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The purpose of this study was to compare two extraction processes for the production of lemon liqueur (limoncello)—the traditional maceration of lemon peels and a cyclically pressurized extraction process also known as rapid solid-liquid dynamic extraction (RSLDE) that uses a Naviglio extractor. To evaluate the extraction efficiency of the two processes, dry matter obtained by the evaporation of the extracts was used to construct kinetics curves. The dry matter was directly proportional to the amount of the active principle (terpenes) extracted and consequently to the total concentration. Alcoholic extracts were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) to monitor the extraction kinetics for major components of the terpene fraction and for minor components of essential oils. Moreover, alcoholic extracts were analysed by UV spectrophotometry to identify the more abundant chemical species, while the organoleptic tests (i.e., a consumer test) performed on the final product (limoncello) provided an indication of the taste of the final product and revealed features undetectable with instrumental analytical techniques. To better understand the phenomenon considered, a numerical simulation was performed to evaluate and compare the matter flow of extractable compounds during the process.

Bitter liquors and elixirs are usually produced following traditional recipes, in most cases considered secret, that adopts different extraction processes and/or way of preparation. The ethanol as elective extraction solvent allows to obtain in the liquid phase most of the active compounds from different parts of the plants e.g. roots, bark, flowers, etc and the maceration is commonly used as extraction process. In this paper the traditional maceration procedure was compared to an innovative technology of rapid solid-liquid dynamic extraction (RSLDE), using the Naviglio Extractor. to obtain alcoholic extract of herbal mixtures.Three different mixtures of various parts of plants were extracted with both methods and results compared. The dry residue was considered as the main parameters to assess the quantity of the active compounds present in the extracts. The obtained data suggested that an high dry residue amount in the extract was correlated to an high concentration of active ingredients. Organoleptic tests performed on bitter liquors obtained from different extracts has been used to determine the optimum extraction time for the two different methods used. The results of this test showed that the bitters produced with RLSDE were more appreciated than bitter prepared by maceration

In the present study the extraction of curcuminoids was performed from Curcuma longa roots, focusing the interest on curcumin, the major phenolic component of the root that has been shown to have a high antioxidant activity. A cold extraction technique was employed as an alternative to other conventional solid-liquid extraction techniques such as maceration, infusion, percolation and extraction with Sohxlet which expose curcuminoids to light, heat and oxygen causing the degradation and thus limiting the effectiveness of the processes themselves. The Naviglio Extractor (NE) or rapid solid-fluid dynamic extraction (RSLDE) is an innovative technology of solid-liquid extraction that can extract in a short time, compared to other existing techniques, bioactive substances present in the solid matrix using water as solvent, at room temperature. Curcumin is a plant pigment of very bright yellow orange color and is referred to as the E100 in the list of accepted color additives in the food and pharmaceutical sector being devoid of toxicity. In the Indian and Asian cuisine it is used to prepare the curry and various typical local sauces while in the Ayurvedic medicine for many centuries to treat a variety of ailments. Recent studies have shown that curcumin exerts anti-tumor effects for its ability to induce apoptosis in cancer cells without cytotoxic effects on healthy cells; in fact, it can interfere with the activity of the transcription factor  and -TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor) which has been linked to a number of inflammatory diseases and cancer diseases.

Art is the product of a creative process that manifests itself in most forms of expression and is an experience for both the author and the user. Therapy is everything that relates to change and is realized with a request for help from those who manifested dysfunctionality in relational life that the Art-tutor can help you ask yourself differently in respect of himself and of reality. Over the past decade, the Italian University went through deep renovations, which led to the transition from University of knowledge to University of skills. The University reform, under the teaching autonomy of universities, gave ample space to the role of the quality of teaching, highlighting the importance of informational structures, development and consolidation of the functions of guidance and support to students, to make effective the right to University study. Tutorial Teaching Art Therapy should be promoted in all teaching-learning situations until joining in universities. Encouraging communication and expression, through sound (structured and unstructured), movement, the tools (conventional, unconventional and natural), using the colors and the body as effective vehicles to determine a bond and a relationship between participants. It operates not only on suffering and discomfort but is also a means to get to the full understanding of the cognitive, emotional issues and relationship of oneself and of others In his teaching, art-tutor is a teacher who helps learning, offers a professional model to observe and imitate, aims at the other's autonomy and accompanies the learner competence; identifies and makes possible essential educational objectives; helps to learn, to educate but principally shapes and educates. In addition to helping the exercise of skill, knowledge transfers, educating; helps give shape and meaning to knowledge, valuing what they so unaware the learner already possesses.

The organization of the education service in hospitals expresses the recognition of the fundamental right to education and the advancement of a culture of solidarity in favor of children and young patients in situations of temporary disadvantage. The Hospital School, in the context of a logic of inter- institutional agreement between the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Social Affairs, currently, it is increasingly transformed into a school structure organized as part of the offer training provided for, in terms of organizational and didactic autonomy. In fact, to ensure the full exercise of the right to education, in addition to educational activities, in accordance with the particular experience of hospitalized children, it helps to overcome the trauma of hospitalization with appropriate educational support, ensuring the continuity of contact with their school of origin.. Sending a teacher at home if the disease prevents school attendance also promotes reintegration after discharge with supplementary educational programming interventions with teachers, hospital workers, family, operators of recreational activities - agers and volunteering. In view of the characteristics of the condition of his pupils, the school is placed in the hospital that aims original and innovative, thanks to the technological support, allow optimal interaction between therapeutic and educational project.

Crocus sativus L.(Iridaceae), commonly known as saffron is not only used as a spice in food, but also for its medicinal properties. For these reasons, in this study the comparison between a conventional extraction technique using ultrasounds (UAE) and a cyclically pressurized solid-liquid extraction with the Naviglio extractor (NE) or Rapid Solid- Liquid Dynamic Extraction (RSLDE) was performed, in order to obtain qualitative and quantitative data related to bioactive compounds of saffron. The extracts obtained were analyzed for their antioxidant activity using ABTS, DPPH and FRAP assays, for their total polyphenol content (Folin-Ciocalteu) and for the metabolic profile using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS).The efficiency of extraction of active principles obtained with the Naviglio extractor was about four times higher than that resulting from the sonication extraction. The results obtained showed that the extracts of the Naviglio extractor had significant advantages in terms of extraction efficiency and quality of extract; moreover savings of time and therefore represented an important data in anticipation of the use of such extracts for the preparation of functional food and also phytodrugs.

In this work has been developed a new analytical procedure to extract the non-polar component of the lipid fraction of the chocolate, in a simple, rapid and economical way and its subsequent analysis by using a gas chromatograph equipped with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The interest to isolate the non-polar lipid fraction containing triglycerides, waxes, sterol esters and minor components, such as sterols and liposoluble vitamins from the polar fraction could be of three types: analytical, nutritional and commercial. In analytical scope, the quality parameters of the lipid component of chocolate concern the non-polar component. Moreover, the chemical-physical parameters such as the melting point, refractive index, color, etc. were relative to a mixture of fatty substances was not well defined. From the nutritional point of view, the non-polar lipid fraction is the one that gives the largest contribution to the calorific value of the chocolate and then the separation of the two fractions could be useful to better assess the total caloric intake. For economic reasons, not the least important was considering the possibility of fraudulent additions of polar lipid components to replace the non-polar component more valuable, this alteration was not detectable only by applying the official method. The results obtained by the proposed procedure, combined with those obtained with the official method allowed to obtain more complete information on the composition of the lipid component of chocolate. Consequently, the ultimate goal could be reported this information on the nutrition labels of chocolate, for greater product transparency and greater consumer protection.

The Chrysantellum americanum (L.) Vatke is a plant belonging to the family of Compositae long used in traditional medicine as hepatoprotector, biliary drainage, analgesic, rheumatic pains and kidney, as vasoprotector capillary and venous endothelium.The analysis of the protein fraction of Chrysantellum americanum (L.)Vatke revealed a content of crude proteins determined by the method of Kjeldahl equal to 10%. After acid hydrolysis of proteins, by GC-MS, were identified fifteen amino acids: glycine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, methionine, serine, threonine, phenylalanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, lysine, histidine, tyrosine, and also the GABA The action tonic, hepatoprotective, lipidlowering and venotropic of phytocomplex also makes it suitable as a supplement to the established tolerability devoid of toxic and teratogenic effects

In recent years, the increasing use of synthetic dyes showed an increase of allergic contact dermatitis with tissues, food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. This paper describes a method for extracting quickly, efficiently and economically a natural dye the Nasunin, a purple anthocyanin. To assess the potential sensitizing effect on the skin, have been formulated and applied to the healthy skin of 58 volunteers, patch tests with haptens of the Italian Society of Dermatology,Allergology Professional and Environmental (ISDAPE or SIDAPA, in Italian) standard series, compared with patch tests containing Nasunin extracts. Of all the subjects tested, forty nine were negative to patch tests containg Nasunin, seven showed a positive reaction to irritative and two showed a positive reaction of probable allergic nature. Consequently, these preliminary data show that allergenic effects are negligible and thus the Nasunin could be used as colorant in textile, food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields. In particular, the results indicate that the Nasunin, used in concentrations lower than 1% is a natural dye harmless suitable to impart coloration, in addition, to its extraction from eggplant peels allows the recycling of waste products of the food industry

The problem of saving water is very important for the need to rationalize the use of the water resource. We have tested a method founded on phytodepuration for waste water of cheese factory, for to recover and recycle the water used in food industry, a sector characterized by high consumption of water . The phytodepuration represents an innovative method for the disposal of wastewater. Some plants have a natural capacity to absorb and / or degrade toxic substances and contaminants to the environment, for the presence of a rhizosphere microflore, which is able to metabolize and make them available for their growth

In this study the efficacy of a nasal spray based on extract of lemon pulp for treatment of allergic rhinitis in autistic subjects by nasal cytology was evaluated. The extract of lemon pulp was obtained by means of an innovative technology of solid-liquid extraction using Extractor Naviglio or Rapid Solid-Liquid Dynamic Extractor, that can extracts vegetable matrices of each species, by using different types of solvents (organic and/or inorganic liquids). Due to pressure-depressure action, by using water as extractive liquid it is possible to extract both hydrophilic and lipophilic substances contained in vegetables. The efficacy of the lemon based nasal spray has been tested on 20 young patients aged between three and eight years (10 males and 10 females, mean age 5.5 years). The cytology was performed by exfoliative technique, with a sterile swab soaked in sterile saline solution and then crawled on the middle part of the inferior turbinate. The collected sample was stained with the method of May-Giemsa Grumwald to highlight the morphological changes of the nasal epithelium before and after therapy based on nasal spray. Experimental data demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory effect of the lemon based nasal spray was a safe medical device as an aid in the reduction of inflammatory cells observed on rinocitogram. The lemon based nasal spray containing extract of lemon pulp can be used in all autistic patients, even in children, given the absence of alcohol.

In this study, we propose a semi-quantitative evaluation form for diagnosis of chronic pharyngitis based on both subjective and objective parameters. The data collection symptom of patients together with the microscopic evaluation of the cytological specimen allows to diagnose with a high degree of certainty the severity of the inflammatory state of the pharynx. This assessment is certainly very important for the evaluation of therapeutic treatment in relation to the severity of the disease

The organization of the education service in hospitals expresses the recognition of the fundamental right to education and the advancement of a culture of solidarity in favor of children and young patients in situations of temporary disadvantage. The Hospital School, in the context of a logic of inter- institutional agreement between the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Social Affairs, currently, it is increasingly transformed into a school structure organized as part of the offer training provided for, in terms of organizational and didactic autonomy. In fact, to ensure the full exercise of the right to education, in addition to educational activities, in accordance with the particular experience of hospitalized children, it helps to overcome the trauma of hospitalization with appropriate educational support, ensuring the continuity of contact with their school of origin.. Sending a teacher at home if the disease prevents school attendance also promotes reintegration after discharge with supplementary educational programming interventions with teachers, hospital workers, family, operators of recreational activities - agers and volunteering. In view of the characteristics of the condition of his pupils, the school is placed in the hospital that aims original and innovative, thanks to the technological support, allow optimal interaction between therapeutic and educational project

Nel lavoro viene descritta una metodica di estrazione delle antocianine dalle bucce delle melenzane (Solanum melongena). Dopo estrazione la frazione isolata viene purificata al fine di aumentare la purezza della nasunina, che è l'antocianina più importante e che conferisce il colore alle melenzane. Sono stati realizzati dei "patch test" su 49 volontari al fine di valutare l'eventuale reazione allergica alle antocianine estratte. Non sono stati rilevati casi evidenti di allergie e perciò è auspicabile che la nasunina possa essere impiegata in diversi settori come il tessile, cosmetico, alimentare e farmaceutico.

La Vanilla planifolia Andrews o Vanilla fragrans è una liana erbacea della famiglia delle Orchidaceae originaria dell'America centrale. Lo scopo del lavoro e' stato quello di: i) analizzare estratti di capsule di vaniglia commerciale utilizzando come solventi di estrazione etere etilico, alcool metilico e diclorometano e quindi: ii) impiegare metodiche analitiche diverse per poter identificare condizioni ottimali di estrazione. I componenti principali che caratterizzano l’aroma della vaniglia sono: acido p-idrossibenzoico, p-idrossibenzaldeide, vanillina e acido vanillico. Le quantità relative di questi componenti principali rispetto alla vanillina nell’ estratto naturale è ben definito, e, oltre ad essere un indice della buona qualità, permette di identificare la provenienza della pianta e scoprire le eventuali adulterazioni.

Saffron is a spice obtained from the dried stigmas of the purple-flowered saffron crocus (Crocus sativus L.). The determination of the water content in saffron is very important in order to establish its microbiological stability and consequently to determine the commercial value. The average moisture content in dried saffron powder ranges between 10-12% causing a slow degradation of the product. On the other hand lyophilised saffron has lower water content and a better stability. The reference method commonly used for the determination of moisture in saffron it is based on the gravimetric loss of weight after heating at 105 °C for 16 hours. In this paper a procedure to obtain lyophilised saffron is proposed and two different methods, namely the infrared balance and the Karl Fischer titration, are used to determine moisture in dried and lyophilised saffron powder, and results are compared with the reference method. The Karl Fischer method, never applied so far to determine moisture in saffron, gave the best results. The average values determined were 6.87% and 4.01% (w/w) for conventionally dried and lyophilised saffron powder, respectively. The Karl Fischer titration method allows to determine in a faster manner the moisture in saffron powder and in lyophilised saffron, without any interference and using a minor quantity of saffron compared to the gravimetric procedure reported in the reference method. The volatile matter content, differently from the reference method, this way is not determined.

Nel testo sono esaminate alcune categorie di integratori: integratori di idratazione, proteici, lipidici, energetici, enzimatici, antiossidanti,integratori di fibre,probiotici e prebiotici. I vari argomenti sono completati con la descrizione di piante che per la loro composizione sono utilizzate come integratori

The intake of foods rich in enzymes can improve our natural digestive capacity. The lack of enzyme which is present and because the food does not satisfy the characteristics of genuineness, and because processed or canned, either because too much or poorly cooked result in an increase of diseases related to malabsorption. Recent clin. studies also have shown beneficial effects in patients suffering from tumors with the use of proteolytic enzymes of plant origin that have fewer contra indications than animal origin and are good preventive remedies or natural coadjutants to medical therapy. In the field of nutritional biotherapy the use of vegetable enzymes as integrating compds. is a good practice to enhance the health of individual avoiding in this way serious pathologies.

Il tema trattato è l'acqua,elemento essenziale per la vita di tutti gli esseri viventi.Sono evidenziate le caratteristiche dell'acqua necessarie per i suoi molteplici impieghi ed indicate le metodiche analitiche per la determinazione dei parametri fondamentali. Gli argomenti esaminati riguardano le acque sia superficiali che profonde;l'idoneità delle acque nei settori alimentari,agricoli ed industriali,ed il trattamento dei reflui

Lo scopo di questo testo è stato quello di raccogliere tutte le metodiche estrattive solido liquido conosciute,da quelle tradizionali alle più recenti,evidenziando vantaggi ed inconvenienti con opportuni esempi pratici

The paper is focused on the extraction of lycopene from tomato waste by products using water under high pressure and a new solid liquid extraction method.

La Stevia rebaudiana contiene sei glucosidi diterpenici che possiedono un intenso gusto dolce; tra essi, lo stevioside, ha un potere dolcificante molto più elevato del saccarosio. In questo lavoro viene descritta una nuova metodica di estrazione per l'isolamento dei glucosidi ed il possibile impiego degli steviosidi in matrici alimentari per scopi dietetici.

This document is a review on solid-liquid extractive techniques and describes an innovative solid-liquid extraction technology using the Naviglio Extractor®. Also explained is an application for the production of alcoholic extract from lemon peel. The alcoholic extract, mixed with a sugar and water solution in the right proportions is used to make a well known Italian lemon liquor commonly named "limoncello". Lemon liquor is obtained utilizing the Naviglio Extractor®; the procedure used is fast and efficient and uses about half the weight of lemon peel per volume of ethyl alcohol used for the extraction of the odorous and taste responsible compounds, compared to the commonly used extraction procedures. To test the consumer’s preference and compare the taste of the liquor obtained with that obtained by peel maceration from the same lot of lemons and obtained using the traditional recipe, a consumer test has been carried out. One hundred people, chosen from among frequent consumers of limoncello, tasted the two lemon liquors, and evaluated intensity of aroma, colour, alcohol taste and sweetness. In about 81% of the preferences, the liquor obtained using the Naviglio Extractor® was preferred. The extraction process used allows the ethanol from used up lemon peel to be totally recovered so that these can be disposed of as non toxic waste or used in agriculture or as cattle feed.

In questo lavoro viene proposta una tecnica estrattiva rapida,efficiente ed economica per l'estrazione di coloranti naturali dai prodotti di scarto di alcune materie prime utilizzate nell'industria alimentare.La nasunina è un colorante naturale presente nelle bucce delle melanzane chenon presenta fenomeni allergici,per cui si può ipotizzare l'impiego sia nell'industria farmaceutica che nel settore tessile e cosmetico

Il lavoro propone l'applicazione di una nuova tecnologia di estrazione solido liquido ad alta pressione per l'estrazione del licopene ad elevato grado di purezza dagli scarti della lavorazione del pomodoro.

Le legionelle sono ampiamente diffuse in natura, soprattutto nelle acque superficiali dei laghi e dei fiumi,nelle sorgenti termali,negli impianti idrici di abitazioni ed ospedali. Le legionelle infatti sono presenti nelle acque calde in cui trovano il loro ambiente ideale e possono riprodursi tra i 25°C e i 42°C ma sono capaci di sopravvivere anche tra i 5° ed i 63°C . Si trasmettono all'uomo mediante l'inalazione di goccioline di acqua in cui è sospeso il batterio, evento dannoso se si verifica negli stabilimenti termali in seguito all'evaporazione dell'acqua dalle vasche o all'aerosolterapia. I correnti metodi di disinfezione delle acque sono talvolta insufficienti data la notevole capacità di sopravvivenza del batterio, per cui è molto importante sollecitare opportuni controlli per difendere la salute umana.

Per Ippocrate il cibo era considerato una medicina e come tale doveva essere assunto nelle giuste dosi; recenti studi hanno evidenziatoche esiste una interazione tra i principi nutrizionalie specifici siti recettoriali tali da giustificarela nascita della " bioterapia nutrizionale" scienza volta alla scelta mirata degli alimenti per una corretta alimentazione del singolo individuo e per la cura di diverse patologie

L'alimentazione è indispensabile per mantenere una buona salute e fornire l'energia necessaria per affrontare con efficienza le attività quoridiane Pertanto molta attenzione deve essere prestata all'analisi dei cibi per individuare i componenti che presenti in piccole concentrazioni rivestono un ruolo terapeutico