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Ukraine is actively implementing safety legislation and certain indicators of food quality, in particular, raw milk, to the requirements of the European Union. Modern requirements for raw milk require careful analysis of hygienic indicators. Raw milk materials supplied to “Bila Tserkva Dairy Plant” LLC and dairy plant in PJSC “Vita” of Kyiv Region were studied. The count of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms (MAFAM) and the species composition of milk microflora, in particular, bacteria of the genus Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, bacteria of Escherichia coli group, psychrotrophic and spore-forming microorganisms were determined by microbiological methods. Physicochemical methods were used to determine: density, mass fraction of dry matter, somatic cell content, acidity, purity group, mass fractions of protein and fat. According to research results, the quality of farm milk is in an order of magnitude better than milk obtained from private households, in particular, by MAFAM count. The technology of obtaining farm milk ensures its production of extra and first grades, while milk obtained in the conditions of private households – the first grade and non-grade. According to physicochemical parameters, milk obtained under different conditions did not differ significantly. Microbiological parameters differed significantly. The average count of MAFAM in the milk from private households was 4361.25 ± 241.15, which is 12.6 times higher than MAFAM count even in milk of the first grade produced by a dairy farm. Irrespective of the season and conditions of raw milk production, all tested samples met the requirements of the current DSTU for the absence of bacteria of the genus Salmonella in 25 cm3 , Staphylococcus aureus in 0.1 cm3 , and Listeria monocytogenes in 25 cm3 . Bacteria of the Escherichia coli group were not detected in farm milk during the year, in contrast to milk from private households, where they were detected in spring and autumn (20% of cases). Both in farm and milk from private households, a group of mesophilic microorganisms prevailed over spore-forming and psychrotrophic ones. However, their number was different. Prospects for further research are to determine the sources of entering various types of microorganisms in raw milk and to develop procedures to eliminate the possibility of milk contamination with foreign microflora

Ukraine is ac􀆟vely implemen􀆟ng safety legisla􀆟on and certain indicators of food quality, in par􀆟cular, raw milk, to the requirements of the European Union. Modern requirements for raw milk require careful analysis of hygienic indicators. Raw milk materials supplied to "Bila Tserkva Dairy Plant" LLC and dairy plant in PJSC "Vita" of Kyiv Region were studied. The count of mesophilic aerobic and faculta􀆟ve anaerobic microorganisms (MAFAM) and the species composi􀆟on of milk microflora, in par􀆟cular, bacteria of the genus Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, bacteria of Escherichia coli group, psychrotrophic and spore-forming microorganisms were determined by microbiological methods. Physicochemical methods were used to determine: density, mass frac􀆟on of dry ma􀆩er, soma􀆟c cell content, acidity, purity group, mass frac􀆟ons of protein and fat. According to research results, the quality of farm milk is in an order of magnitude be􀆩er than milk obtained from private households, in par􀆟cular, by MAFAM count. The technology of obtaining farm milk ensures its produc􀆟on of extra and first grades, while milk obtained in the condi􀆟ons of private households - the first grade and non-grade. According to physicochemical parameters, milk obtained under different condi􀆟ons did not differ significantly. Microbiological parameters differed significantly. The average count of MAFAM in the milk from private households was 4361.25 ± 241.15, which is 12.6 􀆟mes higher than MAFAM count even in milk of the first grade produced by a dairy farm. Irrespec􀆟ve of the season and condi􀆟ons of raw milk produc􀆟on, all tested samples met the requirements of the current DSTU for the absence of bacteria of the genus Salmonella in 25 cm3, Staphylococcus aureus in 0.1 cm3, and Listeria monocytogenes in 25 cm3. Bacteria of the Escherichia coli group were not detected in farm milk during the year, in contrast to milk from private households, where they were detected in spring and autumn (20% of cases). Both in farm and milk from private households, a group of mesophilic microorganisms prevailed over spore-forming and psychrotrophic ones. However, their number was different. Prospects for further research are to determine the sources of entering various types of microorganisms in raw milk and to develop procedures to eliminate the possibility of milk contamina􀆟on with foreign microflora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Đề tài được thực hiện nhằm đánh giá hiện trạng cơ cấu đàn, năng suất và thành phần sữa của đàn bò sữa tại trại bò sữa Farm Milk Cần Thơ. Tổng đàn của trại hiện có 408 con, khảo sát tập trung vào nhóm bò đang cho sữa. Bò cho sữa tại trại được chia thành hai nhóm là: A (≥15 kg sữa/ngày) và B (

L. monocytogens is one of the major food-borne pathogens which can affect humans and a wide variety of animal species. It usually invades milk and its products at several steps in the food chain, Listeriosis outbreaks remain an important problem globally. High resistance of L. monocytogens to the most of antibiotics due to misusing of it in both veterinary and human field, it necessitates searching about alternatives. Drug laden nanoparticles possibly will overwhelm the restrictions of conservative antibiotic actions related with poisonousness, unsuitable distribution, or enzymatic dilapidation. The aim of this research is to detect prevalence of this bacteria in farm milk and some milk products and to mark the result of H2O2 loaded on silver nanoparticles on Multidrug resistance strains of L. monocytogenes. Therefore, One hundred samples (25 farm bulk tank, 25 plain yoghurt and 50 fresh soft cheese (Talaga)) were randomly collected from dairy farms and different shops in different areas of Mansoura city, Dakahlia governorate. Egypt. The isolated strains of L. monocytogenes were evaluated phenotypically and genotypically for detection of virulence factors (invasive linked protein (iap), haemolysin (hylA) and actin polymerization protein (actA)) that were carried out by using multiplex PCR. Out of 100 samples 7 listeria monocytogenes isolates from Fresh soft cheese (Talaga) samples (14%). These 7 isolates had iap gene, while 6 isolates had hly gene and 5 isolates had actA gene. Also the three types of virulence genes were in four isolates at which a higher multiple antibiotic resistance between L.monocytogenes isolates. Assessment of antibacterial action of silver nanoparticles and hydrogen peroxide antibacterial doings was assessed by broth microdilution test and our results revealed that H2O2/AgNPs with 6.25-3.13 µg/mL MIC values of the original concentrations 13 µg/mL MIC values of the original concentrations highly effective against L. monocytogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out with the objectives to determine the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in raw milk and identification of associated risk factors from three different types of animal farming systems. A total of 189 pooled raw milk samples were tested for AFM1 with enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) as screening and high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) as confirmatory techniques. AFM1 was found positive in 58% pooled milk samples with the mean level of 0.917 µg/L, while 50.8% and 36.5% samples were found above the legal limits set by European Commission (EC) and Food safety and standard authority of India (FSSAI), respectively for AFM1 in milk. Among all investigated risk factors, feeding of readymade concentrate feed and leftover household cereals, longer feed storage duration and feed storage quality were found significantly associated with presence of AFM1 in farm milk. High prevalence as well as levels of AFM1 in farm milk poses a health risk to the consumers especially children. Therefore, efforts are urgently required to create awareness among dairy farmers about aflatoxins contamination of feed and milk, to improve farm management practices and to control AFM1 level in milk below the legal limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review, we discuss an immunobiology model of farm exposure towards the protective effect of asthma. Unraveling the protective effect of farming exposure could help develop novel strategies to prevent asthma. Asthma is a chronic airway inflammation that causes coughing, wheezing, chest tightness or shortness of breath. The reasons for the increase in the prevalence of asthma worldwide is still unclear but has been hypothesized to be attributable to westernization/urbanization of rural regions thus resulting in the loss of rural farming environmental. In this review we discuss the effect of the environmental factors, specifically farming, on the risk of asthma in children. Here, we will summarize the main findings of 27 studies related to 11 different cohorts. Several studies have shown preventive effect of traditional farming on the prevalence and incidence of asthma in childhood. Furthermore, consumption of unpasteurized cow's milk, exposure to farm animals as well as fodder have been shown to have a protective effect on asthma. The precise mechanism of the protective effect is still unclear. There are assumptions, that maternal/childhood exposures to farm animals result in higher microbial exposures through which the protective effect might be mediated. Also, consumption of unpasteurized milk (when consumed during pregnancy by mother or early childhood by children) can modulate cytokine production patterns which could be responsible for the observed protective effect. Conclusion. This review provides evidence of the protective effect of farming environment i.e., exposure to farm animals, their fodder as well as consumption of unpasteurized cow's milk suggesting that novel strategies could be developed to prevent asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Biodynamic dairy production is based on a land-related animal production without the additional input of N-fertilizers. The concentrate level per cow is low. This affects the yield level of animals and product quality outcomes. Methods: We examined the milk fatty acid (FA) composition of European biodynamic farms in relation to the ecological region of production and the farm’s climate conditions. Climate data were derived from existing maps describing ecological vegetation zones within Europe. Additionally, biodynamic shop milk was compared to conventional shop milk, based on a regional comparison. Results: The largest differences in the FA composition were between biodynamic summer and winter milk. We found increased proportions of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA-n3), monounsaturated FA (MUFA), and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) in the summer milk. A principal component analysis expressed the structure that was present in the biodynamic farm milk samples, based on clusters of a single FA within four components. The components could be correlated with the season of production, the amount of precipitation, the elevation of the farm above sea level, and the length of the grazing season. Biodynamic shop milk in the summer had a lower n6/n3 PUFA ratio compared to the conventional shop milk in all regions of production. Mean values were 1.37 and 1.89, respectively. Conclusions: The differentiation of biodynamic milk FA composition is consistent with the existing knowledge about the effects of fresh grass, fodder, and ratio composition on the milk’s FA composition. Based on the n6/n3 PUFA ratio, the average biodynamic dairy cow had a high intake (>82%) of fresh grass and conserved roughage (hay and grass silage), especially in the summer.

Background: An important window of opportunity for early-life exposures has been proposed for the development of atopic eczema and asthma., Objective: However, it is unknown whether hay fever with a peak incidence around late school age to adolescence is similarly determined very early in life., Methods: In the Protection against Allergy-Study in Rural Environments (PASTURE) birth cohort potentially relevant exposures such as farm milk consumption and exposure to animal sheds were assessed at multiple time points from infancy to age 10.5 years and classified by repeated measure latent class analyses (n = 769). Fecal samples at ages 2 and 12 months were sequenced by 16S rRNA. Hay fever was defined by parent-reported symptoms and/or physician's diagnosis of hay fever in the last 12 months using questionnaires at 10.5 years., Results: Farm children had half the risk of hay fever at 10.5 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.50; 95% CI 0.31-0.79) than that of nonfarm children. Whereas early life events such as gut microbiome richness at 12 months (aOR 0.66; 95% CI 0.46-0.96) and exposure to animal sheds in the first 3 years of life (aOR 0.26; 95% CI 0.06-1.15) were determinants of hay fever, the continuous consumption of farm milk from infancy up to school age was necessary to exert the protective effect (aOR 0.35; 95% CI 0.17-0.72)., Conclusions: While early life events determine the risk of subsequent hay fever, continuous exposure is necessary to achieve protection. These findings argue against the notion that only early life exposures set long-lasting trajectories., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Cross-sectional epidemiological studies have demonstrated that farm milk from traditional farm settings possesses allergoprotective properties. Up to now, it has not been clarified which milk ingredient is responsible for protection against allergic diseases. As farm milk is rich in conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), it is hypothesized that this n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid family contributes to the allergoprotective capacity of farm milk. We aim to prove this hypothesis in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation. Methods: To prove the bioavailability and allergoprotective capacity of milk-associated CLA in a standardized protocol, milk batches that differed significantly in terms of their CLA content were spray dried and incorporated into a basic diet by substituting the regular sunflower fat fraction. Initially, the milk CLA uptake from the diet was monitored via measurement of the CLA content in plasma and erythrocyte membranes obtained from supplemented mice. To determine whether a milk CLA-enriched diet possesses allergoprotective properties, female Balb/c mice were fed the milk CLA-enriched diet ahead of sensitization and a challenge with ovalbumin (OVA) and the parameters of airway inflammation and eisosanoid pattern were measured. Results: In animals, supplementation with a diet rich in milk CLA resulted in elevated CLA levels in plasma and erythrocyte membranes, indicating bioavailability of milk fatty acids. Though membrane-associated phospholipid patterns were affected by supplementation with milk CLA, this application neither reduced the hallmarks of allergic airway inflammation in sensitized and OVA-challenged mice nor modified the eiconsanoid pattern in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of these animals. Conclusion: Milk-associated CLA was not capable of preventing murine allergic airway inflammation in an animal model of OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cow's milk is an important part of human diet and a source of food allergy for some individuals. Medical guidance strongly discourages consumption of raw milk because of the known health risk associated with pathogenic bacteria present in unpasteurized milk. Despite these risks there is a growing body of epidemiological evidence suggesting that consumption of unprocessed cow's milk does not increase but rather decreases the risk of asthma, hay fever and atopic sensitisation. The article reviews the epidemiological literature and discusses components of unprocessed milk potentially responsible for this protection. It focuses on the role of bacteria in raw milk, the fatty acid profile, whey proteins and finally the role of allergens in milk. Although the epidemiological evidence consistently suggest a protective role of unprocessed cow's milk consumption on the development of asthma, hay fever and atopic sensitization the underlying mechanisms are not yet understood and the consumption of raw milk cannot be recommended as a preventive measure for allergic diseases. Cite this as: C. Braun-Fahrländer and E. von Mutius, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2011 (41) 29-35. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low prevalence of asthma and allergies in farm children has partially been ascribed to the consumption of raw cow's milk. A literature search identified 12 publications on 8 pertinent studies. A meta-analysis corroborated the protective effect of raw milk consumption early in life (<1 to 5 years, according to study) on asthma (odds ratio [OR], 0.58; 95% CI, 0.49-0.69), current wheeze (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.55-0.78), hay fever or allergic rhinitis (OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.57-0.82), and atopic sensitization (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.62-0.95). The effect particularly on asthma was observed not only in children raised on farms (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.58-0.82) but also in children living in rural areas but not on a farm (OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.48-0.74). This demonstrates that the effect of farm milk consumption is independent of other farm exposures and that children not living on a farm can theoretically profit from this effect. Because of the minimal but real risk of life-threatening infections, however, consumption of raw milk and products thereof is strongly discouraged. Raw farm milk and industrially processed milk differ in many instances including removal of cellular components, manipulation of the fat fraction, and various degrees of heating. Preliminary evidence attributes the effect to heat-labile molecules and components residing in the fat fraction. The Milk Against Respiratory Tract Infections and Asthma (MARTHA) trial is currently testing the protective effect of microbiologically safe, minimally processed cow's milk against standard ultra-heat-treated milk in children from 6 months to 3 years with the primary outcome of an asthma diagnosis until age 5 years. If successful, this approach might provide a simple but effective prevention strategy., (Copyright © 2019 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Simple Summary: Biodynamic (BD) farming is one of the earliest organic labels. BD dairy farmers act according strict regulations on feed, fodder and manure cycling and their farms are known as low-input systems. The milk fatty acid (FA) composition of European BD farm milk was investigated in relation to its region of production. Farms were located in different climate zones. The FA composition was different between summer and winter, and increased levels of unsaturated FA were found in summer milk. Differences in milk FA between the three main regions (Atlantic, Central and Pre-Alpine) were caused by differences in rainfall, farm elevation and the length of the grazing season. The results are along the same line of knowledge how fresh grass, conserved fodder, maize silage and concentrates affect the milk FA profile. An important health marker for milk fat is the omega-6 to omega-3 (n6/n3) ratio, which should preferably be low. Milk fat based on pure grazing had a n6/n3 ratio of 1.00. Average BD shop milk had a lower n6/n3 ratio (1.37) compared to conventional shop milk (1.89). Based on the n6/n3 ratio, a BD dairy cow had a high intake (>82%) of fresh grass and conserved roughage (hay and grass silage). Background: Biodynamic dairy production is based on a land-related animal production without the additional input of N-fertilizers. The concentrate level per cow is low. This affects the yield level of animals and product quality outcomes. Methods: We examined the milk fatty acid (FA) composition of European biodynamic farms in relation to the ecological region of production and the farm's climate conditions. Climate data were derived from existing maps describing ecological vegetation zones within Europe. Additionally, biodynamic shop milk was compared to conventional shop milk, based on a regional comparison. Results: The largest differences in the FA composition were between biodynamic summer and winter milk. We found increased proportions of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA-n3), monounsaturated FA (MUFA), and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) in the summer milk. A principal component analysis expressed the structure that was present in the biodynamic farm milk samples, based on clusters of a single FA within four components. The components could be correlated with the season of production, the amount of precipitation, the elevation of the farm above sea level, and the length of the grazing season. Biodynamic shop milk in the summer had a lower n6/n3 PUFA ratio compared to the conventional shop milk in all regions of production. Mean values were 1.37 and 1.89, respectively. Conclusions: The differentiation of biodynamic milk FA composition is consistent with the existing knowledge about the effects of fresh grass, fodder, and ratio composition on the milk's FA composition. Based on the n6/n3 PUFA ratio, the average biodynamic dairy cow had a high intake (>82%) of fresh grass and conserved roughage (hay and grass silage), especially in the summer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective : Sarcoidosis is thought to be an aberrant immune response to environmental agents, with rural living as a risk factor. We aimed to determine if farm living, consumption of farm (untreated) milk, or untreated water increased the risk of sarcoidosis. Methods: In a case-referent design, patients aged 18⁻60 with pulmonary sarcoidosis together with referents with other chronic respiratory disease, diagnosed 1999⁻2005 in Alberta, Canada, were approached through their specialist physician. Participants completed a telephone questionnaire about farm living, use of untreated water and farm milk for each residence from birth to diagnosis. Exposures at birth, up to age five, and up to diagnosis were calculated. Results: The study included 615 cases and 1334 referents. The consumption of farm milk, but not of unpiped water or farm living overall, appeared to be consistently associated with sarcoidosis in a fully adjusted analysis. The association was present for farm milk used in the residence of birth (odds ratios (OR): 1.59, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.08⁻2.34) and persisted for those drinking farm milk to age five years (OR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.04⁻2.21), and for those drinking farm milk for >16 years to diagnosis (OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.04⁻2.15). The association with sarcoidosis was stronger when the referent was in the subgroup diagnosed with asthma but was present also with referents with other chronic respiratory disease. Among those whose family used farm milk at birth and to age 5 years, continued use of farm milk into adulthood increased the risk of sarcoidosis. Conclusion: We observed evidence of positive association between consumption of farm milk and sarcoidosis., Competing Interests: None of the authors declares any competing interests.

Background: There is evidence that gene expression of innate immunity receptors is upregulated by farming-related exposures. Objective: We sought to determine environmental and nutritional exposures associated with the gene expression of innate immunity receptors during pregnancy and the first year of a child''s life. Methods: For the Protection Against Allergy: Study in Rural Environments (PASTURE) birth cohort study, 1133 pregnant women were recruited in rural areas of Austria, Finland, France, Germany, and Switzerland. mRNA expression of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 1 through TLR9 and CD14 was assessed in blood samples at birth (n = 938) and year 1 (n = 752). Environmental exposures, as assessed by using questionnaires and a diary kept during year 1, and polymorphisms in innate receptor genes were related to gene expression of innate immunity receptors by using ANOVA and multivariate regression analysis. Results: Gene expression of innate immunity receptors in cord blood was overall higher in neonates of farmers (P for multifactorial multivariate ANOVA = .041), significantly so for TLR7 (adjusted geometric means ratio [aGMR], 1.15; 95% CI, 1.02-1.30) and TLR8 (aGMR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.04-1.26). Unboiled farm milk consumption during the first year of life showed the strongest association with mRNA expression at year 1, taking the diversity of other foods introduced during that period into account: TLR4 (aGMR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.03-1.45), TLR5 (aGMR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.01-1.41), and TLR6 (aGMR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.04-1.38). A previously described modification of the association between farm milk consumption and CD14 gene expression by the single nucleotide polymorphism CD14/C-1721T was not found. Conclusion: Farming-related exposures, such as raw farm milk consumption, that were previously reported to decrease the risk for allergic outcomes were associated with a change in gene expression of innate immunity receptors in early life. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Farm milk consumption has been identified as an exposure that might contribute to the protective effect of farm life on childhood asthma and allergies. The mechanism of action and the role of particular constituents of farm milk, however, are not yet clear. Objective: We sought to investigate the farm milk effect and determine responsible milk constituents. Methods: In rural regions of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, a comprehensive questionnaire about farm milk consumption and other farm-related exposures was completed by parents of 8334 school-aged children, and 7606 of them provided serum samples to assess specific IgE levels. In 800 cow''s milk samples collected at the participants'' homes, viable bacterial counts, whey protein levels, and total fat content were analyzed. Asthma, atopy, and hay fever were associated to reported milk consumption and for the first time to objectively measured milk constituents by using multiple regression analyses. Results: Reported raw milk consumption was inversely associated to asthma (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.59; 95% CI, 0.46-0.74), atopy (aOR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.61-0.90), and hay fever (aOR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.37-0.69) independent of other farm exposures. Boiled farm milk did not show a protective effect. Total viable bacterial counts and total fat content of milk were not significantly related to asthma or atopy. Increased levels of the whey proteins BSA (aOR for highest vs lowest levels and asthma, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.30-0.97), α-lactalbumin (aOR for interquartile range and asthma, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.52-0.97), and β-lactoglobulin (aOR for interquartile range and asthma, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.39-0.97), however, were inversely associated with asthma but not with atopy. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the protective effect of raw milk consumption on asthma might be associated with the whey protein fraction of milk. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]