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Inspired by the emerging field of twistronics, moiré photonic structures have attracted great interest. In this paper, we introduce the concept of the moiré Kagome lattice (MKL), which arises from the overlapping of a Kagome lattice at a commensurable angle of 38.211°. MKL exhibits a significantly broader main photonic bandgap (PBG) when compared to the traditional Kagome lattice. Through numerical simulations, we delved into the adjustable properties of the PBG of MKL by varying lattice parameters, including filling factors and materials. Meanwhile, we also observed the presence of photonic flatbands within the MKL structure. Specifically, the emergence of a super flat isolated flatband aids in achieving single-mode omnidirectional lasers and enhancing the omnidirectional electromagnetic interaction of materials, thereby expanding the applications of moiré photonic crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As it is known, Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is one of the most preferred polymeric materials for tribological applications. This study investigates the performance of PTFE and its composites under different tribological conditions. The effects of short glass fiber (GF), carbon particle (CP) and bronze particle (BP) reinforcement agents and their hybrid filling with molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) on sliding, erosive and abrasive wear were examined. Sliding tests were carried out with a ball‐on‐disc test apparatus, erosive wear tests were carried out with solid particle erosion and abrasive wear tests were carried out with a scratch test. It has been found that reinforcement agents improve sliding and abrasive wear resistance but worsen the erosion resistance. The hardness and contact angle of the samples were associated with their wear performances. Topographic and morphological analyzes of worn surfaces were performed using optical profilometer and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively, and wear mechanisms were discussed. Highlights: Filling materials (glass fiber, carbon particle and bronze particle) increase the adhesion and abrasion resistance of PTFE, while decreasing its erosion resistance.The effect of hybrid addition of MoS2 solid lubricant on wear performances depends on the type of filler.There is a correlation between surface properties (hardness and contact angle) and wear performances.Optical profilometer and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine wear mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective antibacterial therapy while accelerating the repair of bone defects is crucial for the treatment of osteomyelitis. Inspired by the protective mechanism of Andrias davidianus, we constructed an antibacterial hydrogel scaffold with excellent rigidity and long-term slow-release activity. While retaining the toughness of the skin secretion of Andrias davidianus (SSAD), the rigidity of the hydrogel material is increased by incorporating hydroxyapatite to meet the demands of bone-defect-filling materials. It also exerted antibacterial effects via the slow-release of vancomycin from local osteomyelitis lesions. Notably, the hydrogel can also carry a high stable recombinant miR-214-3p inhibitor (MSA-anti214). By the delivery of nano vector polyvinylamine, the long-term slow-release of MSA-anti214 is achieved to promote bone repair, making this composite hydrogel a potential SSAD-based osteomyelitis alleviator (SOA). In vitro and vivo results verified that the SOA effectively eliminated Staphylococcus aureus and repaired bone defects, ultimately mitigating the progression of osteomyelitis. This composite hydrogel extends the economic application prospects of A. davidianus and has provided new insights for the treatment of osteomyelitis. The study also explored new insights for the bone filling materials of bone defection and other skeletal system diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemically exfoliated graphene (EEG) is compounded with copolyamide 6/66 (PA6/66) to investigate the influence of the carbonaceous filler material on the thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties of the composite. Toward that end, the environmentally friendly electrochemical exfoliation in aqueous solution is further developed to furnish graphene in large quantities. Separating the exfoliation process from the incorporation into the polymer matrix by wet phase inversion (WPI) allowed in‐depth characterization of the EEG by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Raman spectroscopy. The crystallinity of copolyamide 6/66‐EEG is significantly changed, as revealed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Likewise, the new composite materials exhibit different flow properties, as well as increased mechanical reinforcement with additive concentration. This is proven by dynamic shear rheology and three‐point stress tests compared to the neat polymer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of biowaste fillers in the development of high-density polyurethane (PU) foams has gained significant attention due to environmental and economic benefits. This study investigates the mechanical properties of PU foams reinforced with biowaste fillers extracted from fish scales (FS) and fish scale-derived collagen (FSC). The fish scales and collagen were characterized for their composition and integrated into PU foams at various loadings. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, hardness, and density were evaluated. ANOVA was used to analyze the mean values. Bonferroni tests were used to identify differences between the filler materials (α = 0.05). The tensile strength increases with an increase in filler content for both FS (59.48 Kpa) and FSC (65.43 Kpa). No differences were observed between FS and FSC in tensile strength. Significant differences were observed between the FS and FSC in both hardness and density (p < 0.001). The results demonstrated that both fillers enhanced the mechanical properties of PU foams, with collagen-reinforced foams showing superior performance. This suggests that collagen and fish scales can be effective biowaste fillers for developing environmentally friendly PU foams with enhanced mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polarization, as a fundamental property of light, plays a key role in many phenomena of near‐field coupling, namely the coupling of source's evanescent waves into some guided modes. As a typical example of the polarization‐locked phenomenon in the near‐field coupling, the Janus dipole has the orientation of its near‐field coupling face intrinsically determined by the polarization state of linearly‐polarized surface waves, specifically whether they are transverse‐magnetic (TM) or transverse‐electric (TE) surface waves. Here, a mechanism to achieve the directional near‐field coupling of Janus dipoles beyond polarization locking by leveraging hybrid TM‐TE surface waves is presented. These hybrid surface waves, as eigenmodes with both TM and TE wave components, can be supported by optical interfaces between different filling materials inside a parallel‐plate waveguide. Under the excitation of hybrid surface waves, it is found that the coupling and non‐coupling face of a Janus dipole may be switched, if the Janus dipole itself rotates in a plane parallel to the designed optical interface between different filling materials, without resorting to the change of surface‐wave polarization. The underlying mechanism is due to the capability of hybrid surface waves to extract both the source's TM and TE evanescent waves, which offers an alternative paradigm to regulate the interference in the near‐field coupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the mechanical properties and internal stress condition of the reinforcing bar sleeve connectors with ferro-tailed mineral sand cementitious grout as filler material were analyzed as research objects. Firstly, an experimental study was carried out on the reinforcing bar sleeve connectors of iron tailing sand grout with a 40% substitution rate of mechanism sand to analyze the mechanical properties of different grout types, age, and reinforcement diameters under unidirectional tensile, high stress, and large deformation of repeated tensile and compressive stresses. Next, five groups of sleeve joints with different anchorage lengths were set up for unidirectional tensile tests. The results show that, with the decrease of the diameter of the reinforcement, the grip force and bond strength of the iron tailing sand grout on the internal reinforcement gradually increase. Under conditions of large deformation and high stress due to repeated tensile loading, the residual deformation and total elongation of iron tailing sand grout sleeve joints are satisfactory. Additionally, the restraining anchorage effect of iron tailing sand grout in the end section is small. The utilization rate and integrity of iron tailing sand grout in the initial anchorage section are better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, the Q345B low-alloy steel with different contents and ER309L stainless steel were melted together to obtain new alloys. The aim was to design the composition of weld metal (Q345B low-alloy steel as the base material and ER309L welding wire as the filler material) and improve the corrosion resistance of the weld metal. During the welding process, the composition of the weld metal was controlled to match the new alloys by changing the welding heat input. A relationship curve between fusion ration and welding heat input was obtained. The research focused on analyzing the effect of mixed-smelting ratio between Q345B and ER309L and welding heat input on the microscopic structure and corrosion performance of the prepared samples. The results show that the melted alloys containing 20% to 30% Q345B consist of a ferrite (δ) phase and austenite (A) phase, the samples containing 45% to 50% Q345B consist of a martensite (M) phase and austenite (A) phase, and the sample containing 40% Q345B consists of a martensite (M) phase, ferrite (δ) phase, and austenite (A) phase. As the mixed-smelting ratio of Q345B/ER309L increased, the corrosion resistance of samples decreased gradually. For the weld metal, the fusion ration between Q345B base material and ER309L welding wire increases with the welding heat input. When the heat input changed from 0.645 kJ/mm to 2.860 kJ/mm, the composition of the weld metal was consistent with the melted alloys containing 20–45% Q345B. The microstructure and corrosion resistance of the weld metal could be designed by the melting means, which has important guiding significance for engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AlB2${\rm AlB}_{2}$‐type TaB2${\rm TaB}_{2}$ is one of the transition‐metal diborides, a class of refractory ceramics, that has increasingly received attention due particularly to their potential for hard‐coating applications. In this work, the first‐principles calculations are performed, in combination with the cluster‐expansion method, to investigate the effect of mixing AlB2${\rm AlB}_{2}$ with TaB2${\rm TaB}_{2}$ on the thermodynamic stability, structural parameters, electronic density of states, and mechanical behavior of the resulting (Ta,Al)B2${\rm B}_{2}$ solid solutions. It is found that the solid solutions display the chemical ordering of Ta and Al atoms both residing on the metal sublattice of the material, together with the preference for partial substitution of vacancies for Al atoms. This results in the formation of Al‐deficient (Ta,Al)B2${\rm B}_{2}$ with the chemical composition Ta0.6Al0.3B2${\rm Ta}_{0.6} {\rm Al}_{0.3} {\rm B}_{2}$, predicted to be thermodynamically stable even at absolute zero in the ternary Ta−Al−B system. It is further found that such formation of Al vacancies in (Ta,Al)B2${\rm B}_{2}$ not only enhances the stability of the solutions but also improves their elastic properties and hardness, both of which could be attributed to the effect of electronic band filling. This investigation indeed sheds light on the interplay between the mixing of Ta and Al atoms and the presence of Al vacancies on the alloying and mechanical behaviors of (Ta,Al)B2${\rm B}_{2}$, and it thus offers valuable insights for further research and development of these ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, bio-composites have attracted much attention due to their potential applications in various industries. The most notable benefits are the product's low cost, biodegradability, lightweight, availability, and ability to solve environmental issues. The present research utilizes ash gourd (Benincasa hispida) peel, a food waste, as a filler material to produce epoxy (EP) composites. The effect of ash gourd peel particle percentage (ranging from 0 to 25 wt.%) was studied on the developed composites' mechanical and thermal properties and water absorption behavior. The maximum tensile strength, flexural strength, and shore D hardness were 47.52 MPa, 2409.17 MPa, and 79.6respectively, when the ash gourd peel was 5% by weight in the composite. It was observed that the mechanical characteristics of manufactured bio-composites are negatively affected by the high concentration of ash gourd peel particles in the epoxy matrix. Also, increasing ash gourd peel particle fraction increases the water absorption of composites when immersed in distilled, sea, and tap water. The composite with 5% filler by weight absorbs water at a minimal rate when immersed in seawater. Thermogravimetric analysis was conducted to investigate the newly developed composite's thermal behavior. In addition, a morphological examination of the fractured surfaces was carried out with assistance from a scanning electron microscope. The work presents ash gourd peel particles as the potential alternative to be used as filler in composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nonsurgical cosmetic procedures, particularly the use of hyaluronic acid (HA)‐based soft tissue fillers, are becoming increasingly popular. This trend has catalyzed the development of a plethora of HA‐based products differing in product characteristics, thereby catering to an ever‐widening spectrum of aesthetic applications. However, complications rise concomitant with the increasing number of procedures. Among the strategies to manage such adverse events is the enzymatic breakdown with hyaluronidase. Objective: To analyze the response of different HA‐based soft tissue filler materials to hyaluronidase injections. Methods: A total of 11 different HA‐based soft tissue fillers were evaluated using noninvasive ultrasound imaging to assess their behavior in response to hyaluronidase injections. The HA‐based soft tissue fillers were categorized according to their product characteristics into a structuring, volumizing, and lip volumizing group. Standardized injections of 0.2 cc were performed in chicken breast to simulate human tissue. Ultrasound measurements of width, height, and calculated volume were performed immediately after filler injection, 1 h and 24 h following hyaluronidase injection. Results: Regardless of the soft tissue filler analyzed, the most significant volume reduction occurred within the first h after applying hyaluronidase, with a 64.1% decrease from the initial volume. After 24 h, the total volume reduction reached 81.7%. No statistically significant differences were found when comparing the three groups at each follow‐up time period, except for the height measurement after 1 h. While width was statistically significant in all groups between the investigated follow‐up groups, the volume reduction was only statistically significant in the groups with the highest and second highest G' values (i.e., Group 1—structuring, Group 2—volumizing). Conclusion: The effectiveness of hyaluronidase in dissolving HA‐based fillers is initially independent of product characteristics of HA‐based fillers such as G‐prime, with increased efficacy in fillers with higher G‐prime values, as evidenced by significant volume reductions in such groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hexagonal boron nitride (HBN), an artificial material with unique properties, is used in many industries. This article focuses on the extent to which hexagonal boron nitride and silica nanoparticles (MSN) affect the physicochemical and mechanical properties and antimicrobial activity of prepared dental composites. In this study, HBN, and MSN were used as additives in dental composites. 5% and 10% by weight of HBN are added to the structure of the composite materials. FTIR analysis were performed to determine the components of the produced boron nitride powders, hexagonal boron nitride-containing composites, and filling material applications. The structural and microstructural properties of dental composites have been extensively characterized using X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Surface morphology and distributions of nano boron nitride were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-EDS. In addition, the solubility of dental composites in water and their stability in water and chemical solution (Fenton) were determined by three repetitive experiments. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of dental composites was detected by using Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) measurement, as well as Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) method against yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) method against bacteria strains, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Since the HMP series have better antimicrobial activity than the HP series, they are more suitable for preventing dental caries and for long-term use of dental composites. In addition, when HMP and HP series added to the composite are compared, HMP-containing dental composites have better physicochemical and mechanical properties and therefore have a high potential for commercialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomace, a waste product, generates a huge problem in the fruit and vegetable industry. Numerous studies prove that pomace and fibre are valuable sources of many nutrients. Due to their properties, their popularity is growing in many industries. Water vapour isotherms and kinetics were determined for selected fruit fibre and pomace. The activity and water content, colour, apparent and bulk density, and material structure were also investigated. In addition, the thermal stability of the tested fibres and pomace was examined. Fibre and pomace from chokeberries, apples and currants were used in the research. The determined kinetic curves proved that apple fibre absorbed more water vapour. The isotherms were found to have a shape characteristic of type III sorption isotherms. The Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer model (GAB) described experimental data for sorption isotherms well (taking an RMS value of less than 10% as a good fit of the model to the sorption data). Thermogravimetric analysis showed good thermal stability, and all analysed fruit fibre and pomace showed similar behaviour in the three main stages of weight loss. The results suggest that the analysed waste materials can be used for different applications, including flour replacements for food products or filling materials in edible packaging films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To evaluate the impact on the quality of filling with of low-fusion and conventional gutta-percha cones. Thirty-six maxillary canines were prepared and divided into three groups: I—conventional cone with Downpack at 200 °C at 4 mm from the WL; II—low-fusion cone with Downpack at 100 °C up to 4 mm from the WL; III—low-fusion cone with Downpack at 100 °C up to 7 mm from the WL. Temperature variations were measured in thirds on the external surface of the root. The bond strength was evaluated using the push-out test. The adhesive interface was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The bond strength and the temperature variation data were analyzed using analysis of variance and the failure type using the chi-square test. The low-fusion cone group with 7 mm Downpack showed higher bond strength (4.2 ± 2.7) compared with conventional cones (2.8 ± 1.6) and low-fusion cones with 4 mm Downpack (2.9 ± 1.6) (p < 0.05), with occurrence of a higher number of adhesive failures to the filling material and mixed failures. Relative to temperature variation, there was less temperature change in the apical third, in the low-fusion cone with Downpack 7 mm (1.0 ± 1.0) (p < 0.05). The use of low-fusion cones allowed the continuous wave condensation technique to be performed at a lower depth of Downpack at 100 °C at 7 mm, with less heating in the apical third, without compromising the quality of filling. Using gutta-percha cones with low fusion, which permits a lower condensation temperature and reduced Downpack depth, maintains the quality of filling, in order to minimize possible damage to the periapical tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the practical applications of biochar as an innovative and sustainable conductive filler in composite materials. Utilizing the conventional melt-blending method, we prepared conductive pinewood biochar-filled poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PLA/PBAT) composites and systematically examined their electrical, mechanical, rheological and thermal properties. Our results reveal a significant enhancement of electrical and mechanical properties upon the inclusion of conductive pinewood biochar in the PLA/PBAT matrix. With the addition of 10 wt% of conductive pinewood biochar, the average surface resistivity of the composites decreased by three orders of magnitude, measuring $4.86 \times {10^{10}}{\rm{\Omega }}/{\rm{sq}}$4.86×1010Ω/sq, which meets the antistatic requirements for polymer composites. Additionally, the average tensile strength of the biochar filler composites improved by 53% with an addition of just 1 wt% of biochar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights This article investigates the impact of magnetic particle content and various secondary carbon‐based filling materials on the mechanical properties, microstructure, magnetism, and viscoelasticity of magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) derived from natural rubber (NR) and butadiene rubber (BR). MREs composites with different formulations were prepared by using NR/BR blend (abbreviated as NB) as matrix and introducing carbonyl iron powder (CIP), few‐layer graphene (FLG), and carbon nanotube (CNT) as reinforcing fillers. The compressive mechanical properties, magnetorheological effect (MR Effect) and stress relaxation behavior of MREs under magnetic field were analyzed through microstructure characterization and macroscopic properties testing. The experimental results show that compared with the samples added CIP, FLG, and CNT, NB‐60CIP‐FLG has the best performance, which significantly improves the tensile mechanical properties, the stress of 300% set elongation is increased by 336.3%, the compressive properties are significantly increased by 92.7%. The performance of the NB‐60CIP‐CNT is also excellent, its 300% set elongation stress increased by 323.4%, in addition, its compression performance significantly improved by 79.2%. After the addition of the magnetic field, MR effect and magnetic response performance of the NB‐60CIP‐CNT sample were improved by 75.2% and 6.3%, while the MR effect and magnetic response performance of the NB‐60CIP‐FLG sample were improved by 49.9% and 18.8% compared with NB‐60CIP. In addition, the damping performance of secondary carbon‐based filling materials on MREs is also improved. This article discusses the influence of CIP content, filler type, and magnetic field intensity on the performance of MREs, highlighting its considerable importance for practical applications in production. MREs composites were prepared by using NR/BR blend as matrix. Carbonyl iron powder and graphene were used as reinforcing fillers. The carbon‐based fillers has improved the mechanical properties of MREs. The magnetic field has a significant effect on the performance of MREs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights This study assesses the effectiveness of a specially developed surface‐modified carbon black, both on its own and in combination with nano‐silica, as a hybrid filler for ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (EPDM) rubber compounds. The modification process, which included treatment with a silane coupling agent, resulted in enhanced curing characteristics. The ∆Torque values for compounds incorporating the modified carbon black exceeded those of other formulations by 25.85%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis demonstrated improved filler dispersion and better compatibility between rubber and filler due to the surface modification. The silane‐modified carbon black showed considerable enhancements in mechanical properties, particularly in tear resistance, with increases in tensile and tear strength of 22.46% and 34.86%, respectively, following surface treatment. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) indicated the influence of both surface modification and filler type, revealing that the combination of modified carbon black and nano‐silica achieved a reduction in rolling resistance of 20.41% and enhanced ice and wet grip performance by 7.95%. Additionally, modified carbon black displayed varying effects on the glass transition temperature. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed that the thermal stability of the compounds was consistent, while solvent resistance improved with surface modification, as shown by swelling ratios. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the surface modification of carbon black positively influences the elasticity and chain mobility of the rubber compounds studied. In conclusion, the careful selection and optimization of filler materials and their modifications are essential for customizing the properties of rubber compounds to satisfy specific performance criteria and applications. Promising EPDM compounds were prepared with Silane‐Modified CB and Nano‐Silica. Silane‐modified CB effectively improved the curing properties of the EPDM compound. The ΔTorque and cross‐link density of modified CB/EPDM show the highest value. Modified CB/Nano‐Silica/EPDM exhibited significant improvement in tear strength. Modified CB/Nano‐silica/EPDM have lower rolling resistance and higher wet grip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly-d,l-lactic acid (PDLLA) is a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer that has garnered significant attention in dermatology due to its unique properties and versatile applications. This literature review offers a comprehensive analysis of PDLLA's roles in various dermatological conditions and wound-healing applications. PDLLA demonstrates significant benefits in enhancing skin elasticity and firmness, reducing wrinkles, and promoting tissue regeneration and scar remodeling. Its biodegradable properties render it highly suitable for soft tissue augmentation, including facial and breast reconstruction. We discuss the critical importance of understanding PDLLA's physical and chemical characteristics to optimize its performance and safety, with a focus on how nano- and micro-particulate systems can improve delivery and stability. While potential complications, such as granuloma formation and non-inflammatory nodules, are highlighted, effective monitoring and early intervention strategies are essential. PDLLA's applications extend beyond dermatology into orthopedics and drug delivery, owing to its superior mechanical stability and biocompatibility. This review underscores the need for ongoing research to fully elucidate the mechanisms of PDLLA and to maximize its therapeutic potential across diverse medical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As high-strength and ultra-high-strength steels are widely used in all kinds of modern welded constructions, a lot of research is carried out to investigate the mechanical properties of the weldments of these steels, but there is little information on such important characteristics as their corrosion behaviour. This research focuses on the corrosion behaviour of the weld metal of the weldments of S906QL and S700MC steels. The weld metal was tested electrochemically in a 3.5% NaCl aqueous solution via a potentiodynamic scan to determine the corrosion rate and its dependence on the welding gap. No influence of the welding gap on the corrosion rate was found, but the experimental results suggested that the corrosion rate depended on the chemical composition of the filler material and the microstructure of the weld metal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Methods Results Conclusion The treatment of the medial infraorbital region also termed the tear trough has become increasingly popular by the use of soft tissue fillers in a minimally invasive approach using a cannula.A total of 246 tear troughs were injected and investigated originating from 123 study participants. The clinical outcome was evaluated 6 months after the treatment by independent observers based on standardized frontal images and the procedure was documented by ultrasound imaging.On average, 0.26 (0.1) cc [range: 0.08–0.32] of soft tissue filler material was injected per tear trough. Tear trough depth was before the treatment rated as 2.12 (0.4), whereas after the treatment it was 1.15 (0.4) (p < 0.001). Hyperpigmentation score was 2.19 (0.4) before the treatment, whereas after the treatment it was 1.31 (0.5) (p < 0.001). Intraorbital fat pseudo‐prolapse severity was rated before the treatment 1.88 (0.7), whereas it was rated after the treatment 1.14 (0.3) (p < 0.001). Wrinkle severity of the lower eyelid was rated before the treatment 1.51 (0.6), whereas it was rated after the treatment 1.12 (0.3) (p < 0.001).The results of this retrospectively investigated case series revealed that the conducted injection technique for treating the tear trough for medial infraorbital hollowing with a cannula provided statistically significant clinical improvement with a limited adverse events profile. The technique utilized an injection approach which was perpendicularly oriented to the longitudinal axis of the tear trough thereby “bridging the gap instead of filling the entire valley.” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a novel modified joining technique based on selective microwave hybrid heating. Primary objective of this article is to investigate the joining of dissimilar materials, specifically SS2205 and SS304 alloys, with nickel as filler material and graphite rods as susceptors. Following input parameters were used such as power level: 900 W, frequency: 2.45 GHz, number of graphite rods: 16 (each having diameter 2 mm; length 30 mm), ceramic wool: 100 × 50 × 50 mm3, and processing time: 750 s. Mechanical testing of the joints showed an average microhardness of 494.52 HV and ultimate tensile strength of 407.83 MPa with 11.34% elongation. Joint region was analyzed using x-ray diffraction, revealing the presence of various intermetallics and carbides, including FeNi, FeNi3, CrNi3, Ni3C, Fe3C, and C2Cr3. Microstructural examination confirmed a robust metallurgical bond between the two joining surfaces, demonstrating the absence of interfacial cracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been great interest in developing high‐performance, sustainable and eco‐friendly materials. This study presents an innovative development and research of the mechanical properties of dog bone–reinforced epoxy composites to determine their suitability for biomedical applications. Good surface compatibility for the matrix and reinforcement was the target, complementing the structural compatibility needed for such applications. Hand‐lay open mould technique was used to fabricate the composites with varying weight percentage of dog bone particles (DBPs), and mechanical properties (tensile strength, Young's modulus, percentage elongation and flexural strength) were determined. The results show that the developed composites' mechanical properties were enhanced, and the tensile strength of 21.10 MPa–27.97 MPa, Young's modulus of 1531.00 MPa–1732.90 MPa, ductility of 2.10%–2.60% and flexural strength of 27.53 MPa–35.67 MPa were recorded for the biocomposites. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) revealed the main elements' contents of the DBPs as calcium (50.3%), carbon (20.77%) and oxygen (11.76%). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination of the fractured surfaces revealed the homogeneous distribution of the dog bone particulates within the epoxy matrix, which caused the property enhancement. The findings of this research underline the potency of processed animal waste as filler materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continental rifts are characterized by up to 30 km wide rotated fault blocks with stratigraphic dip away from the central rift axis. Although gravity‐induced mass movements are well known features of collapsed fault block crests, I here demonstrate the occurrence of polymodal gravity‐driven mass transport down the back slope of a first‐order rift fault block. I identify (1) early sliding related to syntectonic crestal collapse of second‐order rift faults, (2) large‐scale bed‐parallel sliding of the L‐M Jurassic sedimentary package, and (3) the accumulation of two 7 km long, 1–2 km wide and up to 750 m thick volumes of complexly slumped material in the hanging walls of two ramp‐forming faults. Early sliding is documented by 100 m of repeated Brent Group stratigraphy in a cored well in the study area (well 34/4‐15A). These smaller slides have intact internal stratigraphy but show elevated deformation band densities. The seismic data also show evidence for ca. 2 km of massive translational sliding of the ca. 400 m thick and ca. 300 km2 large Jurassic section above a lowermost Jurassic bedding‐parallel detachment. This translational slide did not deform much internally, except for ductile folding where it slid over underlying active rift faults. Chaotic seismic facies in fault hanging walls are interpreted as contorted Jurassic beds, formed by multiple slumping and sliding events that stacked mobilized sediments into a 750 m thick column. These complex slump volumes occur where fault displacement is highest along two relayed faults. A model is favoured where the large translational slide ruptured with an opening of space against the fault that was progressively filled with slumped material from the footwall. While the large‐scale translational sliding only caused moderate internal subseismic deformation, early sliding and, particularly, the complex slumping caused significant internal deformation. This study shows the importance of carefully searching for and distinguishing between different types of mass movement in rift systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Endodontic inflammation typically results from root canal infections and sensitizations to filling materials after root canal treatment (RCT), potentially leading to systemic inflammation and disease. We therefore aimed to characterize the inflammatory alterations after RCT as well as the inflammatory molecule levels following tooth extraction or renewed RCT. Patients and Methods: All (a total of 2585) walk-in patients with or without RCT history were included in this retrospective study. During the 3-year observation period, blood levels of RANTES/CCL5 (regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted/chemotactic cytokine ligand 5), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were measured before and after tooth extraction or renewed RCT. Control patients did not undergo any dental treatment. Results: A total 49.38% of patients had a history of at least one RCT. In RCT patients, RANTES/CCL5 values were significantly reduced by both tooth extraction (p=0.03) and renewed dental RCT (p=0.038), while a non-significant increase was observed in untreated patients. TNF-α levels were reduced by tooth extraction (p=0.014) but not by renewed RCT and no intervention. CRP levels were not significantly changed by either treatment. Tooth extraction significantly lowered IFN-γ levels (p=0.003), while in control patients, IFN-γ levels did not change. IL-10 levels were non-significantly reduced by tooth extraction (p=0.061). In a subcohort of RCT patients, the lymphocyte transformation test revealed an allergic reaction to at least one of the root filling materials in 39.46% of patients, with raw gutta percha (56%) and eugenol (19%) being frequent triggers. Conclusion: Here, we demonstrate the involvement of root-treated teeth in inflammatory processes, as tooth extraction and renewed RCT could significantly reduce individual cytokine levels. Our data support the use of biomarkers for in vivo monitoring of treatment success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different oral root canal filling materials on the expression of inflammatory factors and protease related molecules in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). A total of 90 patients with posterior tooth defects who underwent root canal therapy in our hospital were selected. They were divided into an observation group (group A) and a control group (group B) based on different root canal filling materials, with 45 teeth in each group. The group A patients were repaired with fiber post, composite resin combined with zirconia ceramic crown, while the group B patients were repaired with metal post core combined with metal ceramic crown. The clinical effect, periodontal index, restoration success rate, mastication efficiency, periodontal index, restoration effect, and the levels of GCF and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) before and after restoration were compared between the two groups. The clinical efficacy of the group A was better than that of the group B patients. The success rate of repair and chewing efficiency in the group A were higher than those in the group B. The completeness rate, color matching rate, edge fit rate, edge coloring qualification rate, and gingival qualification rate of the group A patients were higher than those of the group B patients. After repair, the levels of GCF and ALP in both groups of patients were higher than before repair, and the group B was raised than the group A. The PLI, GI, and SBI indices of the group A patients were reduced than those of the group B patients. The application of fiber post, composite resin combined with zirconia porcelain crown restoration in patients with posterior tooth defects after root canal treatment can improve the success rate, chewing efficiency, and restoration effect, with little impact on changes in GCF and ALP levels in the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyaluronic acid filler injections have been associated with early, temporary, and delayed-onset complications. High-resolution ultrasound with Doppler analysis has been increasingly used to detect and identify such complications. We comprehensively describe the most common ultrasonographic findings of nonvascular complications associated with hyaluronic acid filler injections. This retrospective, cross-sectional, observational study was conducted at a reference center for dermatologic ultrasound in Bogotá, Colombia. Ultrasound reports documented the ultrasonographic findings of nonvascular complications of hyaluronic acid filler injections. Fifty-two complications were documented in a cohort of 50 patients (women, 88%). The infraorbital region was the most common site affected (23%), followed by the nasolabial region (22%). The Tyndall effect was the most common complication (25% of all), followed by changes in rheology (21%) and pseudosarcoidal (foreign body granuloma) reaction (15%). The Tyndall effect stood out for its distinctive ultrasonographic characteristics. We discuss the ultrasonographic findings and pathogenesis of other complications, including filler migration, early hypersensitivity, aseptic abscess, overcorrection, and filler material interaction. The clinical presentation of hyaluronic acid filler complications can be confusing, delaying timely diagnosis and treatment. High-resolution ultrasound with Doppler analysis is a valuable tool for avoiding unnecessary treatments and ensuring timely diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phononic or acoustic bandgap materials have often been made using a polymer matrix with metal inclusions such as tin and steel, which have high densities compared to the matrix material. Acoustic bandgaps are observed when waves are not transmitted at certain frequencies. These have been applied in cavity resonators, acoustic waveguides, and more. This paper introduces a concept of using cement as the surrounding matrix and carbon nanotubes as the core inclusions to develop phononic materials. The exhibition of a bandgap makes it possible for the cementitious phononic material to be used as a sensor for cement cracking and defects in oil well bores. This paper discusses ways to optimize the characteristics of the carbon nanotube core to develop gaps in transmission spectra. It shows the behavior of the cementitious material with changing filling fraction, location of core cells, and surrounding defects, creating a pathway for paradigm-shifting non-destructive sensing technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel method entitled flexible oil storage in waters is proposed, aiming to address the limitations of current oil storage systems and enhance the country's oil storage capacity. However, oil contamination severely restricts its applicability. To ensure the environmental sustainability of the method, the adsorbed layer is added outside the oil bladder, and the study investigates the material and the action mechanism of the adsorbed layer for flexible oil storage in waters. The results show that, with long breakthrough time and low oil concentration as criteria, the reed straw biochar is more suitable as the adsorbed layer filling material compared to the coconut shell and the apricot shell biochar and the fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer is more suitable as the adsorbed layer membrane material compared to polyvinyl chloride. The adsorbed layer action mechanism involves multiple interactions, including permeation, adsorption, accumulation, and diffusion. They are coupled and together influence the adsorption effect. The empirical formula for the adsorbed layer's lifespan is derived, which helps in designing the adsorbed layer to satisfy specific lifespan requirements. This study provides theoretical and engineering guidance for the application of flexible oil storage in waters, contributing to the development of oil storage techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water drives the decay of road subgrades such as frost heave in cold areas and collapse in saline soil areas, which influences the safety and comfort of vehicle transportation. This paper proposes a novel geotechnical material, namely hydrophobized soil, as a subgrade fill material to mitigate water-induced degradation of subgrade. Hydrophobized soil has a low affinity to water and therefore can prevent the subgrade from water infiltration, enhancing the volume stability of subgrades. To demonstrate its feasibility, the hydrophobicity and its durability were investigated in this study. A one-year outdoor weathering test on hydrophobized soil columns was conducted, with the hydrophobicity measured. The results show that hydrophobized sand has different durabilities and exhibits different degradations depending on the chosen hydrophobizing agent and its concentration. Based on the testing results and capillary rise model, the design of hydrophobic hydraulic barrier in subgrade was discussed at the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Restoring decayed teeth in young patients can be challenging. This calls for a simplification of the protocols through new biomaterials. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the marginal adaptation delivered by restorative materials applied on class II cavities by using a simplified protocol, before and after fatigue test, followed by the assessment of the internal adaptation. (2) Methods: Forty-eight human teeth were divided into six groups (n = 8). Dentinal fluid simulation was performed before restoring the class II cavities: Gr 1—adhesive (Clearfil Universal Bond Quick) and nanohybrid flowable composite (Clearfil Majesty ES Super Low Flow), Gr 2—adhesive (Clearfil Universal Bond Quick) and nanohybrid composite (Clearfil Majesty ES standard), Gr 3—bulk fill self-adhesive composite (Surefil One), Gr 4—bioactive powder-liquid filling material (Cention Forte), Gr 5—universal adhesive (Adhese Universal) and nanohybrid composite resin (Tetric Powerfill); and control group (CT)—high-viscosity glass ionomer (Equia Forte). Marginal adaptation was observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and compared before and after a fatigue test consisting of repeated thermal and mechanical cycles. The specimens were then cut mesio-distally, and internal adaptation was undertaken using SEM again. Repeated measures and one way ANOVA followed by a Fisher's LSD test and Fisher's LSD post hoc test were used in order to compare the statistically significant differences among groups. (3) Results: As for the marginal adaptation after loading, Cention Forte (58%) and Equia Forte HT (53%) were statistically equivalent and presented the highest results, followed by Clearfil Majesty ES Standard (32%) and Tetric Powerfill (27%), with Surefil One (8%) and Clearfil Majesty ES Flow Super Low (7%) showing the worst results. In terms of internal adaptation, Cention Forte (85%) and Clearfil Majesty ES Standard (74%) had the highest percentages of continuous margins. Tetric powerfill (56%) and Equia Forte HT (44%) showed statistically significantly lower results, followed by Clearfil Majesty ES Flow Super Low (33%) and eventually Surefil One (17%). (4) Conclusions: This in vitro study showed promising results for the marginal and internal adaptation of alkasite dual cured Cention Forte in the restoration of class II cavities. This material could be considered an interesting restorative alternative for the restoration of deciduous teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the presented research was to determine the suitability of using ultrasonic testing (UT) to inspect heterogeneous, from a material point of view, welded joints on the example of the joints of a ferritic steel element with elements made of an austenitic steel. The echo technique with transverse (SEK) and longitudinal wave heads (SEL) addressed this issue. Due to the widespread use of 13CrMo4-5 and X2CrNiMo17-12-2 steel grades in the energy industry, they were selected as the test materials for the study. The objects of the presented research were welded joint specimens with thicknesses of 8, 12, and 16 mm and dimensions of 300 × 300 mm, made using the 135 metal active gas (MAG) process with the use of the Lincoln 309LSi wire—a ferritic–austenitic filler material. The stages of the research task were (1) making distance–amplitude curve (DAC) patterns from the test materials; (2) preparation of specimens of welded joints with artificial discontinuities in the form of through-holes; (3) performing UT tests on welded joints with artificial discontinuities using heads with 60° and 70° angles for the transverse wave and angle heads for longitudinal waves with similar beam insertion angles; (4) selection, by radiographic testing (RT), of welded joint specimens with natural discontinuities in the form of a lack of sidewall fusion; (5) performing UT tests on welded joints with natural discontinuities, using heads as welded joints with artificial discontinuities. It was found that (1) the highest sensitivity of discontinuity detection was obtained by performing tests on the ferritic steel side, which is due to the lower attenuation of the ultrasonic wave propagating in ferritic steel compared to austenitic steel; (2) the best detection of discontinuities could be obtained using a longitudinal ultrasonic wave; (3) there is a relationship between the thickness of the welded elements, the angle of the ultrasonic beam introduction, and the effectiveness of discontinuity detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid-state shear milling (S3M) equipment is an evolution from traditional stone mills, enabling the processing of polymer materials and fillers through crushing, mixing, and mechanochemical reactions at ambient temperature. Due to the complex structure of the mill-pan, empirical data alone are insufficient to give a comprehensive understanding of the physicochemical interactions during the milling process. To provide an in-depth insight of the working effect and mechanism of S3M equipment, finite element method (FEM) analysis is employed to simulate the milling dynamics, which substantiates the correlation between numerical outcomes and experimental observations. A model simplification strategy is proposed to optimize calculation time without compromising accuracy. The findings in this work demonstrate the S-S bond breakage mechanism behind stress-induced devulcanization and suggest the structural optimizations for enhancing the devulcanization and pulverization efficiency of S3M equipment, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for its application in material processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploitation of high-performance membranes selective for propylene is important for developing energy-efficient propylene/propane (C3H6/C3H8) separation technologies. Although metal–organic frameworks with a molecular sieving property have been considered promising filler materials in mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs), their use in practical applications has been challenging due to a lack of interface compatibility. Herein, we adopted a surface coordination strategy that involved rationally utilizing carboxyl-functionalized PIM-1 (cPIM) and ZIF-8 to prepare a mixed-matrix membrane for efficient propylene/propane separation. The interfacial coordination between the polymer and the MOF improves their compatibility and eliminates the need for additional modification of the MOF, thereby maximizing the inherent screening performance of the MOF filler. Additionally, the utilization of porous PIM-1 guaranteed the high permeability of the MMMs. The obtained MMMs exhibited excellent separation performance. The 30 wt% ZIF-8/cPIM-1 membrane performed the best, exhibiting a high C3H6 permeability of 1023 Barrer with a moderate C3H6/C3H8 selectivity of 13.97 under 2 bars of pressure. This work presents a method that can feasibly be used for the preparation of defect-free MOF-based MMMs for specific gas separations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the mechanical behavior of resin composites and hybrid glass ionomer cement in class I adhesive dental restorations under loading and shrinkage conditions. Three CAD models of a mandibular first molar with class I cavities were created and restored with different techniques: a bi-layer of Equia Forte HT with Filtek One Bulk Fill Restorative composite (model A), a single layer of adhesive and Filtek One Bulk Fill Restorative (model B), and a single layer of Equia forte HT (model C). Each model was exported to computer-aided engineering software, and 3D finite element models were created. Models A and B exhibited a similar pattern of stress distribution along the enamel–restoration interface, with stress peaks of 12.5 MPa and 14 MPa observed in the enamel tissue. The sound tooth, B, and C models showed a similar trend along the interface between dentine and restoration. A stress peak of about 0.5 MPa was detected in the enamel of both the sound tooth and B models. Model C showed a reduced stress peak of about 1.2 MPa. A significant stress reduction in 4 mm deep class I cavities in lower molars was observed in models where non-shrinking dental filling materials, like the hybrid glass ionomer cement used in model C, were applied. Stress reduction was also achieved in model A, which employed a bi-layer technique with a shrinking polymeric filling material (bulk resin composite). Model C's performance closely resembled that of a sound tooth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Materials based on hybrid bimetallic particles with a polyacrylamide shell can act as an efficient centers of energy dissipation in filled composites and reveal more effectiveness than nanoparticles, which, due to their higher surface-to-volume ratio and low interfacial adhesion, can affect the final composite performance. Two types of fillers were obtained as part of polymer-mediated synthesis and subsequent thermolysis and later encapsulated into a LDPE matrix. The metal-polymer complex increases the damping capacity of the hosting material up to 25% at higher concentration. However, the nanoparticles showed a strong increase at 5 wt% (by 20%) and then a sharp decline, which makes metal-polymer particles more suitable for damping purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In construction projects in Khuzestan province in Iran, electric-arc steel slag (EASS) materials are used as fill materials. In this research study, bio-cementation practice on EASS materials is examined and compared with that on natural sand. For this purpose, direct shear, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and constant head permeability tests, together with scanning electron microscopy images obtained using an instrument equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope, were used to analyse and compare untreated and treated materials. The results showed that despite higher urease activity and higher calcite production of EASS materials compared with natural sand, the latter showed slightly higher UCS, higher cohesion intercept enhancement and higher permeability decrease after bio-cementation treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incineration bottom ash (IBA) is a by-product generated from incineration of municipal solid wastes, and it is mostly landfilled, especially for fine IBA. Reusing IBA with waste soils as filling materials in civil engineering can be a potential solution. However, the existing studies only focused on the air-cured IBA-soil mixtures in the laboratory, whereas in the field, the mixtures may contact water or immerse in water. Because IBA is rich in sulfates, the stability of IBA-soil mixtures in water may be compromised. Therefore, this study investigated the stability of IBA-marine clay (MC) mixtures in water. Ordinary portland cement (OPC) and granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) served as binders to stabilize/solidify IBA-MC. The appearance, strength, mineralogy, and microstructure of IBA-MC, OPC-IBA-MC, and GGBS-IBA-MC were studied. The results showed that all mixtures performed well when cured in air, but some deteriorated after soaking in water. IBA-MC and OPC-IBA-MC subjected to a short precuring period developed significant cracks and strength loss. Long precuring can reduce or eliminate the cracks on specimens during soaking, leading to higher strength. However, GGBS-IBA-MC had no surficial defects and only a slight strength decrease under both precuring periods. The mineralogy and microstructure of IBA-MC and stabilized IBA-MC revealed that the formation and growth of ettringite were responsible for the deterioration of IBA-MC and OPC-IBA-MC soaking in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baghdadite (Ca 3 ZrSi 2 O 9) cements of various composition have been investigated in this study regarding an application as endodontic filling materials. Cements were either obtained by mixing mechanically activated baghdadite powder with water (maBag) or by subsequently substituting the ß-tricalcium phosphate (ß-TCP) component in a brushite forming calcium phosphate cement. The cements were analyzed for their mechanical performance, injectability, radiopacity, phase composition and antimicrobial properties. The cements demonstrated sufficient mechanical performance with a compressive strength of ∼1 MPa (maBag) and 2.3 – 17.4 MPa (substituted calcium phosphate cement), good injectability > 80 % depending on the powder to liquid ratio and an intrinsic radiopacity of 1.13 – 2.05 mm aluminum equivalent. Immersion in artificial saliva proved their bioactivity by the formation of calcium phosphate and calcium silicate precipitates on the cement surface. The bacterial activity of Staphylococcus aureus cultured on the surface of the cements was found to be similar compared to clinical standard ProRoot MTA cement or even reduced by a factor of 3 for Streptococcus mutans. In combination with their antibacterial properties, baghdadite cements are thought to have the potential to fulfil the clinical requirements for endodontic filling materials. • Different baghdadite (Ca 3 ZrSi 2 O 9) cements have been synthesized and investigated regarding their application as endodontic materials. • The cements demonstrated sufficient mechanical performance, good injectability and an intrinsic radiopacity. • Bacterial activity of Staphylococcus aureus cultured on the baghdadite cements was similar to ProRoot MTA. • Bacterial activity of Streptococcus mutans cultured on baghdadite cements was three times lower than on ProRoot MTA. • maBag cement seems to be the more promising candidate due the high alkaline pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The replacement of traditional materials like steel and Fe with lightweighted solutions, such as Al, Mg and composites has rapid development in science and technology. This study looks into Mg alloys which is expected to have rising impact on industrial trends in the future with material consumption, balanced performance and economic effects. Joining dissimilar materials together has never been easy and so the paper gives a brief theory of the advanced joining methods, laser beam welding (LBW) of distinct lightweight materials like Mg alloys, and its influences on laser parameters. Additionally, all experimental analyses of interlayer or filler materials reinforced by the weld joint of Mg alloys are studied. Their imitating results on the Mg alloys’ microstructure and properties to advance the weldability of the joint to repel failure, as well as their knowledge of the fundamentals, current trends and future approaches in the advanced joining of lightweight materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural repair of high-strength 7075 Al alloys is vital in aerospace and defense field. Nevertheless, conventional melting-based welding methods pose challenges in achieving this due to the generation of solidification defects. In this work, 7075 Al alloy plates were successfully repaired by an emerging solid-state additive manufacturing technology, additive friction stir deposition (AFSD). The effect of different heat treatment states of feedstock rod (T6-treated and solution-treated) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the repaired zone were systematically investigated. The results show that the repaired zone of the T-repair specimen is partly filled with material flowing from the sidewall of the hole and partly with deposited fine equiaxed grains, showing no distinct interface. In contrast, the repaired zone of the S-repair specimen is completely filled with deposited equiaxed grains. The T-repair showed higher mechanical properties of 312.6 MPa and 9.7%, respectively, compared to 252.1 MPa and 7.9% for the S-repair. To further improve the mechanical properties of T-repair, post-repair heat treatment (PRHT) was performed. After PRHT, the tensile strength of T-H-repair increased to 491 MPa, but elongation decreased significantly. The decreased elongation after PRHT can be ascribed to the aggregation of precipitated phases at the repair interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasonic-assisted forming process is one of the important methods to improve the formability of materials because of its acoustic softening effect and antifriction effect. After the introduction of ultrasonic, the forming accuracy of the inner ribs is improved in the spinning process of ribbed cylindrical parts, but the effect law of ultrasonic energy on the forming of inner ribs has not been clarified in detail. In this paper, a modeling method of ultrasonic-assisted spinning was proposed, which was taken into account the attenuation characteristics of ultrasonic energy in solid media for the improvement of the simulation accuracy. The corresponding simulation model was established to explore the effect law of ultrasonic amplitude on the forming accuracy of inner ribs. The results showed that the forming height and surface morphology of longitudinal ribs can be improved effectively in the ultrasonic-assisted spinning process. With the increase of ultrasonic amplitude, the forming height of longitudinal rib gradually increased, but the increase degree of the rib height gradually slowed down, and the difference of the material filling between the screw-in end and the screw-out end at the rib groove gradually decreased, but the surface morphology of the longitudinal ribs always present the geometric characteristics that the screw-in end is higher than the screw-out end. The reason is that the application of ultrasonic vibration promoted the radial and circumferential flow of the material and improved the material filling ability into the rib groove. The combined effect of ultrasonic softening effect and anti-friction effect reduced the radial filling difference between the screw-in end and the screw-out end of the ribs. Ultrasonic vibration could enhance the material flow but did not significant change the forming distribution characteristics of the ribs, resulting in limited rib height and uneven surface morphology. Also, the energy field gradient design method along the sheet thickness was proposed to further improve the forming accuracy of the inner ribs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of publications has shown that the use of the exothermic addition with a combined oxidizer (xCuO + (x-1)Fe2O3-Al) as components of filler materials will reduce energy consumption and increase the efficiency of the welding/hardfacing process. However, in the literature, there are no studies of exothermic addition with combined oxidizers, which allow to vary the chemical composition of the deposited metal within a wide range. In this paper, the use of exothermic addition with combined oxidizer (xCuO + (x-1)Fe2O3-Al) was considered. To study the characteristics, standard methods were used to determine the arc stability, melting characteristics, weld bead morphology, melting-energy characteristics, and efficiency parameters, and mechanical properties were made. The structural characteristics were analyzed by optical microscope (OM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD). Microhardness values of the hardfaced samples were obtained using a Vickers hardness tester. The greater stability of arc voltage was shown by the processes performed with flux-cored wires in which oxidizing agents of exothermic addition Al-CuO-Fe2O3 in the core filler were taken with an equal content of oxidizing agents or with a slight excess of oxidizing agent CuO/(CuO + Fe2O3) = 0.5–0.6, whereas the greater stability of the welding current was shown by the processes carried out with the use of flux-cored wire with the exothermic addition with an equal or greater proportion of Fe2O3 oxidizer in the combined oxidizer CuO/(CuO + Fe2O3) ≤ 0.5. Further studies of melting characteristics (deposition rate, spattering factor, etc.), melting-energy characteristics (melt-off coefficient CM and deposition rate coefficient Cd), and efficiency showed the efficiency of using exothermic addition with combined oxidizer of Al-CuO-Fe2O3 system. The study showed high arc stability of the hardfacing process, an increase in deposition efficiency (De), and a decrease in spattering loss, which increased deposition rate from 4.73 kg·h−1 to 6.42 kg·h−1 compared to exothermic addition with simple Al-Fe2O3 system. Analysis of weld bead morphology showed improvement in weld bead parameters. The results showed high energy efficiency and productivity of the welding/hardfacing process with the introduction of exothermic addition with combined oxidizer of CuO-Fe2O3-Al system at the following share of copper oxide in combined oxidizer CuO/(CuO + Fe2O3) = 0.5–0.6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The nasal region plays a pivotal role in both facial esthetics and functionality. The use of volumizing fillers has emerged as a potential means to enhance nasal appearance. Preliminary findings from cadaveric studies have highlighted potential risks associated with deeper needle injection, leading to cartilage damage and lateral migration of filler material. Understanding the subcutaneous tissue depth is crucial to prevent such complications and ensure safe filler placement guided by anatomical knowledge. Methods: This study aimed to employ ultrasonographic assessment to precisely measure the depth of soft tissue in the nasal area. Fifty‐two participants without prior nasal surgery or filler injections underwent detailed ultrasonographic evaluation, focusing on seven key anatomical points: Glabellar, Sellion, Rhinion, between Rhinion and Pronasal, Pronasal, between Pronasal and Subnasal, and Subnasal. Results: The ultrasonographic observation revealed varying depths of subcutaneous tissue across these points: Glabellar (4.11 ± 0.79), Sellion (5.21 ± 0.97), Rhinion (2.02 ± 0.74), Rhinion to Pronasal midpoint (6.45 ± 3.1), Pronasal (9.5 ± 2.2), between Pronasal and Subnasal (8.8 ± 0.8), and Subnasal (8.5 ± 0.5). Discussion: The discussion underscores the significance of understanding subcutaneous tissue depth in guiding needle length and approach angles during filler injections. This knowledge aids in achieving effective filling while ensuring safe placement within the subcutaneous tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the effects of pre‐crack inclination angle and filling material on granite, uniaxial compression tests were performed on pre‐cracked granite specimens without filling material and specimens filled with epoxy resin, gypsum, and organosilicon. Results indicate that the peak strength and apparent stiffness of pre‐cracked granite without filling materials increase with increasing pre‐crack inclination angle. The strain energy absorbed by the filling material improves the energy storage limit, inhibits the energy release effect when microcracks are connected to each other, and ultimately improves the compressive resistance and energy storage capacity. The strengthening effect of gypsum and epoxy resin is relatively better, which is more significant when the pre‐crack inclination angle equals 0°–60°. Finally, a damage constitutive model is established, which is in good agreement with the test and numerical simulation data. The results can provide reference for the research of grouting reinforcement of rock masses. Highlights: The effects of pre‐crack inclination angle and filling material are analyzed.The evolution law of energy mechanism is analyzed.The damage constitutive (DC) model of cracked rocks is proposed.The strengthening mechanism of energy storage effect of filled cracks was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]