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A base de dados das companhias, por muitas vezes, é originada de diversas fontes, dificultando o trabalho de transformação de dados em informações. A estruturação de um “Data Warehouse” [DW] e as ferramentas de “Business Intelligence” [BI] auxiliam essa transformação. O objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar um estudo de caso em uma startup do setor agroflorestal com o intuito de analisar e acompanhar a instalação das ferramentas de BI. Através de entrevistas com profissionais responsáveis, houve o acompanhamento da instalação dos sistemas operacionais e da estruturação do DW. O trabalho permitiu o acompanhamento da estruturação de cada uma das bases operacionais e a observação de melhorias na qualidade e na velocidade da informação disponível aos tomadores de decisão. = The database of companies comes, most of the time, from different sources, making it difficult to turn data into information. On the other hand, structuring a data warehouse [DW] and business intelligence [BI] tools can be a great support for the data work. Hence, a case study was carried out in an agroforestry sector startup, aiming to analyze and follow the installation of BI tools. The monitoring of the installation of the operating systems and structuring of the warehouse data was through interviews with responsible professionals. This work allowed the monitoring of the structure of each operational bases and the observation of improvements in the quality and the speed, giving available information to decision makers.

L’infrastructure nationale de recherche IN-SYLVA France rassemble les acteurs français publics et privés de la recherche forestière en génétique, sylviculture et des cycles biogéochimiques (https://www6.inrae.fr/in-sylva-france/). Elle fédère i) les réseaux d'expérimentations in situ tempérés et tropicaux gérés (5000 essais expérimentaux sur 4000 ha), ii) les laboratoires analytiques (écologie fonctionnelle, propriétés du bois et génomique) ainsi que iii) les ressources numériques pour la gestion des données et la modélisation. Un des enjeux majeur de cette infrastructure est fédérer les Systèmes d'Information (SI) des différentes composantes d’IN-SYLVA France pour le porter à connaissance des ressources et services offerts par l’infrastructure, la structuration de ces services, leur accessibilité et leur interopérabilité. Le projet a permis de construire le cahier des charges du Système d’Information de IN-SYLVA France, d’évaluer les solutions techniques développées pour des projets de même nature, d’initier le développement du portail IN-SYLVA France et de son alimentation, d’élaborer les standards pour les métadonnées et les référentiels, et enfin de soutenir le développement des SI des partenaires pour l'alimentation du portail et l'accès aux données. Au-delà, le travail conduit pour le développement du SI a significativement contribué à renforcer les échanges entre partenaires sur les problématiques de gestion des données/métadonnées pour leur partage et réutilisation et à acculturer la communauté IN-SYLVA France à des pratiques de gestion des données vertueuses pour le développement d’une science plus ouverte. L’infrastructure IN-SYLVA France et le travail réalisé sur la gestion des connaissances ont été présentés au congrès forestier mondial de 2019. Les codes développés sont hébergés sur la forge ‘forgemia’ de INRAE. le Cahier des charges du SI IN-SYLVA France, ainsi que les référentiels partagés pour l’expérimentation forestière sylvicole et de génétique sont disponibles sur le site https://data.inrae.fr/dataverse/.

Le GIS Peuplier continue de suivre les populetums deltoïdes vis-à-vis des risques sanitaires et des performances agronomiques dans des conditions pédoclimatiques variées. A terme, ce réseau de dispositifs constituera un jeu de données conséquent afin d’améliorer les recommandations d’utilisation des clones deltoïdes dont Delgas, Delvignac et Dellinois.L’innovation variétale de clones euraméricains se traduit en 2018 par la sélection finale de trois clones 661200701, 12-GIS-02-11 et 12-GIS-16-10. En 2019, ces trois clones ont été soumis au processus DHS en vue d’une homologation en 2021-2022. L’élevage chez des pépiniéristes, à la fois pour faire connaître le matériel et le diffuser au sein des plantations comparatives auprès des populiculteurs, se poursuit et s’est traduit avec la première installation d’une plantation comparative IDF avec ce matériel végétal. En parallèle, le GIS poursuit son effort d’installation de populetums avec 3 nouvelles plantations au printemps 2019 mais également de caractérisation des DN vis-à-vis des bio-agresseurs (Melampsora allii-populina, Phloeomyzus passerinii). Le réseau d’évaluation « terrain » du GIS sera considéré comme complet pour cette génération de clones euraméricains début 2022.Deux nouveaux dispositifs ont été installés avec 28 clones GIS de type Dx(DxT) sélectionnés en 2017. Cependant, l’un des dispositifs a subi une forte sécheresse ayant engendrée une forte mortalité. Les notations de phénologie dans les PPM à Guémené ont permis de caractériser les 28 clones les uns par rapport aux autres vis-à-vis du débourrement végétatif et de l’arrêt de croissance. Afin de compléter l’interprétation des résultats obtenus dans l’essai rouille T/NT de 2015 et 2016, des analyses complémentaires des populations de Mlp récoltées ont été réalisées en 2019 et 2020. Les isolats de quatre populations ont été inoculées sur les 13 clones GIS issus de rétrocroisement à résistances qualitatives complexes. Ces analyses ont mis en évidence le clone GIS-37-054 comme un clone ayant un bon comportement vis-à-vis de l’évaluation à Mlp.L’évaluation de la sélection 2016 P. trichocarpa se poursuit à travers l’installation de deux dispositifs. L’objectif est d’installer un nombre suffisant de populetums pour évaluer les clones in situ mais également en vue d’une homologation.Le test juvénile en pépinière de la sélection des 423 clones P. trichocarpa x P. maximowiczii et P. maximowiczi x P. trichocarpa montre un potentiel de sélection sur ce type botanique par rapport aux témoins. Une sélection en 2020 sera réalisée pour évaluer ces clones en populetum. En parallèle, une seconde rotation du test juvénile permettra de valider et d’ajuster si besoin la sélection 2020.Le GIS Peuplier a également poursuivi son travail de fond sur la sélection et la mise en collection florifère de nouveaux géniteurs afin de préparer les futures générations de variétés issues de croisements contrôlés.En parallèle des activités de sélection et d’évaluation, le GIS peuplier a mis en place un essai exploratoire de défeuillaison précoce couplé à une étude des réserves (azote et sucres) dans les plançons de peuplier de phénologie différente. Cette première approche n’a pas permis de mettre en évidence un effet de la date de défeuillaison sur la mortalité et la croissance des plaçons. Cependant, l’analyse à venir des réserves nous renseignera sur l’impact éventuel d’une défeuillaison précoce sur la mise en réserve en fin de saison de végétation. Enfin, la mise en oeuvre du protocole d’évaluation vis-à-vis M. brunnea a permis de conforter cette nouvelle approche et de consolider les résultats antérieurs sur la sélection des hybrides

International audience; In the indoor environment, the growth of microorganisms on building materials leads to the deterioration of both the materials and indoor air quality. As bio-based building materials usually contain cellulose or derivatives, they are likely to be much more sensitive to such degradation. Using glycerol esters could be a way to protect bio-based materials from microorganisms. Indeed, previous studies have highlighted the significant antimicrobial effect of glycerol esters and they are commonly used in the food industry as antimicrobial agents. In addition, as glycerol is a valuable by-product of the agroindustry, it would be an eco-friendly alternative, consistent with human health, to the classic ways of protecting bio-based materials against microorganisms. This study is part of a project that aims to (a) assess the hygrothermal performances and reaction to fire of sunflower panels and (b) study the antimicrobial efficiency of glycerol esters for the protection of such bio-based materials from microbial proliferation. The materials presented physical, thermal and hygroscopic properties similar to those of bio-based materials such as wood or hemp, encouraging their use as insulation materials. In addition, the glycerol esters showed significant antimicrobial effects but also a susceptibility to flammability. One unanticipated finding was that the untreated insulation material made of sunflower pith was classified as non-flammable.

International audience; The influence of biomass macromolecular composition on its behaviour in torrefaction was statistically assessed through Principal Component Analysis (PCA), both in terms of solid conversion kinetics and volatile species released, in function of the operating conditions. The experimental data obtained in the torrefaction of 14 woody and agricultural biomass samples at lab-scale was analysed. Main biomass macromolecular composition on cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin was shown to acceptably represent biomass diversity, which can be complemented by the extractives and ash content. Similitudes were found in deciduous and coniferous wood families, respectively, while agricultural and herbaceous crops were shown as more heterogeneous, both in terms of characterization and behaviour in torrefaction. Cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin content strongly influenced solid and volatile species yields in torrefaction, while biomass family exhibited a lower impact. Ash content in potassium, phosphorous and silicon did not show any influence on the extent of solid degradation through torrefaction. A lower variability was found in solid degradation profiles from woods, while agricultural crop behaviour was more heterogeneous. Different volatile species were released from biomass samples from the same family. Furthermore, different production profiles were found for volatile species chemically close, except for deciduous wood. These results indicate that, when modelling biomass torrefaction, solid mass loss can be represented by an exemplar of deciduous and coniferous wood, while several species would be required for the agricultural family. The variability of the volatile species release would require the consideration of several volatile species and several biomass samples per family.

International audience; A new torrefaction model was proposed for predicting solid mass loss in torrefaction as a function of biomass main macromolecular composition and type, as well as on the operating conditions. To do this, solid degradation kinetics were modelled following a 2-successive reaction scheme for each macro-compound and the additive modelling approach through biomass macromolecular component behavior in torrefaction proposed by Nocquet et al. (2014). The use of extracted fractions from different woody and agricultural biomass species (ash-wood, beech, miscanthus, pine and wheat straw) instead of commercial compounds increased the accuracy of the prediction of solid kinetics in biomass torrefaction. The validation of the proposed model with 9 raw biomasses in torrefaction showed an accurate prediction for woods, while the prediction for agricultural biomasses was acceptable.

International audience; Prediction of durability of wood product is a major challenge and an important goal for furniture industry. Numerical simulation based on approximation methods such as the finite element method (FEM) is an efficient and powerful tool to address this challenge while avoiding expensive experimental testing campaigns. Nevertheless, the strong heterogeneity of wood-based materials, the specific geometrical characteristics of wood-based structures (such as furniture that can often be represented as an assembly of beams, plates and/or shells) and the complex nonlinear 3D local behavior near the connections between structural parts may induce some difficulties in the numerical modeling and virtual testing of furniture for robust design purposes. Especially, when cyclic loading occurs, the behavior of junctions in furniture involves a local permanent strain that increases with the number of cycles and that can lead to an important gap potentially affecting the structural integrity of furniture. In this paper, we present an experimental campaign of cyclic compression tests carried out on spruce specimens. Theses specimens are cut out from a bunk bed and loaded under cyclic compression. The cyclic compression loading applied to the specimens leads to an evolution of the permanent strain during cycles that is modeled using a simple law describing the displacement gap as a function of the number of cycles. Considering the strong dispersion in the mechanical properties of wood-based materials and the variabilities induced by the experimental configuration, a stochastic modeling of the gap is proposed by having recourse to the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) principle in order to take into account the random uncertainties on the experimental setup and between the test specimens. The random mechanical response of a complex corner junction in a bunk bed under cyclic loading is then numerically simulated by using a Monte Carlo numerical simulation method as stochastic solver. This provides independent realizations of the random gap evolution (with respect to the number of cycles) in the bunk bed corner, allowing probabilistic quantities of interest related to the random gap, such as first-and second-order statistical moments (mean value, standard deviation) as well as confidence regions (with a given probability level), to be estimated.

Le GIS Peuplier continue de suivre les populetums deltoïdes vis-à-vis des risques sanitaires et des performances agronomiques dans des conditions pédoclimatiques variées. A terme, ce réseau de dispositifs constituera un jeu de données conséquent afin d’améliorer les recommandations d’utilisation de ces clones (Delgas, Delvignac et Dellinois).L’innovation variétale de clones euraméricains se traduit en 2018 par la sélection finale de trois clones 661200701, 12-GIS-02-11 et 12-GIS-16-10 en vue d’une inscription. Ce matériel végétal a été mis en élevage chez trois pépiniéristes à la fois pour faire connaître le matériel et le diffuser au sein des plantations comparatives auprès des populiculteurs. En parallèle, le GIS poursuit son effort d’installation de populetums avec 6 nouvelles plantations au printemps 2018 mais également de caractérisation des DN vis-à-vis des bio-agresseurs (rouille, puceron lanigère et Marssonina).Les 28 clones GIS de type Dx(DxT) sélectionnés en 2017 ont été évalués de manière complémentaire aux conventions précédentes vis-à-vis de Mlp et Map. Sept clones se sont révélés sensibles à des isolats portant des virulences connues de Mlp. Pour les 20 autres clones, des réactions compatibles ont pu être observées ; ceux-ci ne portent donc pas de résistance qualitative non contournée par Mlp. La sensibilité à Map n’a pas pu être testée comme prévu initialement, de nouveaux tests seront mis en place en 2019. Un seul couple isolat/clone a été testé et aucune réaction compatible n’a été observée.La sélection 2016 P. trichocarpa du GIS, en élevage dans deux pépinières, a été caractérisée notamment par la phénologie et la vigueur juvénile. Les analyses des mesures réalisées à ce stade laissent entrevoir un potentiel non négligeable pour identifier de bons clones de P. trichocarpa. Un nouvel élevage a été initié à Guémené-Penfao. L’objectif est d’installer un nombre suffisant de populetums pour évaluer les clones in situ mais également en vue d’une homologation. Une vigilance particulière sera portée, toutefois, sur la rectitude au vu de la notation de forme réalisée en pépinière.En 2015, 36 combinaisons P. trichocarpa x P. maximowiczii et P. maximowiczi x P. trichocarpa ont été réalisées par des croisements contrôlés. A partir des mesures réalisées dans le PPM de Guémené-Penfao, 423 clones ont été sélectionnés et installés en test juvénile au printemps 2018 à Guémené-Penfao.En parallèle des activités de sélection et d’évaluation, le GIS peuplier explore de nouvelles approches pour caractériser la sensibilité des clones à des bio-agresseurs avec la mise au point d’un protocole d’évaluation en populetum, inspiré du protocole DSF. L’analyse par génotypage des populations de Mlp récoltées sur des clones DN de l’essai T/NT de Charrey-sur-Saône a permis de conclure qu’il n’y avait aucune contre-indication au déploiement des clones DN sélectionnés.La convention GIS Peuplier 2018 s’est également traduite par l’organisation d’une journée d’information auprès de la filière populicole sur les activités du GIS et l’avancement du programme d’amélioration. Cette journée, couronnée de succès, a été riche en échanges et a permis de présenter les trois clones euraméricains sélectionnés début 2018.

It is now well known that, under specific environmental conditions, building materials may be the target of microbial proliferation. Their growth leads to the deterioration of both materials and indoor air quality (indirectly induced by the release of airborne microbial contaminants, including spores, fragments, toxins, mVOC, etc.). As bio-based building materials usually contain cellulose or derivatives, they are likely to be much more sensitive to such degradations. However, very few studies have shown precise hygrometric conditions that allow microbial growth and spread on this type of material. Glycerol esters are valuable by-products of agroindustry. Previous works have highlighted their significant antimicrobial effect. They are commonly used in the food industry as antimicrobial agents. They could be used as well to protect bio-based materials from microbial colonization. It would be an eco-friendly alternative, consistent with human health, to the classic ways of protecting bio-based materials against microorganisms. This study is included in a project that aims to (i) develop insulation materials from sunflower stalk and (ii) to study the antimicrobial efficiency of glycerol esters for the protection of such bio-based materials from microbial proliferation.Two types of insulation bio-based materials were designed from sunflower stalk particles. A “light” type was casted from pith and a “denser” one was casted from extruded bark, i.e. the depithed stalk. Physical, thermal and hygroscopic properties of the insulating panels (“light” type) were assessed (density, thermal conductivity, and vapor sorption isotherm). Optimum inhibitory concentrations of glycerol esters on two fungal strains were evaluated., Academic Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol 37 No 2 (2019): Special Issue - ICBBM 2019

Au cours de l’année 2017, plusieurs pépiniéristes disposant d’une licence de commercialisation pour les clones P. deltoides du GIS Peuplier (Delvignac, Dellinois et Delgas) ont reçu la visite d’un ou plusieurs membres du GIS Peuplier, ce qui a permis de recueillir leur sentiment et leur ressenti vis-à-vis de ces 3 variétés. Une évaluation de leur comportement en plantation, hors réseau expérimental GIS, a également été conduite sur la base des résultats communiqués par le réseau IDF et par quelques résultats étrangers.Pour les hybrides euraméricains, la sélection de fin d’année 2017 a abouti à un groupe restreint de 9 clones où seront choisis les 3 premiers clones qui seront proposés à l’inscription dans les prochaines années. Les efforts ont porté essentiellement cette année sur l’évaluation de la sensibilité à Xanthomonas populi et au puceron lanigère. L’effort d’installation en populetums à parcelles unitaires de 9 plants s’est également poursuivi avec l’installation de 7 parcelles dans différentes régions populicoles françaises. Parallèlement, l’élevage de plançons pour de futures plantations à parcelles pluri-arbres DxN se poursuit.Les rétrocroisements ont été installés pour la première fois sur le terrain en populetums à PU monarbre, sur deux parcelles expérimentales. Ces essais permettront de vérifier leurs performances agronomiques en plantation, mais aussi de surveiller leur état sanitaire, en particulier leur tolérance à M. larici-populina en conditions naturelles, critère déterminant pour ce type botanique. Des évaluations sur leur comportement face à M. larici-populina et M. allii-populina ont également été conduites au laboratoire.Une deuxième année de suivi de plus de 1000 individus issus de 21 familles interspécifiques entre les espèces P. trichocarpa et P. maximowiczii, à la pépinière de Guémené-Penfao a permis de collecter des informations de croissance et de phénologie du débourrement qui permettront une première sélection en 2018. Un test clonal sera ensuite installé, avec un nombre réduit de clones, pour affiner encore la sélection.Pour les clones de P. trichocarpa, des observations dans la parcelle d’Amance et une première année d’observation en pépinière de Guémené-Penfao ont permis de collecter des informations relatives à la vigueur, la forme, le comportement face à la rouille et l’arrêt de croissance, sur un groupe de 17 clones. Ces informations, complétées par les résultats des populetums, qui restent à installer, permettront de sélectionner quelques génotypes en vue d’une inscription, à échéance de 5 ou 6 ans.Enfin, un travail de transfert méthodologique, concernant Marssonina brunnea, a été conduit entre l’INRA de Nancy et Irstea de Nogent-sur-Vernisson, ce qui permettra de conduire des tests de sensibilité à M. brunnea en conditions contrôlées, à Nogent-sur-Vernisson.

International audience; This paper aims at presenting a digital correlation technique to capture the full-field displacement thanks to a high-speed camera of a full scale structure tested on a shaking table. The challenges are both the measurements at a full scale to visualize damages versus the resolution of pictures and the dynamical loading that requires a large number of pictures. The final goal is a better understanding of the seismic behavior of timber-framed structures with infill to help at modeling such structures and predicting their seismic vulnerability. For this purpose, results of shake table tests carried out on a full-scale one-story timber-framed house filled with stones bonded by an earth based mortar are presented and discussed. DIC full-field measurements allow deriving displacements and accelerations on shear walls as well as lateral forces applied on them. The experimental results presented herein allow analyzing the influence of bracing and might be used to propose optimized aseismic constructions based on cheap technological solutions. These results demonstrate the seismic-resistant behavior of timber-framed structures with infill and constitute a key issue for the promotion of such constructions in developing countries.

International audience; This work assesses the potential of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) growing on trace element contaminated soils to produce fibres for material applications. The nettles studied in this work grew spontaneously and dominated the vegetation cover in poplar short rotation coppices planted for the phytomanagement of lands contaminated by trace elements. Two sites were studied, contaminated by Hg for the first one and a mix of As, Cd, Pb and Zn for the second one. Results show that, for the considered soils, the contaminant contents in nettle bast fibres were at low levels, comparable to those collected at unpolluted control areas. It makes it possible to consider this biomass for material use. The measured matter yield was lower than those obtained with traditional fibre crops cultivated in Europe on agricultural lands. However, the tensile properties of the bast fibres mechanically extracted without field retting or prior alkaline treatment were equal to or better than those of industrial hemp and flax, making spontaneous nettles an interesting supplement to traditional European fibre crops for material applications.

National audience; Dans le domaine de l'industrie mécanique, la simulation numérique est un outil puissant au service de la conception de produits et la réalisation d'essais virtuels sur des prototypes numériques permet de raccourcir la phase de mise au point et d'optimisation des produits. Le secteur de l'ameublement n'a pas intégré l'approche par simulation numérique aussi vite que des domaines tels que l'automobile, l'aéronautique ou le génie civil, et l'institut technologique FCBA souhaite donc mettre en place une stratégie de modélisation numérique d'essais réels au service des industriels du secteur (Makhlouf et al., 2016). De nombreux outils de calcul 3D permettent aujourd'hui de réaliser ces simulations numériques, mais le domaine de l'ameublement présente certaines spécificités liées aux matériaux utilisés et à la géométrie : d'une part, les matériaux à base de bois (ici, panneaux de particules) présentent beaucoup de dispersions dans leur comportement hétérogène et anisotrope (Wilczynski et Kociszewski, 2012) et d'autre part, les éléments de meuble sont généralement de géométrie simple assimilable à un assemblage de plaques et/ou de poutres. Néanmoins, les différentes liaisons entre éléments de meubles peuvent être complexes et induire des effets locaux qu'une modélisation cinématique simplifiée de type plaques et/ou poutres ne peut représenter (Chevalier et al., 2018). Le présent travail traite de ces particularités et présente la modélisation probabiliste et l'identification expérimentale des propriétés mécaniques de panneaux de particules et des liaisons entre plaques d'un bureau à partir de la corrélation d'images numériques (DIC pour ''Digital Image Correlation'') afin de réaliser des simulations stochastiques du comportement mécanique du meuble sous différents cas de charges statiques.Tout d'abord, des essais de flexion sont effectués sur une vingtaine d'échantillons de meubles prélevés dans 5 bureaux identiques pour l'identification des propriétés mécaniques des meubles à l'aide de techniques d'imagerie DIC. Les paramètres matériaux incertains sont modélisés par des variables aléatoires suivant des lois de probabilité a priori inconnues (Guilleminot et Soize, 2013). Un modèle probabiliste des paramètres incertains est alors construit en utilisant le principe de maximum d'entropie (MaxEnt) combiné avec une méthode de Monte-Carlo par Chaîne de Markov (MCMC) basée sur l'algorithme de Metropolis-Hastings pour la génération de réalisations des variables aléatoires. Enfin, des simulations numériques (essais virtuels) d'un bureau sous charge statique sont réalisées pour propager les incertitudes portant sur les propriétés matériaux à travers le modèle de plaques et évaluer l'impact de ces variabilités sur la réponse de la structure. Plusieurs essais réels ont été précédemment effectués sur le bureau afin de valider l'approche numérique proposée. Un très bon accord est observé entre les résultats des calculs numériques et les mesures expérimentales.RéférencesChevalier L., Makhlouf H., Jacquet-Faucillon B., Launay E. (2018) Modeling the influence of connecting elements in wood products behavior: a numerical multi-scale approach. Mechanics & Industry, 19(3):301.Makhlouf H., Chevalier L., Favier E., Launay E. (2016) A stochastic approach for the evaluation of the reliability of wood furniture in an industrial context: managing virtual standardization tests. Mechanics & Industry, 17(5):503.Dhatt G., Batoz J-L. (1990) Modélisation des structures par éléments finis. Volume 2, Poutres et plaques, Paris Hermès.Guilleminot J., Soize C. (2013) On the Statistical Dependence for the Components ofRandom Elasticity Tensors Exhibiting Material Symmetry Properties. Journal of Elasticity, 111(2):109-130.Wilczynski A., Kociszewski M. (2012) Elastic properties of the layers of three-layerparticleboards. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 70(1):357-359.Torquato, S. (2002) Random Heterogeneous Materials: Microstructure and MacroscopicProperties. Springer-Verlag, Vol. 16 pp. XXI, 703.

Although eucalypts are the most planted hardwood trees worldwide, the majority of them are frost sensitive. The recent creation of frost-tolerant hybrids such as Eucalyptus gundal plants (E. gunnii × E. dalrympleana hybrids), now enables the development of industrial plantations in northern countries. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of cold on the wood structure and composition of these hybrids, and on the biosynthetic and regulatory processes controlling their secondary cell-wall (SCW) formation. We used an integrated approach combining histology, biochemical characterization and transcriptomic profiling as well as gene co-expression analyses to investigate xylem tissues from Eucalyptus hybrids exposed to cold conditions. Chilling temperatures triggered the deposition of thicker and more lignified xylem cell walls as well as regulation at the transcriptional level of SCW genes. Most genes involved in lignin biosynthesis, except those specifically dedicated to syringyl unit biosynthesis, were up-regulated. The construction of a co-expression network enabled the identification of both known and potential new SCW transcription factors, induced by cold stress. These regulators at the crossroads between cold signalling and SCW formation are promising candidates for functional studies since they may contribute to the tolerance of E. gunnii × E. dalrympleana hybrids to cold.

Cette convention a permis d’assurer le suivi des trois variétés du GIS peuplier (Delvignac, Dellinois et Delgas) auprès des pépiniéristes licenciés et de promouvoir leur plantation grâce à de nouvelles réunions-visites organisées pour les prescripteurs. Les membres du GIS Peuplier ont participé à la mise à jour de la fiche « conseils d’utilisation » des peupliers cultivés, réalisée par Nicolas RICODEAU et Anne PIERANGELO d’Irstea.Le GIS Peuplier a poursuivi l’évaluation des sélections DxN en cours pour différents objectifs de sélection en tenant compte des modifications du règlement technique d’admission validées en 2013. Les efforts ont porté sur l’évaluation de la sensibilité aux agents pathogènes Melampsora larici-populina, Marssonina brunnea, Xanthomonas populi et au puceron lanigère.Dix nouvelles plantations en populetum à parcelles de 9 plants ont pu être installées dans différentes régions populicoles françaises. Parallèlement, l’élevage de plançons pour de futures plantations à parcelles pluri-arbres pour les 26 sélections DxN se poursuit.Les hybrides interaméricains (F1 et rétrocroisements) ont fait l’objet d’une nouvelle année de notation de leur sensibilité et tolérance à M. larici-populina sur l’essai de Charrey-sur-Saône. L’élevage de ce matériel en pépinière de Guémené-Penfao confirme le très bon comportement de ce matériel en référence aux hybrides F1 de première génération, tels que Beaupré ou Raspalje. Ce matériel permettra en 2017 l’installation des premiers populetums avec ce matériel interaméricain nécessitant un suivi approfondi sur une plus grande durée.Une synthèse des performances en pépinière enregistrées en 2014 et 2015 à Guémené-Penfao sur une deuxième série de recombinaisons intraspécifiques P. deltoides et P. nigra créées par le GIS a permis de compléter la sélection de futurs géniteurs. Dès cette étape de sélection, un réel progrès génétique a pu être observé sur les caractères de croissance juvénile et de sensibilité à la rouille foliaire tout en s’assurant du maintien d’une variabilité potentielle sur la phénologie de la croissance.Plus de 1000 individus issus de 21 familles interspécifiques entre les espèces P. trichocarpa et P. maximowiczii sont en élevage à la pépinière de Guémené-Penfao et révèlent d’intéressantes performances de croissance et de sensibilité à la rouille foliaire dès la première année de suivi en pépinière.Enfin, pour répondre à un besoin de diversification de la liste des clones P. trichocarpa recommandés en populiculture, 18 clones sélectionnés au sein des collections de base et de croisements contrôlés anciens de l’INRA ont été mis en élevage à la pépinière de Guémené-Penfao.

International audience; In furniture industry, the numerical simulation allows the design and optimization of wood-based structures, thus avoiding expensive experimental campaigns. Most of wood-based furniture present some particular features in terms of material properties and geometries. On the one hand, the properties of timber materials (such as particule boards) are strongly heterogeneous and anisotropic. On the other hand, the furniture are often made of simply-shaped elements and then can be represented by an assembly of plates and/or beams. The present work deals with those specific features and presents the identification of the elastic properties of particle boards from digital image correlation (DIC) [1] as well as the simulation of the mechanical behavior of furniture.First, three-point bending tests based on Timoshenko's beam theory are performed on different samples cut from a prototype desk for the identification of the material properties using DIC techniques. Secondly, a probabilistic model for the uncertain material parameters is constructed by using the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) principle [2] combined with a Markov Chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) method based on Metropolis-Hastings algorithm for generating realizations of the underlying random variables. Thirdly, numerical virtual tests are performed to propagate the uncertainties in the material properties through the model and assess the impact of such variabilities on the response of the structure. Lastly, several real tests were previously conducted on the desk in order to validate the proposed numerical approach. Quite good agreement is observed between the numerical computations and the experimental measurements.[1] L. Chevalier, S. Calloch, F. Hild and Y. Marco, Digital image correlation used to ana- lyze the multiaxial behavior of rubber-like materials. European Journal of Mechanics- A/Solids. Vol. 20(2), pp. 169–187, 2001.[2] C. Soize, Uncertainty Quantication: An Accelerated Course with Advanced Applica- tions in Computational Engineering. Springer, Vol. 47, 2017.

Key message Molecular markers were used for paternity recovery in a maritime pine (Pinus pinasterAit.) polycross trial, facilitating forward selection. Different breeding strategies for seed orchard establishment were evaluated by comparing genetic gains and diversity. This work opens up new perspectives in maritime pine breeding.[br/] Context Polycross mating designs are widely used in forest tree breeding to evaluate parental breeding values for backward selection. Alternatively, polycross progeny trials may be used to select the best trees on the basis of individual breeding values and molecular pedigree analysis.[br/] Aims This study aimed to test such a forward selection strategy for the maritime pine breeding program.[br/] Methods In a maritime pine polycross trial, progeny with higher breeding values for growth and stem straightness was first preselected with or without relatedness constraints. After paternity recovery, the preselected trees were ranked on the basis of their breeding values, estimated from the recovered full pedigree. Finally, the best candidates were selected with three different strategies (forward, backward, mixed) and three levels of coancestry constraints to establish a virtual clonal seed orchard.[br/] Results Complete pedigrees were successfully recovered for most of the preselected trees. There was no major difference in expected genetic gains between the two preselection strategies which differed for relatedness constraints. Genetic gains were slightly higher for forward selection than for classical backward selection.[br/] Conclusion This seminal study opens up new perspectives for using forward selection within the French maritime pine breeding program. [br/]

Comportement hydrique des sols forestiers ayant été tassés douze ans auparavant. GFHN – 41. Journées Scientifiques

ACT; International audience; Using low emissive materials in building is an effective way to reduce indoor concentrations of pollutants such as VOCs. Material emissions are assessed by the ISO 16000-9 standard. This procedure is time-consuming and is not suitable for on-site measurements. This work aimed in assessing an alternative method, DOSEC®-SPME, for simple measurements. To validate it, emissions of 30 materials were characterized by both ISO 16000-9 and DOSEC®-SPME. A first correlation was found between the two methods for formaldehyde emissions of raw materials. This encouraging result allows considering the development of new decision making tools for the selection of healthy building materials.

National audience; Le GIS Peuplier propose à la populiculture trois cultivars de peupliers deltoïdes inscrits au registre national depuis 2013. Les travaux de croisement et de sélection conduits depuis vingt ans par le GIS Peuplier ont porté sur les performances de croissance (en pépinière et en plantation), sanitaires, architecturales et phénologiques. Les premières informations sur la qualité du bois produit par ces variétés sont disponibles. Tous ces éléments permettent aujourd'hui d'informer largement les professionnels sur les performances de ces cultivars et sur la place à leur réserver dans la populiculture française.

Food contact surfaces are subject to contamination by pathogens, which can lead to cross-contamination by transfer to other food products. However, the European regulation specifies that materials intended for safe food contact must not interfere with foodstuff characteristics. Considered a traditional and natural material, wooden boards are used as a “technological tool” during the cheese-ripening process. In France, wood is authorized for food-contact. The aim of this study was to determine the behavior of deliberately contaminated wooden surfaces in direct contact with foodstuffs. The model studied consisted of spruce ripening shelves experimentally inoculated with a well-known potential hazard throughout the production chain of some dairy products: Listeria monocytogenes . Then, the transfer from deliberately inoculated wood to cheese was analyzed and compared with plastic and glass inoculated surfaces. For this purpose, a protocol was developed and first-use spruce boards were inoculated with L. monocytogenes solution at a concentration of 10 5 CFU/cm 2 then the microbial transfer to pressed non-cooked cheeses was studied. Factors such as cheese contact time, wood and cheese moisture contents, were tested. We compared the transfer rate with glass plates and plastic sheets with inclined meshes, commonly used throughout the cheese production chain, in the same conditions. The results showed a transfer yield below 3% (CFU/cm 2 ) in the first hour of contact for all surfaces tested and was 0.55% for the wooden boards. No differences were found for drier cheeses or for higher wood moisture content. The wooden porous surface in contact with cheeses was not a factor that increased the L. monocytogenes direct transfer rates. In conclusion, wooden shelves have the lowest transfer rate of L. monocytogenes to pressed non-cooked cheeses compared to glass and polypropylene surfaces. This results contribute to the suitability of use of wooden material for direct contact with food.

Hydrophobic properties were conferred to a high-lignin-content Kraft pulp by a laccase-catalysed treatment in the presence of lauryl gallate (LG). The treatment resulted in a two-fold increase in contact angle and conferred water absorption resistance to the pulp. Kappa number was increased, indicating that some phenolic compounds were incorporated in the pulp. A control treatment with LG alone did not affect water absorption, demonstrating that laccase was essential to attain these new properties. The loss of hydrophobicity after an acetone Soxhlet extraction highlighted that adsorbed acetone-soluble compounds played a key role in the properties. GC-FID and HPSEC-UV analysis of the acetone extract indicated the formation of dodecanol and different phenolic oligomers. SEM images showed the treatment-induced changes in the fibre network. Additional experiments with various reaction times and reactant concentrations highlighted the role of LG oxidation products in the introduction of absorption resistance. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Le Groupe Pin Maritime du Futur : 20 ans de progrès et d’innovation. Colloque anniversaire du GPMF

National audience; Introduction généraleLa simulation numérique est un outil puissant au service de la conception de produit et la réalisation d’« essais virtuels pour meubles » permet de raccourcir la phase de mise au point et d’optimisation des produits. L’objectif du travail présenté est de mettre au point un outil de simulation permettant aux industriels de mener une étude de validation (tenue aux tests normalisés) avant la mise en fabrication des meubles. De nombreux outils de calcul 3D permettent ces simulations mais le domaine de l’ameublement est spécifique : d’une part, les éléments de meuble sont généralement de géométrie simple assimilable à un assemblage de plaques et/ou de poutres mais d’autre part, (i) les matériaux utilisés (ici, panneaux de particules) présentent beaucoup de dispersions dans leur comportement hétérogène et anisotrope et (ii) les liaisons entre éléments de meubles peuvent être complexes et induisent des effets locaux qu’une modélisation simplifiée en plaques et poutres ne peut représentée. Ces spécificités nous amènent à développer un code dédié aux meubles dans lequel une bibliothèque d’éléments de liaisons sera introduite et où les paramètres matériaux seront modélisés par des variables aléatoires suivant des lois de probabilité a priori inconnues. Cette étude porte sur le second point et présente l’identification des propriétés élastiques du matériau bois en panneau de particules à partir d’une technique d’analyse d’images et la mise en place d’un modèle éléments finis plaques pour simuler la réponse de meubles aux essais de validation. Une étude statistique du comportement des meubles prenant en compte la dispersion des propriétés matériaux est menée en utilisant une méthode de Monte Carlo.Identification expérimentale des propriétés matériaux du boisDes essais de flexion sont réalisés sur des échantillons de panneaux de particules (Fig.1). Les propriétés matériaux macroscopiques (module d’Young E et module de cisaillement G) sont déterminées en minimisant l’écart entre la solution analytique issue de la théorie des poutres et le champ des déplacements mesurés par analyse d’images (Fig. 2). Sur la base des échantillons testés, il apparait une forte dispersion des propriétés mécaniques. Les densités de probabilité des paramètres incertains E et G sont alors construites en utilisant le principe du maximum d’entropie (utilisation de l’information disponible sur E et G) et le principe du maximum de vraisemblance (exploitation des données expérimentales recueillies sur E et G).Simulation stochastique de meubles à base d’assemblage de plaques et poutresIl existe différentes modélisations de plaques pour simuler le comportement d’un plateau de table (Fig. 3) ou d’un cadre de placard (non représenté). Les plaques négligeant l’influence du cisaillement (souvent minces et homogènes dans leur épaisseur) dites de Kirchhoff-Love, ou les plaques prenant en compte le cisaillement (souvent épaisses et/ou hétérogènes dans leur épaisseur) dites de Reissner-Mindlin ont été testées avec différentes conditions aux limites (charge uniformément répartie ou concentrée, liaisons encastrement ou appui simple) (Fig. 4). La résolution des problèmes stochastiques de plaques est menée en utilisant la méthode de simulation numérique de Monte Carlo afin de réaliser des essais virtuels. On peut alors évaluer l’effet des dispersions des paramètres matériaux sur la réponse globale de la structure. ConclusionsDes techniques de corrélation d’images ont été utilisées pour réaliser des mesures de champs de déplacements et identifier les propriétés mécaniques du matériau bois en panneau de particules (hétérogène et anisotrope). Les dispersions des paramètres identifiés ont été prises en compte à travers la construction des densités de probabilité à partir des informations fournies par les mesures. Deux types de plaques (Kirchhoff-Love et Reissner-Mindlin) ont été modélisés et utilisés pour simuler les déformations de meubles avec différentes conditions aux limites. Enfin, la méthode Monte Carlo a été adoptée pour propager les incertitudes à travers les modèles de plaques et déterminer des quantités d’intérêt probabilistes.

Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb) Franco) is a native conifer from the Pacific North-West of the US and Canada, and is one of the most important timber species used in the world. Douglas-fir is highly productive in a range of climatic conditions and has valuable wood properties (quality) as well as a strong tolerance to diseases and insects. In Europe, Douglas-fir is a major species for reforestation with increasing demand for its wood. Adaptation of new varieties to climate change and associated stresses is one challenging question for ongoing breeding programs. Efficient selection and vegetative propagation of improved varieties are key issues to maintain productivity in plantation forestry (Lelu-Walter et al. 2013), however, as in many other conifers, early maturation is preventing clonal forestry through conventional multiplication methods in Douglas-fir (Bastien et al. 2013). Somatic embryogenesis from immature seeds, coupled with cryopreservation, is a promising retroactive clonal propagation system of selected trees. This technology has been developed for an increasing number of conifer species (Klimaszewska et al. 2016). Excluding patents, there are only a few published studies on Douglas-fir somatic embryogenesis (Durzan and Gupta 1987; Pullman et al. 2005, 2009). One recurrent problem is the sustainable multiplication of initiated embryogenic material, i.e., embryonal masses (EMs). Yellowish, non-embryogenic cells (NEC), which are interspersed with EM, is frequently observed during this process. In this work, we describe EM morphology and cytology (light and confocal microscopy) of different embryogenic lines. A suggested method to reduce the formation of NEC and sustain EM proliferation is presented.

Les hybrides inter provenances

Explorer les sylvicultures du pin maritime pour connaître et prédire sa productivité

L'apport des marqueurs moléculaires

International audience; Wood furniture is often composed of simple parts that may be modeled as beams or plates. These particularities allow using simplified approaches that reduces the number of degrees of freedom (dof for short) in a finite element simulation of the furniture's behavior. Generally, connections are not taken into account in such simulations but these connections are critical in the failure process of the furniture and it worth studying it precisely. Using a multi-scale approach, this paper introduces a numerical procedure to identify the connection contribution in the furniture's stiffness. Comparing 3D finite element calculations with a Timoshenko's beam calculation on a corner of two wooden parts, we identify the specific behavior of the connection elements (pins, nut, screw… and local 3D effects) to introduce it as a punctual 0D element in the beam code. Two validations of the approach are presented here: (i) a numerical validation by comparing the result of the beam code with a complete 3D finite element simulation on a representative plane structure of wooden furniture; (ii) an experimental validation by managing a global bending test and measuring the displacement field using digital image correlation (DIC for short).

International audience; Depuis une dizaine d'années de gros efforts sont réalisés au sein de la filière de la construction bois afin de mieux connaître le comportement aux séismes de ces structures. C'est dans cette optique que nous présentons dans cette communication, la démarche de caractérisation adoptée dans le cas particulier des murs à ossature en bois avec diaphragme (OSB/3 de 12 mm d'épaisseur) agrafé. On décrit notamment les campagnes d'essais menées à différentes échelles (assemblage, 1:1) ce qui permet l'étude de la variabilité du comportement de ces structures, l'adaptation de la méthode N2 pour les structures à ossature en bois ainsi que la construction de courbes de vulnérabilité prenant en compte les sources d'incertitude et de variabilité.

Evaluer l'altération du modèle architectural du système racinaire d'arbres forestiers par plantation

International audience; Ces dernières années ont vu l'émergence de méthodes de dimensionnement basées sur la notion de performance des structures et notamment, la méthode dite capacitive. On se propose dans cette communication de construire des courbes de fragilité à l'aide de la méthode N2 pour deux configurations de murs à ossature en bois. Elles sont comparées à celles obtenues à l'aide d'une analyse dynamique temporelle non linéaire. Parmi les résultats obtenus, on montre que la méthode d'idéalisation bilinéaire du diagramme de capacité à une influence certaine. La comparaison avec l'analyse dynamique montre une surestimation des pics d'accélération menant au dépassement des états limites dans le cas des structures légères. La tendance semble s'inverser pour des structures pesantes.

Chapitre 8; Genome-wide profiling (transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics) is providing unprecedented opportunities to unravel the complexity of coordinated gene expression during embryo development in trees, especially conifer species harbouring “giga-genome”. This knowledge should be critical for the efficient delivery of improved varieties through seeds and/or somatic embryos in fluctuating markets and to cope with climate change. We reviewed “omics” as well as targeted gene expression studies during both somatic and zygotic embryo development in conifers and tentatively puzzled over the critical processes and genes involved at the specific developmental and transition stages. Current limitations to the interpretation of these large datasets are going to be lifted through the ongoing development of comprehensive genome resources in conifers. Nevertheless omics already confirmed that master regulators (e.g. transcription and epigenetic factors) play central roles. As in model angiosperms, the molecular regulation from early to late embryogenesis may mainly arise from spatio-temporal modulation of auxin-, gibberellin- and abscisic acid-mediated responses. Omics also showed the potential for the development of tools to assess the progress of embryo development or to build genotype-independent, predictive models of embryogenesis-specific characteristics.

Chapitre 7; This review compiles research results published over the last 14 years on conifer somatic embryogenesis (SE). Emphasis is placed on the newest findings that affect the response of seed embryos (typical explants) and shoot primordia (rare explants) to the induction of SE and long-term culture of early somatic embryos. Much research in recent years has focused on maturation of somatic embryos, with respect to both yield and quality, as an important stage for the production of a large number of vigorous somatic seedlings. Attempts to scale up somatic embryo production numbers and handling have resulted in a few bioreactor designs, the utility of which may prove beneficial for an industrial application. A few simplified cryopreservation methods for embryonal masses (EM) were developed as a means to ensure cost-efficient long-term storage of genotypes during clonal field testing. Finally, recent long-term studies on the growth of somatic trees in the field, including seed production yield and comparison of seed parameters produced by somatic versus seed-derived trees, are described.

Key message We provide a database of 52 silvicultural scenarios recommended in French public forests including relevant dendrometric variables and metrics for carbon accounting. The dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.57745/QARRFS. Associated metadata are available at https://metadata-afs.nancy.inra.fr/geonetwork/srv/fre/catalog.search#/metadata/f76ed27f-325d-493b-8731-0995dcaa7805. Special attention was paid to offer carbon metrics required for the French Label Bas Carbone offset projects.

International audience; Cotyledonary somatic embryos (SEs) of maritime pine are routinely matured for 12 weeks before being germinated and converted to plantlets. Although regeneration success is highly dependent on SEs quality, the date of harvesting is currently determined mainly on the basis of morphological features. This empirical method does not provide any accurate information about embryo quality with respect to storage compounds (proteins, carbohydrates). We first analyzed SEs matured for 10, 12 and 14 weeks by carrying out biological (dry weight, water content) and biochemical measurements (total protein and carbohydrate contents). No difference could be found between collection dates, suggesting that harvesting SEs after 12 weeks is appropriate. Cotyledonary SEs were then compared to various stages, from fresh to fully desiccated, in the development of cotyledonary zygotic embryos (ZEs). We identified profiles that were similar using hierarchical ascendant cluster analysis (HCA). Fresh and dehydrated ZEs could be distinguished, and SEs clustered with fresh ZEs. Both types of embryo exhibited similar carbohydrate and protein contents and signatures. This high level of similarity (94.5 %) was further supported by proteome profiling. Highly expressed proteins included storage, stress-related, late embryogenesis abundant and energy metabolism proteins. By comparing overexpressed proteins in developing and cotyledonary SEs or ZEs, some (23 proteins) could be identified as candidate biomarkers for the late, cotyledonary stage. This is the first report of useful generic protein markers for monitoring embryo development in maritime pine. Our results also suggest that improvements of SEs quality may be achieved if the current maturation conditions are refined.

The Landes forest is located South-West France and produces 20% of french wood, it ismainly composed of intensively managed even-aged stands of Pinus pinaster (Ait). Thisone million hectare forest was hit by two major storms in 1999 and 2009, destroying halfof the standing volume. Most of the reafforestation are made with genetically improvedvarieties originating from a population breeding program with a selection at 10 years onheight and butt stem lean. In the coming years, other species, provenances or varieties ofP. pinaster will certainly be used for reafforestation to improve biodiversity, to specialiseproduction e.g. biomass, or resistance to biotic or abiotic stresses, e.g. drought. Rootsystem architecture is a key component in mechanical stability of trees. Therefore species,provenances and varieties which could be potentially used in the Landes forest wereplanted for 10 years in three locations to gain information about the dynamics of rootarchitecture in young trees. Each year ca. 150 trees are uprooted and the root system ismeasured using 3D digitizing. An in-depth phenotyping of root architecture is made by“architectural analysis”.Robinia Pseudoacacia and Quercus Rubra showed an overall small growth in the threeexperimental plots after two years in the field. Conversely, the two Eucalyptus clones weretwo and three times higher than the P. pinaster in the medium-wet location, but did notgrow well in the most humid locations with Molinia Caerulea understory. Pinus taeda wasslightly higher than P. pinaster in the best location. The 12 P. pinaster provenances, orvarieties did not differ for stem dimensions, except the Moroccan provenance which hassignificantly lower height, but a similar collar diameter than the other P. pinaster.Root architecture and biomass measurements are just finished, and will be analysed in thecomming weeks.

In maritime pine, improved protocols are now available for the whole somatic embryogenesis process i.e. from initiation of embryogenic tissue to somatic plant regeneration. However, field trials established in France from somatic plant material have consistently revealed that somatic embryos (SEs) developed at a lower initial growth rate compared to control seedlings. A better understanding of SEs maturation is therefore required in order to produce high-quality, vigorous somatic plants. SEs are currently matured for 12 weeks to reach the cotyledonary stage before being germinated and converted to plantlets. Although regeneration success is highly dependent on SEs quality, the harvesting date is still determined from morphological features. This empirical method does not provide any accurate information about embryo quality with respect to storage compounds (proteins, carbohydrates). We first analyzed SEs matured for 10, 12 and 14 weeks by carrying out biological (dry weight, water content) and biochemical measurements (total protein and carbohydrate contents). No significant difference could be found between collection dates, suggesting that SE harvesting after 12 weeks maturation is appropriate. Cotyledonary SEs were then compared to various stages, from fresh to fully desiccated, in the development of cotyledonary zygotic embryos (ZEs). Using hierarchical ascendant cluster analysis, we demonstrated that cotyledonary SEs matured for 12 weeks are most similar to fresh cotyledonary ZEs sampled from late July to early August (as indicated by dry weight, water content, sucrose, RFOs content, RFO/Sucrose ratio) or at any time up to October (with respect to total protein). Both types of embryo exhibited similar carbohydrate and protein content and signatures. This high level of similarity (94.5%) was further supported by proteome profiling. Highly expressed proteins included storage, stress-related, late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) and energy metabolism proteins. By comparing overexpressed proteins in developing and cotyledonary SEs or ZEs, some (23 proteins) could be identified as candidate biomarkers for the late, cotyledonary stage. Of these, 18 belonged to five large families of proteins including five HSPs, four LEAs and two other stress-related proteins (aldose reductase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase), five storage proteins and two proteins involved in purine metabolism (adenosine kinase 2, SAM synthase). This is the first report of useful generic protein markers for monitoring embryo development in maritime pine. Our results also suggest that improvements of SEs quality may be achieved if the current maturation conditions are refined.

International audience; Maritime pine somatic embryos (SEs) require a reduction in water availability (high gellan gum concentration in the maturation medium) to reach the cotyledonary stage. This key switch, reported specifically for pine species, is not yet well understood. To facilitate the use of somatic embryogenesis for mass propagation of conifers, we need a better understanding of embryo development. Comparison of both transcriptome (Illumina RNA sequencing) and proteome [two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with mass spectrometry (MS) identification] of immature SEs, cultured on either high (9G) or low (4G) gellan gum concentration, was performed, together with analysis of water content, fresh and dry mass, endogenous abscisic acid (ABA; gas chromatography-MS), soluble sugars (high-pressure liquid chromatography), starch and confocal laser microscope observations. This multiscale, integrated analysis was used to unravel early molecular and physiological events involved in SE development. Under unfavorable conditions (4G), the glycolytic pathway was enhanced, possibly in relation to cell proliferation that may be antagonistic to SE development. Under favorable conditions (9G), SEs adapted to culture constraint by activating specific protective pathways, and ABA-mediated molecular and physiological responses promoting embryo development. Our results suggest that on 9G, germin-like protein and ubiquitin-protein ligase could be used as predictive markers of SE development, whereas protein phosphatase 2C could be a biomarker for culture adaptive responses. This is the first characterization of early molecular mechanisms involved in the development of pine SEs following an increase in gellan gum concentration in the maturation medium, and it is also the first report on somatic embryogenesis in conifers combining transcriptomic and proteomic datasets.

International audience; Timber frame with infill have proved to be efficient structures when submitted to seismic hazard. No building code and very few scientific studies are available to design this kind of structures. Therefore, the present work aims at predicting the behavior of timber-frame structure with earth infill under seismic loading. Four scales are defined: the joint, the elementary cell, the shear wall and the entire house. At each scale, both an experimental and a numerical analysis are carried out in order to bring extensive knowledge with regard to the behavior of these structures under seismic loading and to validate a numerical tool able to predict their response. KEYWORDS: Timber-frame structures with earth and stone infill, Multi-scale approach, Seismic behavior, Constitutive model.

For ten years, numerous studies have been carried out in France on the properties of poplar wood, both by research institutes, technical centers, and in close collaboration with industry. Thus, the wood of 23 cultivars, representing the most cultivated poplars in France, has been characterized from a large and structured sample of mature trees (multi-sites and multi-trees per site). Characterization focused on the general properties of logs and wood, as well as major industrial uses of wood. The mechanical characteristics of the sawings and their drying behavior, suitability for peeling and characterization of the plywood, pulping and the shape of the fibers have been described. The results are presented in two publications widely available*, either with a “cultivar” entry describing all the characteristics measured on a cultivar or with an entry “characteristics of wood” where performances of the different cultivars are compared between them. Furthermore the GIS Peuplier (French scientific consortium) studied the properties of 55 clones of poplar (P. deltoides and P. x canadensis) from samples of juvenile wood (2 and 4 years) and mature wood (21-27 years). Correlations between variables were investigated for different ages of wood. The best correlations with adult performances concerned basic density and fiber width, and to a lesser extent, shrinkage of the wood samples measured at 4-yrs. These results should enable breeders to include these wood properties predictors in the first steps of their breeding program.

La populiculture française a besoin de disposer de variétés performantes et présentant un comportement stable face aux contraintes biotiques et abiotiques. Après la crise provoquée par le contournement de résistance complète de Melampsora larici-populina vis-à-vis du cultivar ‘Beaupré’, les hybrides interaméricains ne sont plus plantés et sont remplacés par des hybrides euraméricains issus des programmes de recherche d’instituts étrangers. Depuis 1999, le GIS Peuplier (AFOCEL -devenue FCBA-, Cemagref -devenu Irstea-, INRA) conduit un programme d’amélioration génétique et réalise ses propres hybridations. Deux grands types d’hybrides sont produits parallèlement : des hybrides euraméricains de première génération (P. deltoides x P. nigra) et des hybrides interaméricains faisant intervenir les deux espèces P. deltoides et P. trichocarpa mais toutefois issus de générations d’hybridation plus avancées pour retrouver des niveaux de sensibilité à la rouille foliaire plus satisfaisant. Les travaux prévus dans le cadre de la convention 2013 et rapportés ici s’articulent en 4 tâches principales : 1. Gestion des collections et des géniteurs du GIS 2. Evaluation face aux agents pathogènes des variétés GIS 3. Evaluation agronomique des variétés GIS 4. Appui technique / Communication / Vulgarisation

International audience; The objective of this study is to improve evaluations of the future use of biomass sources in Sweden and France by representing the high spatial variations of the supply and cost of biomass sources in energy system models. The proposed methodology considers a high spatial disaggregation of biomass supply sources, as well as detailed biomass cost-supply curves, and is thereby able to account for spatial differences in heterogeneous land qualities, management strategies, and possible adaptation rates. Integrating the methodology into national or regional energy system models will enhance cost-effective evaluations of biomass sources as well as the development of the bioenergy sector. A TIMES energy system model was used to evaluate bioenergy production potential for France and Sweden based on domestic biomass sources and under the assumption that bioenergy production should not be at the expense of domestic food and forestry supply. Results show that by 2050, the biomass sources considered could provide as much as 250PJ of bioenergy in Sweden, and 1470PJ of bioenergy in France. Results further showed that 1st generation biofuels are likely to continue to play a substantial role in the biofuel mix. While 2nd generation biofuel production in Sweden is likely to be low, larger amounts of 2nd generation biofuels could be produced in France. However, the amount and type of 2nd generation biofuel produced in France was found to be highly dependent on the bioenergy demand level.

International audience; Glutathione transferases (GSTs) form a superfamily of multifunctional proteins with essential roles in cellular detoxification processes and endogenous metabolism. The distribution of fungal-specific class A GSTs was investigated in saprotrophic fungi revealing a recent diversification within this class. Biochemical characterization of eight GSTFuA isoforms from Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Coprinus cinereus demonstrated functional diversity in saprotrophic fungi. The three-dimensional structures of three P. chrysosporium isoforms feature structural differences explaining the functional diversity of these enzymes. Competition experiments between fluorescent probes, and various molecules, showed that these GSTs function as ligandins with various small aromatic compounds, derived from lignin degradation or not, at a L-site overlapping the glutathione binding pocket. By combining genomic data with structural and biochemical determinations, we propose that this class of GST has evolved in response to environmental constraints induced by wood chemistry.

International audience; Studying the fungal communities in the wood, in particular during the first events of the colonization, and the factors that underlie the dynamics of fungal species assemblages remain a challenge in ecology, because of the absence of fructification during the pioneer steps of wood degradation. The use of Next-generation DNA sequencing methods, which produce massive volumes of data, provided new perspectives in fungal molecular ecology. In this paper we used high throughput sequencing to identify factors influencing fungal colonisation during the early stages of wood decay. For this purpose wood pickets, from different wood species, were buried in an experimental site, located on the island of Oléron, and removed after six and nine months of incubation. Then, total DNA was extracted and a library of the fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) region was prepared for 454 pyrosequencing. Our results revealed a strong host effect on the fungal communities associated to different wood species together with a spatial effect on fungal diversity. The source of inoculum was also investigated with the same approach from soil samples, and results demonstrated that the major source of fungal inoculum was not located, or very weakly represented, in the close environment of our pickets. Finally, the application of high throughput sequencing approaches was investigated to improve standards in order to be more representative of natural conditions.