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Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are two common childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorders, and about 30–80% of children with ASD meet the diagnostic criteria for ADHD, whereas about 20–50% of children with ADHD meet the diagnostic criteria for ASD. For a full understanding of the functional levels of children with these disorders, neuropsychological and emotion recognition (ER) examinations are important. Studying ASD across countries allows identifying possible different phenotypes of ASD. Evidence of similar neurocognitive profiles and ER ability across countries might strengthen the notion of innate ASD features. Aims: We aimed to compare neuropsychological and ER abilities in Egyptian children with ASD (with and without ADHD), with ADHD, and typically developing children; to assess the effect of comorbid ADHD on neuropsychological and ER abilities in Egyptian children with ASD; and to compare Egyptian and Finnish children with ASD on their neuropsychological and ER abilities. Methods: Using Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment (NEPSY) and the Frankfurt Test and Training of Facial Affect Recognition (FEFA), we evaluated 34 Egyptian children with ASD (17/34 pure ASD; 17/34 comorbid ASD+ADHD), 37 ADHD, and 34 typical development (TD). We also evaluated Finnish children with ASD (Finnish ASD n = 54 with NEPSY; n = 32 with FEFA). Diagnoses were determined with the ICD-10. The Autism Diagnostic Interview and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule were used to obtain diagnostic confirmation. Results and Conclusions: Our results suggest that in Egypt, both children with ASD and with comorbid ASD+ADHD have lower neuropsychological and ER abilities in general than children with ADHD. Children with ASD and comorbid ASD+ADHD did not differ significantly on NEPSY and FEFA. However, compared to TD children, ADHD symptoms in children with ASD may worsen planning ability, hand motor coordination, and names’ memory, but improve verbal fluency, fine motor skills, and face memory. ADHD symptoms in children with ASD worsen their abilities to recognize emotions from the eye region. Children with ASD, ASD+ADHD, and ADHD tend to misinterpret emotions with negative expression. This tendency probably reflects their inner perception of emotion. There may be a cultural impact on verbal and visuomotor fluency in ASD. However, the ability to recognize and memorize objects and deficits in face memory and ER in ASD appear to be culturally independent. Linguistic and cultural dimensions may influence the perception of emotion in children with ASD, ASD+ADHD, and ADHD. Our findings may impact management plans for ASD in Egypt and for immigrants and refugees from Middle Eastern countries in Scandinavia. Tiivistelmä Tausta: Autismikirjon häiriö (ASD) ja aktiivisuuden ja tarkkaavuuden häiriö (ADHD) ovat kaksi yleistä lapsuusiässä alkavaa neurobiologista kehityshäiriötä. Noin 30–80% lapsista, joilla on ASD, täyttää ADHD:n diagnostiset kriteerit, kun taas noin 20–50% lapsista, joilla on ADHD, täyttää ASD:n diagnostiset kriteerit. Jotta voidaan saavuttaa kattava käsitys lasten toimintakyvystä näissä häiriöissä, on tärkeää saada tutkittua tietoa heidän neuropsykologisesta suoriutumisestaan ja kyvystään tunnistaa tunteita. ASD:n tutkiminen eri maissa antaa mahdollisuuden tunnistaa häiriön mahdolliset erilaiset fenotyypit. Viitteet samanlaisista neurokognitiivisista profiileista ja tunteiden tunnistamiskyvystä eri maissa voisivat vahvistaa kulttuurista riippumattomien ASD-piirteiden käsitettä. Tavoitteet: Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli arvioida egyptiläislasten, joilla on ASD, ASD+ADHD, ADHD tai tyypillinen kehitys (TD) neuropsykologista suoriutumista ja kykyä tunnistaa tunteita; tutkia samanaikaisen ADHD:n vaikutusta egyptiläisten ASD-lasten neuropsykologiseen suoriutumiseen ja tunteiden tunnistamiskykyyn; ja verrata egyptiläis- ja suomalaislasten, joilla on ASD, neuropsykologista suoriutumista ja tunteiden tunnistamiskykyä. Menetelmät: Arvioimme egyptiläislapsia, joilla oli ASD (n = 34; ASD n=17; ASD+ADHD n=17), ADHD (n = 37) ja tyypillinen kehitys (TD) (n = 34) sekä suomalaislapsia, joilla oli ASD, neuropsykologisella tutkimuksella (NEPSY) ja tunteiden tunnistamistestillä (the Frankfurt Test and Training of Facial Affect Recognition; FEFA) (suomalaiset ASD-lapset: NEPSY n = 54; FEFA n = 32). Diagnoosit määritettiin ICD-10:llä ja diagnostiikan apuna käytettiin autismin diagnostista haastattelua ja autismin diagnostista havainnointimenetelmää. Tulokset ja johtopäätökset: Tuloksemme viittaavat siihen, että Egyptissä sekä lapsilla, joilla on ASD, että lapsilla, joilla on samanaikainen ASD ja ADHD, on heikommat neuropsykologiset taidot ja kyky tunnistaa tunteita kuin lapsilla, joilla on ADHD. Lapset, joilla oli ASD ja lapset, joilla oli samanaikainen ASD ja ADHD, eivät eronneet toisistaan merkittävästi NEPSY:llä tai FEFA:lla arvioituna. Kuitenkin verrattuna TD-lapsiin, ADHD-oireet voivat heikentää suunnittelukykyä, käsien motorista koordinaatiota ja nimimuistia, mutta parantaa verbaalista sujuvuutta, hienomotoriikkaa ja kasvomuistia lapsilla, joilla on ASD. ADHD-oireet lapsilla, joilla on ASD, heikentävät heidän kykyään tunnistaa tunteita silmien alueelta. Lapset, joilla on ASD, samanaikainen ASD ja ADHD tai ADHD, tulkitsevat tunteita negatiivisemmin kuin TD lapset. Tämä taipumus kumpuaa todennäköisesti heidän kokemuksestaan. Havaitsimme myös, että kulttuuri voi vaikuttaa lasten, joilla on ASD, verbaaliseen ja visuomotoriseen sujuvuuteen. ASD-lasten esinemuisti ja -tunnistamiskyky sekä heidän puutteensa kasvomuistissa ja kyvyssä tunnistaa tunteita, näyttävät kuitenkin olevan kulttuurisesti riippumattomia. Kielelliset ja kulttuuriset ulottuvuudet voivat siis vaikuttaa tunteiden havaitsemiskykyyn lapsilla, joilla on ASD, samanaikainen ASD ja ADHD tai ADHD. Tuloksiamme voi hyödyntää hoitosuunnitelmien teossa egyptiläislapsilla ja Skandinaviassa Lähi-Idän maista tulevien maahanmuuttaja- ja pakolaistaustaisten ASD-lasten kanssa.

Memorizing formulas is one of the essentials tasks in learning activities. There are many formulas that have been constructed by previous researchers. The formulas developed have their own purpose such as to calculate, to estimate, to analyse and so on. One of the fields that involve more than a hundred formulas is in the education field. In education area, especially for mathematics subjects, students need to memorize the formula to let them easily get the answer to some of the questions given. In UiTM Perak Tapah Campus, there is one subject that requires students to memorize more than twenty formulas. The subject namely the Foundation of Applied Mathematics which is taken by part three students in the Faculty of Applied Sciences. In previous semester, the failure rate for this subject is increasing and always be the top issue by top management. In this paper, the effectiveness of formula extracted from the given Appendix (FEFA) techniques is discussed. FEFA is one of the tools which will help students to reduce the total number in memorizing the formula. Primary data were gathered using the Quizizz application among 81 students who are taking MAT238 in the semester September-December 2019. The data was analysed by mixed design analysis to assess the effectiveness between pre-workshop and post-workshop. FEFA is found to be one of the good mechanisms to assist students in learning activities.

O envelhecimento tem aumentado e com ele o aumento da prevalência de doenças crónicas incapacitantes, que promovem a procura de respostas ao nível da saúde e na área social. Objetivos: Analisar quais as necessidades de saúde e sociais apresentadas pela população no contexto local, qual a viabilidade da implementação de uma Unidade de Cuidados Continuados Integrados (UCCI) no concelho de Sátão, como forma de dar resposta às necessidades apresentadas, e criar uma proposta de UCCI para atender às necessidades da população do concelho. Metodologia: Estudo de carácter misto para análise das necessidades da população através de um questionário e de análise documental, seguido de uma análise da Fundação Elísio Ferreira Afonso como possível dinamizadora da nova resposta. Conclusão: Verificou-se que o concelho apresenta défices ao nível do apoio à pessoa idosa e/ou dependente, em especial nos cuidados de saúde, reabilitação e apoio aos cuidadores. Aponta-se como possibilidade de ação a rentabilização e ampliação dos Centros de Apoio à Terceira Idade no concelho de Sátão, identificando a Fundação Elísio Ferreira Afonso (FEFA) como a Instituição mais capaz de avançar com a implementação do Projeto de uma Unidade de Cuidados Continuados Integrados. The number of elderly people has increased and, accompanied with it, the prevalence of chronic and disabling diseases has also increased, which promote the search for health and social responses. Objectives: To analyze the health and social needs presented by the population in the local context of Sátão, the feasibility of implementing an Integrated Continuum Care Unit (UCCI) in Sátão, and to create a proposal of UCCI to meet the needs of the population. Methodology: A mixed study to analyze the needs of the population through a questionnaire and documentary analysis, followed by an analysis of the Elísio Ferreira Afonso Foundation as a possible responsible for the program implementation. Conclusion: It was verified that Sátão presents deficits in the support provided to the elderly and to people with disability, especially in health care area, rehabilitation and support to caregivers. It is pointed out as a possibility of action the monetization and expansion of the Third Age Support Centers in the municipality of Sátão, identifying the Elísio Ferreira Afonso Foundation as the most capable institution for advancing with the implementation of a UCCI project.