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Los organismos reguladores, como la Food and Drug Administration (FDA) y la European Medicines Agency (EMA), reconocen la farmacogenética como una herramienta clave en sus guías farmacológicas para el asesoramiento farmacéutico. En este contexto, la farmacia comunitaria tiene un papel esencial al responder a esta necesidad asistencial, lo que podría traducirse en una mejora significativa en la calidad de vida de los pacientes al evitar tratamientos ineficaces o potencialmente contraindicados. En este trabajo, hemos llevado a cabo una revisión sistemática de la evidencia científica disponible sobre las interacciones entre fármacos y genes de interés para la farmacia comunitaria. Se han identificado los principales genes y polimorfismos relacionados con la respuesta y los efectos adversos a tratamientos comunes en atención primaria. Finalmente, proponemos un modelo para la implementación de servicios de farmacogenética en la farmacia comunitaria.

Therapeutic monitoring of antibiotics and antifungals based on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameters is a strategy increasingly used for the optimization of therapy to improve efficacy, reduce the occurrence of toxicities, and prevent the selection of antimicrobial resistance, particularly in vulnerable patients including neonates and the critical or immunocompromised paediatric host.In neonates and children, infections account for a high percentage of hospital admissions, and anti-infectives are the most used drugs. However, paediatric PK/PD studies and the evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of some newly marketed antibiotics and antifungals—usually used off-label in paediatrics—to determine the optimal drug dosage regimens are limited. It is widely known that this population presents important differences in the PK parameters (especially in drug clearance and volume of distribution) in comparison with adults that may alter antimicrobial exposure and, therefore, compromise treatment success. In addition, paediatric patients are more susceptible to potential adverse drug effects and they need closer monitoring.The aim of this document, developed jointly by the Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacy and the Spanish Society of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, is to describe the available evidence on the indications for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of antibiotics and antifungals in newborn and paediatric patients, and to provide practical recommendations for TDM in routine clinical practice to optimise their dosing, efficacy and safety. Of antibiotics and antifungals in the paediatric population. Resumen: La monitorización terapéutica de antibióticos y antifúngicos en el paciente pediátrico, basada en parámetros farmacocinéticos y farmacodinámicos (PK/PD), es una estrategia cada vez más utilizada para la optimización del tratamiento de infecciones con el fin de mejorar la eficacia, reducir la aparición de toxicidades y prevenir la selección de resistencias antimicrobianas, especialmente en poblaciones vulnerables como neonatos, pacientes críticos o inmunodeprimidos.En la población neonatal y pediátrica, las infecciones representan un porcentaje elevado de los ingresos hospitalarios, siendo los antimicrobianos los fármacos más utilizados en este grupo poblacional. Sin embargo, establecer los regímenes posológicos óptimos en esta población es complejo debido a la menor evidencia respecto a la eficacia y seguridad de algunos antimicrobianos, especialmente en los de reciente comercialización que son utilizados habitualmente fuera de ficha técnica y al limitado número de estudios PK/PD disponibles en pediatría. Es bien conocido que el paciente pediátrico se caracteriza por presentar una serie de variaciones de los parámetros farmacocinéticos (como el aclaramiento o el volumen de distribución) debido a los propios cambios madurativos que pueden modificar la exposición a los antimicrobianos y comprometer el éxito del tratamiento. A su vez, es un grupo poblacional más susceptible a presentar potenciales efectos adversos a los fármacos, hecho que conlleva la necesidad de una monitorización más estricta.El objetivo de este documento de consenso, elaborado entre la Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria (SEFH) y Sociedad Española de Infectología Pediátrica (SEIP), es describir la evidencia disponible sobre las indicaciones de la monitorización terapéutica de antibióticos y antifúngicos en pacientes neonatales y pediátricos, y proporcionar recomendaciones prácticas para su monitorización y ajuste de dosis, con el fin de optimizar el tratamiento, maximizando su eficacia y seguridad.

Regulatory agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) recognize pharmacogenetics as a key tool in their pharmacological guidelines for pharmaceutical counseling. In this context, community pharmacies play a crucial role in addressing this healthcare need, which could lead to a significant improvement in patients' quality of life by preventing ineffective or contraindicated treatments. In this work, we conducted a systematic review of the available scientific evidence regarding druggene interactions relevant to community pharmacy. We identified the main genes and polymorphisms associated with treatment response and adverse effects in primary care. Finally, we propose a model for implementing pharmacogenetic services in community pharmacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Española de Quimioterapia is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objetivo: Ampliar o estudo da modelagem PBPK para profissionais e estudantes falantes de português ao desenvolver um tutorial básico de modelagem PBPK simples usando um programa de acesso livre. Métodos: Para o desenvolvimento do tutorial foi utilizado o software PK-Sim® (versão 11.2). Resultados: Foi desenvolvido um tutorial no PK-Sim, todo em português, que viabilizará aos leitores a possibilidade de realizar uma análise PBPK para fornecer uma abordagem mecanicista para estudar e prever a farmacocinética de medicamentos com base nas características fisiológicas e anatômicas de uma população de interesse, bem como nas propriedades físicas e químicas de um determinado fármaco. Conclusões: Considerando a importância das tecnologias em saúde e sua posterior avaliação, este tutorial se prova como ferramenta relevante, tanto para pesquisa e desenvolvimento quanto para a prática clínica, além de alavancar a democratização do ensino e pesquisa das Ciências Farmacêuticas entre pessoas falantes de língua portuguesa.

Copyright of Nefrologia is the property of Revista Nefrologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ceftiofur is a third-generation cephalosporin widely used in cattle and swine farming to treat respiratory and reproductive conditions. The veterinary pharma industry consistently develops new formulations with this molecule to bring highly effective products to market with short withdrawal periods, ensuring consumer safety for products derived from treated animals. The study aimed to evaluate the plasma concentration profile of Vilocci, a new formulation of ceftiofur, in comparison to the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of various pathogens commonly found in bovine and swine farming. Ten animals from each species were used, and a single dose of 1 mg/kg was given to bovines and 5 mg/kg to swine. Blood samples were collected at 12 time points to construct the pharmacokinetic profile. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of growth for the pathogens of interest isolated from the target species was determined and the effectiveness of the for; mulation was assessed for each one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the field of phytopharmacology has demonstrated the antidiabetic potential of several traditional plants, including Pseudoelephantopus spicatus (amargon); however, studies demonstrating the hypoglycemic effect of this plant are little known. Therefore, in the present study, its glycemia-regulating effect was evaluated in a Wistar rat model. The experiments were performed as a pilot test and were validated in a kinetic of 0, 1, 1, 2, 6 and 24 hours using five experimental groups (control, diabetics induced with alloxan, diabetics treated with metformin and diabetics treated with P. spicatus extract with doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg). The treatments were applied for 1, 5 and 21 days and the data obtained were validated by ANOVA/Neuman-Keuls (p< 0.05) using the GraphPad Prism V.5. statistical package. The results showed that alloxan at 120 mg/kg induced diabetes mellitus in 100 % of the rats. The extract at 250 and 500 mg/kg achieved a significant reduction in blood glucose levels compared to diabetic rats, showing no significant difference between doses. The reduction in blood glucose levels caused by metformin at 500 mg/kg p< 0,05, and the different doses of the extract showed no significant differences. According to the results of the study, the extract of P. spicatus induces a hypoglycemic effect in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Health Sciences Journal / Revista Ciências em Saúde is the property of Hospital de Clinicas de Itajuba - Associacao de Integracao Social de Itajuba and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The relationship between cardiac output and anesthetic drugs is important to anesthesiologists, since cardiac output determines the speed with which a drug infused into the bloodstream reaches its target and the intensity of the drug's effect. But rather than focus on how anesthetic drugs affect cardiac output, this narrative review focuses on how changes in cardiac output affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of general anesthetics during the three phases of anesthesia. At induction, an increase in cardiac output shortens both the onset time of propofol for hypnosis and the neuromuscular blocking effect of rapid-acting neuromuscular blockers, favoring the conditions for rapid sequence intubation. During maintenance, changes in cardiac output are followed by opposite changes in the drug plasma concentration of anesthetic drugs. Thus, an increase in cardiac output followed by a decrease in the plasma concentration of the anesthetic could expose the patient to a real risk of intraoperative awakening, which can be avoided by increasing the dose of hypnotic drugs. At emergence, an increase in cardiac output secondary to an increase in pCO2 allows for a more rapid recovery from anesthesia. The pCO2 can be increased by adding CO2 to the respiratory circuit, lowering the ventilatory rate, or placing the patient on partial rebreathing. Finally, the reversal action of sugammadex for rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block can be shortened by increasing the cardiac output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gaceta Médica de Caracas is the property of Academia Nacional de Medicina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios is the property of Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Through this work, the pharmacokinetics of Norfloxacin in pigeons were explored by using six healthy male pigeons as the subjects for this study. The pharmacokinetic indices of orally administered Norfloxacin were obtained by microbiological assay and then the data were fitted to the two-compartment pharmacokinetic open model to evaluate the distribution and excretion parameters. In the achieved results, the calculated absorption rate constant (Kab) was 1.26 h-1, the maximum achieved concentration of Norfloxacin was 2.75 μg/ml at 1.34 hr., the volume of distribution (Vd/F) was 3.15 L/kg. The half-life (t1/2β) was 4.9 hrs., the calculated area under the curve of Norfloxacin (AUC0-t) was 16.75 (h*μg)/ml, while the clearance of Norfloxacin (Cl/F) was 0.49 L/hr/kg. In conclusion, the pharmacokinetic parameters of Norfloxacin in pigeons are not far away from other birds like chickens, considering the differences among them. Norfloxacin is a valuable antibacterial agent against susceptible bacterial infections depending on the obtained pharmacokinetic profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which for the most part comprises Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease that presents with alternating periods of inflammatory activity and remission, mainly affecting the intestine. Treatments using monoclonal antibodies have revolutionised the management of IBD patients, with the aim of controlling and suppressing inflammatory activity, and promoting healing of the mucosa and other compromised tissues. Agents currently indicated for this use include: infliximab, adalimumab and golimumab (for UC only), vedolizumab, ustekinumab, tofacitinib (for UC only), and filgotinib (for UC only). Despite the positive impact that these agents have had in the management of patients with IBD, there is significant intraindividual and interindividual variability with respect to response to these drugs, and it is not possible to achieve a total cure. Approximately one-third of IBD patients do not respond to tumour-necrosis-factor-alpha antagonists (anti-TNFα), and of those who show a response initially, a subsequent loss of response to treatment may occur in up to 40% of patients within the fi rst year of treatment. Ustekinumab is an IgG1 human monoclonal antibody that binds to the p40 subunit of interleukins 12 and 23 which has been shown to be effective in both inducing and maintaining clinical remission. Its efficacy following treatment intensification at 4-6 weeks is 50%, and reinduction has also been described as a possible strategy in cases where treatment has been discontinued due to surgery, or where there has been a loss of response. A number of recent prospective and retrospective studies have demonstrated a positive exposure-response relationship between ustekinumab concentration and clinical remission, making it possible to optimise the treatment response. Pre-dose concentrations of ustekinumab (Cmin UST) in the studies reviewed were higher in responders as compared to nonresponders, in both the induction and maintenance phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pain is a complex and highly prevalent symptom in advanced oncological disease. Often, balancing analgesic control and toxicity poses a great challenge for healthcare professionals. This clinical case demonstrates the importance of a good anamnesis of oncological pain and an individualized treatment, considering the characteristics of the pain and the available drugs in order to achieve analgesic efficacy while minimizing adverse effects and, thus, improving the patient's quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) estima que más del 40% de las mujeres embarazadas a nivel mundial tienen anemia, y la mitad de estas padecen deficiencia de hierro. La prevalencia en América Latina es del 40% y en Colombia del 44.7%. Fisiológicamente en el embarazo se produce una mal llamada “anemia dilucional”, existen condiciones en la embarazada que la predisponen a tener una anemia patológica. Esta última es causada principalmente por un déficit de hierro, de allí la importancia de diagnosticar a tiempo esta entidad e iniciar el manejo. La administración de hierro es la base del tratamiento de la anemia por deficiencia de hierro. Puede ser administrado por vía oral, la cual es la preferida en la mayoría de las pacientes; sin embargo, cuando este no es posible administrarlo, es esencial recurrir al hierro parenteral. No obstante, el hierro parenteral es poco usado como primera línea en el manejo de la anemia gestacional. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo realizar una revisión que permita identificar la terapia con hierro parenteral como una alternativa eficaz de manejo para la anemia gestacional, teniendo en cuenta las características farmacológicas, la administración y el uso entre las diferentes moléculas disponibles en Colombia. Metodología. Corresponde a un estudio de revisión de literatura en bases de datos y bibliotecas electrónicas, los criterios que se tuvieron en cuenta fueron textos publicados entre 1996 y 2020, en español e inglés. Se obtuvo un resultado de 95 artículos, de los cuales se seleccionaron 49. Las palabras clave para su búsqueda fueron fisiología, hierro parenteral, anemia gestacional, déficit de hierro, complicaciones del embarazo, compuestos de hierro, farmacocinética, diagnóstico y tratamiento. División de temas tratados. Fisiología; ayudas diagnósticas; características farmacológicas del hierro parenteral; ventajas, indicaciones y contraindicaciones del hierro parenteral; efectos secundarios y forma de aplicación. Conclusiones. El hierro parenteral es un tratamiento seguro y eficaz para manejar la anemia en el embarazo, se debe tener en cuenta las indicaciones y la farmacología de las moléculas para elegir la más adecuada. Además, repone más rápidamente las reservas de hierro y los niveles de hemoglobina.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a probabilidade de atingir o alvo pela razão entre a área sob a curva e a concentração inibitória mínima de vancomicina em pacientes pediátricos após o esquema de dose empírica e demonstrar a aplicabilidade desse método para o monitoramento da vancomicina. Metódos: Foi realizado um estudo de coorte retrospectivo que incluiu pacientes pediátricos com função renal normal internados entre janeiro e dezembro de 2020. O modelo de um compartimento com cinética de primeira ordem foi utilizado para estimar os parâmetros farmacocinéticos, e a área sob a curva foi calculada pela regra do trapézio. O alvo terapêutico foi definido como a razão entre a área sob a curva e a concentração inibitória mínima ≥ 400 e < 600. O teste do qui-quadrado foi aplicado para comparar a probabilidade de atingir o alvo nos grupos etários, enquanto os parâmetros farmacocinéticos foram comparados pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis com o teste de Dunn para análises post hoc. Consideraram-se significativos os valores de p < 0,05. Resultados: Foram analisados, no total, 42 pares de níveis de vancomicina de 17 pacientes inscritos neste estudo. Após a dose diária empírica de vancomicina, o alvo terapêutico foi atingido em cinco (29%) pacientes; quatro pacientes (24%) apresentavam razão entre a área sob a curva inicial supraterapêutica e o valor de concentração inibitória mínima (> 600mg.h/L) e oito (47%) tinham valores subterapêuticos (< 400mg.h/L). Os patógenos mais identificados foram Staphylococcus spp. (n = 7). Os níveis de vale e as áreas sob a curva mostraram valores moderados de correlação (R2 = 0,73). Um (6%) paciente apresentou lesão renal aguda. Conclusão: A maioria dos pacientes não atingiu o alvo terapêutico com esquema de dose empírica de vancomicina, e a implementação de dosagem baseada na área sob a curva usando duas medições de amostra permitiu ajustes de dose em tempo real com base nos parâmetros farmacocinéticos dos indivíduos.

Copyright of Medicina (Buenos Aires) is the property of Medicina (Buenos Aires) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of JBES: Brazilian Journal of Health Economics / Jornal Brasileiro de Economia da Saúde is the property of JBES: Brazilian Journal of Health Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To analyze the differences in pharmacokinetic and clinical parameters (bleeding rates and joint health) before and after switching from standard half-life factor VIII (FVIII) to extended half-life pegylated FVIII in patients with severe/moderate hemophilia A on prophylaxis, one year before and after the switch in real-life., Method: This is a single-center, comparative, observational, sequential, retrospective, and multidisciplinary study. Population pharmacokinetic models from the WAPPS-Hemo® application were used to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters and individualize prophylaxis. The annual rate of total and joint bleeds, joint health (Hemophilia Joint Health Score), plasma half-life and area under the curve ratios, FVIII consumption, administration frequency, and cost were analyzed., Results: Thirty-eight adult patients with hemophilia A who switched from standard half-life FVIII to extended half-life pegylated FVIII were analyzed. Significant improvements (p < 0.05) were observed in all pharmacokinetic parameters, with plasma half-life and area under the curve improvement ratios of 1.5 and 1.9, respectively, as well as reductions in annual total and joint bleeding rates were registered. A higher number of patients with zero total (16.0 vs. 29.0) and joint bleeds (23.0 vs. 33.0) was also observed. The median reductions in administration frequency and dose/kg/week were 30.0% and 19.7%, respectively, avoiding 44.3 infusions/patient/year, resulting in savings of 20,843 €/patient/year. Furthermore, joint health improved (23.0 vs. 21.0; p = 0.017), and target joints resolved after the switch., Conclusions: The pharmacokinetically guided switch from standard half-life FVIII to pegylated FVIII demonstrated significant clinical benefits with reduced bleeding rates and improvements in joint health. Additionally, improvements in pharmacokinetic parameters were observed, allowing for reduced treatment burden by decreasing administration frequency, as well as lower consumption and costs., (Copyright © 2024. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U.)

Iodinated contrast media enable greater attenuation of vascular and visceral structures in radiological studies and are widely used due to their high degree of safety, easy administration, acceptable level of tolerance, wide distribution and rapid excretion, qualities determined by their composition. Automated power injectors are used to administer contrast media. Once injected, contrast is distributed throughout the body, remaining in the intravascular space during its first passage before reaching the organs and spreading into the extracellular interstitial space, followed by a recirculation phenomenon. In CT studies, the level of contrast enhancement obtained is determined by multiple factors including patient-related factors, contrast medium characteristics, method of administration, equipment and technique. Different methods are available for determining the scan timing depending on the aim of the exploration., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 SERAM. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Therapeutic monitoring of antibiotics and antifungals based on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters, is a strategy increasingly used for the optimization of therapy to improve efficacy, reduce the occurrence of toxicities, and prevent the selection of antimicrobial resistance, particularly in vulnerable patients including neonates and the critical or immunocompromised host. In neonates and children, infections account for a high percentage of hospital admissions and anti-infectives are the most used drugs. However, pediatric pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies and the evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of some newly marketed antibiotics and antifungals -usually used off-label in pediatrics- to determine the optimal drug dosage regimens are limited. It is widely known that this population presents important differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters (especially in drug clearance and volume of distribution) in comparison with adults that may alter antimicrobial exposure and, therefore, compromise treatment success. In addition, pediatric patients are more susceptible to potential adverse drug effects and they need closer monitoring. The aim of this document, developed jointly between the Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacy (SEFH) and the Spanish Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (SEIP), is to describe the available evidence on the indications for therapeutic drug monitoring of antibiotics and antifungals in newborn and pediatric patients and to provide practical recommendations for therapeutic drug monitoring in routine clinical practice to optimize pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters, efficacy and safety of antibiotics and antifungals in the pediatric population., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Therapeutic monitoring of antibiotics and antifungals based on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameters is a strategy increasingly used for the optimization of therapy to improve efficacy, reduce the occurrence of toxicities, and prevent the selection of antimicrobial resistance, particularly in vulnerable patients including neonates and the critical or immunocompromised paediatric host. In neonates and children, infections account for a high percentage of hospital admissions, and anti-infectives are the most used drugs. However, paediatric PK/PD studies and the evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of some newly marketed antibiotics and antifungals-usually used off-label in paediatrics-to determine the optimal drug dosage regimens are limited. It is widely known that this population presents important differences in the PK parameters (especially in drug clearance and volume of distribution) in comparison with adults that may alter antimicrobial exposure and, therefore, compromise treatment success. In addition, paediatric patients are more susceptible to potential adverse drug effects and they need closer monitoring. The aim of this document, developed jointly by the Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacy and the Spanish Society of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, is to describe the available evidence on the indications for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of antibiotics and antifungals in newborn and paediatric patients, and to provide practical recommendations for TDM in routine clinical practice to optimise their dosing, efficacy and safety. Of antibiotics and antifungals in the paediatric population., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest regarding the content of this consensus document., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are among the most widely used drugs in the world, due to their low cost, extensive prescription and effectiveness. However, its long-term use is not safe and there are still certain gaps in the knowledge of the proper use of these drugs. Therefore, this review aims to expose their general properties as well as their true indications, the appropriate long-term use and strategies to achieve adequate deprescription of these drugs, seeking to avoid indiscriminate use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El uso de aditivos de origen natural en producción animal ha tomado gran importancia en el sector pecuario, debido a su potencial de promover el crecimiento de una forma similar a los compuestos sintéticos como hormonas y antibióticos, pero sin causar posibles daños a la salud del animal, del consumidor o detrimento en la calidad de la carne. En los aditivos de origen natural existe una amplia variedad de compuestos, que son extraídos de distintas partes de las plantas, donde se toman ciertos aceites esenciales, mezclas de compuestos o compuestos aislados para utilizarse como remedios medicinales o suplementos alimenticios. Dentro de estos extractos, se encuentran los ácidos hidroxicinámicos, presentes en una gran variedad de vegetales, frutas y granos; los cuales presentan interesantes propiedades bioactivas como son, antioxidantes, antimicrobianos, preventivos de enfermedades cardiovasculares e inmunomoduladores. El uso de este tipo de aditivos en producción animal aún es limitado, pero se sugiere que su inclusión puede ser favorable como una estrategia para promover el crecimiento; sin embargo, dos aspectos importantes a estudiarse en los ácidos hidroxicinámicos es su farmacocinética y farmacodinamia, y a partir de allí establecer las condiciones de dosis, períodos de uso y efectos, además las posibles rutas y biotransformaciones que pueden ocurrir en el organismo animal. Esta revisión discute sobre la inclusión de ácidos hidroxicinámicos en dietas de animales de engorda, propiedades farmacocinéticas y farmacodinamias, y los hallazgos como promotores de crecimiento y sus efectos en la calidad de la carne.

O uso incorreto de pesticidas no controle de pragas gerou contaminação dos leitos de lençóis freáticos, contaminação de alimentos, acúmulo no tecido de gado de corte, bem como a contaminação humana resultando no aparecimento de patologias. O núcleo quinoxalínico apresenta um grande potencial para a química medicinal, estando presente em diversos produtos naturais e sintéticos que apresentam atividade biológica e com baixa toxicidade. Propõe-se o uso de quinoxalinas de origem natural em substituição ao uso das alternativas sintéticas tóxicas atualmente utilizadas como pesticidas. Foram avaliadas cinco quinoxalinas semissintéticas, duas sintéticas e quatro de origem natural. Suas respectivas estruturas bidimensionais foram obtidas no PubChem©. As propriedades físico-químicas como Ph e as propriedades farmacocinéticas de absorção, distribuição, metabolismo, excreção e toxicidade (ADMET) foram calculadas das substâncias no servidor online admetSAR e avaliadas quanto ao parâmetro de similaridade à droga. Substâncias sintéticas e semissintéticas foram melhor absorvidas e distribuídas pelo organismo, apresentando baixa taxa de metabolismo e excreção dificultada. Conclui-se que as quinoxalinas naturais constituem alternativas importantes como pesticidas, no entanto, estudos mais aprofundados ainda são necessários para determinar o impacto que estas substâncias tem diante da exposição descontrolada.

Introducción: El síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (por la COVID-19) es en la actualidad la primera causa de muerte en el Perú, por lo que se requiere de fármacos eficaces y seguros para mitigar la enfermedad. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en SciELO y PubMed/ Medline; se seleccionaron 37 de 58 artículos sobre el tema. Objetivos: Revisar e integrar la información sobre las interacciones farmacocinéticas de la azitromicina que se prescriben en el tratamiento ambulatorio de la COVID-19 en el Perú, y evaluar su implicación clínica. Desarrollo: La azitromicina es usada en la COVID-19, por su actividad antiinflamatoria, al inhibir a las interleucinas (IL1, 6, 8 y TNF-α), y a las moléculas de adhesión intracelular 1 (ICAM1); y por inducir la producción de interferón tipo I (IFN-α, IFN-β) y III (IFN-λ) en células de pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Los estudios de tres brazos, aleatorizado y abierto, indican que la azitromicina no genera cambios en los parámetros farmacocinéticos de la ivermectina, sildenafilo, rupatadina y desloratadina; los estudios de un solo centro, abierto, sin ayuno y de dos períodos, evidencian que la azitromicina influye en los parámetros farmacocinéticos de venetoclax y de los psicotrópicos. Conclusiones: Basado en la evidencia de los estudios clínicos revisados e integrados, se concluye que estas son limitadas y de poca relevancia clínica, sin embargo, se propone usar el antibiótico bajo el criterio científico del médico, para evitar las interacciones farmacocinéticas y las reacciones adversas de los fármacos.

Multiple sclerosis is the most prevalent autoimmune, inflammatory, chronic and degenerative disease worldwide, with relapsing-remitting MS being the most common form of the disease. Natalizumab, an IgG4 monoclonal antibody that binds to the integrin a4ß1 on the surface of leukocytes and thereby prevents them from migrating into the central nervous system, was approved for the management of severe RRMS. At the approved fixed intravenous dose of 300 mg administered every 4 weeks, it has been demonstrated that more than 90% of patients achieve pre-infusion serum concentrations of NTZ >10 µg/mL, whilst efficacy has been demonstrated at levels of 2.5-10 µg/mL. A plasma NTZ concentration of 2.5 µg/mL achieves 50% biophase occupancy and has demonstrated therapeutic efficacy, whilst occupancy rates of between 20 and 40% have been associated with an increase in disease activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies have investigated the efficacy and safety of switching to the biosimilar infliximab (CT-P13) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, there is limited research directly comparing the effectiveness, drug survival, and pharmacokinetic profiles of the reference infliximab (IFX) and CT-P13 in real clinical settings., Objective: To compare the effectiveness and drug survival of CPT-13 and reference IFX at weeks 26 and 52, and to determine the pharmacokinetic profiles and safety profile in real-world settings., Methods: A retrospective observational cohort analysis was conducted at a single center. The study compared the proportion of patients achieving clinical remission and experiencing poor clinical outcomes at weeks 26 and 52. The drug survival rate of CT-P13 and reference infliximab was also assessed during the follow-up period., Results: A total of 153 patients were included in the study, 39.2% receiving CPT-13 and 60.8% reference IFX. At week 26, clinical remission rates were 66.7% (CPT-13: 74.4% vs. reference IFX: 62.3%, p=0.178), and at week 52, they were 64% (CPT-13: 85.4% vs. reference IFX: 63.0%, p=0.012). Subgroup analysis with therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) found no significant differences at week 26 (CPT-13: 74.4% vs. reference IFX: 58.8%, p=0.235) or at week 52 (CPT-13: 85.4% vs. reference IFX: 68.8%, p=0.153)., Conclusion: Our study demonstrates comparable efficacy, drug survival, pharmacokinetic profiles, and incidence of immunogenicity between both drugs in a real clinical setting. Further studies with greater statistical power are needed to validate these findings., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introducción: La evaluación de los efectos adversos de los contaminantes sobre los ecosistemas y la predicción de propiedades farmacocinéticas de compuestos, son campos de investigación de gran interés. Objetivos: desarrollar modelos computacionales que permitan la predicción, lo más acertada posible, del potencial ecotoxicológico de sustancias químicas de interés; así como la predicción de propiedades farmacocinéticas. Métodos: Para el desarrollo de los modelos predictivos se recopilaron bases de datos de toxicidad, mecanismos de acción toxica, permeabilidad a través de barreras biológicas y propiedades quirales. Se emplearon técnicas de estadística, técnicas de inteligencia artificial o de machine learning según el objetivo. Asimismo, se emplearon programas reconocidos internacionalmente y programas propios. Resultados: Como resultados más importantes se tuvieron nuevos modelos computacionales que permiten predecir mejor los efectos adversos de los compuestos sobre el medio ambiente y nuevos modelos para predecir el paso a través de membranas biológicas, así como la definición de nuevos descriptores quirales. Los resultados han sido publicados en revistas de alto impacto, presentados en eventos científicos y han obtenidos varios premios tanto nacionales como internacionales. Conclusiones: El trabajo permitió profundizar la colaboración con varias universidades nacionales y extranjeras. Los nuevos modelos desarrollados están a disposición de la comunidad científica internacional.

Introducción. La farmacometría es una disciplina científica vibrante que está conformada por el ciclo de excelencia: integración, innovación e impacto. Objetivo: Evaluar diferentes enfoques farmacométricos en tres productos biotecnológicos cubanos. Métodos. Se desarrolló un análisis farmacocinético poblacional del nimotuzumab en pacientes con cáncer de mama en estadio III, con escalado de dosis combinado con doxorrubicina y ciclofosfamida. Se caracterizó la famarcocinética/farmacodinámica (PK/PD) de eritropoyetinas humanas recombinantes (EPOhr) pegiladas ramificadas (EPOhr-PEG2-32kDa y EPOhr-PEG2-40kDa), y se comparó con los productos de referencia ior®EPOCIM y MIRCERA® en conejos Nueva Zelanda. Para el análisis de los datos se empleó la modelación de efectos mixtos no lineales (NONMEM®). Resultados. El mejor modelo obtenido para el nimotuzumab fue la aproximación cuasiestado estacionario del modelo completo de disposición mediado por el receptor. Este modelo permitió describir el comportamiento cinético lineal y no lineal del anticuerpo monoclonal. La dosis biológica óptima recomendada osciló entre 200 y 400 mg semanalmente. En el caso de las EPOhr se obtuvo un modelo semimecanístico PK/PD de tránsito celular. Las EPOhr-PEG2-32kDa y EPOhr-PEG2-40kDa mejoraron las propiedades PK y PD en comparación con ior®EPOCIM y MIRCERA®. La modelación con enfoque poblacional, por su carácter integrador y predictivo, fue de gran utilidad en la caracterización óptima de las propiedades PK y PD de los tres productos biotecnológicos cubanos. Además, tiene un notable impacto en la industria farmacéutica en ahorro económico y en tiempo, así como, en el ámbito regulador, en la toma de decisiones durante el proceso de investigación, desarrollo y posterior comercialización de nuevos productos.

Farmacocinetica împreună cu farmacodinamica medicamentelor reprezintă baza în instituirea oricărui protocol terapeutic, astfel cunoaşterea, înţelegerea şi aplicarea principiilor farmacocinetice ale substanţelor citotoxice contribuie la optimizarea tratamentului. Etapele prin care un agent antineoplazic trece prin organism după administrare, respectiv absorbţie, transport, metabolizare şi eliminare, influenţează rezultatul clinic. Rolul farmacocineticii chimioterapicelor citostatice este acela de a obţine o eficienţă maxima a substanţelor active concomitent cu prevenirea şi reducerea toxicităţii acestora. Efectuarea unui profil farmacologic cât mai complet şi corect al citostaticelor este un pas esential în oncologie, iar acest lucru se poate realiza doar prin aprofundarea studiului farmacocineticii.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é avaliar e comparar o efeito de mudanças na CIM, nas taxas de eficácia de difloxacina e orbifloxacina no tratamento das infecções bacterianas causadas por Escherichia coli (E. coli) ou Staphylococcusintermedius (S. intermedius) em cães. Realizou-se o modelamento farmacocinético/farmacodinâmico (PK/PD) para a determinação da eficácia do tratamento com 5 mg/kg de diclofaxina ou 2,5mg/kg de orbifloxacina via oral a cada 24 horas de infeções causadas por por E. coli S. intermedius em cães. Foi realizada uma simulação de Monte Carlo dos parâmetros farmacocinéticos de 10.000 eventos. Os valores de PK foram obtidos de estudos realizados em cães, onde determinaram valores de ASC24 de 9.34 ± 2.09 ug/ml para difloxacina e de ASC24 de 12.72 ± 2.29 ug h/ml para orbifloxacina. Seguidamente foi realizado modelamento PK/PD para determinar as taxas de probabilidade de atingir os índices ASC24/CIM90 de correspondientes, no intervalo de CIM de 0.062 – 0.5ug/ml. A probabilidade de obter a cura bacteriologia após o tratamento com qualquer dos fármacos diminuiu significativamente para infeções causadas por E. coli ou S. intermedius com CIM superiores a 0.125 ug/ml (p˂0,001). O analises comparativo das taxas de eficácia estimadas para os dois fármacos avaliados determinou que não existem diferencias significativas para o tratamento de infeções causadas por E. coliou S.intermedius no intervalo de CIM estudados (p˃0.05). Estes resultados indicam que apesar da diferencia na doses administrada a eficácia de ambos tratamentos não apresenta diferencias significativas. Porem para casos com CIM superiores deveram ser realizados ajustes na doses.