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Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are sensitive to oscillations in the gravitational potential along the line-of-sight due to ultralight particle pressure. We calculate the probing power of PTAs for ultralight bosons across all frequencies, from those larger than the inverse observation time to those smaller than the inverse distance to the pulsar. We show that since the signal amplitude grows comparably to the degradation in PTA sensitivity at frequencies smaller than inverse observation time, the discovery potential can be extended towards lower masses by over three decades, maintaining high precision. We demonstrate that, in the mass range 10−26−10−23 eV, existing 15-year PTA data can robustly detect or rule out an ultralight component down to O(1−10)% of the total dark matter. Non-detection, together with other bounds in different mass ranges, will imply that ultralight scalar/axion can comprise at most 1−10% of dark matter in the 10−30−10−17 eV range. With 30 years of observation, current PTAs can extend the reach down to 0.1−1%, while next-generation PTAs such as SKA can attain the 0.01−0.1% precision. We generalize and derive predictions for ultralight spin-1 vector (i.e. dark photon) and spin-2 tensor dark components.

Tumor necrosis factor-a inhibitors can be associated with increased risk of infections, particularly reactivation of latent tuberculosis or nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM). However, because disseminated NTM is rare, inborn errors of immunity should be considered. We present three patients with disseminated NTM after tumor necrosis factor-a inhibitor use who were found to have inborn errors of immunity.

Abstract The Standard Model, extended with three right-handed (RH) neutrinos, is the simplest model that can explain light neutrino masses, the baryon asymmetry of the Universe, and dark matter (DM). Models in which RH neutrinos are light are generally easier to test in experiments. In this work, we show that, even if the RH neutrinos are super-heavy (M i=1,2,3 > 109 GeV)—close to the Grand Unification scale—the model can be tested thanks to its distinct features on the stochastic Gravitational Wave (GW) background. We consider an early Universe filled with ultralight primordial black holes (PBH) that produce a super-heavy RH neutrino DM via Hawking radiation. The other pair of RH neutrinos generates the baryon asymmetry via thermal leptogenesis, much before the PBHs evaporate. GW interferometers can test this novel spectrum of masses thanks to the GWs induced by the PBH density fluctuations. In a more refined version, wherein a U(1) gauge symmetry breaking dynamically generates the seesaw scale, the PBHs also cause observable spectral distortions on the GWs from the U(1)-breaking cosmic strings. Thence, a low-frequency GW feature related to DM genesis and detectable with a pulsar-timing array must correspond to a mid- or high-frequency GW signature related to baryogenesis at interferometer scales.

La Educación Inclusiva ha inundado el discurso educativo de las últimas décadas. Esta realidad ha venido impulsada por diferentes hitos inicialmente originados por reclamos sociales en defensa del reconocimiento de colectivos históricamente excluidos, y trasladándose a compromisos internacionales como la Declaración de Salamanca de 1994 o la Agenda 2030, y reformas legislativas en diferentes planos nacionales. A pesar de estas iniciativas, la educación inclusiva se ha transformado en una educación selectiva, dejando de lado al alumnado con necesidades sociosanitarias educativas más significativas. Desde esta postura crítica y utilizando una concepción interseccional de la educación inclusiva, este artículo trata de iluminar horizontes en la respuesta educativa a un colectivo desconocido e invisibilizado del que apenas existe literatura en el ámbito educativo: el alumnado con Enfermedades Raras (EERR). El ensayo se enfoca en los pilares que sostienen las estructuras capacitistas del aula ordinaria y que contribuyen a la exclusión de este colectivo: las políticas educativas, la configuración del aula ordinaria, las prácticas educativas y la formación docente. Se concluye con algunas recomendaciones para fomentar la inclusión del alumnado con EERR.

With 64,050 new diagnoses and 50,550 deaths in the US in 2023, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the most lethal of all human malignancies. Early detection and improved prognostication remain critical unmet needs. We applied next-generation metabolomics, using quantitative tandem mass spectrometry on plasma, to develop biochemical signatures that identify PDAC. We first compared plasma from 10 PDAC patients to 169 samples from healthy controls. Using metabolomic algorithms and machine learning, we identified ratios that incorporate amino acids, biogenic amines, lysophosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylcholines and acylcarnitines that distinguished PDAC from normal controls. A confirmatory analysis then applied the algorithms to 30 PDACs compared with 60 age- and sex-matched controls. Metabolic signatures were then analyzed to compare survival, measured in months, from date of diagnosis to date of death that identified metabolite ratios that stratified PDACs into distinct survival groups. The results suggest that metabolic signatures could provide PDAC diagnoses earlier than tumor markers or radiographic measures and offer insights into disease severity that could allow more judicious use of therapy by stratifying patients into metabolic-risk subgroups.

While parents of students with disabilities (SWD) select schools according to various factors, schools also choose students through different sorting mechanisms. Thus, parents of SWD may need to employ different strategies to enroll their child in their preferred school. We employed an intersectional approach for studying school choice, integrating ethnographic interviews and descriptive GIS to answer the following questions: (a) What strategies do parents of SWD utilize to secure placement in the school of their choice? and (b) How is the engagement with such strategies shaped by their social and geographical locations? We found that parents engaged in five strategies: Accepting an IEP Team's school recommendations, securing placement through a sibling, testing into selective enrollments, changing IEP provisions, and engaging in due process. Moreover, these strategies were afforded and constrained by their intersecting social positions (i.e., race, class, and disability), their geographical locations, and the developmental school stage of their child (i.e., transitioning to kindergarten or high school).

In this paper, we engage with the question that frames this special issue: Can research help to deliver the promises of inclusive education? We argue that the answer is not so much a resounding and unquestionable “Yes!” but more of a “yes but…” it depends on what we consider and privilege as research evidence. Using the case of market-driven reforms and their impact on inclusive education for students with disabilities, we question the overemphasis on quantitative research as unbiased rationale for distributing economic and human resources, closing schools, and expanding private/public partnerships to deliver public education. We recommend that policy decision-making account for the history and geography of school districts and the intersectional forms of exclusion experienced by students and families, particularly those who experience interacting forms of oppression at the intersections of disability, race, and class.

Background: Left atrial enlargement indicates severe cardiac disease. Although the gold standard for determining left atrial size is echocardiography, many veterinary practices lack the necessary equipment and expertise. Therefore, thoracic radiography is often used to differentiate cardiogenic pulmonary edema from primary respiratory diseases and to facilitate distinguishing dogs with stage B1 and B2 mitral valve degeneration. Methods: The goal was to test a new standardized method for identifying radiographic left atrial enlargement. On a lateral radiograph, a straight line was drawn from the dorsal border of the tracheal bifurcation to the crossing point of the dorsal border of the caudal vena cava and the most cranial crus of the diaphragm. If a part of the left atrium extended this line dorsally, it was considered enlarged. Echocardiographic left atrial to aortic ratio (LA:Ao) was used as a reference. Thirty-nine observers with various levels of experience evaluated 90 radiographs, first subjectively, then applying the new method. Results: The new method moderately correlated with LA:Ao (r = 0.56–0.66) in all groups. The diagnostic accuracy (72–74%) of the subjective assessment and the new method showed no difference. Conclusions: Though the new method was not superior to subjective assessment, it may facilitate learning and subjective interpretation.

In Argentina, the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection has been documented mainly among blood banks with a prevalence of ~0.02–0.046% for Buenos Aires city, 0.8% for the northeast, and 1% for the northwest; both areas are considered endemic for HTLV-2 and 1, respectively. Policies and specific guidelines for testing blood donors for HTLV are included since 2005. Screening for antibodies is performed at blood banks and confirmatory testing is performed at reference laboratories. There are no specific recommendations for the assistance of communities and individuals affected, nor referral to specialized clinics on the HTLV infection. In 2016, as a strategy of intervention, we opened a specialized clinical attendance in a referral infectious diseases public hospital for the comprehensive approach to patients with HTLV, offering follow-up and counseling for patients and their families for the early diagnosis of HTLV-1/2 and related diseases. During the study, 124 patients with presumptive HTLV positive diagnosis from blood bank, symptomatic patients (SPs), relatives, and descendants visited the unit. A total of 46 patients were HTLV positive (38 HTLV-1 and 8 HTLV-2). There were nine SPs (2 adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma [ATL] and 7 HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis [HAM/TSP]). All patients with HTLV-1 and−2 were offered to study their relatives. Two out of 37 (5.4%) descendants tested were positive for HTLV-1. Sexual partners were studied; among 6 out of 11 couples (54.5%) were found positive (5 HTLV-1 and 1 HTLV-2). Other relatives, such as mothers (1/2) and siblings (1/6), were positive for HTLV-1. According to the place of birth among HTLV-1 carriers, 58% were born in an endemic area or in countries where HTLV infection is considered endemic while for HTLV-2 carriers, 12.5% were born in an endemic area of Argentina. The proviral load (pVL) was measured in all, patients with HTLV-1 being higher in symptomatic compared with asymptomatic carriers. In addition, two pregnant women were early diagnosed during their puerperium and breastmilk replacement by formula was indicated. Inhibition of lactation was also indicated. Our study provides tools for a multidisciplinary approach to the infection and reinforces the importance of having specialized clinical units in neglected diseases, such as HTLV for counseling, clinical and laboratory follow-up, and providing useful information for patients for self-care and that of their families.

A crop–weed simulation model is presented to compare and evaluate integrated weed-management (IWM) strategies. Specifically, the model was parameterized for soybean crops in competition with Euphorbia davidii Subils. We used both weed and crop demographic data surveyed in agronomic fields of the central zone of the Buenos Aires province, Argentina, throughout two crop cycles (2011/2012 and 2013/2014). The proposed model underwent a calibration process and subsequent validation with a 70/30% data split, (N = 37). Two annual-based and one multiannual-based case studies were simulated to demonstrate the performance of the model. Different IWM strategies were compared under both operational and tactical planning horizons through the evaluation of different model outcomes (i.e., crop yield, interspecific competition, economic return, and environmental impact). Our results suggest that the inclusion of cultural management practices could reduce both weed interspecific competition by 46 to 97%, and weed seed production by 40 to 89 %. An increment in both expected crop yield, by 6 to 20%, and annual gross margin, by 44 to 199 USD.ha−1, were obtained in silico for similar levels of environmental impact.

Sobre la superficie de la aleación de magnesio AZ61 se aplicaron recubrimientos de sol-gel basados en el precursor GPTMS-TMOS, incluyendo como agentes dopantes L-Cysteína y ZrO2 en diferentes concentraciones. Su resistencia a la corrosión se estudió en solución de 0,6M NaCl, por inmersión hasta 14 días. Los patrones de DRX revelaron que el principal producto de corrosión en las superficies recubiertas es Mg(OH)2, mientras que en la de AZ61 no tratada adicionalmente se formaron varios compuestos de Zn con cloro. El ataque de la corrosión localizada en el AZ61 no tratada se manifiesta en forma de grietas y cavernas, mientras que en las superficies recubiertas la corrosión fue principalmente a través de picaduras. Dos métodos electroquímicos no destructivos fueron empleados en este estudio, que contrastan el comportamiento electroquímico del AZ61 recubierto con el de la aleación no recubierta. La tendencia en los cambios del potencial de corrosión en circuito abierto se correlacionó positivamente con el análisis SEM-EDS y DRX. Los diagramas EIS se ajustaron satisfactoriamente al modelo de circuito equivalente y los valores obtenidos de resistencia a la corrosión Rcorr (Rs + Rct) disminuyen drásticamente con el tiempo de exposición. El efecto de ZrO2 y L-cisteína están marcadamente influenciados por los cambios del pH de la solución, el potencial Zeta de la carga superficial, los procesos de quimisorción y desorción, el estrés interno en el precursor sol-gel, así como el cambio en su estructura, después de la encapsulación de ambos dopantes.

An ample repertoire of leadership behaviors available to the manager is expected to guarantee his/her effectiveness transcending situations, but research in the call-center context has identified a specific form of effective supervision: people-oriented leadership. The purpose of this paper is to compare the effectiveness of leader behavioral complexity vis-à-vis people-oriented supervision. 268 employees out of 728 of a Peruvian call center filled in an on-line survey that included, among other questionnaires, the Competing Values Framework Managerial Behavior Instrument in reference to their front-line supervisor. The study analyzed the relationships between supervisory leadership and subordinate turnover intention and absenteeism. Behavioral complexity, like people-oriented leadership, predicted subordinate turnover intention but did not predict subordinate absenteeism, which people-oriented leadership did when other leadership orientations (to change, results, processes) were held constant. Our explanations consider that absenteeism is a concrete behavior and turnover intention an abstract attitude. The findings are consistent with the call-center literature, suggest important boundaries to the concept of manager behavioral complexity, and highlight the need for contingency theories of leadership effectiveness.

Objectives: To determine 1) the sensitivity of contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) for detection of primary canine insulinomas and metastases 2) the sensitivity of CECT to locate canine insulinomas within the pancreas and 3) the CECT attenuation pattern of canine insulinomas and post-contrast phase in which insulinomas have the best visibility. Methods: A retrospective review was performed of the medical records of 27 canine insulinoma patients. Simultaneous occurrence of blood glucose 10 mIU/L (reference interval: 1.4–24.5 mIU/L) were considered diagnostic for insulinoma. The dogs had a mean age of 9.0 ± 1.7 (SD) years and comprised 11 males and 17 females. Results: Using CECT-scans, 26/27 insulinomas were successfully detected. However, CECT-scans predicted the correct location of insulinomas within the pancreas in only 14/27 dogs. In 9/13 inaccurately located insulinoma cases, the location error was major. There was no significant difference between triple, double and single-phase CECT-scans with location accuracies of 54%, 50% and 50%, respectively. Also, there was no specific post-contrast phase in which insulinomas could be visualised best. Detection of lymph node metastases with CECT-scans had a sensitivity of 67% (10/15 lymph node metastases). Detection of liver metastases had a sensitivity of 75% (6/8 liver metastases). This study highlights that major location errors mainly occurred if single- or double-phase CECT-scans were used (6/9 cases). Conclusion: It is suggested that triple-phase CECT-scans have superior outcome over single- or double-phase CECT-scans in pre-operative imaging of canine insulinomas.

Propósito – Los call centers generan estrés y ausentismo en el personal y la literatura sugiere que el liderazgo orientado a la gente es el tipo adecuado de supervisión para tal situación. Este estudio comparó sus efectos versus los de otros tipos de liderazgo. Metodología – Datos de ausentismo de 379 representantes de servicios al cliente de un call center peruano fueron analizados y los representantes respondieron a un cuestionario sobre el Marco de Valores en Competencia y sus cuatro tipos de liderazgo. Turnos diurnos y nocturnos de trabajo fueron comparados. Resultados – Se observó que el ausentismo declina con el liderazgo orientado a la gente, aunque solo en el turno diurno, y la adición de liderazgos orientados al cambio, los resultados y el control resta validez a los modelos. Limitaciones/implicancias – Futuros estudios deberán abarcar el desempeño del trabajador. Los hallazgos sugieren una necesidad de volver a poner el foco teórico en las contingencias ambientales que afectan la eficacia del liderazgo. Originalidad/valor – Teóricos del liderazgo se preguntarán en qué circunstancias es efectivo el liderazgo múltiple. Gerentes de call centers apreciarán el valor organizacional del liderazgo orientado a la gente en el primer nivel de supervisión. Palabras clave – Call center, Gerencia de Recursos Humanos, Liderazgo orientado a la gente, Marco de valores en competencia, Teoría y comportamiento organizacional. Tipo de artículo – Artículo de investigación.

This study aims to evaluates how an adaptive winglet during flight can improve aircraft aerodynamic characteristics of the CRJ700. The aircraft geometry was slightly modified to integrate a one-rotation axis adaptive winglet. Aerodynamic characteristics of the new adaptive design were computed using a validated high-fidelity aerodynamic model developed with the open-source code OpenFoam. The aerodynamic model successively uses the two solvers simpleFoam and rhoSimpleFoam based on Reynold Averaged Navier Stokes equations. Characteristics of the adaptive winglet design were studied for 16 flight conditions, representative of climb and cruise usually considered by the CRJ700. The adaptive winglet can increase the lift-to-drag ratio by up to 6.10% and reduce the drag coefficient by up to 2.65%. This study also compared the aerodynamic polar and pitching moment coefficients variations of the Bombardier CRJ700 equipped with an adaptive versus a fixed winglet.

The hypothesis that employees with experience in the public sector differ in personality aspects from those with less or no experience, suggested by the concept of person-organization fit, was tested among 711 participants in executive extension courses of a Peruvian university who filled-in the Big Five Aspect Scales. Whereas significant differences in various personality aspects were observed along age and between males and females, public sector experience only predicted greater Openness. Women outperformed men in Openness and a significant gender x time in public sector interaction revealed that prediction of Openness from the public-sector experience was more pronounced among men. The findings suggest that, in the population studied, little personality differences are attributable to experience in the public sector. Studies are needed to evaluate the external validity of the findings.

School choice research has provided some initial understandings of how parents choose schools. Parents’ school options are bounded to differentiated choice sets—the menu of school options that parents construct when making school selections. The geographical location where families live and schools are located and families’ race and class differences appear to play a role shaping the constriction of choice sets. In this article, we describe a theoretical framework to address two limitations of research on school choice sets: limited attention to students with disabilities and dichotomization of space and place. We advance a framework that fuses critical notions of space with critical notions of disability and race. This framework allows theorizing on how the construction of school choice sets is shaped by structural and individual factors related to the interactions of students’ race and disability and geographical location.

The corrosion behavior of AZ31B Mg alloy exposed to Ringer’s, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), Hank’s, and simulated body fluid (SBF) solutions for 4 days was investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization, weight loss, and surface characterization. Changes in corrosion rates with immersion time determined by weight loss measurements were compared with EIS data to determine the possibility of obtaining quantitative electrochemical information. In addition, changes in the protective properties of the corrosion product layer calculated from the EIS parameters were evaluated as a function of their surface chemical composition as determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and visual observations of the corroded specimen’s surface. Apparent Stern–Geary coefficients for the AZ31B Mg alloy in each test solution were calculated using the relationship between icorr from weight loss measurements and the EIS data (both Rp and Rt). This provided experimental reference B′ values that may be used as a useful tool in independent investigations to improve the accuracy of corrosion rates of AZ31B Mg alloy in simulated body solutions.

Objetivo. Analizar las características del personal médico y su remuneración, así como la infraestructura, apego a la regulación y servicios ofrecidos en consultorios adyacentes a farmacias (CAF), y compararlos con consultorios médicos independientes (CMI). Material y métodos. Cuestionario aplicado a 239 médicos generales en 18 entidades federativas, incluido el Distrito Federal, en México en 2012. Resultados. Los médicos en CAF tenían menor experiencia profesional (5 vs 12 años), menos estudios de posgrado (61.2% vs 81.8%) y menor salario base promedio mensual (MXN 5 500 vs MXN 8 500) que en CMI. En CAF hubo menor cumplimiento de la regulación en relación con la historia clínica y la receta médica. Conclusiones. Los aspectos laborales explorados de médicos en CAF son más precarios que en CMI. Es necesario fortalecer la aplicación de la regulación vigente para consultorios y generar políticas a partir del monitoreo de su funcionamiento, particularmente, pero no de forma exclusiva, en CAF.

La inserción de beneficiarios pobres del programa social Beca 18 en universidades limeñas es un fenómeno reciente que amerita estudios relativos a su adaptación y desempeño académico. En la presente investigación se analizaron las respuestas de becarios 18 en USIL a un cuestionario de percepciones del clima de aula, y se les comparó con las de alumnos regulares para establecer si había diferencias. Ambos participaban en el Curso de Análisis Matemático que se imparte a estudiantes de ingeniería. En el contexto general de climas de aula bastante positivos, los becarios se diferenciaron ligeramente de los alumnos regulares por una percepción más positiva del comportamiento del profesor en términos del ambiente de trabajo creado, el ritmo de la clase, el interés por el estudiante y el fomento de la cooperación y trabajo grupal. Mayor diferencia se observó respecto a la evitación de un clima de competición; esto debería investigarse a mayor profundidad. De otro lado, los becarios se quejaron más de la falta de ayu da por parte de otros alumnos, lo cual se explica por la mayor solidaridad existente en provincias, cuya población es más colectivista que la de Lima.

In this paper, we focus on the city of Chicago to examine how Black and Latinx parents of students with dis/abilities engage with school choice. Using analytical tools from grounded theory (Strauss Corbin, 1990) and a theoretical lens informed by critical notions of space, race and dis/ability, we analyze interviews with parents of students with dis/abilities, field notes, and various artifacts from charter schools (e.g., student handbooks and websites). We found that parents engaged with the politics of desperation (Stovall, 2013): an assemblage of thoughts and rationales to make school decisions amid poor and ableist educational options for Black and Latinx students with dis/abilities. We found that the neoliberal restructuring of urban education space was a driving force shaping parents’ engagement with the politics of desperation. Thus, our study sheds light on the relationship between race, dis/ability, and urban spatial restructuring.

In this paper, guest editors Gutierrez and Waitoller introduce the special issue, Restructuring and Resisting Education Reforms in Chicago’s Public Schools. As a pioneer of neoliberal education reforms, the city of Chicago and its public school system offers a rich context for critical policy scholarship on the dialectic between education restructuring and community resistance against these reforms. First, the authors contextualize Chicago education reforms within the larger neoliberal project by providing an overview of the policies driving the closures of traditional public schools and expansion of charter schools that the contributors to this special issue examine. The authors also address the co-constitutive nature of race and neoliberalism in education policy, and the disproportionate impact these policies have on low-income communities of color. Next, the authors discuss the significance of this collection of papers for educational policy analysis and call for more research that situates examinations of urban educational reforms in their specific socio-historical, political, and economic contexts. The paper concludes with a summary of the articles included in the special issue.

This study utilized the ten aspects of the Big Five personality system to detect differences in personality traits between attendants of higher education online courses and attendants of higher education face-to-face courses. Distance education theoreticians have formulated hypotheses on the personality traits that make the Autonomy, Connectedness, Diversity, and Openness attributes of the connectivist learning model attractive. 753 participants in executive extension courses of a Peruvian university in Lima (mean age = 34.62 years) filled-in an online questionnaire which included the Big Five Aspect Scales. Whereas none of the Big Five factors discriminated between attendants and non-attendants of online courses, the former emerged as significantly higher in Industriousness (an aspect of Conscientiousness) and lower in Orderliness (the second aspect of Conscientiousness) and Enthusiasm (an aspect of Extraversion) than the latter. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are addressed and the conduct of confirmatory studies outside Peru and involving MOOCs is recommended.

With the Every Student Succeeds Act continuing to legislate accountability for special education and Hispanic students, the appropriate content in principal preparation programs relevant to successful leadership of special education programs is vital. This mixed methods study analyzed the survey responses of 84 principals in South Texas from predominantly Hispanic schools to determine the principals perceptions regarding their legal, foundational, and contextual knowledge of special education and their suggested topics for inclusion in curriculum content of principal preparation programs to provide the necessary knowledge and skills to effectively implement and supervise special education programs. Results indicated that the principals greatest knowledge was of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (100%) and the lowest area of knowledge was in designing curriculum for students with disabilities (65%). The most frequent recommendation for inclusion in principal preparation was for additional content in special education laws, Section 504, and Response to Intervention.

¿El poder decisional doméstico de la esposa y las creencias igualitarias del cónyuge concernientes al rol de la mujer determinan independientemente el uso de anticonceptivos? ¿Determinan el deseo fecundatorio de manera similar? ¿Cuál es la función de la edad, la educación y el trabajo en estos procesos? Varias bases de datos del tipo recodificación de parejas de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud fueron analizadas con foco en mujeres no embarazadas que viven con una pareja sexual y la pareja. Las bases de datos comprendían muestras rurales y urbanas de India (N = 23,342), Indonesia (N = 7,219) y Nigeria (N = 7,062), así como una muestra rural de Etiopía (N = 2,531). Se halló que el deseo fecundatorio de la esposa era menor cuanto mayor era el igualitarismo del cónyuge en ámbitos urbanos y cuanto mayor era el poder de ella en ámbitos rurales. Independientemente del ámbito, el uso de anticonceptivos aumentaba cuando el igualitarismo del cónyuge y el poder de la mujer eran mayores, y tanto las creencias como el poder presentaron mayores efectos sobre el uso de anticonceptivos que sobre el deseo fecundatorio. Al removerse la varianza asociada con edad, educación y trabajo de los predictores, se observó una reducción de los odds-ratios de menos del 50 por ciento y de manera semejante para poder y creencias. Los programas pueden necesitar dirigirse a las parejas para maximizar el impacto de intervenciones orientadas a incrementar el uso de anticonceptivos a través del empoderamiento de la mujer.

This article deals with the concept of reflective thought or critical thinking from its initial formulation as an intellectual attitude to its current articulation as a third level of cognitive processing. Issues dealt with include critical thinking as a goal, as a cognitive process, as a part of dual cognitive processes, as a measurable disposition, as a measurable ability and as an educational task.

The coastal prejudice on the intelectual inferiority of Andean populations has been examined in scientific fora of Peru and abroad during the 19th and 20th centuries, but has not been systematically addressed by Peruvian psychology. Predictions were derived in this study from observations on cognitive effects of poor oxigenation, several evolutionary theories on cold and intelligence, and the theory of intelectualimpacts of UVB radiation and vitamin D3. The hypotheses were evaluated at both sides of the Andean mountains within a latitudinal segment (8º to 10º S) by analyzing mathematics and reading comprehension scores of children in 2nd grade of primary instruction from the 2 011 Control Sample of the Ministry of Education (N = 25 058). The findings strongly suggest that, if deficits in complex cognitive ability occur, they only affect persons not adapted to altitude.

Does girls’ advantage in reading comprehension augment and boys’ advantage in mathematics diminishes as the gender culture becomes more egalitarian? This study compared temperate regions of Peru, where women’s domestic power is greater, with tropical regions, where their power is weaker, in a factorial analysis that included three levels of urbanization and two levels of ability. Responses from 140.655 students in the second grade of primary instruction in the 2011 control sample of the Ministry of Education indicated that girls’ verbal advantage increased alongside with urbanization levels. Boys’ math advantage was observed only among students in temperate regions and was stronger among those with ability above the median. The author formulates an explanatory hypothesis.

La riqueza de las naciones y la educación de las poblaciones crecen con la distancia al ecuador. El impacto de la latitud que se ve en el Perú abarca además los deseos de fertilidad y poder doméstico de la mujer y la salud mental de la población general. Este artículo resume dichos hallazgos y evalúa las teorías económicas formuladas para explicar la relación latitud-riqueza a partir de la temperatura y diseminación cultural, así como las evolucionarias, que consideran diferencias raciales en inteligencia y personalidad. El artículo presenta como alternativa una teoría peruana reciente, basada en la influencia contemporánea de la radiación ultravioleta y la vitamina D, que da cuenta de la evidencia con mayor parsimonia y tiene importantes implicancias prácticas.

Gravity is the only force which is telling us about the existence of Dark Matter. I will review the idea that this must be the case because Dark Matter is nothing else than a manifestation of Gravity itself, in the guise of an additional, massive, spin-2 particle.

Call-center employees are prone to lateness, absenteeism, and turnover because their jobs are low-wage, low-skill, and provoke high levels of stress. Thus, considerate supervisors achieve from them better performance and reduced turnover. This study tested in a Peruvian call center (N = 255) various hypotheses concerned with the effects of people-oriented leadership on withdrawal behaviors, their moderation by subordinate perceived employability, and the nature of the relationships between withdrawal behaviors. The evidence revealed independence of uncertified absenteeism from turnover intention, negative effects of people-oriented leadership on subordinate turnover intention regardless of subordinate level of employability, and leadership x employability crossover interactive effects on subordinate uncertified absenteeism. Since people-oriented supervision is associated with increased absenteeism among highly employable subordinates and decreased absenteeism among low-employability workers, the effects cancel each other. Thus, there is a need for understanding the underlying determinants as a pre-condition to deriving practical recommendations.

This paper examines how inclusive education reform is appropriated when New Capitalism work practices dominate the discourse of school improvement in an urban school. We asked how New Capitalism mediates the formation of a professional vision for inclusive education. Using analytical tools from Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), we analyzed school, district, and university documents and artifacts, interviews, field observations gathered by site professors, videos of teachers’ classroom practices, and video-stimulated interviews. The findings demonstrate how New Capitalism shaped a professional vision (Goodwin, 1994) for inclusive education through the deployment of certain technologies such as performativity and its graphic displays of quality and auditing practices. Performativity shaped relationships among school personnel and their understanding of their work, inclusive education, and students from ethnic minorities struggling to learn. Our discussion of the findings and our recommendations are guided by an inclusive education agenda that addresses issues of misdistribution, misrecognition, and misrepresentation.

The aim of this work was to prepare hydroxyapatite coatings (HAp) by a sol-gel method on Ti6Al4V alloy and to study the bioactivity, biocompatibility and corrosion protection behaviour of these coatings in presence of simulated body fluids (SBFs). Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analyses (TG/DTA) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) have been applied to obtain information about the phase transformations, mass loss, identification of the phases developed, crystallite size and degree of crystallinity of the obtained HAp powders. Fourier Transformer Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) has been utilized for studying the functional groups of the prepared structures. The surface morphology of the resulting HAp coatings was studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The bioactivity was evaluated by soaking the HAp-coatings/Ti6Al4V system in Kokubo’s Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) applying Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) spectrometry. 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and Alamar blue cell viability assays were used to study the biocompatibility. Finally, the corrosion behaviour of HAp-coatings/Ti6Al4V system was researched by means of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The obtained results showed that the prepared powders were nanocrystalline HAp with little deviations from that present in the human bone. All the prepared HAp coatings deposited on Ti6Al4V showed well-behaved biocompatibility, good bioactivity and corrosion protection properties.

Resultados de comparaciones reportadas entre países alrededor del globo desde 1999 indican quela riqueza de las naciones crece consistentemente con la distancia a la línea ecuatorial. ¿Está el territorio peruano exento de esta tendencia? Para reconciliar la contradictoria evidencia nacional y entender el rol de ciertos factores geofísicos y sociales, este estudio utilizó coordenadas GPS, datos de cuestionarios, archivos de clima, e información censal existentes en varias bases de datos(Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Perú 2000, Climate Wizard, G-Econ). Los activos del hogar crecen de norte a sur en las regiones ecológicas de Brack de orientación latitudinal estudiadas (desierto, puna, yunga, Amazonía), especialmente en ámbitos rurales, y la educación de la mujer lo hace en las tres primeras. Ni la temperatura ni otras 14 variables geofísicas y sociales dan cuenta de los efectos, aunque el poder doméstico de la mujer los explica en la ecoregión Yunga. Los resultados pueden entenderse en dos perspectivas teóricas. Una, acorde con las tesis evolucionistas de Lynn, Rushton y Kanazawa, sugiere la fijación genética de niveles intelectuales diferenciales producidos por una adaptación ancestral de los peruanos a distintas condicionesde clima y altura. La otra, combinando lo que se conoce sobre radiación ultravioleta, vitamina D, y producción de hormonas sexuales con la teoría de la confluencia de Zajonc, se define por la tasa de fertilidad y consecuente ambiente intelectual hogareño para el niño. Ambas predicen el incremento del cociente intelectual y los puntajes educativos PISA del norte al sur peruanos, pero de una se desprende la educación y de la otra la planificación familiar como estrategias promotoras de desarrollo humano.

Research on urban teacher education (UTE) programs have studied teacher candidates' (TCs) perceptions of urban communities and schooling, but have provided limited insights on how ideologies about dis/ability are entangled with race and other markers of difference, shaping TCs' learning about urban education. In this paper, we present an analysis drawn from a 2-year qualitative study that answers the following questions: What social categories of difference are present in a UTE program's curriculum? What ideologies related to dis/ability are utilized by TCs to describe urban education? We found that despite the UTE's program's strong emphasis on race and social justice, TCs not only drew from asset-based approaches but also from three interrelated ideologies of disablement to discuss students' behaviors: individualism, medical, and personal tragedy. We provide recommendations for UTE programs and research-based on an intersectional approach to teacher education that foregrounds dis/ability.