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While it is widely accepted that the five main fruit trees that established horticulture in the late prehistoric period are: olive (Olea europaea), common fig (Ficus carica), grapevine (Vitis vinifera), date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), and pomegranate (Punica granatum), there is much less agreement on where, when, and why this happened. This review paper1 gathers all recent archaeological and archaeobotanical information on the topic and suggests that all five founders were first assembled into a package in one geographically small region – the Central Jordan Valley. From this core area, knowledge and/or genetic materials were shifted to nearby regions. Yet, it cannot be ruled out that other parallel independent domestications may have occurred in other regions. 14C dates provided in this study indicate that the beginning of this development is dated at ca. 7000 years cal. BP., earlier than previously considered. It seems that the primary motivation has been related to political and socioeconomic considerations rather than climatological-environmental concerns or other factors. The paper also discusses the cost-effective benefits of simultaneously cultivating several fruit trees. Understanding the early stages of horticulture sheds light on the history of our civilizations, which, according to this study, preceded urbanization or state formation by more than a millennium and a half. A better understanding of the origin and early stages of this development is also of great importance, given the immediate need to adapt horticultural practices to environmental degradation and global climate changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of vegetation of open environments with a predominance of grass–forb meadow associations and the participation of pine–oak forests was reconstructed on the basis of study of microphytofossils from the Lower Pleistocene deposits of the Taurida cave in central Crimea. These results are consistent with data on the composition of land vertebrates from the Taurida locality. The studied spectrum demonstrates similarity with the spore–pollen assemblage of the Berezan horizon of Ukraine with a maximum age of about 1.8 Ma. Based on the abundance of trichomes and plant fibers similar to those of Ficus carica Linnaeus, 1753 in the coprolites, it is assumed that the extinct hyenas Pachycrocuta brevirostris (Gervais, 1850) ate fig fruits in certain seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of three biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) microperforated films of different transmission rates [3 (M50), 5 (M30), and 16 (M10) holes; Ø = 100 µm] on the maintenance of colour and bioactive compounds profile of three fig cultivars were studied in comparison with macroperforated film (5 holes; ø = 9 mm) during cold storage. Figs from 'Cuello Dama Negro', 'Cuello Dama Blanco' and 'San Antonio' cultivars were stored at 0 ℃ and 90–95% relativity humidity in the dark for 21 days; and were sampled at 0, 7, 14, 17, and 21 days. Skin and flesh colour, total antioxidant activity (both hydrophilic and lipophilic fractions), chlorophylls and phenolic compounds were measured. Results revealed that microperforated film packaging (especially M50) helped maintaining skin colour during storage, delayed senescence of fruit, and enhanced the concentrations of cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside (up to ninefold increase in the skin) and quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (2- to 20-fold increase in concentration in the skin, and up to fivefold increase in the flesh), the main phenolic compounds found in dark skin figs. On another part, this was the first time that lipophilic antioxidant activity was measured in figs, obtaining values between 0.25 and 0.61 mmol kg−1 for skin and flesh, respectively. Obtained results were in concordance with other fruits studied by other authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity and hyperlipidemia have become major disorders predominantly causing prevailing cardiovascular diseases and ultimately death. The prolonged use of anti‐obesity drugs and statins for reducing obesity and blood lipid levels is leading toward adverse effects of kidneys and muscles, specifically rhabdomyolysis. The objective of this study is to evaluate potential of seeds of Ficus carica against hyperlipidemia. Various extracts and isolated compounds from fig seeds were analyzed and evaluated for their anti‐hyperlipidemic potential. Methanol extract and its ethyl acetate fraction showed maximum pancreatic lipase inhibition of 61.93% and 86.45% in comparison to reference drug Orlistat. Four compounds isolated by HPLC‐PDA technique were determined as Gallic acid, Catechin, Epicatechin, and Quercetin also showed strong potential to inhibit enzyme pancreatic lipase comparable to Orlistat. These isolated compounds were further analyzed for molecular docking and MM‐GBSA studies. Three ligands, namely Quercetin, Epicatechin, and Catechin were found more effective against pancreatic lipase as these possessed docking scores (−9.881, −9.741, −9.410) higher to that of the reference ligand Orlistat (−5.273). The binding free energies of these compounds were −55.03, −56.54, and 60.35 kcal/mol, respectively. The results have shown that Quercetin has the highest binding affinity correlating with the highest inhibition of pancreatic lipase enzyme 1LPB. Hence, it is suggested that seeds of F. carica have promising anti‐hyperlipidemic potential and foremost in reducing obesity. Summary: Various extracts, fractions of methanol extract, and isolated compounds of seeds of Ficus carica, in combating hyperlipidemia, were evaluated utilizing in vitro anti‐lipase activity and computational analysis.All extracts, methanol fractions and compounds isolated through high‐performance liquid chromatographic technique (HPLC) exhibited anti‐hyperlipidemic potential comparable to reference Orlistat.Molecular docking and MM‐GBSA studies illustrated that isolated ligand Quercetin along with Epicatechin and Catechin strongly inhibit enzyme pancreatic lipase (1LPB) and displayed a high docking score in comparison to reference ligand.Quercetin amongst four isolated compounds could be more effective in treating hyperlipidemia and obesity as compared to reference Orlistat. Significance Statement: Ficus carica possess potential constituents with profound therapeutic and traditional uses due to which the whole plant is considered medicinally important. This study focuses on the anti‐hyperlipidemic potential of seeds of F. carica against pancreatic lipase by using computational and in vitro studies. The results of this study provides the evidence that Quercetin exhibits a potent anti‐hyperlipidemic effect by inhibiting pancreatic lipase and also possess a greater binding affinity for pancreatic protein 1LPB as compared to reference Orlistat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Figs (Ficus carica L.) are widely cultivated throughout the world owing to their excellent medical and edible value. In October 2021, we discovered a new leaf target-spot disease associated with the common fig in China. It is necessary to identify the causal agent, as it seriously affects the normal growth of figs and reduces their economic value. The initially infected leaves displayed light yellow lesions between the leaf veins. Under conditions of suitable temperature and humidity, the lesions expanded rapidly with light brown in the middle and dark brown at the margin accompanied by a yellow halo, and typical target holes appeared in the centre of the lesions. Three filamentous fungi were isolated from infected leaves, among which the isolate WHG-3 exerted the strongest virulence in vitro. Its newly grown mycelia were white and then gradually turned to dark grey. The conidia were hyaline, spindle-shaped or oval, with thin cell walls. Phylogenetic analyses based on the ITS, tef-1 and tub2 gene sequences verified that the isolates WHG-3, WHG-4 and WHG-5 were Neofusicoccum parvum. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that N. parvum causes leaf target-spot on Ficus carica L. in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836, Acari: Tetranychidae) causes significant yield losses in cultivated plants, especially depending on the season. Chemical methods are the main methods of controlling this pest. However, besides the environmental, human, and animal health problems arising from chemical control, adverse effects such as resistance and residues limit the success and sustainability of chemical control. This experiment was conducted in the applied acarology laboratory of the Directorate of Plant Protection Central Research Institute in Ankara, Türkiye, in incubators maintained at 25 ± 1 °C temperature, 50–65% humidity, and 16 L: 8 D h photoperiod. In this study, the potential acaricidal effect of aqueous extracts of Morus rubra, Daphne odora, Ficus carica, Matricaria chamomilla, and Mentha pulegium collected from Ankara and Adana provinces on T. urticae was investigated. For this purpose, the leaves of the plants were dried and ground and 1%, 3%, 6%, and 12% concentrations (w/v) of the extracts obtained were tested in three different application periods (1–6 day). Dipping and spraying methods were used to determine mortality and toxicity. The highest effect was 94.4% at the end of the 6th day at a 12% concentration of M. pulegium in the dipping method. On the other hand, the lowest mortality effect was 18.2% at the same time and concentration of M. chamomilla. In lethal toxicity studies, the highest toxicity was obtained from F. carica with an LC50 value of 4756 mg L−1, and the lowest toxicity was obtained from D. odora with an LC50 value of 12,417 mg L−1. We believe that plant extracts provide a valid alternative in effectively controlling two-spotted spider mites, reducing the need for pesticide use and minimizing residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ebolaviruses have the ability to infect a wide variety of species, with many African mammals potentially serving either as primary reservoirs or secondary amplifying hosts. Previous work has shown that frugivorous bats and primates are often associated with spillover and outbreaks. Yet the role that patterns of biodiversity, either of mammalian hosts or of common fruiting species such as Ficus (figs, fruit resources used by a wide variety of species), play in driving outbreak risk remains unclear. We investigated what factors most directly influence Ebolavirus outbreak risk in Sub‐Saharan Africa by using a phylogenetically informed path analysis to compare a wide array of potential models (path diagrams) of spatial dynamics. We considered mammalian frugivore richness, cercopithecid and hominid primate richness, richness of pteropodid (fruit) bats, the spatial distribution of species that have tested positive for Ebolavirus antibodies in the wild, Ficus habitat suitability, and environmental conditions (mean annual and variability in temperature and rainfall). The proximate factors that most influenced whether a given host species range contained a site of a previous outbreak event were 1) habitat suitability for Ficus and 2) the diversity of cercopithecid primates. Frugivore richness overall (including bats, primates, and a few other mammals) and the richness of bats in the family Pteropodidae had a strong effect on which species tested positive for Ebolavirus antibodies, but did not influence outbreak risk directly in pathways explored. We interpret this as evidence that foraging around Ficus and frugivorous mammals (such as cercopithecid primates which are commonly hunted for food) play a prominent role in driving outbreaks into human communities, relative to other factors we considered which influence outbreak risk more indirectly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: This study employs a machine learning approach to investigate the impact of climate change on fig production in Turkey. The eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm is used to analyze production performance and climate variable data from 1988 to 2023. Fig production is a significant component of Turkey's agricultural economy. Therefore, understanding how climate change affects fig production is essential for the development of sustainable agricultural practices. RESULTS: Despite an observed increase in fig production between 2005 and 2020, potential yield may be negatively impacted by climate variables. Identifying the specific climatic factors affecting fig production efficiency remains a challenge. In the study, two different machine learning models are created: one for fig production yield per decare and another for fig production yield per bearing fig sapling. Eight climate variables (16 variables considering day and night values) serve as independent variables in the models. The models reveal that temperature change has the highest impact, with a percentage contribution of 41.30% in the first model and 43.90% in the second model. Thermal radiation (day and night) and 2 m temperature also significantly affect individually fig production. Wind speed, precipitation and humidity contribute to a lesser extent. CONCLUSION: This study illuminates the intricate interrelationship between climate change and fig production in Turkey. The utilization of machine learning as a predictive tool for future production trends and an instrument for informing agricultural practices is a valuable contribution to the field. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The fig (Ficus carica L.) tree known for its tasty and nutritious fruits, is typically propagated by cutting. While previous studies have focused on the effects of different treatments and environmental conditions on fig cutting propagation, little attention has been paid to the specific role and association of biochemical properties in leaves, stem bark and fruit on the rooting process. OBJECTIVE: This research explores the complex relationship between 40 biochemical traits and the rooting ability of fig cuttings. To achieve this objective, various machine learning techniques were employed, such as a random forest model, feature importance analysis, linear regression, and principal component analysis (PCA). RESULTS: The random forest model showed significant predictive ability with a classification accuracy of 100%, supported by a high kappa statistic. Feature importance analysis identified a* (a colorimetric parameter in fruit), fruit trans-ferulic acid and leaf total flavonoids as the most influential traits in determining the rooting ability of cuttings. The robustness of these findings is supported by the high R-squared value (0.9002) and low error metrics (MAE 0.7554 and MSE 0.6980) of the linear regression model built on these important traits. In parallel, PCA indicated that a*, leaf total flavonoids and fruit trans-ferulic acid were the dominant traits in samples with lower rooting percentage. CONCLUSIONS: These identified biomarkers can be effectively used by fig breeders and growers to select and introduce fig cultivars with improved rooting ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the phenolic compound profile, antioxidant capacity, rooting of cutting and fruit mineral concentration on 15-year-old trees of four Iranian figs (Ficus carica cvs. "Siyah", "Kashki", "Shahanjir" and "Sabz") planted under rain-fed conditions with different fruit skin color, as well as the correlation between these traits. The range of TSS and antioxidant capacity of fruit (without significant differences) was 75.3–76.7°Brix and 87.9–90.3 DPPHsc %, respectively. "Kashki" had the highest total phenolic (TP) (mg GAE/100 g dw) in both the fruit (1964) and the stem bark (1702) and "Sabz" had the lowest flavonoid content (µg CE mg−1 dw) in the fruit (652.3), leaf (1274.5), and stem bark (1501.9). Although the rooting percentage of cuttings was similar in "Siyah", "Shahanjir", and "Sabz", the lowest rooting percentage (62.7%) and the lowest polyphenol oxidase enzyme (PPO) activity (42.5 U.mL−1) were in "Kashki". Rooting of the cuttings had a direct correlation with PPO activity and catechin and a negative correlation with the TP, vanillin and trans-ferulic acid concentration in cutting bark. These results showed that the fresh cultivar such as "Shahanjir" with outstanding characteristics, such as high potassium and antioxidant content of fruits and good rooting of the cuttings (97.2%) can be recommended for the development programs of light-colored fresh figs. On the other hand, there were two cultivars, "Siyah" and "Kashki" with dark fruit color; due to their content of TP, total flavonoid, quercetin, trans-ferulic acid and high calcium content in the fruit, these should also be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant motifs had a significant role in ancient cultures, with decorative, artistic, and communicative values. However, little knowledge exists of the botanical composition of festoons, widely used in Greek-Roman art. We analysed 81 festoons, exclusively from sculpture artworks, collected from 13 museums and archaeological sites in Rome (1st century BC–3rd century AD). Using iconographic sources and previous data, we identified the represented species and analysed their abundance and composition using statistical methods (Cluster Analysis, Principal Components Analysis) and diversity indexes (Shannon and Evenness). We documented 3081 botanical elements, identifying 30 taxa, in which fruits with leaves (45%) or alone (10%) represented the most common ones. Laurus nobilis and Quercus cfr. robur were the most frequently depicted species, followed by "pomes" (Pyrus, Malus, Cydonia), Vitis vinifera, Punica granatum, and Ficus carica. Festoons with one or two species can be easily distinguished from those with multiple species, often arranged with figs or vine branches at the ends, with symbolic aims related to fertility, rebirth, and abundance values. A balanced botanical composition also exists, with flowers typically in the middle and a species distribution that is not casual. The results enriched our comprehension of ancient Roman society, considering funerary and celebrative events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fruit crops, including tropical and subtropical fruits like Avocado (Persea americana), Fig (Ficus carica), Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera), Mango (Mangifera indica), Guava (Psidium guajava), Papaya (Carica papaya), Pineapple (Ananas comosus), and Banana (Musa acuminata) are economically vital, contributing significantly to global agricultural output, as classified by the FAO's World Programme for the Census of Agriculture. Advancements in next-generation sequencing, have transformed fruit crop breeding by providing in-depth genomic and transcriptomic data. RNA sequencing enables high-throughput analysis of gene expression, and functional genomics, crucial for addressing horticultural challenges and enhancing fruit production. The genomic and expression data for key tropical and sub-tropical fruit crops is currently lacking a comprehensive expression atlas, revealing a significant gap in resources for horticulturists who require a unified platform with diverse datasets across various conditions and cultivars. Results: The Fruit Expression Atlas (FEAtl), available at http://backlin.cabgrid.res.in/FEAtl/, is a first-ever extensive and unified expression atlas for tropical and subtropical fruit crops developed using 3-tier architecture. The expressivity of coding and non-coding genes, encompassing 2,060 RNA-Seq samples across 91 tissue types and 177 BioProjects, it provides a comprehensive view of gene expression patterns for different tissues under various conditions. FEAtl features multiple tabs that cater to different aspects of the dataset, namely, Home, About, Analyze, Statistics, and Team and contains seven central functional modules: Transcript Information,Sample Information, Expression Profiles in FPKM and TPM, Functional Analysis, Genes Based on Tau Score, and Search for Specific Gene. The expression of a transcript of interest can be easily queried by searching by tissue ID and transcript type. Expression data can be displayed as a heat map, along with functional descriptions as well as Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Conclusions: This atlas represents a groundbreaking compilation of a wide array of information pertaining to eight distinct fruit crops and serves as a fundamental resource for comparative analysis among different fruit species and is a catalyst for functional genomic studies. Database availability: http://backlin.cabgrid.res.in/FEAtl/. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ficus auriculata (Timla) is an underutilized wild fruit compared to the more commonly consumed fruit of the same genus, Ficus carica (Anjeer). This review focuses on the industrial and pharmaceutical benefits of F. auriculata while highlighting its potential as a valuable alternative to F. carica. Based on the vast literature found in Scopus database, both fruits have significant nutritional and medicinal value; however, due to the rarity and lack of widespread knowledge, F. auriculata still remains underutilized, unlike F. carica, which is well known and more popular in the human diet. In terms of nutrition, F. auriculata is superior in various aspects like protein (3–5.32%), magnesium (68.0 mg/100 g), potassium (329.0 mg/100 g), and iron (5.0 mg/100 g). As a result, it plays a pivotal role for addressing nutrient deficiencies. Besides, it has rich history of many noteworthy applications in traditional remedies which are also recognized in modern pharmaceutical research. This could be attributed to the presence of phytocompounds. Ficus auriculata needs to be promoted, not only as a nutritional addition to the plate but also as an economically viable fruit. Based on its considerable potential, it is possible that F. auriculata can also be used as an alternative to F. carica; however, further research and promotion of the benefits of F. auriculata could help to increase its utilization and provide additional health and economic benefits to communities. Moreover, omics technologies based comprehensive study of fruits can assist in the identification of bioactive metabolites, nutritional content, and possible health benefits. It offers insights into the genetic composition, gene expression patterns, protein activities, and metabolic pathways of fruits thereby revealing the mechanisms driving flavor, color, and disease resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diversification of angiosperms has largely been attributed to adaptive radiation of their pollination and mating systems, which are relevant drivers of the macroevolution processes. The fig (Ficus, Moraceae) and fig wasp (Agaonidae, Hymenoptera) interaction is an example of obligate mutualism. Passive and active pollination modes have been associated with morphological traits in both partners. However, more information is required to assess the relationship between floral traits and pollination modes, particularly in Neotropical Ficus species. This study evaluates the morphological traits of figs and fig wasps regarding pollination modes in species belonging to Neotropical Ficus sections (three species each of Americanae and Pharmacosycea). Pollination mode was identified by floral morphology, anther/ovule ratio, and specialized structures fig wasps use for pollen transport (pollen pocket and coxal combs). Fig species in sect. Americanae are actively pollinated because pistillate flowers form a synstigma, present anther/ovule ratios <0.11, and their pollinator Pegoscapus fig wasps have pollen pockets and coxal combs. In contrast, species in sect. Pharmacosycea have free pistillate flowers, with anther/ovule ratios >0.27; they are pollinated by Tetrapus wasps, which lack specialized structures to carry pollen. Each species of Ficus was associated with a single morphospecies of fig wasp. The results support previous contributions that consider reciprocal morphological traits between fig species and their pollinating wasps as evidence of a close co‐evolutionary history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the design and evaluation of a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) model for accurately classifying fig ripeness stages. Traditionally, fruit ripeness classification has been conducted manually, which presents several drawbacks, including heavy reliance on human labor and inconsistencies in determining fruit ripeness. By leveraging advanced deep learning techniques, specifically CNNs, this research aims to automate the fig ripeness classification process. The CNN architecture was developed and trained using MATLAB software, targeting three ripeness categories: ripe, half-ripe, and unripe. The methodology involved pre-processing the fig images and configuring the CNN model with multiple convolutional, batch normalization, and max pooling layers specifically for fig classification tasks. The final CNN model achieved an impressive accuracy rate of 94.44%, significantly surpassing results from previously reported studies. The developed model is a promising tool for automating fig ripeness classification, contributing to advancements in precision agriculture and smart farming technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water relation strategy is a key issue in climate change. Given the difficulty of determining water relations strategy, there is a need for simple traits with a solid theoretical basis to estimate it. Traits associated with resource allocation patterns along a 'fast-slow' plant economics spectrum are particularly compelling, reflecting trade-offs between growth rate and carbon allocation. Avocado (Persea americana), fig tree (Ficus carica), mandarin (Citrus reticulata), olive (Olea europaea), pomegranate (Punica granatum), and grapevine (Vitis vinifera) were characterised in terms of iso-anisohydric strategy through stomatal behaviour, water potential at the turgor loss point (TLP), and hydroscape area. Additionally, the association of these metrics with leaf mass per area (LMA) and wood density (WDen) was explored. We observed high coordination between LMA and WDen, and both traits were related to metrics of water relation strategy. More anisohydric species tended to invest more carbon per unit leaf area or unit stem volume, which has implications for hydraulic efficiency and water stress tolerance. WDen and TLP were the most powerful traits in estimating the water relation strategy for six fruit species. These traits are easy to measure, time-cost efficient, and appear central to coordinating multiple traits and behaviours along the water relations strategies. Water relations strategy of plants is a complex but important trait in selecting cultivars and design management for adaptation to climate change. Among the possible estimating traits, those associated with the 'fast-slow' plant economics spectrum are interesting, regarding this, we observed an association between the water deficit tolerance of six fruit tree species and their leaf and wood density. These traits are easy to measure, time-cost efficient, and appear central to coordinating traits and behaviours along the water relations strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are approximately 850 species of Ficus (Moraceae). However, few species of gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) inhabiting syconia and leaves of fig trees are known. In field surveys, gall midges were found in syconia of Ficus caulocarpa and Ficus subpisocarpa. Here, we examined adults, pupae and larvae of the gall midge species, describe the morphology, and provide information on distribution, behavior and genetic data. A new genus, Ficidiplosis Yukawa and Arimoto, gen. nov., is established in the supertribe Cecidomyiidi for two new species, Ficidiplosis subpisocarpae Yukawa and Arimoto, sp. nov. and Ficidiplosis caulocarpae Yukawa and Arimoto, sp. nov., which emerged from syconia of Ficus subpisocarpa and Ficus caulocarpa, respectively, in Japan and Taiwan. The larvae of Ficidiplosis species feed on the parenchyma of the fig wall and pupate there without making galls. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI)‐based neighbor‐joining tree using samples from Japan and Taiwan supported the existence of two separate species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to investigate whether it is possible to detect low-dose irradiation in dried fruits using the thermoluminescence (TL) method. Selected dried fruits: strawberries, cherries, black currants, two types of raisins, mulberries, apricots, figs, dates and plums were irradiated with doses of 0.1 kGy, 0.3 kGy and 0.5 kGy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceratocystis fimbriata is an important pathogen with a wide host range that causes xylem lesions, wilt and death in different plant species. More adapted populations of C. fimbriata have probably been selected to specific hosts and high genetic and physiological variability can be found within the pathogen populations. Thus, molecular analysis and inoculation studies were performed to investigate the genetic and physiological variability of isolates of C. fimbriata complex obtained from different host species and geographic regions in Brazil. The minimum spanning tree analysis based on 14 simple‐sequence repeat (SSR) markers of C. fimbriata exhibited a clear clustering of isolates according to host, where each groups of isolates differed in at least five loci. In addition, inoculation of eight hosts with 10 isolates revealed a wide variation in aggressiveness. By assessing the length of xylem lesions caused by C. fimbriata isolates, Ficus carica was found to be the most susceptible host, followed by Mangifera indica. Only the isolates from Theobroma cacao and Carapa guianensis proved to be host specialized. Overall, the isolates tested were more aggressive to the hosts from which they were sampled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water kefir is a product obtained through the fermentation of sucrose solution, usually with some kind of dried fruit addition, by a combined culture of micro-organisms which are contained within kefir grains. Its popularity is rising because of the simplicity of its preparation and its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, probiotic, and antibacterial effects. In this research, the water kefir production was studied in 250 mL jars, as well as in a horizontal rotating tubular bioreactor (HRTB). The first part of the research was conducted in smaller-scale (jars), wherein the optimal fruit and fruit portions were determined. These experiments included the addition of dried plums, apricots, raisins, dates, cranberries, papaya, and figs into 150 mL of initial sugar solution. Also, the optimal ratio between dried fruit and sucrose solution (0.2) at the beginning of the bioprocess was determined. The second part of this research was conducted using HRTB. The experiments in the HRTB were carried out by using different operational modes (constant or interval bioreactor rotation). A total of six different bioreactor setups were used, and in all experiments, figs were added at the beginning of the bioprocess (0.2 ratio between dried figs and sucrose solution). On the basis of the obtained results, the interval bioreactor rotation mode proved to be the better HRTB mode for the production of the water kefir, as the yield of the main fermentation products was higher, and their ratios were the most adequate for the quality of water kefir drink. The optimal results were obtained via HRTB setup 3/57 (3 min rotation, 57 min pause within 1 h) and rotation speed of 3 rpm. Furthermore, it is clear that HRTB has great potential for water kefir production due to the fact that HRTB experiments showed shorter fermentation times (at least five times) than water kefir production in jars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dried fruits are one of the most frequently consumed products by the population. Drying fruits prolongs their shelf life and also concentrates more nutrients. However, these products may contain dangerous levels of trace elements that can be harmful to health. The content of trace elements (Al, B, Ba, Cd, Cr, Li, Ni, Pb, Sr, V) in 42 samples of different dried fruits (dates, prunes, sultanas, dried apricot kernels, and dried figs) was determined by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP-OES). The concentrations of Al found in prunes (12.7 ± 5.13 mg Al/kg) and the concentrations of B found in dried plums (6.26 ± 4.45 mg B/kg) were significantly higher (p < 0.05). Regarding the risk assessment, the percentages of contribution to the maximum recommended intakes by Li in all the dried fruits studied stand out, reaching 35.3% in the case of dried plums. This study concludes that the recommended daily intake of dried fruit (30 g/day) does not pose a toxicological risk about these trace elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Bilharzia is a parasitic flatworm that causes schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical illness worldwide. Praziquantel (PZQ) is a commercial single treatment of schistosomiasis so alternative drugs are needed to get rid of its side effects on the liver. The current study aimed to estimate the effective role of Ficus carica nanoparticles (Fc-NPCs), silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPCs) and Ficus carica nanoparticles loaded on silver nanoparticles (Fc-Ag NPCs) on C57BL/6 black female mice infected by Schistosoma mansoni and treated with PZQ treatment. It was proved that schistosomiasis causes liver damage in addition to the PZQ is ineffective as an anti-schistosomiasis; it is recorded in the infected mice group and PZQ treated group as in liver function tests, oxidative stress markers & anti-oxidants, pro-inflammatory markers, pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic markers also in liver cells’ DNA damage. The amelioration in all tested parameters has been clarified in nanoparticle-protected mice groups. The Fc-Ag NPCs + PZQ group recorded the best preemptive effects as anti-schistosomiasis. Fc-NPCs, Ag-NPCs and Fc-Ag NPCs could antagonize PZQ effects that were observed in amelioration of all tested parameters. The study showed the phytochemicals’ nanoparticles groups have an ameliorated effect on the health of infected mice.

Peripheral nerve injuries result in significant loss of motor and sensory function, and the slow rate of nerve regeneration can prolong recovery time. Thus, approaches that promote axonal regeneration are critical to improve the outcomes for patients with peripheral nerve injuries. In this study, we investigated the effects of Ficus carica L. (fig) and Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. (cranberry), which are rich in phytochemicals with demonstrable and diverse medicinal properties, on nerve regeneration in a mouse model of sciatic nerve crush. Our investigation revealed that fig extract, but not cranberry extract, prevented the decline in muscle weight and nerve conduction velocity induced by nerve crush. The fig extract also mitigated motor function impairment, myelin thinning, and axon diameter reduction, indicating its potential to promote nerve regeneration. Furthermore, the fig extract enhanced macrophage infiltration into the nerve tissue, suggesting that it could ameliorate nerve injury by promoting tissue repair via increased macrophage infiltration. The study provides valuable insights into the potential of the fig extract as a novel agent promoting nerve regeneration. Further investigation into the mechanisms underlying the action of fig extracts is needed to translate these findings into clinical applications for patients with peripheral nerve injuries.

Nowadays, the interest in research to determine the healthy compounds in fig fruits has increased, as many of them have been found to be beneficial to human health. This study aimed to determine the sugars, organic acids, total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and volatile compounds in the fruits of 19 fig (Ficus carica L.) genotypes sampled from the Kahramanmaras province in Türkiye in 2018 and 2019. In the fruit of the fig genotypes, the total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, the total antioxidant capacity was determined by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazil) method, the sugars, organic acids and volatile aroma compounds were determined chromatographically (HPLC/RID detector), (HPLC/UV detector) and headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (HS-GC/MS), respectively. The results showed that most of the biochemical contents and antioxidant capacities of the genotypes significantly differed from each other (P < 0.05). The total phenolic content and antioxidant properties of the fruits ranged from 50.29 to 580.59 mg gallic acid equivalent per 100 g fresh weight base (and 15.98 to 36.77% DPPH, respectively. Regarding the sugar content of the fig genotypes, the main sugar is fructose ranging from 3.35 to 7.37 g per 100 g. The highest fructose content of 7.37 g per 100 g was found in the genotype KMF12. A total of 58 volatile compounds were detected in the fruits of the 19 fig genotypes, including 18 aldehydes, 3 ketones, 6 esters, 2 terpenes, 17 alcohols, 1 acid and 11 other compounds. According to the obtained results, aldehydes, esters and ketones were found to be the major volatile compounds in the fig fruits. The genotypes with the highest values of the phytochemical and antioxidant properties among the genotypes were selected as candidates as a source of variation for breeders who want to develop new commercial varieties beneficial to human health.

Bilharzia is a parasitic flatworm that causes schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical illness worldwide. Praziquantel (PZQ) is a commercial single treatment of schistosomiasis so alternative drugs are needed to get rid of its side effects on the liver. The current study aimed to estimate the effective role of Ficus carica nanoparticles (Fc-NPCs), silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPCs) and Ficus carica nanoparticles loaded on silver nanoparticles (Fc-Ag NPCs) on C57BL/6 black female mice infected by Schistosoma mansoni and treated with PZQ treatment. It was proved that schistosomiasis causes liver damage in addition to the PZQ is ineffective as an anti-schistosomiasis; it is recorded in the infected mice group and PZQ treated group as in liver function tests, oxidative stress markers & anti-oxidants, pro-inflammatory markers, pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic markers also in liver cells' DNA damage. The amelioration in all tested parameters has been clarified in nanoparticle-protected mice groups. The Fc-Ag NPCs + PZQ group recorded the best preemptive effects as anti-schistosomiasis. Fc-NPCs, Ag-NPCs and Fc-Ag NPCs could antagonize PZQ effects that were observed in amelioration of all tested parameters. The study showed the phytochemicals' nanoparticles groups have an ameliorated effect on the health of infected mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fig mosaic is the most serious viral disease affecting figs. A fig germplasm collection from the Nikita Botanical Garden on the Crimean Peninsula was surveyed for viruses using high-throughput sequencing and RT-PCR with primers specific to known fig viruses. Reads related to fig umbra-like virus (FULV) were generated in samples from Ficus carica caprifig (pollinator) trees of the cultivar Belle dure. F. carica trees of other cultivars, as well as F. afghanistanica, F. palmata, and F. virgata trees, tested negative for FULV. Near-complete genomes of five Crimean fig umbra-like virus (FULV-CR) isolates shared 99.4% to 99.9% identity and were most closely related (85.2% identity) to the Hawaiian FULV isolate Oahu1 (MW480892). Based on their genome structure and a phylogenetic analysis, the FULV-CR isolates were determined to be dicot-infecting Class 2 umbra-like viruses and seem to be highly divergent forms of the same virus found recently in Hawaii, USA. This is the first report of an umbra-like virus found on figs in Crimea and outside of Hawaii, expanding information on the geographical distribution and genetic diversity of FULV. All of the Crimean FULV-positive plants were also co-infected with fig mosaic virus, fig badnavirus 1, and grapevine badna FI virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xiphinema index (Dorylaimida: Longidoridae) is a virus vector nematode and is highly distributed worldwide. In this study, the DNA of the Xiphinema index nematode was subject to Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using D2A and D3B primers to analyse the 28S region. The X. index population in the study was recovered from a fig (Ficus carica L.) plantation in Tekirdağ, Türkiye. At first, the nematodes were identified morphologically and then molecularly. After PCR, amplified DNA was sequenced for molecular purposes, and data from the D2-D3 region of the 28S rRNA molecule of X. index were subjected to GenBank sequence comparison using BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool). The local sequence submitted to GenBank with accession number PQ165044 showed identity (98.26-99.81%) with several Xiphinema index hits. Local X. index sequence clustered close with Spanish (HM921406, HM921400, HM921399, HM921398, HM921363, HM921349, HM921347 and HM921364) and Crete/Greece (KJ802882) sequences in Neighbor-joining and Maximum likelihood analysis comparing the local sequence, 16 different X. index accessions and 14 accessions from various species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants are a source of phytochemical compounds that play a significant role in human healthcare. The potent effects of these plants are mainly due to the presence of secondary metabolites. This study aimed to identify various phytochemicals and quantify the total phenolic and flavonoid content in the methanolic extract of Ficus carica leaves, as well as to measure their antioxidant properties. Alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins were all detected in the raw powdered extract of F. carica leaves. However, alkaloids were absent in the methanolic extract. In the quantitative analysis, the total flavonoid content was significantly higher than the total phenolic content. The result of the study highlighted the potent phenol and flavonoid contents and antioxidant properties in the extract, indicating its potential for developing new drugs. This study also supports some of the traditional medicinal properties of the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micropropagation of fig is playing an interesting role in the rapid multiplication of varieties with important characters and the regeneration of virus-free plants. FMD (Fig Mosaic Disease) is the viral disorder the most spread all over the world and considered as a serious problem for healthy fig plant propagation and high fig production. During the last four decades, many efficient protocols have been established for in vitro large-scale propagation of female figs and caprifigs for plant material sanitation. Successful micropropagation of figs using meristematic tissues (nodal segments or apical buds) is dependant to several external and internal factors including in vitro conditions (media components essentially) and ex vitro (genotype and physiological state, etc.). Specific requirements during all steps of plant regeneration, such as the initiation of in vitro cultures, shoot multiplication, plantlet rooting and acclimatization are summarized in this review. The efficacy of meristem and tip culture in the eradication of viruses from fig vitroplants is also reported. New approaches for the improvement of shoot multiplication and fig vitroplant quality (bioreactors, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, etc.) and the genetic stability and conformity of micropropagated plantlets are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present review explores the underlying mechanisms of phytophotodermatitis, a non-immunologic skin reaction triggered by certain plants followed by exposure to ultraviolet radiation emitted by sunlight. Recent research has advanced our understanding of the pathophysiology of phytophotodermatitis, highlighting the interaction between plant-derived photosensitizing compounds (e.g., furanocoumarins and psoralens) and ultraviolet light leading to skin damage (e.g., erythema, fluid blisters, edema, and hyperpigmentation), identifying these compounds as key contributors to the phototoxic reactions causing phytophotodermatitis. Progress in understanding the molecular pathways involved in the skin's response to these compounds has opened avenues for identifying potential therapeutic targets suitable for the management and prevention of this condition. The review emphasizes the importance of identifying the most common phototoxic plant families (e.g., Apiaceae, Rutaceae, and Moraceae) and plant species (e.g., Heracleum mantegazzianum, Ruta graveolens, Ficus carica, and Pastinaca sativa), as well as the specific phytochemical compounds responsible for inducing phytophototoxicity (e.g., limes containing furocoumarin have been linked to lime-induced photodermatitis), underscoring the significance of recognizing the dangerous plant sources. Moreover, the most used approaches and tests for accurate diagnosis such as patch testing, Wood's lamp examination, or skin biopsy are presented. Additionally, preventive measures such as adequate clothing (e.g., long-sleeved garments and gloves) and treatment strategies based on the current knowledge of phytophotodermatitis including topical and systemic therapies are discussed. Overall, the review consolidates recent findings in the field, covering a diverse array of phototoxic compounds in plants, the mechanisms by which they trigger skin reactions, and the implications for clinical management. By synthesizing these insights, we provide a comprehensive understanding of phytophotodermatitis, providing valuable information for both healthcare professionals and researchers working to address this condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document titled "Register of New Fruit and Nut Cultivars List 52" is a comprehensive list of new fruit and nut cultivars. It provides information on the names, origins, breeders, and descriptions of various crops, including almonds, apples, avocados, bananas, blackberries, blueberries, cherries, citrus fruits, figs, grapes, kiwifruits, mangoes, olives, peaches, pears, pineapples, pistachios, plums, pomegranates, raspberries, strawberries, and more. It aims to provide information without any judgments or biases, respecting diverse perspectives. [Extracted from the article]

Peripheral nerve injuries result in significant loss of motor and sensory function, and the slow rate of nerve regeneration can prolong recovery time. Thus, approaches that promote axonal regeneration are critical to improve the outcomes for patients with peripheral nerve injuries. In this study, we investigated the effects of Ficus carica L. (fig) and Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. (cranberry), which are rich in phytochemicals with demonstrable and diverse medicinal properties, on nerve regeneration in a mouse model of sciatic nerve crush. Our investigation revealed that fig extract, but not cranberry extract, prevented the decline in muscle weight and nerve conduction velocity induced by nerve crush. The fig extract also mitigated motor function impairment, myelin thinning, and axon diameter reduction, indicating its potential to promote nerve regeneration. Furthermore, the fig extract enhanced macrophage infiltration into the nerve tissue, suggesting that it could ameliorate nerve injury by promoting tissue repair via increased macrophage infiltration. The study provides valuable insights into the potential of the fig extract as a novel agent promoting nerve regeneration. Further investigation into the mechanisms underlying the action of fig extracts is needed to translate these findings into clinical applications for patients with peripheral nerve injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the effect of seasonal rainfall pattern on the phenology of the fig plant, Ficus racemosa, from north Kerala, South India. The study examines changes associated with uncommon rainfall patterns, humidity and temperature, including leaf and syconium phenology at various developmental stages, synchrony and asynchrony on individual plants, development of fig pollinators, leaf falling, leaf flushing and leaf maturation.

This study aimed to assess the effect of fermented fig (Ficus carica L., FF) on obesity and diabetes in a mouse model. FF was cultured with the lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum BT-LP-01 and isolated from fig peels. The antioxidant results demonstrated that FF exhibited DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. In addition, FF showed high levels of total polyphenol and total flavonoids. Body and organ weight and dietary intake were significantly decreased in the FF groups compared to the HFD group. The FF group showed improved recovery in lipid metabolism and liver function compared to the HFD group. In addition, the FF group showed a significant decrease in serum C-P and insulin concentrations compared to the HFD group. FF-administered mice showed a dose-dependent recovery of fasting blood glucose and IPGTT and AUC levels compared to the HFD group. Furthermore, FF groups showed a decreased expression in FAS, C/EBPα, and FABP4, as well as significantly increased expression in ACC in the liver. This study demonstrates that FF is effective in reducing and inhibiting adipogenesis as well as lowering body weight, the blood glucose level, and lipid-related factors. These research findings demonstrate that FF is effective in treating obesity and diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the diversity among five introduced fig (Ficus carica L.) germplasm in Bangladesh, focusing on their morphological and physicochemical characteristics. The primary goal was to assess morphological variations, including their genetic potential for future improvement, and to examine their biochemical properties. The findings demonstrated significant variations in plant growth attributes, leaf characteristics, fruit traits, sensory attributes, and biochemical properties among the genotypes under study. Notably, two genotypes, Khurtamoni (KH) and Brown Turkey (BT), emerged as exceptional performers based on their combined pomological and nutritional characteristics compared to Golden Riverside (GRS), Egyptian‐2 (E‐2), and Saudi Yellow Arabia (SYA). However, KH displayed outstanding growth characteristics, excellent fruit attributes, including a remarkable fruit yield of 65.67 fruits per plant, and exceptional nutriomedicinal properties with a total phenolic content (TPC) of 8.03 mg GAE/100 g FW, a total flavonoid content (TFC) of 31.084 mg QE/100 g FW, and an IC50 value of 85.39 μg/ml. Besides, BT excelled in terms of taste, texture, juiciness, and various nutritional parameters with an ascorbic acid content of 4.4 mg/100 g, a TFC of 28.348 mg QE/100 g FW, and an IC50 value of 83.685 μg/ml. The genotype ranking, taking into account both morphological and biochemical characteristics, reveals the following order: KH > BT > GRS > SYA > E‐2 as per the principle component analysis. Consequently, the study identifies KH and BT as promising candidates for fig cultivation and breeding in Bangladesh due to their exceptional attributes. Furthermore, the genotype ranking offers valuable guidance for selecting germplasm for breeding programs and promoting sustainable fig cultivation in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Funerary cremations in Roman times were important rites of passage that involved the use of fire to accompany the dead into the afterlife. In the present study, we investigated the wood fuel that was used to build cremation pyres and the foodstuffs involved in offerings and funerary feasts in a necropolis of Barcino (present-day Barcelona), dated to the 1st century CE and located at the Sant Antoni Market site. Our approach began with the analysis of wood charcoal and fruit/seed remains, which were preserved over time through carbonisation. These archaeobotanical remains offer valuable insights into the selection of woody species and the condition of wood logs used for cremations. Additionally, they shed light on the food composition of offerings and feasts in this area of the Mediterranean coast, where data on such practices are scarce. The anthracological analysis of different combustion structures revealed that the principal taxon used for the stacks was evergreen oak, with deciduous oak playing a significant role during the initial use of the necropolis. Dendro-anthracological analysis indicated that medium to large diameters wood logs of deciduous oak obtained from mature individuals were commonly employed. Moreover, charcoal analysis suggested the use of pruning remains from fruit trees such as olive, grapevine, walnut, plums, and members of the apple family, providing evidence of arboriculture practices in the city. Additionally, various minor woody species (Aleppo and mountain pines, juniper, cypress, mastic, and rockroses) may have had several functions, including symbolic sensory aspects relating to smell and good flammability, the constitution of small objects or furniture placed on the stack (boxwood), and fire kindling or decoration (mastic, rockroses, honeysuckle, and laurustinus). Carpological analysis indicated that the most abundant offerings and/or feast remains consisted primarily of cultivated fruits such as figs, walnuts, and grapes, while pulses and cereals were comparatively scarce or absent. Finally, a noteworthy quantity of Arbutus berry remains was recorded, marking the first occurrence of such findings in similar Roman contexts to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Plant polysaccharide are widely studied as potential prebiotics because of their potential to protect and enhance the immunity of lambs. Methods: In this study, the polysaccharide content of Alhagi maurorum Medik from Aksu (AK) and Shanshan (SS) at different cutting periods was determined, and the functions of Alhagi maurorum Medik polysaccharide were investigated to useas an immunomodulator. Results: Our results indicated that the content of Alhagi maurorum Medik polysaccharide is the highest at the maturity stage, and the polysaccharide content of Alhagi maurorum Medik produced in Shanshan area is higher as compared to the Aksu area. The serum IgG, duodenum IgA, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-10 contents, jejunum IgA, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-17 contents, ileum IgA, IL-17 contents, duodenum villus height, crypt depth and jejunum crypt depth of lambs were significantly adjusted in the SS group as compared to CK control group and AK groups (p < 0.05). Furthemore, the sequencing results showed that SS polysaccharide promoted the release of large amounts of IgA and enhanced the immunal function of intestine by regulating the IgA production pathway and B-cell receptor signaling to activate B cells in the T-dependent pathway. Discussion: Altogether, Alhagi maurorum Medik polysaccharide from SS group holds a promising potential to be used as a valuable immunopotentiator for optimizing the immune system of intestine in lambs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bipolar flow channel plate design, which is a key component and performance qualifier of fuel cells, is an extensively investigated area. Recently, bio-inspired flow fields (FFs) have been designed to increase the overall performance as an alternative to traditional FFs. In the present study, performance evaluation of the various bio-inspired FFs was carried out in PEM fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cell modes. The effects of the main performance characteristics including the clamping force of the short stack assembly, air flow rate, and operating temperature on the cell power were investigated for both PEMFC and DMFC modes. The highest performance output was ensured with the Morus leaf-inspired FF (MLFF) at PEMFC mode at 55 °C with a peak power density of 313 mW/cm2. Besides, the highest performance for DMFC mode was achieved at 35.8 mW/cm2 with the Ficus Carica leaf-inspired FF (FCLFF). • Bio-inspired flow fields were fabricated considering Morus and Ficus Carica leaves. • Fabricated BPs were tested for both PEM and direct-methanol fuel cell modes. • Gas flow rate, operating temperature, and clamping force conditions were regarded. • In PEMFC mode, Morus leaf-inspired field yielded maximum power with 313 mW/cm2. • In DMFC mode, Ficus Carica leaf-inspired field had maximum power with 35.8 mW/cm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the ecological and evolutionary aspects of mutualistic interactions is essential for predicting species responses to environmental changes. This study aimed to investigate the phenological patterns and reproductive strategies in two closely related fig tree species, Ficus citrifolia and Ficus eximia. We monitored 99 F. citrifolia and 21 F. eximia trees weekly from January 2006 to April 2011 in an area close to the southern edge of the tropical region in Brazil. Our results revealed contrasting phenological patterns between the two species, with F. citrifolia displaying an annual flowering pattern (1.4 episodes per tree per year) and F. eximia a supra-annual pattern (0.5 episodes per tree per year). We also found significant differences in reproductive strategies, with F. eximia producing more pistillate flowers and, consequently, more seeds and pollinating wasps per fig than F. citrifolia, likely as an adaptation to overcome limitations of low population density by maximizing the gene flow. As the shorter-lived organism, the fig wasp was found to influence critical processes associated with the success and stability of mutualism, such as fig development and ripening. Our findings emphasize the importance of understanding the intricate interactions between mutualistic partners and their adaptive responses to environmental conditions in shaping fig tree populations' reproductive strategies and genetic structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ficus carica is an economically important horticultural plant. Due to its abundant secondary metabolites, F. carica has gained interest for its applications in medicine and as a nutritional supplement. Both external and internal factors affect the accumulation of secondary metabolites in F. carica. The assembly of the F. carica genome has facilitated functional analysis of key genes and transcription factors associated with the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, particularly anthocyanin. In this review, we summarize the various types and functions of secondary metabolites, with a particular focus on flavonoids, coumarins, and terpenes. We also explore the factors influencing their biosynthesis and accumulation, including varieties, tissue, environmental factors (e.g., light), stresses (e.g., high temperature, low temperature, drought, nutrient deficiencies, salinity), hormonal treatments, and developmental factors. Furthermore, we discuss the involvement of structural genes and transcription factors in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, specifically anthocyanin and furanocoumarins, knowledge of which will promote the breeding and genetic engineering of novel F. carica varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mycorrhizal association represents a crucial symbiotic bond necessary for the vitality of the majority of plants. This report aims to investigate the impact of endomycorrhizal fungi on the production of fig trees from cuttings. The research took place in a nursery environment by inoculating fig cuttings sourced from three sites in Morocco with a composite inoculum of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The mean root and vegetative masses of the inoculated plants after 140 days were 33.1 g and 35 g compared with 1.8 g and 6.4 g in the control. The mean shoot length and number of leaves developed from treated cutting were 98.5 cm and 17, respectively 29 cm and 4 leaves in control. Thus, the newly formed roots showed a well-established mycorrhizal colonization and contained different structures characteristic of arbuscular endomycorrhizae: arbuscules, vesicles, endophytes, hyphae and spores. The frequency and intensity of root mycorrhization were approximately 80% and 15.5%, respectively. The contents of arbuscules and vesicles were 2.5% and 5.5%. The study of formed spores showed a combination of 52 spores per 100 g of soil, belonging to 11 species and 3 genera: Glomus, Acaulospora and Rhizophagus with dominance of the genus Glomus (85%). Glomus macrocarpum and Glomus deserticola were the most abundant species, appearing at 30.77% and 19.23%, respectively. The results demonstrate a pronounced stimulating effect on both root formation and vegetative shoot development in the inoculated cuttings. Specifically, the early inoculation of fig cutting with the AMF inoculum significantly enhanced rhizogenesis end root system development. Consequently, the gradual establishment of mycorrhizal symbiosis at the root level of inoculated plants led to good development of the root mass and the vegetative mass. The inoculated plants showed good root and vegetative mass development due to the installation and the progressive development of mycorrhizal symbiosis at their roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐depth whole‐genome resequencing of 53 diverse fig tree genotypes yielded a rich dataset of genetic variants. We successfully identified 5,501,460 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 1,228,537 insertions and deletions (InDels), providing a high‐density and excellent‐quality genetic map of the fig tree. We also performed a detailed population structure analysis, dividing the 53 genotypes into three geographical groups and assessing their genetic diversity and divergence. Analysis of structural variants (SVs) and copy number variations (CNVs) revealed their potential functional impact, particularly in plant‐pathogen interaction and secondary metabolism. Metabolomic fingerprinting of fig genotypes uncovered extensive variation in primary metabolites and polyphenolic compounds, highlighting the influence of genotype on fruit quality traits such as nutritional content and bioactive compound composition. The genome‐wide association study (GWAS) identified critical SNPs associated with fruit quality and morphological features. The discovery of significant candidate genes, such as AGL62, GDSL, and COBRA‐like protein 4 genes, offers promising targets for marker‐assisted selection and genome editing approaches to improve fig fruit morphological and quality traits. This extensive genomic analysis of fig trees enhances our understanding of the genetic basis of important agronomic traits and provides a rich resource for future research in this economically and nutritionally significant fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]