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Copyright of Revista de Psicoterapia y Psicosomática is the property of Instituto de Estudios Psicosomaticos & Psicoterapia Medica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En este trabajo presentamos el análisis de la secuencia mitocondrial completa de una muestra biológica perteneciente a Blas Jaime, reconocido como chaná, hablante de la lengua chaná y originario de la región centro-sur de la provincia de Entre Ríos. La información se presenta en el contexto genealógico y geográfico de Jaime y en el marco de los antecedentes genéticos disponibles para la región. El objetivo de este estudio es aportar al conocimiento, desde una perspectiva multidisciplinaria, de los contextos de la lengua chaná a partir de la información lograda desde la reconstrucción genealógica y el secuenciamiento del genoma mitocondrial de Blas Jaime. Los resultados sugieren la existencia de un vínculo filogenético y diferenciación temprana con indígenas kayapó de la región central de Brasil y con pobladores del este de Paraguay.

Background and aims: To our hypothesis on the evolutionary relationships of Cheilanthoid ferns, based on molecular data and partially on morphological and reproductive data, we add here a study of root anatomy in the genera of the subfamily occurring in South America. M&M: Root characters were analyzed anatomically in 48 South American species representing the 12 genera of Cheilanthoideae occurring in South America. Techniques of plant histology were used for anatomical analysis and tissue characterization. Characters with possible diagnostic value were identified and mapped on a molecular phylogeny of Cheilanthoideae based on three plastidial markers (rbcL, trnL-F and rps4). Results: The character "type of root cortex" showed a distribution of states that fit to the major clades or genera in the phylogeny of the subfamily. The homogeneous cortex state was plesiomorphic for Cheilanthoideae, whereas the heterogeneous cortex state was acquired by some genera of the hemionitoid clade: Hemionitis and the genera of the Adiantopsis-Doryopteris clade (except Mineirella). In addition, we discuss the role of different tissues in the root mechanics of this group. Conclusions: The character "type of root cortex" could contribute to the characterization of genera and the generic assignment of confusing species in the classification of Cheilanthoideae. However, the complete resolution of the relationship of hemionitds clade in the global phylogeny of the subfamily is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the rediscovery, a century after its last record, of two specimens of Pristimantis ruidus from approximately 6 km northeast of its type locality, in a montane forest from the western Andes of southern Ecuador. This species, described by John D. Lynch in 1979, based on specimens collected in 1922 by George H. Tate, was previously known only from the type series, all specimens originating from a single locality (Molleturo, Provincia Azuay, Ecuador, 2317 m elev.). The rediscovery occurred in November 2022 in the Reserva de Conservación Quitahuaycu, Molleturo Parish, Azuay Province. The two specimens, both females, are characterised by rough skin with numerous rounded low warts and tubercles on their dorsum, a W-shaped occipital fold, tympanum and tympanic ring not externally visible and by the lack of cranial crests, characters that correspond with the description of the holotype. We evaluate the phylogenetic relationships, based on two mitochondrial genes (12S and 16S rRNA) and one nuclear gene (RAG-1). These analyses reveal Pristimantis ruidus as a member of the subgenus Huicundomantis, being most closely related to P. philipi, a species with a distribution restricted to the paramo of the same mountain region (Macizo del Cajas). Pristimantis ruidus co-exists with Pristimantis jimenezi, three additional species of Pristimantis and one Noblella with uncertain taxonomic status. This rediscovery underscores the urgency of implementing effective conservation and monitoring measures for the few remnants of the original ecosystems from western Ecuador, which face ongoing anthropogenic threats and harbour a diversity that remains insufficiently studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pycnophyllum macropetalum Matff. is a species originally described for the Andes of Chile which has also been collected in Bolivia and in Argentina. Presence of P. macropetalum in Argentina is based on a single sterile specimen collected in 1945. For this reason, and because P. macropetalum is morphologically very similar to P. molle, the species was excluded from the Argentinian Flora; however, recently, a population of P. macropetalum has been found in the province of Jujuy (Argentina). Therefore, the objective of this work is to describe and to illustrate this species, to provide environmental notes about the habitat where it was found, and to provide a map of the geographic distribution of the species for Argentina, Bolivia and Chile. Furthermore, based on molecular analyzes of the collected specimen, the morphological identification is corroborated, and the monophyly of the genus is confirmed. Finally, a dichotomous key is provided to differentiate the four Pycnophyllum species recorded in Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the framework of a phytoplankton and biotoxin monitoring program implemented since 2008 in marine coastal waters of the Buenos Aires Province (Argentina), a gymnodinioid, photosynthetic dinoflagellate was isolated from a sample collected in Santa Teresita, establishing the strain LPCc007. The strain was identified as belonging to the psammophilic genus Togula by light microscopy based on the following distinctive characters: morphology of the cell dorso-ventrally flattened, and course of the cingulum, highly asymmetric, descending, with its ends displaced by about one to two thirds of the total length of the cell and joined by an oblique intercingular groove. The comparative morphological analysis between the motile vegetative cells of the isolated strain and the three species of the genus described to date, did not reveal significant differences that would allow it to be determined at a specific level. Instead, the pattern of development of longitudinal grooves on the hypocone of cells about to undergo mitosis observed in strain LPCc007, perfectly agrees with that described for T. jolla as a differential character. The morphological identification was consistent with LSU rDNA (D1-D2) based phylogeny that showed the sequence aggregation in the T. jolla clade. This is the first report of the genus Togula and the species T. jolla from Argentina and the South-West Atlantic Ocean coastal waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of mitochondrial genes as molecular markers in insect evolutionary studies is useful to determine the origin and successfully identify organisms. We employed a data mining procedure that enabled us to align and trim sequences of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene of 45 fruit fly taxa of the genus Ceratitis and 162 specimens of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) collected from different regions of the world. With the first set of data, we assumed that the phylogenetics of the genus Ceratitis did not contain any monophyletic groups compared to conventional taxonomy. The population genetics study showed that the most diverse populations originated from sub-Saharan Africa, mainly from Guinea (Ghana, Benin and Nigeria) and the Horn of Africa (Kenya, Tanzania and Malawi). The least diverse population came from the Mediterranean where only two haplotypes were identified. Two genetic barriers were identified, one that isolated the Guinean population from the rest of Africa, and the other that separated the island populations (islands of Africa, Oceania and Hawaii) from the rest of the world. Resumen El uso de genes mitocondriales como marcadores moleculares en estudios evolutivos de insectos es útil para determinar el origen e identificar con éxito organismos. Empleamos un procedimiento de extracción de datos con el que obtuvimos secuencias alineadas y recortadas del gen citocromo oxidasa I (COI) de 45 taxones de moscas de la fruta del género Ceratitis, y 162 especímenes de la mosca mediterránea de la fruta Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) recogidos en diferentes regiones del mundo. Con los primeros datos asumimos que la filogenética del género Ceratitis no contiene ningún grupo monofilético en comparación con la taxonomía convencional. El estudio de genética de poblaciones mostró que las poblaciones más diversas proceden de África subsahariana, principalmente de Guinea (Ghana, Benín y Nigeria) y del Cuerno de África (Kenia, Tanzania y Malaui). La población menos diversa procedía del Mediterráneo, donde solo se identificaron dos haplotipos. Además, identificamos dos barreras genéticas, una que aislaba a la población de Guinea del resto de África, y otra que separaba a las poblaciones insulares (islas de África, Oceanía y Hawai) del resto del mundo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The porcelain crab Porcellana africana was originally identified as a subspecies of Porcellana platycheles , a species widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. A study characterizing the recent invasion of P. africana in South Africa places doubts on the identification and previously reported distribution of populations of the two species of Porcellana , which could have implications for the conservation and management of the species. Here, we aimed to delineate the Porcellana species from the East Atlantic to gain a better understanding of their distribution, which will help in conservation decision-making. Molecular analyses based on two mitochondrial genes and a nuclear gene confirmed that P. africana is a well-defined species and that its distribution extends further north, including the Canary Islands. A time divergence estimation indicates the cladogenesis between P. platycheles and P. africana occurred during the Neogene, likely linked to drastic climatic and environmental changes that took place during the Pliocene. Both species are morphologically very close, but can be distinguished by the shape of the third thoracic sternite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The passerine superfamily Certhioidea lacks a complete phylogeny despite decades of recognition as a clade and extensive systematic work within all its constituent families. Here, we inferred a near-complete species-level phylogeny of Certhioidea from a molecular supermatrix, including the first comprehensive sampling of the wrens (Troglodytidae), and used this phylogeny to infer its biogeographic and diversification histories. We also inferred an expanded phylogeny including nearly 100 putative phylospecies previously documented in the literature, and we found that including this diversity had notable impacts on the inferred evolutionary history of Certhioidea. This phylospecies-level tree documented a few instances of species paraphyly, some previously described in the literature and some novel. We found that Certhioidea originated largely in Eurasia and dispersed into North America five times in the last 20 million years, including at the origin of the "New World certhioids," wrens and gnatcatchers, a clade herein named Orthourae. After this initial dispersal event, both wrens and gnatcatchers diversified extensively across the hemisphere, with both lineages repeatedly crossing between continents. However, we detected no notable impact of the formation of the Isthmus of Panama on the frequency of dispersal events between North and South America. The inclusion of phylospecies altered this biogeographic inference in some portions of the tree but overall was largely consistent. With species-level sampling, we found that diversification rates within Certhioidea were largely constant through time with a detectable deceleration toward the present. By contrast, phylospecies-level sampling recovered a different diversification history with a significant rate increase at the crown node of Orthourae after dispersing into the Americas and increased speciation rates particularly within the genera Polioptila and Henicorhina. This largely resolved phylogeny for Certhioidea has yielded important insights into the evolutionary history of this group and provides a framework for future comparative work on this fascinating clade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción y Objetivos: A nuestra hipótesis sobre las relaciones evolutivas de los helechos cheilanthoides, fundamentada en datos moleculares, y parcialmente por datos morfológicos y reproductivos, aquí se suma un estudio de la anatomía de la raíz en los géneros de la subfamilia con presencia en América del Sur. M&M: Se analizaron anatómicamente caracteres radiculares en 48 especies sudamericanas representando los 12 géneros de Cheilanthoideae con presencia en América del Sur. Para el análisis anatómico y caracterización de los tejidos se aplicaron técnicas de histología vegetal. Se identificaron caracteres con posible valor diagnóstico y se mapearon sobre una filogenia molecular de Cheilanthoideae basada en tres marcadores plastidiales (rbcL, trnL-F y rps4). Resultados: El carácter “tipo de corteza radicular” mostró una distribución de estados que se ajustó a los principales clados o géneros de la filogenia de la subfamilia. El estado corteza homogénea resultó plesiomórfico para Cheilanthoideae, mientras que el estado corteza heterogénea habría sido adquirido por algunos géneros del clado hemionitoide: Hemionitis y los géneros del clado Adiantopsis-Doryopteris (excepto Mineirella). Adicionalmente, discutimos el rol de los diferentes tejidos en la mecánica de las raíces de este grupo. Conclusiones: El carácter “tipo de corteza” podría contribuir a la caracterización de géneros y la asignación genérica de especies confusas en la clasificación de Cheilanthoideae. Sin embargo es necesaria la resolución completa de las relaciones filogenéticas dentro del clado hemionitoide en la filogenia global de la subfamilia.

Copyright of Artefactos: Revista de Estudios Sobre La Ciencia Y La Tecnologia is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Neurológica Colombiana is the property of Colombian Association of Neurology / Asociacion Colombiana de Neurologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Los hongos son organismos polifacéticos presentes en casi todos los ecosistemas de la tierra, donde establecen diversos tipos de simbiosis con otros seres vivos. A pesar de ser reconocidos por los humanos desde la antigüedad –y de la cantidad de trabajos que han profundizado sobre su biología y ecología–, aún falta mucho por conocer sobre estos organismos. Algunos de los criterios que clásicamente se han utilizado para su estudio, hoy resultan limitados y hasta cierto punto permiten un agrupamiento de los aislamientos según algunas características, pero generan confusión en su clasificación y, más aún, cuando se pretende comprender sus relaciones genealógicas. Los caracteres fenotípicos no son suficientes para identificar una especie de hongos y, menos aún, para construir una filogenia amplia o de un grupo particular. Hay grandes vacíos que hacen que los árboles generados sean inestables y fácilmente debatidos. Para los profesionales de la salud, parece que la identificación de los hongos hasta niveles inferiores como género y especie es suficiente para elegir el tratamiento más adecuado para su control, comprender la epidemiología de los cuadros clínicos asociados y reconocer los brotes y los factores determinantes de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos. No obstante, la ubicación taxonómica dentro del reino permitiría establecer relaciones filogenéticas entre los taxones fúngicos, facilitando la comprensión de su biología, su distribución en la naturaleza y la evolución de su potencial patogénico.

Introducción: a lo largo de la historia se han desarrollado sistemas de conciencia que han permitido interpretar el entorno de una forma más acertada. En nuestra especie, dichos sistemas facilitaron que se dominara la materia y que se desarrollaran aspectos neurofisiológicos tan complejos que nos posibilitan preguntarnos sobre nuestro origen, fisiología y existencia. Materiales y métodos: se recolectaron datos de varias fuentes, de diversas bibliotecas, que incluyen neuroanatomía, psicología y etología, así como datos obtenidos de la geología, la paleontología y la arqueología que nos orientan para reconstruir la historia filogenética y relacionarla con los conocimientos actuales de neurología y psiquiatría. Resultados: en las especies, la aparición de sistemas complejos, como el sistema nervioso, expresa su mayor exponente en el sistema nervioso humano. Esto, a partir de estrategias evolutivas estables, ha abierto el camino para desarrollar sistemas de conciencia más sofisticados como el humano. Discusión: las diversas hipótesis que intentan explicar el origen de nuestro cerebro han revelado datos que permiten comprender e interpretar diferentes formas de conciencia, primitivas y complejas, que con gran dificultad permiten reconstruir dicho origen, desde diversos aspectos neurofisiológicos que nos llevan a intentar comprender la estructura misma de la psique, que parece desarrollarse funcional y filogenéticamente a partir de capas profundas hasta capas superficiales. Conclusiones: entendemos que la aparición del sistema nervioso y la conciencia tiene una historia, un proceso importante que entender para interpretar el origen de nuestro cerebro y su relación con la conciencia; sin embargo, aún quedan muchos interrogantes por interpretar.

Based on morphological and molecular characters, we describe a new species of terrestrial breeding frog of the Pristimantis danae Group from montane forests of La Mar Province, Ayacucho Department in southern Peru, at elevations from 1200 to 2000 m a.s.l. The phylogenetic analysis, based on concatenated sequences of gene fragments of 16S rRNA, RAG1, COI and TYR suggests that the new species is a sister taxon of a clade that includes one undescribed species of Pristimantis from Cusco, Pristimantis pharangobates and Pristimantis rhabdolaemus. The new species is most similar to P. rhabdolaemus, which differs by lacking scapular tubercules and by its smaller size (17.0-18.6 mm in males [n = 5], 20.8-25.2 mm in females [n = 5] in the new species vs. 22.8-26.3 mm in males [n = 19], 26.0-31.9 mm in females [n = 30] of P. rhabdolaemus). Additionally, we report the prevalence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) in this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With their odd cranial features, glyptodonts, closely related to extant armadillos, are a highly diverse group of the South American megafauna. Doedicurus, Glyptodon, Panochthus, and Neosclerocalyptus were present in the “Pampean Formation” during the Pleistocene, and they are all exceptionally preserved in the Santiago Roth Collection, thus offering the possibility of investigating these four well-diversified genera. A total of 13 specimens (seven species) were analysed and compared in a qualitative/quantitative study of external cranial remains and endocranial reconstructions (i.e., braincase and associated cranial canals, and inner ears). We report on anatomical features that contribute to existing phylogenetic matrices; many of them are new potential synapomorphies supporting the current hypotheses regarding the evolutionary history of the Pleistocene glyptodonts. These include the anterior cranial shape, the position of the basicranium in respect to the whole cranium, the shape of the cranial roof, the position of the largest semicircular canal, and the inclination of the cerebrum. They may represent new shared-derived features among Glyptodon, Doedicurus, Neosclerocalyptus, and Panochthus. We also provide detailed comparative descriptions highlighting new potential convergences in respect to current phylogenies, concerning, for instance, the shape of the foramen magnum, the global shape of the cranium, orbital shape, cochlear position, and a strong protrusion of the zygomatic process of the squamosal. In light of these results, we discuss morphological transformations across phylogeny. The endocranial comparison brought insights on the phylogenetic patterns of cranial canal evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evolutionary biologists recognize that understanding the phylogenetic history of closely related species is challenging without considering their population genetics history. The taxonomy of Magnolia sect. Talauma in Cuba has long been debated, with several changes in taxon delimitations. All these taxonomic revisions were based exclusively on leaf morphological characteristics of a few individuals, limiting their ability to elucidate taxon boundaries. Recent studies have focused on conservation genetics and species delimitation of Cuban magnolias, based on ecological, morphological and genetic data. Here, we use full plastome sequences and microsatellite data to infer phylogenetic relationships and potential historical migration events among species in Magnolia sect. Talauma in Cuba. Bayesian phylogeny and TreeMix were used to understand the phylogenetic relationships. Based on this, Magnolia sect. Talauma in Cuba does not comprise a monophyletic group. The data continue to show a highly supported unresolved species complex in the taxa of Magnolia subsect. Talauma from north-eastern Cuba. From a taxonomic point of view, our results do not entirely support the most recent taxonomic review proposed for the family in Cuba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La evolución ha producido una gran biodiversidad que proporciona al ser humano bienes esenciales conocidos como opciones de valor de la biodiversidad. Estos recursos son extraídos y empleados para satisfacer necesidades básicas, como la medicina tradicional, resultado de la experiencia y el contacto humano con la naturaleza a través del tiempo. Los saberes tradicionales han sido aprovechados como guía para la bioprospección y los estudios etnobotánicos son el primer paso para visibilizarlos y protegerlos. Se plantea la necesidad de aplicar aproximaciones filogenéticas y su importancia para el desarrollo de la etnobotánica en México, así como su impacto en el descubrimiento, aprovechamiento y conservación de recursos medicinales para el bienestar humano. Esta aproximación, que revelan la historia evolutiva de las especies, puede fortalecer la bioprospección, ya que señala especies emparentadas que pudieran llegar a producir sustancias químicas útiles. Esta nueva aproximación resulta relevante para la biotecnología y resalta la importancia de la conservación del patrimonio biocultural.

Liolaemus is the genus with the highest number of lizard species described in South America up to date, with approximately 290. One of the groups within the genus, the Liolaemus elongatus group, is distributed in central-south Argentina and Chile. In this work, we describe a new species belonging to the L. petrophilus clade using an integrative approach that includes the analysis of morphological (lepidosis, morphometric, coloration and hemipenis characters) and molecular evidence (genetic distances and phylogeny). We provide information about the geological formation of the study area and the clade distribution, and present an extensive description of its natural history (including diet, habitat, behaviour, phytogeography, mode of life, and sympatric species). Additionally, we present a time divergence analysis of internal branches for all representatives of the L. elongatus group. This newly described species shows character states (morphological and molecular) that allow its clear distinction from the other members of the L. elongatus group, as well as from the remaining Liolaemus species. According to our results, the L. elongatus group originated during the Miocene, whereas the new species diverged from its sister taxon during the Pleistocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Looking at Biodiversity from the perspective of Phylogenetic Systematics is to ensure that evolution assumes central status in the teaching of Science and Biology. This article aims to analyze teachers' conceptions about Biological Diversity from a cladistic perspective, in order to identify formation, mastery, application and articulation of this knowledge and practices. Based on qualitative and quantitative research, participants' conceptions are discussed, which were obtained through an open questionnaire and analysis of its contents into categories. The participation of 66 teachers was obtained who, based on their experience in the classroom, were divided into four groups, including beginners, experienced teachers and trainers. The analyzes indicate that 93.4% of the participants had initial training in phylogeny, especially in the zoology and botany components and with the use of cladograms. Participants consider the terms cladograms, synapomorphy, apomorphy, Biodiversity and homology, as essential for understanding phylogenetic relationships. However, they present mistakes and inaccuracies, both in definitions and in conceptual applications. Professors use arguments based on natural selection, adaptation, cladogenesis, anagenesis, speciation, genetic variability, coevolution, extinctions and kinship to justify and establish relationships between Evolution and Biodiversity. Mutation was not mentioned, in any of the groups, as one of the sources of genetic variability. Even in the face of difficulties, 74% claimed to use cladograms in their classes and that this resource facilitates the understanding and visualization of all variety of organisms, in addition to promoting 'tree thinking. They argue that Phylogenetic Systematics is a way to integrate the teaching of Biodiversity, but that it is necessary to invest in training, as the concepts are difficult to be taught, to the point of generating inhibition in participating in the questionnaire. Finally, a promising path can be, in addition to continuing education, the production of bibliographies, for basic education, with the theme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the framework of a phytoplankton and biotoxin monitoring program implemented since 2008 in marine coastal waters of the Buenos Aires Province (Argentina), the strain LPCc022 of a nanoplanktonic, thin-walled woloszynskioid dinoflagellate, has been isolated. LSU rDNA-based phylogeny showed that the isolated strain belonged to a molecular clade corresponding with of Biecheleria brevisulcata. B. brevisulcata can be differentiated by light microscopy from the species B. baltica, B. halophila, B. cincta and B. tirezensis based on the location of the nucleus in the cell, the size range of the cells, and the environments they inhabit. This is the first report of the genus Biecheleria and the species B. brevisulcata in Argentina and overall South-western Atlantic waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The circumscription of the genus Cheilanthes Sw. is supported by molecular and morphological characters; nevertheless, the taxonomic status of some species remains uncertain because they have not been molecularly tested yet. This study analyzes the belonging of Cheilanthes volcanensis de la Sota to this genus, since this species was treated with doubts about its generic identity. From a morphological approach, C. volcanensis is close to Cheilanthes species with pentagonal and highly divided leaf blades; petioles and rachises castaneous to black, glabrous, usually grooved adaxially; features that are also largely representative of the morphological circumscription of the genus Gaga Pryer, F.W. Li & Windham. The molecular analysis of a recent collection, identified a priori as C. volcanensis, demonstrated with high support that the species belongs to the genus Cheilanthes s. str., as was described originally. Finally, morpho-anatomical observations of this species and related species are also provided, which support its phylogenetic position and contribute to the correct generic delimitation of Cheilanthes s. str. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungi of the Trichoderma genus have been widely studied for their mycoparasitic characteristics that allow the generation of biological control products. In addition, some of them promote plant growth. Currently, there are over 300 species divided into 8 clades or lineages. Despite such diversity, few species have been reported in Mexico, and there is not representativeness of every clade. Here, we present the identification of the 2IG2102 strain of T. brevicompactum based on analysis of 3 phylogenetic markers, as well as its characterization as antagonist towards 2 Fusarium fungi, and it also boosts tomato and cucumber seed germination. Trichothecene biosynthesis might be a mechanism required to inhibit phytopathogens growth and in parallel affect the post-germinative growth of tomato. This is the first report of a Trichoderma belonging to the clade 6 isolated in Mexico, that displays capacity to antagonize fungi and it might produce trichothecenes for biological control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gray brocket deer, Mazama gouazoubira G. Fischer, 1814 , occurs in South America and presents an extensive degree of morphological and genetic variability. Previous phylogenetic research showed that the genus Mazama is polyphyletic and imposed the designation of a different genus-group name for M. gouazoubira. We aimed to review and clarify the taxonomy of M. gouazoubira through the proposal of updating the nomenclature for this taxon and by the characterization of specimens collected close to the original type locality (topotypes). The topotypes were characterized by morphological (general characterization and morphometry), cytogenetic (conventional staining, Ag-NOR, G- and C-banding, and fluorescence in situ hybridization), and phylogenetic (mitogenomes) approaches. We revealed chromosome homologies between cattle and M. gouazoubira using an entire set of cattle whole chromosome painting probes and propose an updated G-band idiogram for the species. The morphometric analysis did not discriminate the individuals of M. gouazoubira , including the topotypes, from other small brocket deer species. However, the phylogenetic analysis, based on a Bayesian inference tree of the mitogenomes, confirmed the polyphyly of the genus Mazama and supported the need to change the gray brocket deer genus-group name. Based on our revision, we validated the genus Subulo Smith, 1827 , and fixed a type species for the genus. In the absence of the holotype, we denominated a neotype described by the collection of a male topotype in Paraguay. The nomenclature rearrangement presented here is a starting point that will assist in the taxonomic resolution of Neotropical deer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bioremediation processes for the degradation of dyes from the textile industry have been of great interest, due to their capacity to decompose these contaminants without generating toxic products. Direct blue 71 contains three N=N azo groups and has an aromatic structure, making it a compound that is difficult to degrade. We evaluated the degradation potential of direct blue dye 71 by bacteria of the genus Bacillus. Bacteria isolated from sediments of hydrological basins were used, Gram staining and observation by scanning electron microscopy were performed. The kinetics of growth and biodegradation were performed in nutrient broth added with 100 mgL-1 of direct blue 71 incubating at 37°C and 200 rpm for 5 days, growth was determined by spectrophotometry at 600 nm and biodegradation at 575 nm. Phylogenetic analysis of the bacterial strains was carried out by amplifying the 16S rRNA gene. Two bacillary bacteria Gram positive were identified. Phylogenetic analysis identified strain ANCd110506 as Bacillus anthracis and strain ANHg310511 as Bacillus thuringensis, with a similarity index of 97.6 % and 100 %, respectively. Bacillus anthracis presented a biodegradation of 75.5 %, while the Bacillus thuringensis strain obtained a biodegradation of 67.9 % in 120 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olhar para Biodiversidade sob a ótica da Sistemática Filogenética é garantir que a evolução assuma o status central no ensino de Ciências e Biologia. Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar as concepções docentes acerca da Diversidade Biológica na perspectiva cladística, a fim de identificar formação, domínio, aplicação e articulação desses saberes e práticas. A partir de pesquisa qualiquantitativa são discutidas as concepções de participantes que foram obtidas por meio de questionário aberto e análise de seus conteúdos em categorias. Obteve-se a participação de 66 docentes que, a partir da experiência em sala de aula, foram divididos em quatro grupos, entre iniciantes, experientes e formadores. As análises indicam que 93,4% dos participantes tiveram formação inicial em filogenia, sobretudo nos componentes de zoologia e botânica e com a utilização de cladogramas. Os participantes consideram os termos cladogramas, sinapomorfia, apomorfia, Biodiversidade e homologia, como imprescindíveis para compreensão das relações filogenéticas. Entretanto, apresentam equívocos e imprecisões, tanto nas definições quanto nas aplicações conceituais. Os docentes utilizam argumentos pautados em seleção natural, adaptação, cladogênese, anagênese, especiação, variabilidade genética, coevolução, extinções e parentesco para justificarem e estabelecerem relações entre Evolução e Biodiversidade. Mutação não foi mencionada, em nenhum dos grupos, como uma das fontes de variabilidade genética. Mesmo ante as dificuldades, 74% alegaram usar cladogramas em suas aulas e que este recurso facilita a compreensão e visualização de toda variedade de organismos, além de promover o ‘pensamento em árvore. Defendem que a Sistemática Filogenética é uma forma de integrar o ensino de Biodiversidade, mas que é necessário investir em formação, pois os conceitos são difíceis de serem ensinados, ao ponto de gerar inibição na participação do questionário. Por fim, um caminho promissor pode ser, além de formação continuada, a produção de bibliografias, para educação básica, com a temática.

Introducción. Las infecciones asociadas con la atención en salud constituyen un problema de salud pública porque aumentan la morbimortalidad de los pacientes, sobre todo de aquellos con factores de riesgo, como la inmunosupresión debida a enfermedades oncológicas. Es importante conocer la diversidad genética de los principales microorganimos causantes de infecciones hospitalarias mediante la vigilancia epidemiológica tradicional y la epidemiología molecular, para hacer un mejor seguimiento y detectar brotes tempranamente. Objetivo. Determinar el grupo filogenético y la resistencia a antibióticos de las cepas de Escherichia coli aisladas de pacientes con cáncer hospitalizados. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio de tipo transversal que incluyó 67 cepas de Escherichia coli productoras de betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE). Se determinó el grupo filogenético, el perfil de resistencia a los antibióticos, los genes de resistencia a betalactámicos, el tipo de las muestras y los servicios de hospitalización de donde fueron recuperadas. Resultados. El grupo filogenético más frecuente fue el B2 (36 %). El 57 % de las cepas B2 fueron aisladas de muestras de orina y el 33 % provenía del servicio de urología. La resistencia a ciprofloxacino y gentamicina fue de 91 y 53 %, respectivamente, y el 79 % de las cepas tenía el gen blaCTX-M. Se encontró una relación significativa (p

A partir de una presentación general del concepto de especie aplicado a los humanos, este texto expone dos nociones generales sobre la naturaleza humana: la tipológica y la filogenética. Una vez expuestos los fundamentos de cada noción, se defiende una distinción entre naturaleza humana e identidad humana como dos aspectos que se han confundido respecto a este problema, pero que cumplen distintos roles en las explicaciones, por lo que se proponen como dos nociones complementarias. Así, la naturaleza humana estaría definida en términos metafísicos y daría cuenta de la realidad biológica de los humanos desde un punto de vista filogenético, mientras que la identidad humana estaría definida en términos epistemológicos y daría cuenta de los conocimientos que tienen los humanos sobre ellos mismos, aludiendo a aspectos contingentes.

En este artículo se examina de manera íntegra Manual de flora fantástica del poeta mexicano Eduardo Lizalde por medio de la filogenia perversa y la alteridad floral. Esta flora fantástica es perversa y pervierte al romper con las normas establecidas y fundar un nuevo orden en que las plantas son la especie dominante. Rico en intertextualidad, humor, ironía, simbolismo y otros recursos literarios, este libro despliega múltiples connotaciones sobre el ejercicio estético a partir de la rosa, la flor que, al igual que el tigre lo es en la obra global de Lizalde, tiene innegable importancia aquí.

Durante el Pleistoceno, América del Sur tenía varios géneros y especies de grandes cánidos hipercarnívoros, los cuales se extinguieron completamente al final de esta época. En este trabajo se presenta una revisión sistemática exhaustiva del grupo (cuatro géneros y siete especies), sobre la base de nuevos análisis cladísticos que también contemplan información genómica y un estudio de la variación intraespecífica en cánidos. Se discuten los resultados generados sobre la filogenia, sistemática, bioestratigrafía y biogeografía de los cánidos sudamericanos. Se sinonimizó Protocyon orcesi con Protocyon troglodytes y Canis nehringi con Aenocyon dirus. El género Theriodictis sería parafilético por lo que Theriodictis tarijensis fue transferido a Protocyon. “Canis” gezi claramente no pertenece al género Canis. Las distribuciones de A. dirus y P. troglodytes llegarían hasta la región pampeana y México, respectivamente. Por otro lado, se restringió a la región pampeana la distribución de Theriodictis. El carácter fragmentario de varios taxones de América del Norte y del Sur complican su ubicación filogenética y las interpretaciones biogeográficas y evolutivas, pero se pueden inferir varios eventos inmigratorios desde América del Norte y Central y algunos posteriores en sentido contrario, así como también una diversificación importante dentro de América del Sur. Nuevos ejemplares bien preservados son necesarios para evaluar la presencia de Chrysocyon y Theriodictis fuera de América del Sur y la asignación sistemática de los restos de cánidos de los sitios de Orocual (Venezuela). La evidencia disponible no permite corroborar la presencia de grandes cánidos con anterioridad al Ensenadense (>1,8 Ma).

A new species, Diastolaimus noffsingeri sp. n., and redescription of D. mexicanus collected from mosses and lichens growing on tree branches in México were morphologically studied using light and electronic microscopy. Molecular characterization of these two Diastolaimus species with the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA gene sequences was also conducted. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences of Diastolaimus species and other related nematodes revealed that that genus has a sister relation with the representatives of the genus Geraldius. Molecular analysis showed that 28S rRNA gene sequences of D. mexicanus collected from the type and other locations were different from those of D. grossus. The diagnosis of the genus Diastolaimus was emended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geastrum tupiense is a new species belonging to subsect. Velutina (Sect. Myceliostroma). The fundamental diagnostic characteristics are reddish immature basidiomata and rhizomorphs with bipyramidal crystals. It was found in two areas of the Atlantic Forest biome, considered one of the main hotspots in the world for its high level of endemism and biodiversity. Delimitation of this new species was based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analyses of ITS/LSU nrDNA. Descriptions, phylogenetic tree, photographs, and taxonomic discussion are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St. -Hil.) es un cultivo primario y de gran importancia para el noreste de Argentina. En los últimos años, la enfermedad conocida como “mal de la tela”, cuyo agente causal es Ceratobasidium niltonsouzanum, está ocasionando importantes daños en la producción; y debido a la poca información existente su manejo resulta muy difícil.Al inicio de la enfermedad los signos incluyen cordones de micelios blancos visibles sobre las ramas y hojas infectadas. Las hojas se necrosan, se secan y quedan colgando de las ramas por la hifa del hongo. A partir de hojas y ramas sintomáticas, muestreadas de distintas partes de la provincia de Misiones, fue aislado el agente causal para su posterior caracterización morfológica y molecular. Las colonias fueron aisladas y crecieron rápidamente sobre medios de APG (agar papa glucosado), presentando un color blanquecino al inicio, tornándose luego de un color castaño. Con la caracterización morfológica se pudo determinar que el hongo se encuentra distribuido en distintas partes de la provincia de Misiones, afectando las plantaciones con distintos niveles de incidencia. Pruebas de patogenicidad, conducidas en laboratorio, permitieron conocer el progreso de la enfermedad bajo condiciones ambientales favorables. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue contribuir al conocimiento de la enfermedad, con la descripción de síntomas y signos, condiciones predisponentes y caracteres morfológicos y moleculares del agente causal del “mal de la tela”.

Este artigo surgiu a partir da inquietude acadêmica no sentido de compreender as contribuições da Teoria Histórico-Cultural no desenvolvimento do conhecimento humano. Teve como base a linha teórica de Vygostky na perspectiva socioconstrutivista, nos estudos de Luria, Leontiev e Davidov no processo dialético de ir e vir, de aprender, de questionar, de (re)aprender e compreender a mutabilidade dos conhecimentos humanos como resultante do processo histórico-cultural. A partir da incompletude humana e dos processos mediatizados socialmente no decorrer da filogênese, buscou-se identificar os meios socioculturais que influenciam o desenvolvimento do conhecimento humano desde a infância. Considerando a fala, os sistemas de contagem e escrita como Funções Psicológicas Superiores, um atributo tipicamente humano, a discussão trouxe para o âmbito dos processos educativos, a importância da escola como ambiente socializador no tocante às novas e variadas formas educacionais, como por exemplo às questões de classe, etnia, gênero e cultura. Tendo como referência as conquistas (antigas ou novas) e o quanto essas se transformam gradativamente em conhecimento, habilitando a espécie humana a se transformar e transformar seu entorno. O artigo propõe, ainda, uma valorização dos instrumentos sociais no processo formativo do pensamento teórico do conhecimento matemático. Por fim, assim como Vygostky, a discussão aqui proposta visa ressaltar a importância dos diversos tipos de cultura na construção dos processos psicológicos das Funções Psicológicas Superiores e do desenvolvimento das capacidades humanas sendo estes idênticos para todos os seres humanos em diferentes culturas e épocas.

A sistemática filogenética é uma área da ciência que se baseia no conceito de ancestralidade e descendência, seu objetivo principal é que a classificação biológica reflita as relações de parentesco entre os seres vivos. O ensino de sistemática filogenética é um alicerce fundamental para aprendizagem de outros conteúdos na biologia, porém muitas vezes é negligenciado por professores no ensino médio pela carência de bibliografia e atividades voltadas para esse nível escolar. Na literatura há pouquíssimas atividades didáticas com foco em sistemática filogenética, e no geral, são voltadas ao ensino superior. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho apresenta uma pesquisa bibliográfica de âmbito nacional e internacional, e a apresentação de um novo produto para o ensino de sistemática filogenética no ensino médio, na forma de uma atividade lúdica. O jogo Ancestralizando é composto por um total de quarenta e cinco cartas representando diferentes espécies de animais viventes e ancestrais hipotéticos baseados na fauna do estado do Mato Grosso. A atividade foi elaborada a partir do aporte teórico proposto em um dos artigos analisados (a saber, Russo et al. 2016) onde os autores mostraram a possibilidade de desenvolver uma atividade de sistemática filogenética por meio da observação de características morfológicas, construção de cladogramas e produção de árvores filogenéticas mais parcimoniosas. Dessa forma, o professor que aplicar este produto levará o aluno a propor hipóteses e testá-las usando uma metodologia simplificada da sistemática filogenética, caracterizando o ensino por investigação.

Copyright of SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterologia is the property of Sociedad Hispano-Luso-Americana de Lepidopterologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The family Characidae is the most diverse group of fishes in the Neotropics with challenging systematics. The three genera Carlana, Parastremma, and Rhoadsia, formerly considered the subfamily Rhoadsiinae, are now included in the subfamily Stethaprioninae. Previous phylogenetic analyses did not include all genera of Rhoadsiinae, specifically Parastremma. Here, we estimated the phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of the genera of Rhoadsiinae (the Rhoadsia clade) relative to the most representative genera of the Characidae. We used six molecular markers from the mitochondrial and nuclear genome to estimate the phylogeny and divergence times. We confirmed the monophyly of the Rhoadsia clade. Furthermore, we estimated that the Central American genus Carlana and the western Colombian genus Parastremma diverged approximately 13 Mya (95% HPD 8.36-18.11), consistent with the early-closure estimates of the Isthmus of Panama (~15 Mya). The genus Rhoadsia, endemic to Western Ecuador and Northern Peru, was estimated to originate at around 20 Mya (95% HPD 14.35-25.43), consistent with the Andean uplift (~20 Mya). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La bronquitis infecciosa aviar genera importantes pérdidas económicas y, si bien la vacunación disminuye dichas mermas, el surgimiento continuo de nuevas cepas virales complica el control de la infección. El objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar, mediante técnicas moleculares, las cepas del virus de la bronquitis infecciosa aviar circulantes en explotaciones de gallinas ponedoras de la provincia de Tungurahua, Ecuador. Se trabajó con muestras de hisopados y de órganos de 47 granjas y las secuencias obtenidas fueron comparadas con las correspondientes a 17 vacunas a virus vivo empleadas en la zona. Se encontraron 16 granjas positivas al amplificar la región 5’UTR y un segmento de S1. La construcción de un árbol filogenético mostró que cinco de las secuencias se ubicaron en el mismo clado de las cepas de tipo Massachusetts, linaje GI-1; siete se encontraron en el clado del linaje GI-13 o cepas tipo 793B y cuatro secuencias se agruparon en un clado de cepas tipo Q1, linaje G1-16. Si bien se requieren estudios moleculares más completos en los que se amplifique la totalidad del gen S a fin de obtener datos más concluyentes, se logró determinar que existen tres tipos de cepas circulando en la provincia de Tungurahua, dos posiblemente vacunales y otra de origen desconocido.

Los procesos de biorremediación para la degradación de colorantes provenientes de la industria textil han sido de gran interés, debido a su capacidad para descomponer los contaminantes sin generar productos tóxicos. El azul directo 71 contiene tres grupos azoicos N=N y una estructura aromática convirtiéndolo en un compuesto difícil de degradar. Se evalúo el potencial de degradación del colorante Azul Directo 71 por bacterias del género Bacillus. Se utilizaron bacterias aisladas de sedimentos de cuencas hidrológicas, las cuales se les realizó tinción Gram y observación por microscopía electrónica de barrido. La cinética de crecimiento y biodegradación se realizó en caldo nutritivo adicionado con 100 mgL-1 de Azul Directo 71 incubándose a 37°C y 200 rpm por 5 días, se determinó el crecimiento por espectrofotometría a 600 nm y la biodegradación a 575 nm. El análisis filogenético de las cepas bacterianas se realizó amplificando la región del gen rRNA 16S. Se identificaron dos bacterias bacilares Gram positivo. El análisis filogenético identificó a la cepa ANCd110506 como Bacillus anthracis y a la cepa ANHg310511 como Bacillus thuringensis, con un índice de similitud del 97.6 % y 100 %, respectivamente. Bacillus anthracis presentó una biodegradación del 75.5 %, mientras que la cepa Bacillus thuringensis obtuvo una biodegradación del 67.9 % en 120 horas.

Las medusas son un grupo taxonómico de los más ancestrales dentro de la filogenia animal. Han habitado el planeta aproximadamente hace 500 millones de años sobreviviendo ante múltiples eventos de extinciones masivas, lo que las convierte en un grupo de gran éxito biológico. Las medusas de la clase Scyphozoa destacan a nivel mundial debido a que entre otras cosas cuentan con características de interés culinario. Dentro de este grupo se encuentra la medusa bola de cañón Stomolophus meleagris, misma que además ha llamado la atención de la comunidad científica debido a eventos de proliferación masiva conocidos como “blooms” en distintas costas del planeta. La información sobre medusas suele ser escasa y dispersa. Es por ello, que esta revisión pretende ofrecer la información básica necesaria referente a S. meleagris; con la cual se pueda apoyar a los futuros investigadores interesados en el estudio de la medusa bola de cañón.

Distress vocalizations are emitted by animals experiencing extreme physical distress, such as when caught by a predator. These signals are emitted by numerous and phylogenetically distant vertebrate species and are composed of sequences of broadband and high-amplitude notes. In this study, we provide the first acoustic characterization of distress vocalizations in four armadillo species: pink fairy armadillo (Chlamyphorus truncatus), greater fairy armadillo (Calyptophractus retusus), Southern three-banded armadillo (Tolypeutes matacus), and Chacoan naked-tailed armadillo (Cabassous chacoensis). We also recharacterized the weeping call of the screaming hairy armadillo (Chaetophractus vellerosus) to compare vocalizations, discuss potential homologies, and examine possible causes of structural and acoustic similarities among these species. In three species the vocalizations were sequences of exhaled notes that differed in their fine spectral structure (exhaled harmonic notes in C. retusus, and exhaled harsh notes in C. truncatus and T. matacus). The vocalization of C. chacoensis was composed of exhaled harsh and inhaled harsh notes that occurred alternately and continuously in a quick sequence. Based on the mode of production and acoustic similarity, we propose that the notes of C. retusus and C. truncatus would be homologous to the conspicuous crying notes of C. vellerosus. The exhaled harsh notes of T. matacus and C. chacoensis may also be homologous to the crying notes of C. vellerosus, but the notes of T. matacus are quite different in various acoustic parameters. Furthermore, the inhaled and exhaled harsh notes of C. chacoensis are similar to the inhaled and exhaled sobbing notes of C. vellerosus, making assessments of homologies uncertain in these species. Because a common motivational state (physical distress) underlies these vocalizations, we propose that the notable differences in body size and habitat preferences of the armadillos could represent potential drivers of the acoustic divergence among their vocalizations. Las vocalizaciones de pánico son emitidas por individuos cuando experimentan estrés físico, como ser capturados por un depredador. Estas señales están compuestas por secuencias de notas de banda ancha y alta amplitud, y son producidas por numerosas especies de vertebrados filogenéticamente distantes. En este estudio, caracterizamos las vocalizaciones de pánico de cuatro especies de armadillo: pichiciego menor (Chlamyphorus truncatus), pichiciego chaqueño (Calyptophractus retusus), armadillo de tres bandas (Tolypeutes matacus) y cabasú chaqueño (Cabassous chacoensis). Para comparar vocalizaciones, discutir homologías y examinar posibles causas de las similitudes acústicas entre armadillos, re-caracterizamos la vocalización de pánico del piche llorón (Chaetophractus vellerosus). En tres especies, la vocalización estuvo compuesta por secuencias de notas exhaladas que difirieron en su estructura espectral (notas armónicas exhaladas en C. retusus y notas ásperas exhaladas en C. truncatus y T. matacus). La vocalización de C. chacoensis estuvo compuesta por notas ásperas exhaladas y ásperas inhaladas emitidas de forma alterna y continua en una secuencia rápida. Considerando el modo de producción y la similitud acústica, proponemos que las notas de C. retusus y C. truncatus serían homólogas a las notas lloradas de C. vellerosus. Las notas ásperas exhaladas de T. matacus y C. chacoensis también podrían ser homólogas a las notas lloradas, sin embargo, las notas de T. matacus difieren en su estructura acústica. Además, las notas ásperas inhaladas y exhaladas de C. chacoensis son similares a las notas sollozas inhaladas y exhaladas de C. vellerosus, lo que hace inciertas las homologías entre estas especies. Debido a que el estado motivacional (angustía física) subyacente a la emisión de estas vocalizaciones es equivalente entre las especies, proponemos que las diferencias en el tamaño corporal y las preferencias de hábitat de las especies podrían representar los impulsores potenciales de la divergencia acústica entre sus vocalizaciones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the combination of morphological and phylogenetic evidence, we describe two species of Pristimantis from the upper basin of the Napo River. Both species have well-defined dorsolateral folds, a conical tubercle on the eyelid, a papilla on the tip of the snout, weakly expanded discs, and small size (female SVL < 28.2 mm). Pristimantis omarrhynchus sp. nov. differs from its sister species, Pristimantis miltongallardoi sp. nov., by the absence of iridophores on the belly, subacuminate snout in dorsal view, and narrow digits. Our phylogeny and morphological evidence, are conclusive in assigning them to the Pristimantis boulengeri species group, closely related to P. boulengeri, P cryptopictus, P. dorspictus, and P. brevifrons. The new species are the first reported for the P. boulengeri group in Ecuador and the Amazon basin. We also comment on the correct identity of GenBank sequences previously assigned to P thymelensis and P. myersi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus with a genome of approximately 197.209 bp. The current classification divides MPXV into three clades: Clade I (Central African or Congo Basin clade) and clades IIa and IIb (West African clades). Objective: To report the complete genome and phylogenetic analysis of a human monkeypox case detected in Colombia. Materials and methods: Exudate from vesicular lesions was obtained from a male patient with recent travel history to Spain. A direct genomic approach was implemented in which total DNA from the sample was purified through a column-based method, followed by sequencing on the Nanopore GridION. Reads were aligned against the MPXV reference genome using minimap2 v.2.24 and phylogenetic inference was performed using maximum likelihood estimation. Results: A total of 11.951 reads mapped directly to a reference genome with 96.8% of coverage (190.898 bp). Conclusion: Phylogenetic analysis of the MPXV circulating in Colombia demonstrated its close relationship to clade IIb responsible for the multi-country outbreak in 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]