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The lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) is one of the most abundant ducks in North America, but information relating to its ecology is limited in comparison to that available for most other waterfowl (Rogers 1964; Trauger 1971; Hines 1977). The lack of detailed data is due, in part, to the fact that the majority of the breeding range occurs in relatively inaccessible areas of Alaska and northwest Canada (Rogers 1964) and, perhaps, to a perception that the species is highly abundant and does not face significant management problems (A. D. Afton, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Bemidji; letter dated January 30, 1986). The primary breeding range of the lesser scaup generally extends southeast from central Alaska to western Ontario and south to northern Wyoming and central Minnesota (American Ornithologists' Union 1983). The species will occasionally breed as far south as northeastern California, northeastern Colorado, central Nebraska, and northern Illinois. The lesser scaup has been characterized as particularly demanding of specific environmental characteristics and as the least adaptable waterfowl species in relation to changes in reproductive habitat conditions (Smith 1971).

This document combines the efforts of several individuals, agencies, and organizations toward a common objective: the identification, description, and preliminary evaluation of promising opportunities for protecting instream uses of water under existing laws in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. This report is intended for the use of State and Federal planning and management personnel who need an overview of potential opportunities for preserving instream flows. It is not intended to replace or challenge the advice of agency counsel, nor is it written to provide legal advice. Instead, it is designed as a guide for the person trying to find his or her way among sometimes bewildering State statutes and administrative practices. This report is not, and should not be taken as, official policy or prediction of future actions by any agency. It is simply a summary of some potential opportunities for protecting instream uses. A purpose of this report is to encourage cooperative and innovative thinking by all persons interested in instream flows for fish and wildlife, and watershed management at Federal, State, or local levels of government, as well as private individuals and wildlife organizations. Many talented people want to protect instream flows; their cooperation in a variety of approaches will be necessary to further this goal.

This paper is the third in a series depicting how particular States have protected instream uses of water. The purpose of the series is to detail, historically, the four routes through which States have established instream flow protection systems. The four routes taken by the States are: (1) the reservation of water for instream flows; (2) the incorporation of instream flow standards into regional water quality plans; (3) the appropriation of water for instream flows; and (4) the administrative protection of instream flows through the exercise of State government authority in issuing, refusing, and conditioning water use permits. This paper discusses Idaho's system, which protects instream uses of water by appropriating flows for certain segments of rivers and streams. The intended audience for this papers includes individuals concerned with State water plans and State water administration, government agency personnel, and the general public. This paper provides a basic look at the institutional processes in the management of instream uses of water. This paper discusses the basic water law system in Idaho, which is important because any attempt to establish a system of instream flow protection must work within the framework of the law. This paper also provides an analysis of Idaho's governmental decisions about water allocation.

This document combines the efforts of several individuals, agencies, and organizations toward a common objective: the identification; description; and preliminary evaluation of promising opportunities for protecting instream uses of water under existing law in Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. This report is intended for the use of planning and management personnel who need an overview of potential opportunities for preserving instream flows. It is not intended to replace or challenge the advice of agency counsel and it is not written to provide legal advice. Instead, it is designed as a guide for the person trying to find his way among sometimes bewildering Federal and State statutes and administrative practices. This report is not, and should not be taken as, official policy or prediction of future actions by any agency. It is simply a summary of some potential opportunities for protecting instream flows. The purpose of this booklet is to encourage cooperative and innovative thinking by all persons interested in instream flows for fish and wildlife, recreation, and watershed management at Federal, State, or local levels of government, as well as private individuals and wildlife organizations. A summary table of opportunities is provided for each State. Many talented people want to protect instream flows; their cooperation in a variety of approaches will be necessary to solve the problem.

The Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) models and instream flow Suitability Index (SI) curves presented in this publication aid in identifying important variables that determine the quality of striped bass habitat. Facts, concepts, and opinions obtained from published and unpublished reports, a Delphi panel of 18 striped bass experts/authorities, and the Striped Bass Committee, Southern Division, American Fisheries Society, are synthesized and presented in a format that can be used for habitat impact assessment and development of management alternatives.

This is the fourth in a series of papers that detail methods which States have used to protect instream flows. This paper discusses Iowa's efforts to protect instream uses through administrative methods; i.e., the exercise of State government authority in issuing, refusing, and conditioning water use permits. The intended audience for this paper includes individuals concerned with State water plans, State water administration agency personnel, Federal fish and wildlife biologists, water management personnel, and the general public. This paper provides a look at the basic institutional processes in the management of instream uses of water. This paper discusses the basic water law system in Iowa, which is important because any attempt to establish a system of instream flow protection must work within the framework of the law. This paper also provides an analysis of Iowa's governmental decisions about water allocation. The emphasis, however, is on Iowa's stream flow protection program.

This report is part of the Habitat Suitability Index model series which provides habitat information useful for impact assessment and habitat management. The Habitat Use Information section is largely constrained to those data that can be used to derive quantitative relationships between key environmental variables and habitat suitability. In addition, this same information may be useful in the development of other models more appropriate to specific assessment or evaluation needs for the gray partridge (Perdix perdix).

Literature describing the habitat preferences of the northern pike (Esox lucius Linnaeus) is reviewed, and the relationships between habitat variables and life requisites are synthesized into a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model. HSI models are designed for use with the Habitat Evaluation Procedures (HEP) in impact assessment and habitat management activities. p48

In Opportunities to Protect Instream Flows in Minnesota and Iowa, this report provides the reader with a basic survey of State prerogatives and programs that may be used to protect the instream uses of water. Because of the interest and responsibilities of State fish and wildlife agencies and other conservation organizations, most of these opportunities are related to fish and wildlife habitat. However, there are many other instream uses considered, including hydroelectric power production, recreation, navigation, downstream delivery, and waste load assimilation. The purpose of this document is to illustrate methods to protect these instream uses within the context of existing rules and regulations. The primary purpose of this series of documents is to point out the opportunities in instream flow management which currently exist so that planners and managers can anticipate development, plan appropriate programs, and evaluate the costs and benefits of certain courses of action. In addition, the reports are brief histories of the level of success of various State programs. The use of this information can be a significant cost saving to planners and managers. This document combines the efforts of several individuals, agencies, and organizations toward a common objective: the identification; description; and preliminary evaluation of promising opportunities for protecting instream uses of water under existing law in Minnesota and Iowa.

Habitat preferences and species characteristics of the ferruginous hawk (Buteo regalis) are described in this publication. It is one of a series of Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) models and was developed through an analysis of available scientific data on the species-habitat requirements of the ferruginous hawk. Habitat use information is presented in a review of the literature, followed by the development of a HSI model. The model is presented in three formats: graphic, word and mathematical.

A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model for the greater prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus). The model consolidates habitat use information into a framework appropriate for field application, and is scaled to produce an index between 0.0 (unsuitable habitat) and 1.0 (optimum habitat). HSI models are designed to be used with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

This is one of a series of publications that provide information on the habitat requirements of selected fish and wildlife species. Literature describing the relationship between habitat variables related to life requisites and habitat suitability for the Smallmouth buffalo (Ictiobus bubalus) are synthesized. These data are subsequently used to develop Habitat Suitability (HSI) models. The HSI models are designed to provide information that can be used in impact assessment and habitat management. p38

This document combines the efforts of several individuals, agencies, and organizations toward a common objective: the identification; description; and preliminary evaluation of promising opportunities for protecting instream uses of water under existing law in Nebraska and Kansas. This report is intended for the use of planning and management personnel who need an overview of potential opportunities for preserving instream flows. It is not intended to replace or challenge the advice of agency counsel, and it is not written to provide legal advice. Instead, it is designed as a guide for the person trying to find his way among sometimes bewildering Federal and State statutes and administrative practices. This report is not, and should not be taken as, official policy or prediction of future actions by any agency. It is simply a summary of some potential opportunities for protecting instream flows.

This document summarizes a more detailed report on a study, plus associated recommendations provided to the U.S. Congress by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, as required by Section 12 of the 1980 Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act, Public Law 96-366 (Forsythe-Chafee Act). The detailed report is entitled, "Potential Funding Sources to Implement the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act of 1980," U.S.Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 85(5). The purpose of this study was to develop information and data for determining, in consultation with potentially affected parties, the most equitable and effective mechanism for funding grants to States for nongame programs. Congress specified that this study include, but not be limited to, funding by potential excise taxes on appropriate items. p64

This is one of a series of publications that provide information on the habitat requirements of selected fish and wildlife species. Literature describing the relationship between habitat variables related to life requisites and habitat suitability for the Green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) are synthesized. These data are subsequently used to develop Habitat Suitability (HSI) models. The HSI models are designed to provide information that can be used in impact assessment and habitat management.

A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop a riverine habitat model for Coho Salmon (Oncorhychus kitsutch) an anadromous species. The model is scaled to produce an index of habitat suitability between 0 (unsuitable habitat) and 1 (optimally suitable habitat) for riverine areas of the continental United States. Habitat suitability indices (HSI's) are designed for use with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. p38

A literature review encompassing habitat and species characteristics of the slough darter (Etheostoma gracile) is followed by a discussion of the relationship of habitat variables and life requisites of this species. These data are then incorporated into Habitat Suitability Index models for the slough darter. This is one in a series of publications describing habitat requirements of selected fish and wildlife species.

This publication contains information pertaining to monitoring programs which may be used to evaluate the effects of land use practices on small salmonid streams in the Western United States. Information includes an approach for designing a monitoring program, variables which may be used with field measurement techniques, and statistical tests for evaluating data. p210

The snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) is indigenous to boreal forests throughout North America (Dolbeer and Clark 1975). Snowshoe hares consume herbaceous vegetation during the growing season and change to a woody diet in the fall and winter (Baker et al. 1921; Dodds 1960). Young forests with abundant understory that provide food and cover are preferred habitat (Grange 1932). Snowshoe hares exhibit approximate 10-year cycles of abundance and scarcity throughout much of their range, which have been attributed to hare-food interactions (Vowles 1972; Bryant 1981a) and hare-food-predator interactions (Keith 1974; Wolff 1980, 1981).

A review and synthesis of existing information was used to develop a habitat model for the black-capped chickadee (Parus atricapillus). The model is scaled to produce an index of habitat suitability between 0 (unsuitable habitat) and 1 (optimally suitable habitat) for areas of the continental United States. Habitat suitability indexes are designed for use with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

A review and synthesis of existing information was used to develop a habitat model for the downy woodpecker (Picoides pubescens). The model is scaled to produce an index of habitat suitability between 0 (unsuitable habitat) and 1 (optimally suitable habitat) for areas of the continental United States. Habitat suitability indexes are designed for use with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model for the swamp rabbit (Sylvilagus aquaticus). The model consolidates habitat use information into a framework appropriate for field application, and is scaled to produce an index between 0.0 (unsuitable habitat) and 1.0 (optimum habitat). HSI models are designed to be used with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

This is one of a series of publications that provide information on the habitat requirements of selected fish and wildlife species. Literature describing the relationship between habitat variables related to life requisites and habitat suitability for the pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) are synthesized. These data are subsequently used to develop Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) models. The HSI models are designed to provide information that can be used in impact assessment and habitat management.

A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop a habitat model for Baird 5 sparrow (Ammodramus bairdii). The model is scaled to produce an index of suitability between 0 (unsuitable habitat) and 1 (optimally suitable habitat) for Baird's sparrow habitat in the Northern Great Plains. Habitat suitability indices are designed for use with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

A literature review of the characteristics and life requisites of the white crappie (Pomoxis annularis) is followed by an analysis of habitat variables and a synthesis of species-related information into Habitat Suitability Index models for the white crappie. The white crappie is native to freshwater lakes and streams. This is one in a series of publications developed to provide information on the habitat requirements of selected fish and wildlife species.

Habitat preferences and species characteristics of the fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) are described in this publication. It is one of a series of Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) models and was developed through an analysis of available scientific data on the species-habitat requirements of the fox squirrel. Habitat use information is presented in a review of the literature, followed by the development of a HSI model. The model is presented in three formats: graphic, word, and mathematical . Suitability index graphs quantify the species-habitat relationship. These data are then synthesized into a model which is designed to provide information for use in impact assessment and habitat management activities.

Habitat preferences of the pine warbler (Dendroica pinus) are described in this publication, which is one of a series of Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) models. Habitat use information is presented in a synthesis of the literature on the species- habitat requirements of the pine warbler, followed by the development of the HSI model. The model is presented in three formats: graphic, word, and mathematical, and is designed to provide information for use in impact assessment and habitat management activities.

This document is part of the Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) Model Series, which provides habitat information useful for impact assessment and habitat management for the Western grebe (Aechmophorus occidentalis). Several types of habitat information are provided. A Habitat Use Information Section can be used to derive quantitative relationships between key environmental variables and habitat suitability. The HSI Model Section documents a habitat model and information pertinent to its application.

A review and synthesis of existing information was used to develop riverine and lacustrine habitat models for longnose dace,(Rhinichthys cataractae) a freshwater species. The models are scaled to produce an index of habitat suitability between 0 (unsuitable habitat) and 1 (optimally suitable habitat) for freshwater, marine and estuarine areas of the continental United States. Habitat suitability indexes are designed for use with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

A review and synthesis of existing information was used to develop riverine and lacustrine habitat models for Bigmouth buffalo (Ictiobus cyprinellus) a freshwater species. The models are scaled to produce indices of habitat suitability between 0 (unsuitable habitat) and 1 (optimally suitable habitat) for freshwater areas of the continental United States. Other habitat suitability models found in the literature are also included. Habitat suitability indices (HSI's) are designed for use with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

A review and synthesis of existing information was used to develop riverine and lacustrine habitat models for Longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus) a freshwater species. The models are scaled to produce an index of habitat suitability between 0 (unsuitable habitat) and 1 (optimally suitable habitat) for freshwater areas of the continental United States. Habitat Suitability indices (HSI's) are designed for use with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

A novel approach to reservoir habitat evaluation is described and habitat ratings are proposed for five fish species in coolwater and coldwater reservoirs. This approach has the advantages of procedural simplicity and ready availability of input data; consequently, it has potential utility as a screening tool in the early stages of the reservoir planning process. Evaluation criteria and ratings are presented for rainbow trout, white sucker, yellow perch, common carp and black crappie.

The blue-winged teal (Anas discors) primarily is associated with the northern prairies and parklands and is the most abundant breeding duck on the mixed prairie grasslands of the Dakotas and the Prairie Provinces of Canada. A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model for the blue-winged teal (Anas discors). The model consolidates habitat use information into a framework appropriate for field application, and is scaled to produce an index between 0.0 (unsuitable habitat) and 1.0 (optimum habitat). HSI models are designed to be used with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Habitat preferences of Lewis' woodpecker (Melanerpes lewis) are described in this publication, which is one of a series of Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) models. A review and synthesis of the literature is followed by development of a model of the species-habitat requirements of Lewis' woodpecker. Habitat suitability indexes are designed for use with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Habitat preferences of the field sparrow (Spizella pusilla) are described in this report, which is one of a series of Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) models. A review and synthesis of the literature is followed by the development of a habitat model for the field sparrow throughout its breeding range in the United States. HSI models are designed to be used in conjunction with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

This document is part of the Habitat Suitability Index Model Series, which provides habitat information useful for impact assessment and habitat management. Both of the models described in this report are based on the significant association of Wildlife species with vegetation structure. The models compare the structure in the study area with the vegetation structure that could potentially occur in that study area following land use changes or disturbance. These models provide a low resolution assessment of habitat structure relevant early in the land-use planning process.