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Relevance. The selection of genotypes with high adaptive properties for the conditions of the Tyumen region allows us to contribute to the development of a regional strategy for breeding and genetic work, selection and cultivation of varieties in connection with changing weather and climatic conditions.Material and methodology. The research was carried out over a three-year period (2020-2022) in the northern forest-steppe zone of the Tyumen region. Intervarietal hybridization (4x4 scheme), evaluation of the obtained material according to morphological (4 pcs.), biological (1 pc.), adaptive indicators (2 pcs.) was carried out using generally accepted methods. The objects of study were 12 combinations of fiber flax, first obtained in the region.Results. Significant differences (p

Abstract Linseed or flaxseed, native to the Indian subcontinent, had undergone domestication, edaphic selection and evolutionary processes that may have resulted in huge genetic variability in Indian genotypes. To understand the hitherto unexplored genetic diversity for sustainable flaxseed production amid challenges of climate fluctuation and identify trait-specific high-yielding genotypes, 2576 unique linseed accessions were comprehensively evaluated for 36 traits for up to six environments representing two major agroecological zones in India. A wide range of variability was recorded for days to initiation of flowering (42.86–114.99), plant height (43.31–122.88 cm), capsules/plant (64.62–375.87), seed size (6.06–14.44 cm2), thousand seed weight (2.80–11.86 g), seed yield (2.93–17.28 g/plant), oil content (30.14–45.96%) and fatty acid profile especially the key constituent omega-3 fatty acid (25.4–65.88%). Most of the traits such as plant height, flowering time, seed yield, seed and capsule size showed a high or moderately high level of variance coupled with high broad sense heritability indicating precise capturing of less heritable quantitative traits. The infraspecific classification of the tested collection revealed the seed/oil type (2498 accessions) as the dominant morphotype over dual-purpose/fiber flax (78 accessions) in the conserved collection. Correlation analysis indicated a significant positive association between flowering time, plant height, days to maturity and oil content. Trait-specific superior genotypes for earliness (50% flowering in 11 g), capsules/plant (> 350), oil content (> 45%) and fatty acid composition (> 65% alpha-linolenic acid) were identified to aid genetic improvement of linseed and to broaden the narrow genetic base.

Photosynthesis is one of the main biological processes that ensure life on the planet. The use of knowledge about the genetic control of chlorophyll biosynthesis will help to increase the productivity of flax. The paper presents a study of hybrids from the crosses of five lines defective in chlorophyll coloration and five with green coloration of the plant, differing in other morphological characteristics.Inheritance of 4 nuclear genes controlling the chlorophyll coloration of the plant has been established. The independent genes ygp1 (in the gc-210 line) and ygp2 (in the gc-473 line) control the yellow-green coloration of a young plant (Xanthovirescens). The complementary interaction of these genes, which causes the yellow color of a young plant, has been demonstrated. The genes ygp2 (in gc-473) and ygp2-2 (in gc-570) were proved to be allelic but not identical, since mutations were obtained independently. The non-cumulative polymeric gene interaction which has been established in the case of zeb1 and zeb2 genes (both in the gc-281 line), cause an increase in photosensitivity and alternation of white and green stripes of leaves (Viridoalbostriata). These genes mask the action of the ygp1 and ygp2 genes. For the first time in the world, the maternal type of inheritance of the chlorophyll coloration of the plant, controlled by the chloroplast gene ygp3 of the gc-480 line, has been established in flax. It was found that the gc-570 line, in addition to the ygp2-2 gene, is homozygous for the genes CSB1 (ciliation of the false septa of the boll) and YSED1 (dominant yellow seeds), while the gc-480 line, in addition to the ygp3 gene, is homozygous for the CSB1 and dlb3 genes (light blue corolla). The allelism but not equality of the dlb3 genes in the gc-480 and gc-210 lines has been proven. The genes ygp1 and ygp2, which are responsible for chlorophyll coloration may be promising for labeling varieties. It is necessary to study them in more detail for the possible creation of plastic varieties capable to endure unfavorable environmental conditions at early stages of development.

Weather has significant impact on plant growth and development. It is important to analyze the influence of changing climate conditions on the expression of plant agronomic characters. Two flax varieties were grown from 1987 to 2018 in the Northwest of Russia. Weather conditions and their influence on flax agronomic characters were analyzed using the variance and correlations analyses. Significant influence of conditions of a particular year on the manifestation of all evaluated characters was revealed. Starting from June, high temperatures accelerate plant development at all stages. Prolongation of the germination-flowering period is most important for improving fiber productivity, while fast ripening in hot weather after flowering is preferable for the formation of high-quality fiber. Such data give a possibility to predict the yield amount and quality. The use of weather conditions data also makes possible a comparison of the results obtained in different years. The suggested method of classifying meteorological conditions of a year can be used in other genebanks for systematizing and analyzing the results of crop evaluation in the field. The correlation analysis revealed 3 correlated pleiades, namely (1) of productivity, (2) of fiber quality and yield, and (3) of the growing season phase durations, the sums of active temperatures and precipitation during each period. The great influence of growing conditions on the economically valuable traits indicates the necessity of searching for genotypes with stable character manifestations for breeding new varieties with stable yields and good fiber quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The most important requirement to be met by promising varieties is adaptability, i. e., the ability to resist environmental factors that reduce productivity and product quality. To create such varieties, a constant search for sources and donors of consistently manifested economically valuable traits is required. For this purpose, agroecological adaptedness and its components were assessed for 42 fiber flax specimens with respect to the most important features, namely the yield of flax fiber and its number. Significant differences (P0.05) between the specimens concerning these characteristics were established. The average fiber yield in the study was 87.9 g/m2. In 23 specimens, the yield exceeded the average value. The maximum fiber yield was recorded for the Russian specimens ‘Tonus’ (130.6 g/m2) and ‘Nord’ (128.3 g/m2). These specimens had the highest long fiber yield (42.7 and 40.4 g/m2), respectively.The average number of the scutched long fiber in the study was 10.1. This value exceeded the average one in 24 specimens. The Belarusian varieties ‘Alej’ and ‘Mogilyovskij’ had the maximum number of the scutched long fiber for three years (11.3), and also maximum indices (1.2) concerning the number of the scutched long fiber.A high degree of responsiveness to improved environmental conditions (Ri) expressed as an increase in the long fiber yield was demonstrated by the varieties ‘Alej’, ‘Tonus’, ‘Surskij’, ‘Cezar’ (Ri = 39.4%, 35.4%, 32.9%, 32.2% respectively), and that expressed in the number of the long scutched fiber was displayed by specimens ‘Sal'do’ × ‘Rodnik’ (Ri=19.8%), ‘Surskij’, ‘Venus’, VIR-14, and VIR-12, (Ri=16.5%).The specimens Vera (Di= –7.14%), Batist (Di= –7.69%), and VIR-15 (Di= –10.64%) were characterized by low responsiveness to unfavorable factors in respect of the long fiber yield. Such conditions did not cause a decrease in the number of the long scutched fiber in the specimens ‘Dobrynya’, ‘Diplomat’, ‘Polisky 4’, VIR-13, ‘L'vovskіj 8’, ‘Esman’, and ‘Miander’ (Di,%=0.0). The specimens ‘Tonus’ (Di= –44.3%), ‘Cezar’ (Di= –43.8%), ‘Lino de fibra’ (Di= –42.1%), China 1 TMR1919 (Di= –41.8%), Gorizont (Di=–40,9%) were highly responsive to stress factors in terms of fiber yield. A sharp decrease in the number of the long scutched fiber under unfavorable factors was observed for specimens ‘Kaliakra’, VIR-17, ‘Venus’, and ‘Sursky’ (Di= –27,7%).Thirteen specimens received high ratings of agroecological adaptedness in terms of the yield of fibre and its number. The Belarusian variety ‘Alej’, Lithuanian specimens B-192, B-168 and the Russian ‘Dobrynya’ were included in the first group with a high degree of agroecological adaptedness with respect to the studied characteristics.

This paper investigates the utilization of an oscillatory-type working body for the stripping process within the primary fiber flax processing line. It also introduces the equation governing the movement of this working body, thereby enabling the determination of the fundamental geometric parameters of the mechanism. (Research purpose) To develop the technology for fiber flax stripping at a flax mill using the proposed comb-type device, and to examine the parameters and modes of its functionality. (Materials and methods) A testing model was designed for a stripping machine, enabling an exploration of the flax combing process within the factory. The limitations of the parameters under investigation were identified. Furthermore, a theoretical model was formulated to calculate the performance of the stripper. (Results and discussion) The operation kinematic mode, stripping cleanliness, and seed losses during the stripping process are determined through theoretical analysis. It is discovered that the quality of stripping is influenced by the thickness of the flax ribbon. Specifically, an increase in the flax straw's thickness results in the clogging of the stripping device, subsequently leading to the formation of tangles and entanglements on the working body. On the other hand, insufficient thickness of the flax ribbon leads to significant damage to the stems. The limits for the thickness of the flax ribbon are established considering both the potential minimum and maximum yields: the lower limit being 0.01 meters and the upper limit set at 0.05 meters. The application of the factory's stripping technology is expected to ensure a 10 percent reduction in seed losses and an additional 6 percent reduction in production costs. (Conclusions) Theoretical justification for the parameters and operational modes of the stripper in the flax processing line, along with its design, is provided. The feed speed of the flax ribbon is configured to range between 1.0 and 1.5 meters per second, while the rotation frequency of the working body varies from 2.2 to 3.0 revolutions per second.

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The paper explores the technological aspects and methods involved in the preparation of flax straw within the framework of separate fiber flax harvesting technology. This particular technology allows for the prolonged maturation of seeds in the field. The study demonstrates that during the process of seasoning flax straw in the form of unprocessed stem ribbons, the seeds within the capsules undergo natural drying and ripening. This approach enables a reduction in fuel consumption compared to the traditional scheme while obtaining high-quality fiber and seeds suitable for sowing. (Research purpose) The objective of this study is to assess the quality of raw flax during the stage of straw flax preparation. (Materials and methods) The study investigates the processes and technical units involved in fiber flax harvesting, adhering to regulatory guidelines during the stages of stem pulling, seasoning, turning, picking, and processing are thoroughly examined. (Results and discussion) The research results have revealed the indicators for biological productivity of straw and seeds during the process of straw flax preparation. Under different seeding rates, the yield of straw flax ranges from 23.1 to 24.8 centners per hectare during a 14-day seasoning period and from 20.8 to 22.2 centners per hectare on the 21st day. These findings demonstrate that the average yield under various harvesting conditions is 20-30 centners per hectare. The flaxseed yield, ranging from 2.9 to 4.1 centners per hectare at different maturation periods, can be considered satisfactory. Furthermore, it was observed that the elongation of the flax ribbon increases after turning, compared to its initial state, when the combine speed is 5.3 and 7.8 kilometers per hour, remaining within the acceptable limits. However, at a speed of 9.6 kilometers per hour, there was a violation of agrotechnical requirements. (Conclusions) The separate harvesting of flax has proven to be effective during a three-week period of raw flax seasoning. It is important to note that when turning unprocessed flax ribbons, the working speed should not exceed 9 kilometers per hour.

The technology of flax harvesting depends on input impacts, including: flax harvester qualitative characteristics; working body parameters; indicators of working conditions; intervening variables reflecting the dynamic properties of the working bodies and the dynamics of the flax flow input. (Research purpose) To establish patterns and the degree of correlation between the qualitative operation indicators (pulling and deseeding quality, flax line stretching); design parameters; machine dynamic properties and harvesting conditions (height and density of flax stem, field surface, thickness and unevenness of flax straw, etc.). (Materials and methods) Based on system analysis, mathematical models of the technological process of flax harvesting were developed. Information models were introduced for examining the main flax harvesters. (Results and discussion) The paper shows that the most typical indicators of the flax harvester working conditions are the flax stem height l(t), centimeters; the seed pod area a(t), centimeters; and field surface roughness z(t), centimeters. It is found that the quality of operation is determined by the deseeding quality, percentages; the flax straw stretching, times; the location of its apical and root parts, centimeters. The estimated indicators are as follows: the pulling height h(t), centimeters, the vibrations of the combine in the longitudinal-vertical plane Q(t), degrees, the location of the apical part of the flax flaw in front of the stripper. (Conclusions) A hydraulic device was developed to adjust the pulling height from 10 to 40 centimeters, depending on the flax stem. An important reserve for increasing the deseeding quality is the change in the width of the deseeding zone of the Vk harvester, centimeters. For this purpose, a mechanism was created for moving the deseeder against the clamping conveyor, depending on the flax stem height l(t), centimeters.

Background. A promising technique for preserving plant genetic resources is cryopreservation of seeds in liquid nitrogen at –196°C. The lack of information on cryopreservation of flax seeds and on the effect of liquid nitrogen on their viability makes this work relevant for the conservation of valuable flax germplasm.Materials and methods. Seeds of the fiber flax cultivar ‘Orshansky 2’ were used in the experiment. The experiment was carried out in 2 replications; each of them included 6 options. In options 1 and 2, the seeds were stored in paper bags at room temperature (1 – control, seeds without treatment; 2 – treated with a biodegradable polymer of 3-hydroxybutyric acid [P(3GB)]). In options 3, 4, 5 and 6, the seeds were stored in liquid nitrogen without treatment and with P(3GB) treatment (in 3 and 4 in gauze packaging, and in 5 and 6 in laminated foil bags).Results. Laboratory-based germination energy and viability of control seeds were the same in all options of the experiment (99%), and field viability averaged 83%. The lowest germination energy, laboratory-based and field germination capacity were observed after storage in laminated bags, without P(3HB) processing: option 5. stage II (79%); option 5, stage III (74%), and with P(3HB): processing: option 6, stage II (78%); option 6, stage III (82%). A two-factor analysis of variance showed that liquid nitrogen had significant effect on laboratory germination energy, field germination capacity, laboratory germination energy and capacity after 6 months of storage at room temperature: the effect size was 42, 11, 31, and 24%, respectively, while treatment with P(3HB) had no significant effect on any of the options of the experiment with its application.Conclusion. Flax seeds tolerated direct immersion in liquid nitrogen (t = –196°C) best of all in gauze packaging. The biodegradable polymer P(3HB) did not produce a significant effect on seed viability in any option.

Background. When researching crop genetic diversity, including flax species, molecular markers are used to identify cultivars, establish phylogenetic relationships among them and select valuable genotypes and sources of useful traits. One of the effective ways to solve these tasks is the use of SSR markers, as a molecular method. The aim of this work was to study the molecular genetic polymorphism of modern flax cultivars listed in the State Register for Selection Achievements of the Russian Federation, find out their phylogenetic relationships and develop a version of their genetic certification.Materials and methods. The materials for the research were 82 flax cultivars (60 cultivars of fiber flax and 22 of oilseed flax) and 3 ancient landraces. Genetic analysis was carried out using the PCR method with a set of 11 SSR markers labeled with fluorescent dyes, followed by the detection of products on the genetic analyzer.Results. The study of the cultivars revealed 50 alleles at 11 loci, with the number of alleles per locus ranging from 2 to 10, averaged to 4.55 alleles per locus. Each flax sample contained a unique set of alleles.Conclusion. The resulting SSR database made it possible to develop genetic certificates for each cultivar in the form of an alphanumeric code. A cluster analysis was also carried out and a dendrogram of genetic similarity was constructed. The identified sib relationships among the cultivars confirmed the information about their origin.

Drought stress is a common environmental challenge that plants face, severely constraining plant growth and reducing crop yield and quality. Several studies have highlighted distinct responses between monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. However, the mechanisms underlying flax tolerance to abiotic stress, such as drought, remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics and the genome-wide gene expression of oil flax and fiber flax in response to drought stress. The results revealed that drought stress caused significant wilting of flax leaves. Within the first 24 h of stress, various physiological and biochemical characteristics exhibited rapid responses. These included fresh weight, relative water content (RWC), proline, soluble protein, soluble sugar, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in the leaves or roots of flax. Additionally, drought stress led to a significant rise in lignin content in fiber flax. In addition, the transcriptome analysis demonstrated genome-wide variations in gene expression induced by drought stress. Specifically, genes associated with photosynthesis, proline biosynthesis, and phytohormone metabolism exhibited significant differences in expression levels under stress conditions in flax. These findings highlight the rapid response of flax to drought stress within a short-term period. Our experiment also revealed that, although there were variations in the levels of small compound content or gene expression between Longya10 and Fany under drought stress, most stress-resistance responses were similar. Furthermore, the results provide additional evidence supporting the existence of mechanisms underlying the response to drought stress in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weather has significant impact on plant growth and development. It is important to analyze the influence of changing climate conditions on the expression of plant agronomic characters. Two flax varieties were grown from 1987 to 2018 in the Northwest of Russia. Weather conditions and their influence on flax agronomic characters were analyzed using the variance and correlations analyses. Significant influence of conditions of a particular year on the manifestation of all evaluated characters was revealed. Starting from June, high temperatures accelerate plant development at all stages. Prolongation of the germination-flowering period is most important for improving fiber productivity, while fast ripening in hot weather after flowering is preferable for the formation of high-quality fiber. Such data give a possibility to predict the yield amount and quality. The use of weather conditions data also makes possible a comparison of the results obtained in different years. The suggested method of classifying meteorological conditions of a year can be used in other genebanks for systematizing and analyzing the results of crop evaluation in the field. The correlation analysis revealed 3 correlated pleiades, namely (1) of productivity, (2) of fiber quality and yield, and (3) of the growing season phase durations, the sums of active temperatures and precipitation during each period. The great influence of growing conditions on the economically valuable traits indicates the necessity of searching for genotypes with stable character manifestations for breeding new varieties with stable yields and good fiber quality.

Abstract. The technological aspects of fiber flax cultivation under various conditions were considered. The use of mole ploughing was proposed to solve a serious problem of excessive humidity and violation of the arable layer aeration. This operation can be performed simultaneously with plowing when using a device for general-purpose plows. The authors substantiated the expediency of using combined working bodies and units for high-quality performance. (Research purpose) To analyse the work of combined working bodies and units that perform several operations in one pass. (Materials and methods) The processes and technology for flax cultivation were studied. The following documents were used: GOST standard 20915-2011 and GOST standard 33687-2015. (Results and discussion) Testing a needle working body on a soil bin revealed differences in the needle print sizes depending on the change in the disk speed. It was noted that the width of the prints hardly changed, in contrast to their length. It was found that the distance between adjacent needle prints in the soil decreased significantly when the speed increased from 0.4 to 2.8 meters per second. The authors concluded that a stronger impact on the soil is possible when the speed of 2.8-3.0 meters per second is reached. The field tests of the needle harrow revealed the performance indicator dependence on the speed characteristics. It was found that agrotechnical indicators improve markedly with an increase in the speed of the unit. At the unit speed of 3.0-3.5 meters per second, the following permissible indicators were obtained: ridging – less than 15 millimeters, soil crumbling – about 95 percent. (Conclusions) It was found out that for fiber flax cultivation, non-power needle harrows are effective, they facilitates the performance at higher speeds.

Studies on the evaluation of 20 fiber flax accessions of Russian, Chinese, Japanese and Polish breeding from the collection of the Federal Research Center "All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources named after N. I. Vavilov" (VIR) were conducted in 2018-2020 in order to identify the sources of agronomic valuable characters that are adaptive to the conditions of the North-West of the Russian Federation. The HTC for the growing season in 2018 was 0.95, in 2019 – 1.53 and in 2020-1.1. Abiotic conditions had a greater influence on the formation of plant height (59.6 %), seed yield (60 %) and fiber content in plants (55.1 %), but the influence of the genotype on these indicators was also significant. The effect size of the genotype prevailed in the formation of fiber yield (67.2 %) and the duration of the growing season (52.8 %). The variability of characters was the greatest according to the seed yield (V = 6.7-33.9 %), disease resistance (V = 3.1-26.5 %); the lowest one was noted according to the duration of the growing season (V = 4.4-9.7 %). For the rest characters, it was at the level of up to 20 %. A valuable and plastic source material was identified for practical breeding aimed at creating new varieties with the following characters: early maturity – K-8680 (Russia), K-8782, K-8783 (Japan), which matured 3 days earlier than the Dobrynya standard and had a growing period of 67 days; productivity – K-8651, K-8760, K-8795, K-8797, K-8874, K-8877 (China), which significantly exceeded the fiber yield of the Dobrynya variety (241 g/m2) by 8-14 %. There were identified genotypes significantly exceeding the standard: according to the plant height (82 cm) ‒ K-8681 (Russia), K-8751, K-8794, K-8795, K-8754 (China) ‒ by 12-25 %; yield of flax straw (241 g/m2) – K-8681 (Russia), K-8751, K-8794, K-8795, K-8874, K-8880 (China) – by 25-40 %; seed yield (149 g/m2) ‒ K-8680 (Russia), K-8772 (Poland), K-8782 (Japan) – by 10-23 %; resistance to lodging (9 samples) and diseases (7 samples). Use of the identified gene sources in breeding practice should accelerate the creation of varieties that provide high and stable yields.

The authors showed that the main technological process in the combined and separate methods of fiber flax harvesting is deseeding or separating the seed part of the crop from the stems. It was confirmed that there is a direct impact of this process success on seed and straw losses, the fiber yield and quality, the heap composition, the labor intensity and energy consumption of flax drying and processing. (Research purpose) To develop a technology for stripping fiber flax with a comb deseeder during harvesting, to study the deseeder’s specifications and operating modes. (Materials and methods) The authors studied the technological process of stripping flax with a comb deseeder. An experimental plant of a comb deseeder was designed. A model of theoretical calculation was proposed based on the physical and mechanical properties of fiber flax and agrotechnical requirements for its harvesting. (Results and discussion) The authors theoretically determined the comb deseeder’s optimal height, operation kinematic mode, stripping cleanliness, the radius of the stripper drum. Laboratory studies were conducted. It was shown that threshing seeds in the field will reduce the loss of flax seeds by 10 per cent and the stem waste due to tangling during the harvesting process – by 18 per cent. It will also reduce the number of harvesting vehicles, personnel, and the cost of product. The authors identified an opportunity to increase productivity by increasing the width of the header grip: for example, the width of a grain harvester header is about 4 meters, and the width of a flax harvester header is 1.52 meters, that is, the productivity of flax harvesting will increase 2.6 times at the same speed, and 3 times at a higher speed. It was possible to eliminate one piece of equipment – a heap separating machine, since the technological operation of heap processing is carried out by a grain harvester. (Conclusions) The authors presented a theoretical substantiation of the comb deseeder’s operating parameters and modes for stripping fiber flax in the field. The authors proposed a model to determine them based on the physical and mechanical properties of flax and agrotechnical requirements for its harvesting.

This study was carried out to reveal the feasibility of fiber flax cultivation as a profitable production activity in the Middle Black Sea Region and whether it can be an alternative product to winter wheat. The main materials of the research were the production data of fiber flax grown under farmer conditions in the trial areas in 3 locations in Sinop and Samsun provinces during the 2019-2020 production period. Flax production costs and profitability were calculated separately for the locations of Elifli village in Bafra district of Samsun province, Taşmanlı village of Sinop province central district and Söküçayırı village of Sinop province Ayancık district, and then compared with the average wheat production cost of Samsun and Sinop provinces. It was determined that variable costs constitute the largest share of the costs in all of the locations examined in the study. Approximately 89% of the total expenses in Söküçayırı village in Ayancık district of Sinop province, 83% in Taşmanlı village in the central district of Sinop province and 81% in Elifli village of Bafra district in Samsun province consist of variable expenses. It was also observed that the enterprises in Sinop province central district Taşmanlı village and Samsun province Bafra district Elifli village could cover all the production costs, while the enterprises in Söküçayırı village of Ayancık district in Sinop province cannot cover even the variable costs of production. As a result of the research, it was determined that fiber flax production, which is partially or entirely mechanized, is more profitable than the wheat grown in the region. After covering all their expenses, the enterprises made a net profit of 715.3 TL da-1 in the Taşmanlı village of central district in Sinop province and 533.2 TL da-1 in the Elifli village of Bafra district in Samsun. It was determined that farmers growing flax fiber by hand made a loss. Therefore, it was suggested that all processes should be done with mechanization for high efficiency, and profitability in fiber flax cultivation, as well as cultural practices should be paid attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Western Europe fiber flax breeding was started in the Netherlands in 1816, and pedigree selection was introduced in 1900 in the Netherlands also. Therefore, the commercial breeding of fiber flax started at the end of the 19th century. Flax breeding in other European countries started in the early 20th century. Before Western European variety became available, European varieties seeds were imported from Russia. In China, breeding work on fiber flax began at 1950s. After the end of the 20th century, flax breeding technologies developed more rapidly. The flax breeding methods now include hybridization, induced mutation, interspecific hybridization, utilization of male-sterility, ploidy breeding, tissue culture, gene transformation, marker assisted selection, etc. Despite of new breeding methods, the cross breeding is still the main breeding method for fiber flax. The history of flax breeding, germplasm collection, breeding goals, breeding programs, breeding methods, and new varieties are presented in the article. Some problems about flax breeding were analyzed, and some suggestions were presented.

Modifications of combine harvester were introduced. Flax harvesting with the modified combine harvester following the dessication with Roundup did not affect the yield and weight of flax seeds when compared to the conventional pulling harvesting. A new method lead to a reduction in the yield of homomorphic fiber but losses depend on the cutting height and with the normal plant heigh (over 700 mm) and stubble height below 80 mm could be reduced to less than 10%. Flax harvesting by mowing can reduce the total labor costs by 30% and the labor costs of harvesting by more than 42%. Mowing of fiber flax fiber can significantly reduce and simplify the entire production technology.

The aim of the study was to determine the breeding value of advanced lines of fibrous flax and oilseed flax (linseed) on the basis of comparative experiments with reference varieties. In field experiments conducted in 2019–2020, the HDH line of fibrous flax and the R26 linseed line were assessed in terms of significant phenotypic traits and also traits affecting the yield structure. Due to the fundamentally different weather conditions in the growing seasons of 2019 and 2020, it was also possible to determine the susceptibility of the studied genotypes of flax to climatic stress factors. The obtained results showed the high breeding value of the HDH line as a potential new variety of fibrous flax. The R26 line did not exceed the reference varieties in terms of the traits essential for the oily form of the cultivated flax cultivars, but it was characterized by a favorable morphological and yield-forming structure for dual purpose varieties. Moreover, both assessed lines showed high resistance to unfavorable climatic conditions.

The article presents the results of research related with the study of productivity, water consumption and feasibility of irrigation in flax at different levels of fertility and moisture regimes of drained soil. The experiment was conducted on three backgrounds of agrochemical fertility: 1) control (no fertilizer). 2. The aftereffect of multi-purpose compost (KMN). 3. KMN + NPK (NPK - from 2011 till 2013 in the calculation on the planned crop under the previous culture). Fiber flax is need in irrigation during a dry period of growth to obtain a sufficiently high yield of straw and seeds. Watering with norm of 150 m3 / ha after sowing increased the number of surviving plants till harvesting by 30-35%. Carrying of 3-4 irrigation during growth season increased the straw flax yield from 22.7 to 40.4%, the seeds yield - from 10.5 to 53.2%. In the variant KMN + NPK increments of straw and seeds yields at the expense of irrigation reached 40.4 and 53.2% respectively. Payback additional cost amounted to 2.00 rubles / rubles. In the variant with aftereffect of KMN during the fourth year after the inputting of 15 t / ha under irrigation increase in straw flax yield amounted to almost 30%, seed - 26.7%. Payback costs of obtaining of increases yield was 1.43 rubles per each ruble of costs incurred. The total water consumption of flax without irrigation was about 2000 m3 / ha, at irrigation - more than 4000 m3 / ha. At the growth of flax productivity on the more fertile backgrounds coefficient of water use (Kv) decreases by 29% (non-irrigation) and 40% (for irrigation).

In the last decade, the soil borne fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae has had an increasingly strong effect on fiber flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), thus causing important yield losses in Normandy, France. Race-specific resistance against V. dahliae race 1 is determined by tomato Ve1, a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor-like protein (RLP). Furthermore, homologous proteins have been found in various plant families. Herein, four homologs of tomato Ve1 were identified in the flax proteome database. The selected proteins were named LuVe11, LuVe12, LuVe13 and LuVe14 and were compared to other Ve1. Sequence alignments and phylogenic analysis were conducted and detected a high similarity in the content of amino acids and that of the Verticillium spp. race 1 resistance protein cluster. Annotations on the primary structure of these homologs reveal several features of tomato Ve1, including numerous copies of a 28 amino acids consensus motif [XXIXNLXXLXXLXLSXNXLSGXIP] in the LRR domain. An in vivo assay was performed using V. dahliae race 1 on susceptible and tolerant fiber flax cultivars. Despite the presence of homologous genes and the stronger expression of LuVe11 compared to controls, both cultivars exhibited symptoms and the pathogen was observed within the stem. Amino acid substitutions within the segments of the LRR domain could likely affect the ligand binding and thus the race-specific resistance. The results of this study indicate that complex approaches including pathogenicity tests, microscopic observations and gene expression should be implemented for assessing race-specific resistance mediated by Ve1 within the large collection of flax genotypes.

Comparative analysis of the cellulose measurement in fiber and sheave of different flax varieties was conducted by near-infrared spectroscopy and classical chemical method. Samples of fibers and sheaves have been obtained in field tests with plant growth regulators. Discovered difference between results of two compared methods was 0.1-0.8%. Applying of Apin-extra, Floravit and humic-fulvate complex (HFC) resulted in increase of cellulose content in the fiber and sheave at 5.0-11.8%. Floravit was the most effective biostimulator among others. It increased the cellulose content in fiber at 8.1-11.8% compared to control variant, 1.4-5.5% compared to variant with HFC and 0.5-3.3% compared to Apin-Extra. The method of near-infrared spectroscopy recommended as a reliable alternative to classical chemical methods for cellulose determination in flax fiber and sheave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Western Europe fiber flax breeding was started in the Netherlands in 1816, and pedigree selection was introduced in 1900 in the Netherlands also. Therefore, the commercial breeding of fiber flax started at the end of the 19th century. Flax breeding in other European countries started in the early 20th century. Before Western European variety became available, European varieties seeds were imported from Russia. In China, breeding work on fiber flax began at 1950s. After the end of the 20th century, flax breeding technologies developed more rapidly. The flax breeding methods now include hybridization, induced mutation, interspecific hybridization, utilization of male-sterility, ploidy breeding, tissue culture, gene transformation, marker assisted selection, etc. Despite of new breeding methods, the cross breeding is still the main breeding method for fiber flax. The history of flax breeding, germplasm collection, breeding goals, breeding programs, breeding methods, and new varieties are presented in the article. Some problems about flax breeding were analyzed, and some suggestions were presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Sixty two cultivar samples of fiber flax of various ecological-and-geographic origin were studied for basic economically valuable traits (straw and seed productivity, fiber content and its quality) in 2014-2016 under conditions of the Volga-Vyatka region (Kirov oblast). The best genotypes were identified in terms of a set of traits: Flax of Heilonjiang no. 7 and no. 10; Heiya 11, 13 and 14; Huanguang 2 (China); Belinka (the Netherlands); and AP (Russia). Straw yield depends on the stem technical length ( r = 0.71-0.76). Cultivar samples having high fiber contents (28.7-34.5%) are identified: Mirazh, Tverskoi, AP, AP, Pskovskii-93, Dobrynya, Nord, Peresvet (Russia), B-179 (Lithuania), and Merilin (the Netherlands). High fiber durability is characteristic of samples Soglasie (Belarus)-20.3 kgf; Er-27 (Russia)-18.5 kgf; and B-179 (Lithuania)- 17.8 kgf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The model is designed to forecast biomass accumulation in flax, the timing of the phenological phases and their duration. The model is intended for use in research and information programs in agricultural production. Formulas of calculations, based on basic factors of weather (rainfall, temperature of air and its relative humidity, air enthalpy), are presented. Model is useful for programs applied in precision agriculture instead of insufficient yield accurate planning based on accounting real field yields. This way is applicable for long-term planning of flax yield and indicative dates of the agricultural work in the specific climatic conditions. The model was successfully applied in the development of plans for the cultivation of flax fiber in the Central and Volga regions of the European part of Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiber flax breeding was started in Lithuania in 1922, and it is continued up till nowadays. Mainly conventional breeding with methods of hybridization and selection is applied for developing of new varieties. The aim of breeding work consists of developing high and stable yielding varieties, resistant to lodging, with high yield and quality, less susceptible to fungal diseases, with a moderately long vegetative growth period, well adapted to local soil and climate conditions. Soon after Lithuania joinedthe European Union in 2004, two fiber flax varieties (Kastyčiai and Vega 2) were included to the EC Common catalog of varieties of agricultural plant species (EC CC). Four fiber flax varieties—Dangiai, Snaigiai, Sartai (in 2007–2008) and Audriai (in 2012–2013)—have been tested for Value for Cultivation and Use (VCU) and Distinctness, Uniformity, Stability (DUS). Tests were found to be positive, and those fiber flax varieties were included to the Lithuanian National List of plant varieties (NL) as well as to the EC CC. Generally, all Lithuanian fiber flax varieties are suitable for textile purposes as owning good fiber quality (flexibility and divisibility). Considering growing interest in healthy life, healthy nutrition worldwide, linseed breeding was started in our country also. Linseed varieties—Rasa, Rūta and Edita—for VCU and DUS have been tested in 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 with positive results and were also included to the NL as well as to the ECCC. The objective of this paper is to describe and present recent results (developed varieties) of flax breeding in Lithuania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the Liebieg’s law—in many regions of Europe, the main limiting factor that affects very often flax yield are weather conditions (precipitation). Resistance to drought stress of 51 flax genotypes was evaluated in pot trials (2002–2012). Controlled drought stress (62.5% optimal soil humidity) caused a decrease in fiber yield by 39.7–49.3% and a substantial drop in quality. Among the tested cultivars, the ones that gave relatively promising yields in conditions of water deficit were: Sara [PL], Ilona [NL], Modran [PL], Escalina [NL], Luna [PL], Aliz?e [FR], Artemida [PL], Selena [PL], Modran [PL], Nike [PL], and Venica [CZ]. Relatively good yields of fiber for these varieties were the result of the good yields of straw. In field trials carried out on two types of soil (pseudosolic and black soil), the highest fiber yield with good quality was obtained using: (1) sowing density of 2 800 seeds m?2, (2) row sowing, (3) harvesting time at green-yellow maturity stage (BBCH 83). Higher plant densities using row sowing resulted in higher fiber content (% in straw) together with better quality (tex). Earlier harvest times (BBCH 75, BBCH 79) allowed for obtaining very thin fiber. The content of pectin and lignin in the fiber increased with harvesting delay. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: Flax is valued for its fiber, seed oil and nutraceuticals. Recently, the fiber industry has invested in the development of products made from linseed stems, making it a dual purpose crop. Simultaneous targeting of genomic regions controlling stem fiber and seed quality traits could enable the development of dual purpose cultivars. However, the genetic diversity, population structure and linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns necessary for association mapping (AM) have not yet been assessed in flax because genomic resources have only recently been developed. We characterized 407 globally distributed flax accessions using 448 microsatellite markers. The data was analyzed to assess the suitability of this core collection for AM. Genomic scans to identify candidate genes selected during the divergent breeding process of fiber flax and linseed were conducted using the whole genome shotgun sequence of flax. Results: Combined genetic structure analysis assigned all accessions to two major groups with six sub-groups. Population differentiation was weak between the major groups (FST = 0.094) and for most of the pairwise comparisons among sub-groups. The molecular coancestry analysis indicated weak relatedness (mean = 0.287) for most individual pairs. Abundant genetic diversity was observed in the total panel (5.32 alleles per locus), and some sub-groups showed a high proportion of private alleles. The average genome-wide LD (r2) was 0.036, with a relatively fast decay of 1.5 cM. Genomic scans between fiber flax and linseed identified candidate genes involved in cell-wall biogenesis/modification, xylem identity and fatty acid biosynthesis congruent with genes previously identified in flax and other plant species. Conclusions: Based on the abundant genetic diversity, weak population structure and relatedness and relatively fast LD decay, we concluded that this core collection is suitable for AM studies targeting multiple agronomic and quality traits aiming at the improvement of flax as a true dual purpose crop. Our genomic scans provide the first insights into candidate regions affected by divergent selection in flax. In combination with AM, genomic scans have the ability to increase the power to detect loci influencing complex traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field experiments in years 2010 and 2011 aimed at assessing of the usefulness of salicylic (SA) and acetylsalicylic (ASA) acids in the cultivation of fiber flax. The aim of the study was to improve plant resistance to abiotic stresses (soil water deficit, high air temperature). SA and ASA are the active substances of the bio-products UP 208-200 SL and IWN–11. These experimental bio-products were applied at the beginning of the flax rapid growth phase (BBCH 32 – plant height 18–20 cm) in doses of 1.0 and 2.0 L ha?1. The best results in increasing flax resistance to soil water deficit were obtained on Luvisols soil after the application of IWN – 11 (ASA) in the dose of 1.0 L ha?1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tekstil: Journal of Textile & Clothing Technology is the property of Croatian Association of Textile Engineers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the study was to determine the breeding value of advanced lines of fibrous flax and oilseed flax (linseed) on the basis of comparative experiments with reference varieties. In field experiments conducted in 2019–2020, the HDH line of fibrous flax and the R26 linseed line were assessed in terms of significant phenotypic traits and also traits affecting the yield structure. Due to the fundamentally different weather conditions in the growing seasons of 2019 and 2020, it was also possible to determine the susceptibility of the studied genotypes of flax to climatic stress factors. The obtained results showed the high breeding value of the HDH line as a potential new variety of fibrous flax. The R26 line did not exceed the reference varieties in terms of the traits essential for the oily form of the cultivated flax cultivars, but it was characterized by a favorable morphological and yield-forming structure for dual purpose varieties. Moreover, both assessed lines showed high resistance to unfavorable climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]