VS and sCOD values (70 and 84%, respectively), but this also resulted in a higher toxicity due to a three-fold increment in NH4-N content, reducing methanogen activity. This research demonstrates the innovative application of S. cerevisiae, a common bread-making yeast, in the biotechnological enhancement of SPW hydrolysis. Non-genetically engineered S. cerevisiae not only co-produced proteases and lipases but also significantly improved solubilization, degradation, and viscosity reduction, thereby rendering the yeast a key player in solid fish waste valorization, beyond its traditional applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish provides a low-caloric content, polyunsaturated fatty acids, many essential trace elements and is also a rich source of protein, ranging from 10% to 25%. Therefore, the production of FPH (fish protein hydrolysates) is of great interest, as the resulting products exhibit a variety of important bioactive and technological properties, making them potential ingredients for new functional foods and supplements. The aim of this review was to compile and analyze information on enzymatic hydrolysates, with particular emphasis on those derived from fish by-products, as a potential ingredient in human nutrition. Their nutritional characteristics, food safety aspects, bioactive properties, technological attributes, key influencing factors, and applications in food products were evaluated. The findings revealed that these properties are influenced by several factors, such as the raw material, enzymes used, degree of hydrolysis, and the molecular weight of the peptides, which need to be considered as a whole. In conclusion, the gathered information suggests that it is possible to obtain high-value products through enzymatic hydrolysis, even when using fish by-products. However, although numerous studies focused on FPH derived from fish muscle, research on by-products remains limited. Further investigation is needed to determine whether the behavior of FPH from by-products differs from that of muscle-derived FPH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe present study investigated the flexural properties of Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC) incorporated with waste fishing nets as reinforcement with a view to providing a potential solution to the environmental impact caused by these nets. Locally available waste fishing nets having two different mesh sizes and thicknesses were used as textile reinforcement for investigation. The fishing nets composed of nylon fibres were selected due to their potential as a sustainable and cost-effective reinforcement material. TRC composite with A.R. Glass textile was used as a reference specimen and that with A.R. Glass textile and waste fishing net were considered for the flexural tests. The influence of different layers of textiles was also investigated. The epoxy coating was used to coat the waste fishing nets along with A.R. glass textile to develop a hybrid textile. Properties of TRC composites incorporated with uncoated nets were compared with the composites using coated nets in order to understand the effect of coating on the reinforcement. The efficiency of textiles as reinforcement was also analyzed in detail by determining the strength and ductility ratio. Investigating the flexural behaviour of TRC with epoxy-coated waste fishing nets aims to understand this innovative composite material’s mechanical properties and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tiger sharks are apex predators with a circumglobal tropical and warm-temperate distribution, with a general lack of population data for the central Indian Ocean. In Fuvahmulah, Maldives, tiger sharks display frequent use of the harbour area, attracted by discarded fish waste. Here, we document the population structure, residency, and reproductive characteristics of the world's largest known tiger shark aggregation in a geographically-restricted area. Using non-invasive methods, photo identification and laser photogrammetry, we identified 239 individual tiger sharks over a 7-year study period. The aggregation was female-dominated (84.5%), with both large juveniles and adults present. Adult females were resighted over the entire study period displaying strong inter- and intra-annual site fidelity. Modelled residency using maximum likelihood methods suggests they spent 60.7 ± S.E. 7.5 days in Fuvahmulah, with a larger aggregation size, shorter residence periods and longer absence periods compared to juvenile females. Prolonged abdominal distensions of adult females indicate they likely stay near Fuvahmulah during gestation and reproduce biennially. Fuvahmulah seems to provide suitable conditions for gestation given the year-round provision of food and warm waters, exhibited by strong site fidelity and temporal residency. Our results show indications of a thriving population within the confines of protected waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tilapia, a widely farmed aquaculture fish, produces substantial waste, including viscera that contain extracellular matrix (ECM) utilized as a biomaterial for tissue regeneration applications. Extracting ECM from viscera requires a specific decellularization method, as no standardized protocol exists. This study performed three decellularization methods: sonication, orbital shaking at room temperature, and agitation at 4°C, using SDS and TX100 at concentrations of 0.1% and 0.3%. The effectiveness of each method was assessed through H&E staining, dsDNA quantification, and SEM imaging to verify cellular content removal and ECM structure preservation. Additional analyses, including ATR‐FTIR, SDS‐PAGE, protein quantification, HPLC, and detergent residue tests, were performed to examine functional groups, collagen composition, protein content, amino acid profiles, and detergent residues in the decellularized samples. The results of H&E staining showed a significant reduction in cellular components in all samples, which was confirmed through DNA quantification. Sonication with 0.3% SDS achieved the highest DNA removal rate (96.5 ± 1.1%), while SEM images revealed that agitation at 4°C with 0.3% TX100 better preserved ECM structure. Collagen was present in all samples, as confirmed by ATR‐FTIR analysis, which revealed pronounced spectral peaks in the amide I, II, III, A, and B regions. Samples treated with agitation at 4°C using 0.1% SDS exhibited the highest protein content (875 ± 15 µg/mg), whereas those treated with TX100 had lower detergent residue. Overall, the decellularization methods effectively reduced DNA content while preserving ECM structure and components, highlighting the potential of tilapia viscera as bioscaffolds and offering insights into utilizing fish waste for high‐value products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outcomes of applying the zero‐waste extraction "LimoFish" process based on defatting fish processing waste with limonene to leftovers of European sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus), compared to conventional extraction with oil‐derived solvents such as n‐hexane and with petroleum ether, show that the process has general applicability. Meeting the principles of green extraction and those of the marine biorefinery requiring high process efficiency, the process establishes an "innovation through integration" circular economy production route enabling the marine bioeconomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

\nHighlightsThe byproducts generated during fish processing can represent up to 70% of the raw material entering the industry, and some of these byproducts are rich in high-quality proteins and other nutrients that could be used for human consumption. The products derived from these byproducts can be considered high-value-added products or coproducts, with the potential to create new ingredients and innovative food products. Among these, Fish protein concentrate (FPC) can be used as an ingredient in formulations for protein enrichment by food industry. Notably, the absence of global standardization in industrial processes for FPC production stems from the limited number of countries with established regulations and the scarcity of industries offering specialized equipment for industrial production. This dearth inhibits uniformity and efficiency in FPC manufacturing worldwide. These factors make FPC production inefficient and the quality of the final product unsatisfactory, mainly because of the presence of a large amount of lipids, which can be a concern and necessitate the use of chemical and physical lipid removal methods. In this critical review, information about FPC was compiled, with an emphasis on the byproduct of fish processing, processing techniques, and the nutritional and techno-functional aspects of this coproduct and formulated foods. Fish processing byproducts can be utilized in producing Fish Protein Concentrate for human consumption.Fish Protein Concentrate can be provided daily protein supplementation to populations in need.Fish Protein Concentrate needs to achieve an efficient global standardization of production processes.Specific legislation is required for Fish Protein Concentrate use as an ingredient in food formulations.Physical and chemical methods are used to obtain Fish Protein Concentrate delipided.Fish processing byproducts can be utilized in producing Fish Protein Concentrate for human consumption.Fish Protein Concentrate can be provided daily protein supplementation to populations in need.Fish Protein Concentrate needs to achieve an efficient global standardization of production processes.Specific legislation is required for Fish Protein Concentrate use as an ingredient in food formulations.Physical and chemical methods are used to obtain Fish Protein Concentrate delipided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cost-effective production of commercially important biopolymers, such as chitosan, has gained momentum in recent decades owing to its versatile material properties. The seasonal variability in the availability of crustacean waste and fish waste, routinely used for chitosan extraction, has triggered a focus on fungal chitosan as a sustainable alternative. This study demonstrates a cost-effective strategy for cultivating an endophytic fungus isolated from Pichavaram mangrove soil in a pineapple peel-based medium for harvesting fungal biomass. Chitosan was extracted using alkali and acid treatment methods from various combinations of media. The highest chitosan yield (139 ± 0.25 mg/L) was obtained from the pineapple peel waste-derived medium supplemented with peptone. The extracted polymer was characterized by FTIR, XRD, DSC, and TGA analysis. The antioxidant activity of the fungal chitosan was evaluated using DPPH assay and showed an IC50 value of 0.22 mg/L. Subsequently, a transparent chitosan film was fabricated using the extracted fungal chitosan, and its biodegradability was assessed using a soil burial test for 50 days. Biodegradation tests revealed that, after 50 days, a degradation rate of 28.92 ± 0.75% (w/w) was recorded. Thus, this study emphasizes a cost-effective strategy for the production of biopolymers with significant antioxidant activity, which may have promising applications in food packaging if additional investigations are carried out in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish waste is a major environmental pollution problem and requires costly treatment prior to disposal. Conversion of fish waste to economically important and eco-friendly products will make fishing and fish processing more valuable and sustainable. This study evaluated waste residues from fish processing waste subjected to conventional physical extraction of fish oil for single-cell oil production using oleaginous yeast. Potential application of the single-cell oil to produce biodiesel was evaluated. The treatment containing fish waste residue (5%, w/v) and glucose (20 g/L, w/v) displayed the highest rate (14%) of total lipid generation. The fish waste residue proved to be a good nitrogen source for the oleaginous yeast, Rhodotorula sp. R1. At 15% (w/v) fish waste residue and 20% (w/v) glucose amendment of the medium, the highest biomass production was observed. The yeast bio-oil has a lipid profile like vegetable oils and consists of mainly long-chain fatty acids (between C14 and C24) which are suitable for biodiesel production. The most abundant fatty acids were palmitic acid (C16:0), elaidic acid (C18:1n-9t), and stearic acid (C18:0). FTIR analysis of the transesterification reaction product using the yeast oil confirmed its conversion to biodiesel. Although glucose amendment of medium supported lipid accumulation, it can be replaced with wastes rich in sugars to decrease the cost of single-cell bio-oil production. Results indicate the potential secondary value of fish processing waste in the cultivation of oleaginous yeast for bio-oil and biodiesel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to prepare and characterize Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) waste meal. The experimental design consisted of three treatments (carcass meal, mechanically separated meat meal - MSM, and head meal) and five replications of each treatment. Yield, microbiological quality, pH, water activity, proximate composition, energy value, mineral composition, fatty acid profile, amino acid composition, color, and particle size fractions and the geometric mean particle diameter (GMD) analyses were performed. Data were subjected to ANOVA, and means were compared by Tukey's test at P < 0.05. Carcass, mechanically separated meat, and head meals had a protein content of 56.45%, 78.60%, and 50.33%, respectively, a lipid content of 7.16%, 13.15%, and 4.58%, respectively, and an ash content of 32.61%, 4.26%, and 38.41%, respectively. The mean yield of fish waste meals was 13%. Oleic, palmitic, and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids in the three fish waste meals, and glutamic acid, leucine, lysine, and glycine were the major amino acids. Color analysis showed that lightness (L*) ranged from 55.32 to 77.19, redness (a*) from 4.44 to 4.88, and yellowness (b*) from 4.13 to 9.51. The GMD ranged from 0.37 to 0.99 mm. The results indicate that Nile tilapia waste meals have high nutritional value and adequate pH, water activity, and microbiological quality for use in human nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is an archipelagic country with two continents and an ocean, where it produces abundant marine products and the second largest marine source in the world, such as cuttlefish. Besides, it was for food, cuttlefish also produced shells as waste. Actually, this waste has been used for animal feed but in small scale. Others are still waste and cause pollution if not handled properly. Cuttlefish shell waste (CSW) is the basic ingredient for making hydroxyapatite (HA), while it was the main bone compound. Meanwhile, HA demand in the market is very high due to bone defects. The novelty of the research was to fulfil the increasing need for HA at low price and prevent air, water, and soil pollution by using circular economic principles (reused), and it has economic value. Synthesis HA was used microwave hydrothermal method. The CSW and coral were obtained from the pet market in Yogyakarta. They were crushed and calcined to the temperature of 900°C to obtain calcium oxide (CaO). Then, CaO was synthesized by microwave hydrothermal to obtain HA powder. Synthetic HA was characterized by the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The Ca/P ratio of HA CSW and coral are 1.7 and 1.87, respectively. Moreover, coral HA has higher crystallinity than CSW (48%). The TGA shows that the highest weight loss occurred in HA CSW (16.57%). The conclusion is that both CSW and coral are raw materials used to produce HA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lot of fish waste is produced by the community, both from the marketing sector and the fisheries sector, which is caught by fishermen. Almost 35% of the fish waste produced is in the form of heads, bones, innards and also fish remains that are not the main catch which are thrown away directly. Vermicomposting is one of method to reduce the amount of fish waste. The adding of livestock manure in vermicomposting will increase the quality of compost. The purpose of this research is to analyze the compost quality with the mixture of fish waste and livestock manure. The results showed that The compost that has the best quality based on SNI 19-7030-2004 is B2 with 45% fish waste, 20% cow dung and 35% sawdust with a dose of EM4 10 ml, which has a final temperature of 29ºC, pH 7, water content 41%, C-organic 19.83%, nitrogen 1.34%, phosphorus 0.36%, potassium 1.15%, and C/N ratio 14.85. Then, after incubating the soil improvement, it was found that the addition of compost can improve the chemical characteristics of the soil according to the dose given. This indicates that compost application can affect soil quality. Soil quality that has C-organic and nitrogen content according to BPT in 2009 is with the addition of a dose of 5.2 grams of vermicompost. The shortcomings of this study are that the phosphorus and potassium levels are too high.

AbstractThe goal of our research described here was to prepare a class of biocompatible composite hydrogel beads as a delivery system for the poorly soluble drug, cefixime. Hydrogel beads were synthesized using collagen (Col) and hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles both extracted from fish wastes, and chitosan (Chi), for oral drug delivery. The in-vitro cytotoxicity of the Col showed good enough cell viability (95.51%) to be used as a potential candidate for biomedical applications, including tissue engineering and drug delivery. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to determine the crystallinity and functional groups of the synthesized hydrogel beads. The fibrous structure of the beads was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The 1:1 ratio of Col:Chi without HA, resulted in a maximum swelling degree of 2010% and a drug release percentage of 93%. As the concentration of Col was increased, the swelling and cefixime release decreased. Adding HA NPs to the hydrogel structure led to an average 10% reduction in cefixime release compared to samples without HA. The release rate kinetics followed the first order and Korsmeyer-Peppas models, proving the diffusion was the controlling factor. The results showed that the mentioned hydrogel beads had a great potential delivery platform to achieve the controlled release of cefixime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan preparation is a sequential method that involves demineralization and deproteinization followed by deacetylation. In the present study, the effect of different process parameters such as concentration of acid, concentration of alkali, ratio between solid and solvent, reaction time, and temperature for optimization of demineralization and deacetylation processes in chitosan synthesis from Labeo rohita scale was studied. The effects of the above process parameters on chitosan yield (in terms of dry weight and % of moist weight of mass) were carried out using Box–Behnken design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum condition for demineralization was observed at the ratio of solid to solvent (w/v) of 80 and incubation time of 10 min. Similarly, the optimum condition for deacetylation was revealed at alkali concentration of 15% and incubation time of 20 min. The obtained chitosan is characterized by UV–Visible spectroscopy, FT-IR analysis, SEM, and X-ray diffraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollution, climate change and waste accumulation are critical societal issues calling for advanced methods to recycle matter and clean polluted ecosystems. Here, we review the use of calcium oxide waste-based catalysts for industrial and environmental applications such as biodiesel production, and pollutant degradation and removal. Catalysts can be produced from mud clam shell, eggshell, spent coffee ground, fish bones waste, marble waste, face mask waste, and snail shell. The preparation of composite catalysts, adsorbents, nanoparticles, and photocatalysts is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein-based fish adhesives have historically been used in various bonding applications; however, due to the protein's high affinity for water absorption, these adhesives become destabilized in high-moisture environments, resulting in reduced bondline strength and early failure. This limitation makes them unsuitable for industrial applications with higher demands. To address this issue, water-insoluble raw powder materials such as iron, copper, or zeolite were incorporated into natural fish adhesives. In this study, the hygroscopicity, dry matter content, thermal analysis (TGA/DSC), FT-IR spectroscopy, surface tension measurements, vapour permeability, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) of the modified adhesives were determined. In addition, the bonding properties of the modified adhesives were evaluated by the tensile shear strength of the lap joints, and mould growth was visually inspected. The resulting modified protein-based adhesives demonstrated improved stability in high humidity environments. Enhancing the hygroscopic properties of protein-based fish adhesives has the potential to unlock new opportunities and applications, providing a healthier and more environmentally sustainable alternative to petroleum-based adhesives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millions of tons of fish are filleted each year, and a significant portion of unwanted carcasses is discarded worldwide. An alternative approach to use these materials is through hydrolysis reactions, which allow for the production of compounds with modified technological properties such as solubility, emulsification capacity, foam formation ability, and viscosity. In addition, they may exhibit different biological activities with beneficial effects such as antioxidant, antihypertensive, anticarcinogenic, lipid profile-lowering, and neuroprotective properties. Thus, these compounds can be included in food formulations as promising adjuncts in treatments, with health benefits to consumers. This study discussed the different enzymatic hydrolyses used in the treatment of fish waste and evaluate the compounds and their effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Employing forced aeration (FA) in composting static windrows (SW) from fish waste (FW) has the potential to enhance the development of process and, organic fertiliser quality. However, due to the impact of season, the FA may lead to excessive drying of SW and, difficulty in thermophilic temperature maintenance. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of passive aeration (PA) and FA on the composting of FW in SW during the summer and winter seasons. The temperatures of the windrows remained within the thermophilic range for most of the composting period, with peak temperatures observed shortly after starting and turning the windrows (at 50 and 70 days). The aeration benefited the initial TS degradations, resulting in 86.66 and 45.99% of the TS total reduced to FA and PA piles, at 50 days during the winter. The C organic reduction was 77.77 and 76.33% in summer and winter to FA piles, respectively, but this reduction was 59.24% and 67.82% for winter and summer, respectively, in PA windrows. At 50 days, the N reduction in FA piles was already at 70.32% and 71.87% for winter and summer. The volatile solids reductions were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in FA piles during the summer. Although the FA has been shown to enhance the organic constituents' degradation during the composting of FW, its adoption was not enough to improve the compost composition. Thus, by conducting piles on a small scale, with the perforated wall, as described in this study, the FA could be dispensed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish by-products can be converted into high-value-added products like fish protein hydrolysates (FPHs), which have high nutritional value and are rich in bioactive peptides with health benefits. This study aims to characterise FPHs derived from salmon heads (HPSs) and Cape hake trimmings (HPHs) using Alcalase for enzymatic hydrolysis and Subcritical Water Hydrolysis (SWH) as an alternative method. All hydrolysates demonstrated high protein content (70.4–88.7%), with the degree of hydrolysis (DH) ranging from 10.7 to 36.4%. The peptide profile of FPHs indicated the breakdown of proteins into small peptides. HPSs showed higher levels of glycine and proline, while HPHs had higher concentrations of glutamic acid, leucine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Similar elemental profiles were observed in both HPHs and HPSs, and the levels of Cd, Pb, and Hg were well below the legislated limits. Hydrolysates do not have a negative effect on cell metabolism and contribute to cell growth. HPSs and HPHs exhibited high 2,2′–azino-bis(3 ethylbenzthiazoline-6)-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, Cu2+ and Fe2+ chelating activities, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, with HPHs generally displaying higher activities. The α-amylase inhibition of both FPHs was relatively low. These results indicate that HPHs are a promising natural source of nutritional compounds and bioactive peptides, making them potential candidates for use as an ingredient in new food products or nutraceuticals. SWH at 250 °C is a viable alternative to enzymatic methods for producing FPHs from salmon heads with high antioxidant and chelating properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish gelatin is a promising polymer for creating plastics derived from agro-industrial waste, offering a sustainable alternative to single-use plastics. This research aimed to develop fish gelatin films that can be used to replace conventional single-use plastics employed in food packaging. Specifically, our focus was on reducing the high hydrophilic behavior of fish gelatin films which limits their possible applications. To address this, mono-, bi-, and tri- layer films were fabricated from fish gelatin and amylopectin. The fish gelatin was cross-linked with the enzyme transglutaminase to reduce its hydrophilicity achieving two levels of cross-linking: 40 ± 2%, and 65 ± 4%. Micrographs confirmed crack-free films and bilayer/trilayer formation. The cross-linked films exhibited reduced solubility: about 30% in monolayer and 40–67% in bilayer and trilayer films compared to pure protein films. Regarding the water vapor transmission rate, the highly cross-linked trilayer film displayed a value of 0.95 g/m2 h which is significantly lower than pure protein films (2.89 g/m2 h) and amylopectin films (9.37 g/m2 h). Additionally, Young's modulus and the thermal stability were improved with the lamination. These results suggest an effective method for manufacturing films from fish waste, which could contribute to a circular economy for the fishing industry. Enhanced water resistance also makes the films potentially suitable for sustainable biopolymer-based active food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world aims to address the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), it is becoming more urgent for heavy transportation sectors, such as shipping and aviation, to decarbonise in an economically feasible way. This review paper investigates the potential fuels of the future and their capability to mitigate the carbon footprint when other technologies fail to do so. This review looks at the technologies available today, including, primarily, transesterification, hydrocracking, and selective deoxygenation. It also investigates the potential of fish waste from the salmon industry as a fuel blend stock. From this, various kinetic models are investigated to find a suitable base for simulating the production and economics of biodiesel (i.e., fatty acid alkyl esters) and renewable diesel production from fish waste. Whilst most waste-oil-derived biofuels are traditionally produced using transesterification, hydrotreating looks to be a promising method to produce drop-in biofuels, which can be blended with conventional petroleum fuels without any volume percentage limitation. Using hydrotreatment, it is possible to produce renewable diesel in a few steps, and the final liquid product mixture includes paraffins, i.e., linear, branched, and cyclo-alkanes, with fuel properties in compliance with international fuel standards. There is a wide range of theoretical models based on the hydrodeoxygenation of fatty acids as well as a clear economic analysis that a model could be based on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, different strategies, including the application of bio-fertilizers, are used to ameliorate the adverse effects posed by salinity stress as the major global problem in plants. Fish waste is suggested as a novel bio-fertilizer to mitigate the effects of biotic and abiotic stresses. In this investigation, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effects by applying different concentrations (0, 5, 10, and 15% (v/v)) of fish waste bio-fertilizer on stevia plants grown under salt stress conditions (0, 20, 40, and 60 mM of NaCl). Results showed that salinity negatively affected growth parameters, the photosynthetic pigments, the relative water content, and the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters while increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, total phenol, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, and total carbohydrates compared with control samples. On the other hand, the application of fish waste bio-fertilizer mitigated the effects of salinity stress by enhancing growth and mitigating stress-relative markers, especially at the highest salinity level (60 mM). Overall, fish waste bio-fertilizer could be considered a sustainable, innovative approach for the alleviation of salinity stress effects in plants and, in addition, fish waste bio-fertilizer did not cause more salinity issues, at least with the applied doses and experiment time, which is an imperative aspect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increase in global aquaculture production, managing waste from aquatic biomass has become a significant concern. This research aimed to develop a sustainable valorization approach for recovering calcium-rich fish, including mackerel tuna and pangas bone and shrimp shell powders. The powders were characterized by various physicochemical and nutritional parameters, including proximate composition, amino acids, protein solubility, water holding capacity (WHC), oil holding capacity (OHC), and heavy metal contents. Color analysis and structural examination were carried out using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and in vitro radical scavenging activity was assessed. Significant protein content was observed in the powders, which was highest in shrimp shell powder (SSP) at 37.78%, followed by 32.29% in pangas bone powder (PBP) and 30.28% in tuna bone powder (TBP). The ash content was consistent in PBP and TBP at around 62.80%, while SSP had a lower ash content of 36.58%. Amino acid analysis detected 14 different amino acids in the recovered powders. Notably, SSP demonstrated the highest WHC and OHC values (2.90 and 2.81, respectively), whereas TBP exhibited the lowest values (1.11 for WHC and 1.21 for OHC). FE-SEM revealed the compact structure of TBP and PBP, contrasting with the porous surface of SSP. EDX analysis indicated higher calcium (24.52%) and phosphorus (13.85%) contents in TBP, while SSP was enriched in carbon (54.54%). All detected heavy metal concentrations were within acceptable limits. The recovered powders demonstrated significant ABTS free radical scavenging activity. The findings of this study suggest the suitability of the recovered powders for various food and pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of size-suitable live food for small-gaped fish larvae is a major impediment to their growth and survival. Rotifers are viable live food that can bridge the gap between the dependence of such fish larvae from their endogenous yolk to larger-sized live feeds. The present study focused on developing Filinia longiseta, a very small local rotifer, as an important live food for fish larviculture. The study specifically investigated the effects of four different supplements (yeast, commercial fish fry booster, rice bran and fish waste) in the microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris) diet of Filinia longiseta to its population growth and individual growth. Yeast, fry booster and fish waste significantly (p<0.05) improved the population growth of F. longiseta better than rice bran and Chlorella only diet after 6 days of culture. Individual growth did not significantly vary among different diet treatments and control (p>0.05). Performance of these different supplements have been investigated in the past and showed that their effectivity in improving rotifer population and growth parameters were attributed to proper preparation, their digestibility, efficient absorption and interaction with microflora in the culture media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present experiment was conducted during March--May 2022 at ICAR--CIFE, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India to develop a unique fish feed from locally available vegetable, and fish processing waste. These two sources of the waste were used in composite bio-silage (CBS) production by combining fish (80%)--vegetable (20%) waste with probiotic proteolytic strain (E. faecalis+L. acidophilus) and jaggery (15% Jaggery) as a carbon source. The final CBS materials were used in experimental fish feed preparation by replacing fish meal (FM) protein. Changes in physicochemical, and microbiological quality characteristics of fish feed were measured every 15th day at room temperature (25--30°C). There was no change in color, the appearance of a moderately bad odour, a little bit of soft texture, and broken pellets were found in the later stages of the storage. Crude protein (38.50--36.10%) and fat (8.60--4.82%) content were decreased whereas, moisture content increased (9.15--11.10%) in all samples during the storage period. There were no notable changes in ash or crude fiber. Lipid oxidation product TBARs (8.0--13.205 MDA; nmol mg-1), Total Plate Count (2.75--6.70 log cfu g-1), and Fungal Count (1--2.50 log cfu g-1) were within acceptable range. The study's findings indicated that composite bio-silage incorporated fish feed has a shelf life of up to 60th days and can be fed during this period. The study also suggested that manufactured fish feed should not be stored for more than two months, either in the place of production or at the farmer's store. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feed residues and fish waste from floating net cage activities in Kedung Ombo Reservoir are the main issues in decreasing water quality, impacting the abundance of phytoplankton as primary producers. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship of nutrients and turbidity with phytoplankton abundance. This study used a field survey method with a purposive sampling technique. Samples were collected 3 times at intervals of 1 month at 3 different stations. Samples of water and phytoplankton were taken on the surface. Data analysis using multiple linear regression. The results showed that the nitrate concentration was 0.2–0.7 mg/L; phosphate 0.1–0.87 mg/L; and turbidity of 3.52–20.18 NTU. The phytoplankton abundance was 17,882–90,280 cells/L with a low diversity index (1.127–1.849), a high uniformity index (0.406–0.701), and a low dominance index (0.243–0.557). There is a strong correlation between nutrients, turbidity, and phytoplankton abundance, with a value of r = 0.800. The coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.640 indicates that phytoplankton abundance is influenced by nutrients and turbidity by 64%, while other factors influence the remaining 36%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new extracellular protease from Bacillus subtilis strain MPK with collagenolytic activity was isolated and purified. Fish skin which otherwise would be treated as waste is used as substrate for the production of protease. Using various techniques such as ammonium sulphate precipitation and ion exchange chromatography, protease was purified and characterized subsequently. Protease of approximately 61 kDa molecular weight was purified by 135.7-fold with 18.42% enzyme recovery. The protease showed effective properties like pH and temperature stability over a broad range with optimum pH 7.5 and temperature 60 °C. K m and V max were found to be 1.92 mg ml−1 and 1.02 × 10−4 mol L−1 min−1, respectively. The protease exhibited stability in various ions, surfactants, inhibitors and organic solvents. Subsequently, the protease was successfully utilized for collagen hydrolysis to generate collagen peptides; thus, the produced protease would be a potential candidate for multifaceted applications in food and pharmaceutical industries due to its significant characteristics and collagenolytic properties. • Bacillial collagenases have a remarkably high collagenolytic activity. • Using fish waste, a new extracellular protease from Bacillus subtilis strain MPK was isolated, purified and characterized. • The protease exhibited stability in various ions, surfactants, inhibitors and organic solvents. • The purified protease demonstrated the ability to produce collagen peptides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

World fishery production and its processing generate huge volumes of fish waste which cause significant challenge to public health and urban planning. The objective of this study is to prepare nanocarbon dots using tuna skin waste and to assess their effectiveness as an additive in three epoxy polymer coatings. These coatings will be applied to BIS 2062 boat building steel to study corrosion in marine environments. Fish skin-derived nanocarbon dots (FSCD) were synthesized through hydrothermal carbonization. Spectroscopic evaluation confirmed the presence of multiple fluorophores in FSCD, which suggest that molecule's structure includes a cyclic conjugated carbon core with dangling functional groups such as COOH, C=O, −OH and C–NH at the edges, resulting in blue–green fluorescence. Electrochemical characteristics of FSCD-reinforced commercial epoxy polymer (3 types)-coated BIS 2062 steel demonstrated excellent corrosion resistance in marine environment. The optimum concentrations of FSCD were determined to be 0.05% in bisphenol A and Dobeckot epoxy polymers, and 0.02% in Araldite epoxy polymer, as evidenced by the highest polarization resistance, lowest corrosion current density and capacitance. The nano-FSCD exerted a synergistic influence on pore-free polymerization due to the presence of dangling functional groups such as amines, in addition to the amine-based hardener. Therefore, fish waste-derived carbon dots offer great potential as a cost-effective and eco-friendly anticorrosive additive for epoxy polymers, meeting the majority of requirements in the anticorrosive coating industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which converted local fish waste into compost which will result in fish-waste management and analyzed its effect on the growth of Vina radiata. Topics discussed include analysis of soil and compost, physical and chemical parameters of soil and compost, and effect of compost on plant height of Vigna radiata.

Copyright of Revista de Investigación e Innovación Agropecuaria y de Recursos Naturales is the property of Revista de Investigacion e Innovacion Agropecuaria y de Recursos Naturales RIIARn and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Investigación e Innovación Agropecuaria y de Recursos Naturales is the property of Revista de Investigacion e Innovacion Agropecuaria y de Recursos Naturales RIIARn and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The bioplastics sector promotes environmentally friendly means of cutting down on the usage of fossil fuels, plastic waste, and environmental pollution. Plastic contamination has detrimental effects on both ecological systems and the global food supply. The approach we present here to resolve this issue involves the integration of sericin and gelatin, obtained from cocoon and fish waste, respectively, with nano-reinforced cellulose crystals, to develop a biodegradable and compostable plastic material. The use of cocoon and fish wastes for the extraction of sericin and gelatin presents an environmentally beneficial approach since it contributes to waste reduction. The sericin level found in silk cocoon waste was determined to be 28.08%, and the gelatin amount in fish waste was measured to be 58.25%. The inclusion of sericin and gelatin in bioplastics was accompanied by the incorporation of glycerol, vinegar, starch, sodium hydroxide, and other coloring agents. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) examination of bioplastics revealed the presence of functional groups that corresponded to the sericin and gelatin components. The tensile strength of the bioplastic material was measured to be 27.64 MPa/psi, while its thickness varied between 0.072 and 0.316 mm. The results of burial experiments indicated that the bioplastic material had a degradation rate of 85% after 14 days. The invention exhibits potential as a viable alternative for packaging, containment, and disposable plastic materials. The use of this sustainable approach is recommended for the extraction of sericin and gelatin from silk cocoons and fish waste, with the intention of using them as raw materials for bioplastic production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Foliar spray of nutrients offers a best way to accelerate crop growth and boost up productivity of mungbean under irrigated conditions to meet out the demand raised by ever increasing population of our country. The study was framed to investigate physiochemical and biological properties of fermented fish waste extract (FFWE) and its effects on productivity performance in mungbean. Methods: The organic liquid FFWE was characterized for its physiochemical and biological properties in the laboratory. Field experiments were conducted during Kharif 2019 and 2020 in mungbean to study the effect of FFWE as foliar spray on growth, yield, quality and economics. Treatments consisted of foliar spray of different concentrations of FFWE (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 %) compared with 1% urea and control. The treatments were replicated four times in a randomized block design. Result: Laboratory analysis showed that fermented fish waste extract contains considerable amount of essential nutrients namely nitrogen (1.87%), phosphorus (0.49%), potassium (0.93%), calcium (0.54%), magnesium (0.26%), sulphur (0.04%), copper (3.1 ppm), zinc (38.2 ppm), manganese (4.8 ppm) and iron (118 ppm). The microbial population viz., total bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in FFWE were found to be 196±1.8, 11±0.06 and 203±0.87 (CFU/mL), respectively. Field experiments revealed that 2.0% FFWE foliar spray at flowering stage and 15 days after first spray in mungbean found to improve the plant height, (40.8 cm) dry matter production (1770 kg/ha), leaf chlorophyll (SPAD value 40.0), number of pods per plant (28.3), seeds per pod (9.9), grain yield (665 kg/ha) and grain protein (23.4%). Economics of foliar nutrition showed that foliar spray of 2.0% FFWE gave higher net return of Rs. 24057/- per ha and benefit cost ratio of 2.30. Thus, it could be concluded that foliar spray of 2.0% fermented fish waste extract could be considered as an excellent source of organic liquid manure for enhancing the productivity of mungbean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]