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Purpose Fausey and Boroditsky (Psychon. Bull. Rev., 17, 2010, 644) demonstrated that agentive descriptions of accidents can increase perceived blame and financial liability. We conducted direct replications of their studies 1 and 2 in English, as originally used, and in Croatian. Methods Participants in the first experiment read either an agentive or a nonagentive description of an incident that resulted in a fire and rated the level of blame and financial liability of the main character in the story. The second experiment examined the direct influence of language on financial liability assessments while manipulating the blame level. Participants were presented with the same story as in the first experiment with the added sentence about the blame level attributed to the main character by an independent panel. We used the materials from the original studies and replicated the studies using a large sample of native English-speaking residents of the USA and Croatian students. Results We successfully replicated original findings in English, but results of the experiments conducted in Croatian were mixed. In the first experiment, we found a smaller effect of agentive language and only on the blame level and not on the proposed financial penalty. In the second experiment, we did not find the effect of agentive language on the proposed fine. Conclusions Our experiments confirmed the original findings in English. The effect might exist in Croatian too, but its exact size remains to be determined in future research. Possible explanations of observed differences between results in English and Croatian are discussed.

BackgroundRefugees are prone to injury due to often austere living conditions, social and economic disadvantages, and limited access to health care services in host countries. This study systematically quantified the prevalence of physical injuries and burns among the refugee community in Western Lebanon and examined injury characteristics, risk factors and outcomes.MethodWe conducted a cluster-based population survey across 21 camps in the Bekaa region of Lebanon from February to April 2019. A modified version of the ‘Surgeons Overseas Assessment of Surgical Need (SOSAS)’ tool v 3.0 was administered to the head of the refugee household and documented all injuries sustained by family members over the last 12 months. Descriptive and univariate regression analyses were performed to understand the association between variables.Results750 heads of household were surveyed. 112 (14.9%) household sustained injuries in the past 12 months, 39 of which (34.9%) reported disabling injuries that affected their work and daily living. Most injuries occurred inside the tent (29.9%). A burn was sustained by at least one household member in 136 (18.1%) households. The majority (63.7%) of burns affected children under 5 years and were mainly due to boiling liquid (50%). Significantly more burns were reported in households where caregivers have the inability to lockout children while cooking (25.6% vs 14.9%, p-value=0.001). Similarly, households with unemployed head significantly had more reported burns (19.7% vs 13.3%, p-value=0.05). Nearly 16.1% of injured refugees were unable to seek health care due to lack of health insurance coverage and financial liability.ConclusionRefugees suffer injuries and burns with substantial human and economic repercussions on individuals, their families and the host healthcare system. Resources should be allocated to designing safe camps and implementing educational and awareness programs with special focus on heating and cooking methods.

The increasing prevalence of diabetes, combined with a growing global shortage of health care professionals (HCP), necessitates the need to develop new approaches to diabetes care delivery to expand access to care, lessen the burden on people with diabetes, improve efficiencies, and reduce the unsustainable financial liability on health systems and payers. Use of digital diabetes technologies and telehealth protocols within a digital/virtual diabetes clinic has the potential to address these challenges. However, several issues must be resolved to move forward. In February 2020, organizers of the Advanced Technologies & Treatments for Diabetes Annual Conference convened an international panel of HCP, researchers, patient advocates, and industry representatives to review the status of digital diabetes technologies, characterize deficits in current technologies, and identify issues for consideration. Since that meeting, the importance of using telehealth and digital diabetes technologies has been demonstrated amid the global coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. This article summarizes the panel's discussion of the opportunities, obstacles, and requisites for advancing the use of these technologies as a standard of care for the management of diabetes.

This study aims to map the extent of the research activity in the field of financial competencies and nursing and identify main patterns, advances, gaps, and evidence produced to date.Financial competencies are important indicators of professionalism and may influence the quality of care in nursing; moreover, these competencies are the basis of health care sustainability. Despite their relevance, studies available on financial competencies in the nursing field have not been mapped to date.A scoping review was guided according to (a) the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Review and (b) the Patterns, Advances, Gaps and Evidence for practice and Research recommendations framework.A total of 21 studies were included. Main research patterns have been developing/evaluating the effectiveness of education programmes and investigating the nurse's role in the context of financial management, challenges and needs perceived by them, and tool validation to assess these competencies. The most frequently used concept across studies was 'financial management competencies' (n = 19).The sparse production of studies across countries suggests that there is a need to invest in this research field.Nurses with managerial roles should invest in their financial competencies by requiring formal training both at the academic and at the continuing education levels. They should also promote educational initiatives for clinical nurses, to increase their capacity to contribute, understand, and manage the emerging financial issues.

espanolEl 11 de diciembre de 2019, la Seccion 4.a de la Sala de lo Contencioso-Administrativo de la Audiencia Nacional dicto finalmente sentencia en el caso Couso. La sentencia afirma la responsabilidad patrimonial de la Administracion General del Estado y la condena al pago de indemnizacion por la omision del ejercicio de la proteccion diplomatica a la que vendria obligado el Estado espanol respecto de sus nacionales. Se trata de una sentencia relevante por sus efectos que, sin duda, trascienden el caso concreto y pueden tener consecuencias sobre el interes general. El 24 de febrero de 2020, la Abogacia del Estado presento escrito de preparacion del recurso de casacion por infraccion del ordenamiento e interes casacional. Este estudio supone un analisis critico de la confusa argumentacion de esta sentencia desde la perspectiva de la concepcion de la institucion de la proteccion diplomatica en Derecho internacional y en el Derecho interno espanol. EnglishOn December 11, 2019, the Contentious-Administrative Chamber of the National Court, Section 4, finally issued a judgment on the Couso case. The Judgment states the financial liability of the General State Administration and orders it to pay compensation for the omission in the exercise of diplomatic protection to which the Spanish State would be obliged on behalf of its nationals. It is a relevant Judgment due to its effects that, undoubtedly, transcend the specific case and may have consequences on the general interest. On February 24, 2020, the State Attorney’s Office presented a pleading in preparation for the Supreme Court’s appeal for violation of the domestic legal system and for the reversal interest for the Supreme Court. This article represents a critical analysis of the confusing argumentation of the Judgment from both an International Law and a Spanish domestic law perspective of the diplomatic protection’s doctrine.

The global demand in energy resources is moving the petroleum industry to the Arctic with its huge resource potential. The lack of infrastructure onshore increases the role of the Arctic marine shi...

The article addresses the issue of stress testing based on the probability of bankruptcy and a rating migration matrix. The analysis is conducted on a sample of listed companies in Poland in the years 1998–2016, and the forecasts are made for the years 2016–2018. Particular attention is paid to how the variable on which rating migration matrices are developed is defined. Stress tests are carried out on variables derived from rating migration matrices and economic indicators. The study provides information on the methodology for stress testing.

This article is devoted to the analysis of the current legislation of Ukraine, as well as judicial practice in the context of the need to enter information in the declaration of a person authorized to perform the functions of the state or local government, namely the column "Financial Liabilities", in the form of surety, and the problem of providing a criminal legal assessment in the context of the possibility of the acts qualification under Article 366-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (hereinafter - the Criminal Code of Ukraine). These issues nowadays acquire the status of an exceptional legal problem due to the lack of a single law enforcement practice, and therefore require theoretical and practical consideration. In this regard, the article focuses on the analysis of certain provisions of the Law of Ukraine "On Prevention of Corruption", consideration of the crime under Article 366-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, as well as consideration of the judicial practice of the European Court of Human Rights, the Supreme Court, the Constitutional Court Ukraine, courts of appeal and local courts. Much of the author's attention is focused on the concept of legal nature and the institution of bail in general. In doing so, the author explored the above issues through the lens of human rights protection, based on the understanding of the essence of the principle of legal certainty, which is part of the concept of the rule of law. The conclusions suggested proposals as for improving the question that author discussed by amending national anti-corruption legislation in order to enable it to qualify the act provided for in Article 366-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine in the form of failure to enter information in the declaration column "Financial liabilities" of the persons authorized to perform the functions of state or local government in the presence of surety. In particular, the author emphasized that formulation of the norm, which defines the concept of "financial liabilities", makes it impossible to apply it in the context of qualifying a crime under Article 366-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine due to lack of legal certainty, which makes it impossible to maintain the principle the rule of law, and therefore a priori, human rights and freedoms will be violated.

حق المرأة في احتراف التجارة (دراسة مقارنة في الفقه الإسلامي والقانون الوضعي) إبراهيم أحمد السيد البسطويسي قسم القانون الخاص ، تجاري، بکلية الشريعة والقانون، جامعة الأزهر ، طنطا ، مصر. قسم القانون بکلية الشريعة والقانون،جامعة الجوف، المملکة العربية السعودية. البريد الإلکتروني: dr_bastawesy@yahoo.com الملخص: يتناول هذا البحث بيان حق المرأة في احتراف التجارة، ببيان ماهية کل من الحق والاحتراف، وشروط احتراف المرأة للتجارة، والتي تتمثل في مزاولة عمل تجاري، والاحتراف، والاستقلال، والأهلية، ثم شروط احتراف المرأة المتزوجة للتجارة، وظهر من البحث أن من حق المرأة احتراف التجارة واکتساب صفة تاجر حتى دون موافقة زوجها، وأن لها ذمة مالية مستقلة عنه، وهذا في الفقه الإسلامي وکذلک في معظم القوانين العربية.أعتمد في هذا البحث على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي من خلال النظر في النصوص القانونية ومدى ما إذا کانت تتفق أو تختلف بوجه عام مع الفقه الإسلامي، مع الاستدلال وضرب النماذج.ونتائج البحث تشتمل علي أن مزاولة المرأة للعمل التجاري مشروع سواء في الفقه الإسلامي أو القانون الوضعي، فإذا تم ذلک مع باقي الشروط تکتسب المرأة صفة التاجر والمرأة في معظم القوانين العربية لها أن تعمل بالتجارة دون إذن زوجها، وتکتسب صفة التاجر، وهذا يتفق مع ما أقرته الشريعة الإسلامية وللمرأة ذمة مالية مستقلة عن الرجل سواء قبل الزواج أو بعده ،ومن أهم التوصيات التمکين الحقيقي للمرأة والتأکيد على دورها المجتمعي، من خلال التشريعات واللوائح التي تفرض وجودها النسبي في المشروعات ومجالس الإدارات المختلفة، ولو لفترة زمنية معينة؛ حتى يعتاد المجتمع على وجودها دون إنکار. الکلمات المفتاحية :الحق ، الاحتراف ، عمل المرأة، قوانين عربية ، المرأة المتزوجة، الذمة المالية. prerogative of Women to professionalism commerce (Comparative Study of Islamic Fiqh and statutory law) Ibrahim Ahmed El-Bastawisi Department of Private Law Commercial, Faculty of Sharia and Law, Al-Azhar University, Tanta , Egypy. Department of Law, Faculty of Sharia and Law, Al-Jouf University,Saudi Arabia. dr_bastawesy@yahoo.com Email: Abstract: This study deals with explaining the right of women to commerce professionally, by stating what is the right and professionalism, and the conditions for women to commerce in commerce, which are practicing a business, professionalism, independence, and eligibility, then the conditions for a married woman to commerce, and it emerged from the research that women have the right to professionalism commerce and gain the status of a merchant even without the approval of her husband, and that she has a financial liability independent of him, and this is in Islamic jurisprudence as well as in most Arab laws. In this study, I rely on the descriptive and analytical approach through looking at legal texts and the extent of whether they agree or differ in general with Islamic jurisprudence, with inference and striking patterns. And the search results include meThe practice of women in commercial business is legitimate, whether in Islamic jurisprudence or positive law. If this is done with the remaining conditions, the woman will gain the status of merchant. In most Arab laws, a woman has the right to work in commerce without her husband's permission, and to acquire the status of a merchant, and this is consistent with what is prescribed by Islamic law.Women have a financial liability independent of men, whether before or after marriage. Among the most important recommendations The real empowerment of women and the affirmation of their societal role, through legislation and regulations that impose their relative presence in projects and boards of different departments, even for a certain period of time; so that society gets used to its existence without denial. Keywords: The Right , Professionalism ,Women 's Work , Arab Laws, Married Women , Financial Clearance.

The process of applying the law is invariably related to the process of its interpretation. This process is influenced on the one hand by interpretative directives, and on the other by sanction norms penalizing the damage caused by an official to an enterprise or the State Treasury, and even providing for liability for damages. They have a diverse character and are included in various legal acts. The paper aims to examine whether the regulations in force in this area stimulate pro-entrepreneurial or pro-fiscal behavior among public officials. The provisions regulating the principle of resolving doubts in favor of the party, as well as the premises for updating clerical liability and the severity of possible sanctions are analyzed in order to assess the effectiveness and completeness of procedural guarantees granted to energy companies. As part of the analysis, the author also refers to selected examples from the jurisprudence of the President of the Energy Regulatory Office discussing the facts and settled decisions. The results of the study lead to the conclusion that the current regulations do not provide the President of the ERO with sufficient incentive to adopt a interpretation favorable to entrepreneurs. The prospect of incurring consequences under the Act on liability for violation of public finances is more motivating than the fear of harming an entrepreneur. Officials issuing unfavorable decisions are unafraid of consequences from the right of the entrepreneur to appeal the decision to court. A change of regulations is needed, or critical verification of the jurisprudence of the President of the Energy Regulatory Office by courts in order to eliminate the existing threat to energy enterprises., {"references":["Ustawa z dnia 14 czerwca 1960 r. – Kodeks postępowania administracyjnego, t.j. 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هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى بيان حکم عمل الزوجة خارج البيت وما يترتب عليه من حصولها على راتب شهري، ومدى حق الزوج في أخذ جزء من هذا الراتب. وقد استعرض الباحث من أجل ذلک حق المرأة في العمل، وکذلک مدي حقها في اشتراط العمل أو الاستمرار فيما کانت تعمل في عقد النکاح، ومدى جواز اشتراطها أجرة عملها دون أن يکون للزوج الحق فيه، وعن مدى تأثير عمل المرأة على نفقتها من زوجها، وهل يسقط حقها في النفقة بناء على ذلک؟. وقد خلص الباحث إلى جملة من النتائج أهمها: أنه يجوز للزوجة العمل خارج البيت وفقا للضوابط الشرعية، وأنه يجوز لها أن تشترط العمل أو الاستمرار فيه إن وجد بعد الزواج، وأن لها ذمة مالية مستقلة عن زوجها؛ ومن ثم يکون لها التصرف في مالها إعطاء ومنعا طبقا للضوابط الشرعية في ذلک، وأن خروجها للعمل لا يترتب عليه سقوط نفقتها إلا إذا کان العمل دون اشتراط سابق، أو کان دون إذن من زوجها، وأنه لا حرج في أخذ الزوج جزء من راتب زوجته بشرط أن يکون عن طيب نفس منها، ويکون من باب التعاون في الإنفاق على حاجات الأسرة. الکلمات المفتاحية: الحق، عمل الزوجة، النفقة، الذمة المالية، الراتب. Summary This study aimed to explain the ruling of a wife working outside the home and the consequent of her receiving a monthly salary, and the extent of the husband's right to take part of this salary. For this purpose, the researcher reviewed the woman’s right to work, as well as the extent of her right to require work or continue with what she was working in the marriage contract, and the extent to which she may be required to pay her work fee without the husband having the right to it, and about the extent of the impact of the woman’s work on her spending from her husband. Her right to alimony accordingly? The researcher concluded a set of results, the most important of which are that the wife may work outside the home in accordance with the legal controls, and that it is permissible for her to require or continue to work if it exists after marriage, and that she has a financial liability independent of her husband; and then she has to dispose of her money for giving and forbidding According to the legal controls on that, and her exit to work does not result in her expense falling unless the work is without a pre-requisite. Or it was without the permission of her husband, and there is nothing wrong with the husband taking part of his wife's salary, provided that he is in the same kind as her, and it is in order to cooperate in spending on the needs of the family. Key words: right, wife's work, alimony, financial liability, salary.

The contractual type of Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) is becoming a more common delivery method of Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) for infrastructure projects. However, their implementation is not seamless due to a number of factors including uncertainty in future demand, which discourages participation of private investors. In response, governments often provide Minimum Revenue Guarantee (MRG) which is a contractual clause that can be invoked if project revenue falls below the guarantee threshold. While MRG does not provide an upfront subsidy such as a grant, it exposes the governments to significant financial liability. In 2001, the South Korean government partnered with a consortium of private investors to deliver the Incheon Airport Highway using the BOT framework. The MRG clause was also an integral part of the BOT contract with the total net additional liability to the government exceeding $1.5 billion. This case study paper presents a renegotiation framework that is based on the equivalent NPV constraint condition. The implementation results show that the partners can find a set of alternative solutions that reduce government financial exposure while maintaining the private sector’s NPV.

Анализ развития онлайн-банкинга позволяет сделать вывод о его возрастающей роли в обеспечении стабильности осуществления предпринимательской деятельности в период кризисных явлений в экономике. Вместе с тем автор обращает внимание на то обстоятельство, что электронная банковская деятельность в России сталкивается с рядом проблем, базовые из которых обозначены в статье. Проведя их исследование, автор предлагает основные направления их решения., Analysis of the development of online banking allows us to conclude that it has an increasing role in ensuring the stability of business activities during the economic crisis. At the same time, the author draws attention to the fact that electronic banking activity in Russia faces a number of problems, the basic ones of which are indicated in the article. After conducting their research, the author offers the main directions of their solution.

This paper develops a three-layer supply chain for defective and non-defective types of produced items by supplier and manufacturer. The condition of the chain that without any financial liability on the manufacturer, defective items will be sent back to the supplier after screening. In the subsequent stage, the retailer accepts the non-defective items produced by the manufacturer after the screening and sends back the defective items to the manufacturer. Hence the retailer receives the perfect quality items for selling to the customers, but the retailer considers the effect of the deterioration of items. This model also considers the impact of several business strategies such as; optimal order size of raw materials, production rate, unit production cost, idle time costs of the supplier, and manufacturer in a collaborative marketing system, etc. to determine the optimum average profit of the integrated model. This study discusses the selling price of the retailer, demand rate of the customer, purchase cost of supplier and holding cost, which can be a significant breakthrough in expanding the profit of the business in real terms. Numerical example and sensitivity analysis are presented to illustrate the phenomenon of theoretical study and demonstrate the managerial implication of the model.

Aim: The current study explores the benefits in children with cochlear implants (CI) from the parentalperspective. The objective is to understand the concerns of parents in order to plan appropriaterecommendations for habilitation and educational programs.Method: Fifty-three parents of children with CI completed the questionnaire titled, “Parental Perspectiveson CI”. The questionnaire consisted of 106 statements with 10 subsections that analyse the different aspectsrelated to the pre and post –implantation process.Results: The study reported that parents are satisfied with the overall development of the child. However,they expressed significant concerns regarding recurring cost of the implant, distance, travel and also thefuture of the child with CI.Conclusion: Parents recognize that CI has made an overall positive impact on their children. They alsorecognize CI as a heavy financial liability post implantation that may not allow children to obtain theoptimal benefit. The study also indicated that the government should initiate financial policies to provide thenecessary support for habilitation and equipment maintenance