20 results on '"FAO Penman-Monteith method"'
Search Results
2. Correcting Hargreaves‐Samani formula using geographical coordinates and rainfall over different timescales.
- Author
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Elagib, Nadir Ahmed and Musa, Ammar Ahmed
- Subjects
RAINFALL ,AGRICULTURAL organizations ,EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ,MODEL validation ,SEASONS ,ARID regions - Abstract
The United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) approved the Hargreaves‐Samani formula (HAR‐85) as an alternative to the standard Penman‐Monteith method (FAO‐PM) for estimating grass reference evapotranspiration (ETo). With much less data demand, HAR‐85 is unequivocally useful where meteorological variables are often scarce, incomplete or unavailable. Herein, we evaluate HAR‐85 against FAO‐PM across 2.505 million km2, representing Sudan and South Sudan and encompassing wide hydroclimate domains including the Nile River. We further propose simple year‐round and seasonal adjustment models to correcting HAR‐85 across the entire study area. The models express HAR‐85's error in multiple linear regressions in terms of latitude, longitude, altitude and/or monthly rainfall. Varying data periods, including odd, even and all years, are used in the evaluation and the adjustment models development and validation processes to investigate the influence of changing data period. A suit of eight performance indicators shows dependency of the original bias of HAR‐85 on the geographical location, monthly rainfall amount, season of the year and data period. All error indicators amplify southward from the hyper‐arid region to the dry sub‐humid zone. For example, the mean bias error (MBE) ranges from −0.51 to 1.29 mm/day, respectively. Study area‐wide, HAR‐85 least represents FAO‐PM during the hottest month and the transitional month (between the wet and dry‐cool seasons) with MBE of 0.65 and 0.70 mm/day, respectively. Conversely, it represents FAO‐PM the most in the wettest month, with smallest MBE of 0.32 mm/day. Beholding this spatiotemporal trait, the final yearly and seasonal adjustment models developed herein enormously moderate the predominant overestimation of the original HAR‐85. The former model explains 46.7% of the error variance whereas 36.9% to 62.3% of the variation in the error is explainable by the latter models. These adjustment models narrow the monthly MBE among the stations from −0.71‐2.17 to −0.80‐1.20 and −0.65‐0.99 mm/day, respectively. Without undermining the accuracy, the year‐round adjustment model can still be feasibly recommended for general use across the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Estimation of Daily Reference Evapotranspiration in Humid Climates Using Data-Driven Methods of Gaussian Process Regression, Support Vector Regression and Random Forest
- Author
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Saeed Samadianfard, Mobarak Salarifar, Sahar Javidan, and Fatemeh Mikaeili
- Subjects
data driven methods ,fao penman–monteith method ,hargreaves-samani equation ,north of iran ,reference evapotranspiration ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 ,Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes ,TD201-500 - Abstract
Accurate estimation of reference evapotranspiration has great importance in irrigation scheduling. Moreover, the lack of availability of lysimetric data has led researchers to use indirect methods, including data-driven approaches. In the present study, the ability of Gaussian process regression (GPR), support vector regression (SVR) and random forest (RF) data-driven methods was investigated to estimate the evapotranspiration of the reference plant. For this purpose, meteorological data on average temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and sunny hours in the period 2013-18 were collected in nine northern stations of Iran including Astara, Bandar Anzali, Rasht, Ramsar, Nowshahr, Sari, Turkmen port, Gorgan, and Gonbad Kavous. Evapotranspiration calculated using FAO-Penman-Montith method was considered as the target output and four combined scenarios of meteorological parameters were considered to calibrate and validate the studied methods. The accuracy of the mentioned methods was compared using the statistical parameters of correlation coefficient, scatter index, and Wilmott’s coefficient. The results showed that GPR4 model with scatter index in the range of 0.132 to 0.179 in Astara, Bandar Anzali, Rasht, Ramsar, Nowshahr and Sari stations, SVR4 model with dispersion index of 0.116 to 0.120 in Turkmen and Gonbad Kavous stations and the Hargreaves-Samani method with a scatter index of 0.509 at Gorgan station had much more accurate estimates of the evapotranspiration of the reference plant.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Comparing of Generalized Linear Models, Random Forest and Gradient Boosting Trees in Estimation of Reference Crop Evapotranspiration (Case Study: The Sistan Plain)
- Author
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H. Siasar, T. Honar, and M. Abdolahipour
- Subjects
fao penman-monteith method ,meteorological parameters ,sensitivity analysis ,air temperature ,Agriculture ,Agriculture (General) ,S1-972 - Abstract
The estimation of reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) is one the important factors in hydrological studies, irrigation planning, and water resources management. This study attempts to explore the possibility of predicting this key component using three different methods in the Sistan plain: Generalized Linear Models (GLM), Random Forest (RF) and Gradient Boosting Trees (GBT). The maximum and minimum temperature, mean temperature, maximum and minimum humidity, mean humidity, rainfall, sunshine hours, wind speed, and pan evaporation data were applied for years between 2009 to 2018. Using various networks, the ETo as output parameter was estimated for different scenarios including the combination of daily scale meteorological parameters. In order to evaluate the capabilities of different models, results were compared with the ETo calculated by FAO Penman-Monteith as the standard method. Among studied scenarios, M1 covering the maximum number of input parameters (10 parameters) showed the highest accuracy for GBT model, with the lowest RMSE (0.633) and MAE (0.451) and the maximum coefficient of regression (R = 0.993). Air temperature was found as the most sensitive parameters during sensitivity analysis of studied models. It indicated that accuracy and precision of temperature data can improve the results. Application of the GBT model could decrease the time consumed to run the model by 70%. Therefore, the GBT model is recommended for estimation of ETo in the Sistan plain.
- Published
- 2020
5. Evaluation and bias correction of CRU TS4.05 potential evapotranspiration across vast environments with limited data.
- Author
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Elagib, Nadir Ahmed, Ali, Marwan M.A., and Schneider, Karl
- Subjects
- *
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION , *RAINFALL , *GEOGRAPHIC boundaries , *CLIMATOLOGY , *LONGITUDE , *PRECIPITATION gauges - Abstract
Long-term and reliable gridded estimates of potential evapotranspiration (PET) are often dearth. Being the longest available dataset with no validation, this work makes an effort to answer two questions: First, how well does the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) Time-Series (TS) Version 4.05 PET (CRU-PET) dataset capture FAO Penman-Monteith grass reference evapotranspiration (ET o) across a range of environments and, second, can a simple adjustment approach be devised to curb the error, if any? The CRU-PET dataset is evaluated against ET o in two data-scarce countries, namely Sudan and South Sudan. Monthly station data measured at 12 stations spread over hyper-arid, arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid zones are used. It is shown generally that CRU-PET tends to perform better in dry than wet conditions, and in arid than in humid locations. In this regard, CRU-PET has a tendency to overestimate (underestimate) the stations' values in the arid (humid) zone, with best performance characteristics achieved north of latitude 15° N. Rainfall plays a key role in determining the bias and has a non-linear effect. This bias is, however, unclear in rainless months when both augmented overestimates and underestimates are observed. Incorporating geographical coordinates (latitude, longitude and altitude) as co-variables with monthly rainfall in a multiple linear regression explained 40.7% of the variations in the bias. In this data-scarce study area (>2.5 million km2), this simple adjustment significantly improves the stations' CRU-PET as indicated by eight performance metrics. Furthermore, validation analysis showed a reduction of the overall mean bias error based on the 12 stations from −0.255 to 0.086 mm/day. To apply this correction method on a spatial domain, gridded precipitation data are needed. We used the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC 8) dataset, with which 41.9% of the CRU-PET bias is explained. In conclusion, this study cautions the use of CRU-PET dataset without prior evaluation in areas with similar geographical boundaries, climatic conditions and limited availability of data. [Display omitted] • We evaluate PET from CRU TS4.05 (CRU-PET) across diverse environments in Sudan and South Sudan. • Monthly CRU-PET shows underestimation (overestimation) in wetter (drier) localities and seasons. • Adjustment regression formula incorporating monthly rainfall, latitude, longitude and altitude is developed. • The simplicity of the adjustment approach opens venues for application elsewhere. • Previous results obtained using uncorrected CRU-PET should be treated with caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Assessing suitability of temperature-based reference evapotranspiration methods for semi-arid basin of Maharashtra
- Author
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P.S. WABLE, M.K. JHA, and S.D. GORANTIWAR
- Subjects
FAO Penman-Monteith method ,temperature-based Penman-Monteith method ,Hargreaves method ,ET mapping ,limited data ,semi-arid region ,Agriculture - Abstract
FAO Penman-Monteith (FAO-PM) is deemed as a sole standard method for estimating reference evapotranspiration (ET ). However, limited availability of meteorological data at spatial and temporal o scales restricts the application of this method. To address this issue, the FAO 56 experts suggested three methods when only maximum and minimum temperature data are available: (i) Temperature-based Penman-Monteith (PMT-1) method wherein T ≈ T (ii) PMT-2 wherein T ≈ T -2.5, and (iii) dew min dew min Hargreaves method. These ET methods were assessed for a semi-arid basin of Western India which lacks adequate climatic data. The performances of the ET methods were evaluated against the standard FAO-PM method using salient statistical and graphical indicators, together with the sensitivity analysis. The results of the three temperature-based methods had a tendency of over-predication of ET in the study area. The PMT-1 method, however, provided superior ET estimates compared to PMT-2 and Hargreaves methods. For estimating monthly ET , the FAO-PM method was most sensitive to temperature. Further, ET of the monsoon season over the study area increased from 5 to 12% during 'drought' years compared to 'normal' years. It was concluded that PMT-1 method is the most suitable temperature-based method for estimating ET in semi-arid regions under limited climatic condition.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Assessing suitability of temperature-based reference evapotranspiration methods for semi-arid basin of Maharashtra.
- Author
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WABLE, P. S., JHA, M. K., and GORANTIWAR, S. D.
- Subjects
ARID regions ,MAXIMA & minima ,EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ,SENSITIVITY analysis - Abstract
FAO Penman-Monteith (FAO-PM) is deemed as a sole standard method for estimating reference evapotranspiration (ET
o ). However, limited availability of meteorological data at spatial and temporal scales restricts the application of this method. To address this issue, the FAO 56 experts suggested three methods when only maximum and minimum temperature data are available: (i) Temperature-based Penman-Monteith (PMT-1) method wherein Tdew ≈ Tmin (ii) PMT-2 wherein Tdew ≈ Tmin -2.5, and (iii) Hargreaves method. These ETo methods were assessed for a semi-arid basin of Western India which lacks adequate climatic data. The performances of the ETo methods were evaluated against the standard FAO-PM method using salient statistical and graphical indicators, together with the sensitivity analysis. The results of the three temperature-based methods had a tendency of over-predication of ETo in the study area. The PMT-1 method, however, provided superior ETo estimates compared to PMT-2 and Hargreaves methods. For estimating monthly ETo , the FAO-PM method was most sensitive to temperature. Further, ETo of the monsoon season over the study area increased from 5 to 12% during 'drought' years compared to 'normal' years. It was concluded that PMT-1 method is the most suitable temperature-based method for estimating ETo in semi-arid regions under limited climatic condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
8. FAO Reference evapotranspiration and crop water requirement of apple (Malus Pumila) in Kashmir Valley
- Author
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LATIEF AHMAD, SABAH PARVAZE, SAQIB PARVAZE, and RAIHANA HABIB KANTH
- Subjects
FAO Penman-Monteith method ,reference evapotranspiration ,crop evapotranspiration ,apple ,Agriculture - Abstract
Reference evapotranspiration is a significant agrometeorological parameter used for estimation of crop water requirement and irrigation scheduling. The present study was undertaken to determine the reference evapotranspiration and crop water requirement for apple cultivation in the Kashmir valley. Reference evapotranspiration (ET0) was determined for seven major apple producing districts of Kashmir valley, viz. Srinagar, Budgam, Kupwara, Pulwama, Baramulla, Anantnag and Shopian. The average ET0 for apples cultivation in Kashmir Valley was 912 mm. The mean water requirement (ETc) was minimum during the initial stage being 69 mm and maximum during the mid-season stage being 668 mm. The mean water requirement during the late-season stage was 175 mm. The minimum annual ETc was observed at Baramulla (846 mm) and the maximum annual ETc at Srinagar (953 mm). Different stations showed variations in water requirement due to differences in altitude and local weather conditions.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Marmara Bölgesinde Referans Bitki Su Tüketiminin Alansal ve Zamansal Değişimi
- Author
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Charifa ARABİ and Burak Nazmi CANDOĞAN
- Subjects
Agricultural, Engineering ,Mühendislik, Ziraat ,Referans bitki su tüketimi ,FAO Penman-Monteith yöntemi ,eğilim analizi ,ters mesafe ağırlıklı enterpolasyon ,Marmara Bölgesi ,Reference crop evapotranspiration ,FAO Penman-Monteith method ,trend analysis ,inverse distance weighted interpolation ,Marmara Region - Abstract
In this study, the annual total ETo values were estimated using the FAO Penman-Monteith method for 18 meteorological stations in the Marmara Region between the years 1990-2020 and their spatial and temporal changes were evaluated. For this purpose, annual total ETo trends were determined for each station using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and Sen method, and ETo maps were prepared using the Geographical Information System (GIS) Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation method. According to the results of the study, the annual total ETo values varied between 742.3-1440.7 mm. While statistically significant increasing trends were determined in ETo values for Edirne, Kocaeli, Sakarya, Bozcaada, Çanakkale, Kırklareli, Uzunköprü, Tekirdağ, İpsala and Dursunbey stations, the trends were significantly decreasing for Kumköy-Kilyos and Keles stations. However, the increasing trends in ETo for Bandırma, Bursa, Şile, Florya and Gönen stations and the decreasing trend determined for Bilecik were not statistically significant. According to the annual average ETo map, ETo has reached high values in the western parts of the Marmara Region (south of Edirne, west of Balıkesir and Çanakkale), while ETo values have decreased in the east of Kırklareli and Tekirdağ (in the northern parts of the region) and east of Istanbul, Kocaeli and Sakarya (in the eastern parts of the region). In addition, while the average ETo values for long-term years were low in Kırklareli, the east of Tekirdağ, Kocaeli and Sakarya, statistically significant increasing trends were determined in the annual total ETo values calculated from the data of meteorology stations in these provinces., Bu çalışmada, Marmara Bölgesinde bulunan 18 meteoroloji istasyonu için 1990-2020 yılları arası aylık iklim verileri kullanılmış ve FAO Penman-Monteith yöntemi ile yıllık toplam ETo değerleri tahmin edilerek alansal ve zamansal değişimleri değerlendirilmiştir. Bu amaçla, her bir istasyon için parametrik olmayan Mann-Kendall testi ve Sen yöntemi kullanılarak yıllık toplam ETo eğilimleri belirlenmiş ve coğrafi bilgi sistemleri (CBS) Ters Mesafe Ağırlıklı (IDW) enterpolasyon yöntemi kullanılarak ta ETo haritaları hazırlanmıştır. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre, yıllık toplam ETo değerleri 742.3-1440.7 mm arasında değişim göstermiştir. Edirne, Kocaeli, Sakarya, Bozcaada, Çanakkale, Kırklareli, Uzunköprü, Tekirdağ, İpsala ve Dursunbey istasyonları için ETo değerlerinde istatistiksel olarak önemli artış eğilimleri belirlenirken, Kumköy-Kilyos ve Keles istasyonları için eğilimler önemli düzeyde azalan yönde olmuştur. Bununla birlikte, Bandırma, Bursa, Şile, Florya ve Gönen istasyonları için gerçekleşen ETo artış eğilimleri ile Bilecik için belirlenen azalış eğilimi istatistiksel olarak önemli olmamıştır. Yıllık ortalama ETo haritası değerlendirildiğinde, Marmara Bölgesi’nin batı kesimlerinde (Edirne’nin güneyi, Balıkesir’in batısı ve Çanakkale) ETo yüksek değerlere ulaşmıştır. Bölgenin kuzey kesimlerinde; Kırklareli ve Tekirdağ’ın doğusunda ve bölgenin doğu kesimlerinde; İstanbul’un doğusu, Kocaeli ve Sakarya’da ETo değerleri düşmüştür. Ayrıca Kırklareli, Tekirdağ’ın doğusu, Kocaeli ve Sakarya’da uzun yıllar ortalama ETo değerleri düşük bulunurken, bu illerde ki meteoroloji istasyonları verilerinden hesaplanan yıllık toplam ETo değerlerinde istatistiksel olarak önemli düzeyde artış eğilimleri belirlenmiştir.
- Published
- 2022
10. Spatiotemporal Patterns of Crop Irrigation Water Requirements in the Heihe River Basin, China.
- Author
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Yaqun Liu, Wei Song, and Xiangzheng Deng
- Subjects
IRRIGATION water ,WATER requirements for crops ,CROP planting equipment ,EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ,PLANTING - Abstract
Agricultural expansion, population growth, rapid urbanization, and climate change have all significantly impacted global water supply and demand and have led to a number of negative consequences including ecological degradation and decreases in biodiversity, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. The agricultural sector consumes the most water globally; crop irrigation alone uses up more than 80% of available agricultural water. Thus, to maintain sustainable development of the global economy and ecosystems, it is crucial to effectively manage crop irrigation water. We focus on the arid and semi-arid Heihe River Basin (HRB), China, as a case study in this paper, extracting spatiotemporal information on the distribution of crop planting using multi-temporal Thematic Mapper and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (TM/ETM+) remote sensing (RS) images. We estimate the spatiotemporal crop irrigation water requirements (IWR
c ) using the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Penman-Monteith method and reveal variations in IWRc . We also analyze the impact of changes in crop planting structure on IWRc and discuss strategies for the rational allocation of irrigation water as well as policies to alleviate imbalance between water supply and demand. The results of this study show that effective rainfall (ER) decreases upstream-to-downstream within the HRB, while crop evapotranspiration under standard conditions (ETc) increases, leading to increasing spatial variation in IWRc from zero up to 150 mm and between 300 and 450 mm. Data show that between 2007 and 2012, annual mean ER decreased from 139.49 to 106.29 mm, while annual mean ETc increased from 483.87 to 500.38 mm, and annual mean IWRc increased from 339.95 to 370.11 mm. Data show that monthly mean IWRc initially increased before decreasing in concert with crop growth. The largest values for this index were recorded during the month of June; results show that IWRc for May and June decreased by 8.14 and 11.67 mm, respectively, while values for July increased by 5.75 mm between 2007 and 2012. These variations have helped to ease the temporal imbalance between water supply and demand. Mean IWRc values for oilseed rape, corn, barley, and other crops all increased over the study period, from 208.43, 349.35, 229.26, and 352.85 mm, respectively, in 2007, to 241.81, 393.10, 251.17, and 378.86 mm, respectively, in 2012. At the same time, the mean IWRc of wheat decreased from 281.53 mm in 2007 to 266.69 mm in 2012. Mainly because of changes in planting structure, the total IWRc for the HRB in 2012 reached 2692.58 × 106 m³, an increase of 332.16 × 106 m³ (14.07%) compared to 2007. Data show that 23.11% (76.77 × 106 m³) of this increase is due to crop transfers, while the remaining 76.89% (255.39 × 106 m³) is the result of the rapid expansion of cultivated land. Thus, to maintain both the sustainable development and ecological security of the HRB, it is crucial to efficiently manage and utilize agricultural water in light of spatiotemporal patterns in IWRc changes as well as IWRc variations between different crops. The cultivation of water-demanding crops and the further expansion of agricultural land should also be avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Actual and Reference Evapotranspiration in a Cornfield in the Zhangye Oasis, Northwestern China.
- Author
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Lianglei Gu, Zeyong Hu, Jimin Yao, and Genhou Sun
- Subjects
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ,HYDROLOGIC cycle ,SEASONAL temperature variations ,WIND speed ,ATMOSPHERIC temperature ,HUMIDITY - Abstract
Abstract Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important component of the surface energy balance and water cycle, especially in arid and semiarid regions. The characteristics of the actual evapotranspiration (ET
a ), which was calculated using the eddy covariance method, and the reference evapotranspiration (ET0 ), which was estimated using the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Penman–Monteith method, were analysed. This work focussed on the seasonal variations in evapotranspiration and crop coefficient (Kc ) above the heterogeneous canopy of an arid oasis ecosystem in a cornfield of the Zhangye oasis in northwestern China. The results showed that in 2008, the total net radiation (Rn ) was 2457.73 MJ∙m−2 and that the rainfall was 117 mm. The average wind velocity, air temperature, and specific humidity, which were observed 2 m above the ground surface, were 1.23 m∙s−1 , 7.07 °C, and 3.66 g∙kg−1 , respectively. The total ETa and ET0 were 654.69 mm and 1039.92 mm, respectively; thus, the ET0 was higher than the ETa . The difference between the ET0 and ETa was high in summer and autumn, and low in winter and spring. The ETa was greatly influenced by irrigation events, whereas the ET0 was not influenced by irrigation. The ETa and ET0 were both greatly influenced by meteorological elements. The Kc values were less than 0.5 outside of the maize-growing stage and greater than 0.5 during the entire maize-growing stage (from 20 April to 22 September 2008). The Kc values were 0.63, 0.75, 0.78, 0.76, 0.61 and 0.71 at the seedling, shooting, heading, filling, and maturity stages and the entire growth stage, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Spatial and temporal change of reference crop evapotranspiration in Marmara Region
- Author
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Arabi, Charifa, Candoğan, Burak Nazmi, and Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü/Biyosistem Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı.
- Subjects
Enterpolasyon ,Marmara Region ,FAO Penman-Monteith method ,Trend analysis ,Eğilim analizi ,Referans bitki su tüketimi ,Reference crop evapotranspiration ,Geographical information system ,Coğrafi bilgi sistemi ,FAO Penman-Monteith yöntemi ,Marmara Bölgesi ,Interpolation - Abstract
Son yıllarda küresel ısınma ve iklim değişikliği, hızlı nüfus artışı, sanayileşme ve sürdürülebilir gıda üretiminin sağlanması, su kaynaklarının etkin bir şekilde kullanılmasını gerekli kılmıştır. En büyük su kullanıcısı ise tarımdır. Referans bitki su tüketimi (ETo) tarımsal su yönetiminde, sulama projeleri ve sulama programlarının hazırlanmasında önemli bir role sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, Marmara Bölgesinde bulunan 18 meteoroloji istasyonu için 1990-2020 yılları arası aylık iklim verileri kullanılarak FAO Penman-Monteith yöntemi ile yıllık toplam ETo değerleri tahmin edilerek alansal ve zamansal değişimleri değerlendirilmiştir. Bu amaçla, her bir istasyon için parametrik olmayan Mann-Kendall testi ve Sen yöntemi kullanılarak yıllık toplam ETo eğilimleri belirlenmiş ve coğrafi bilgi sistemleri (CBS) Ter Mesafe Ağırlıklı (IDW) enterpolasyon yöntemi kullanılarak ta ETo haritaları hazırlanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, yıllık toplam ETo değerleri 742,3-1440,7 mm arasında değişim göstermiştir. ETo eğilim analizlerine göre, Edirne, Kocaeli, Sakarya, Bozcaada, Çanakkale, Kırklareli, Uzunköprü, Tekirdağ, İpsala ve Dursunbey istasyonları için istatistiksel olarak önemli artış eğilimleri belirlenirken, Kumköy-Kilyos ve Keles istasyonları için eğilimler önemli düzeyde azalan yönde olmuştur. Bununla birlikte, Bandırma, Bursa, Şile, Florya ve Gönen istasyonları için gerçekleşen ETo artış eğilimleri ile Bilecik için belirlenen azalış eğilimi istatistiksel olarak önemli olmamıştır. Yıllık ortalama ETo haritası değerlendirildiğinde, Marmara Bölgesi’nin batı kesimlerinde (Edirne’nin güneyi, Balıkesir’in batısı ve Çanakkale) ETo yüksek değerlere ulaşmış, bölgenin kuzey kesimlerinde Kırklareli ve Tekirdağ’ın doğusunda ve bölgenin doğu kesimlerinde İstanbul’un doğusu, Kocaeli ve Sakarya’da ETo değerleri düşmüştür. Ayrıca Kırlareli, Tekirdağ’ın doğusu, Kocaeli ve Sakarya’da uzun yıllar ortalama ETo değerleri düşük bulunurken, bu illerde ki meteoroloji istasyonları verilerinden hesaplanan yıllık toplam ETo değerlerinde istatistiksel olarak önemli düzeyde artış eğilimleri belirlenmiştir. In recent years, global warming and climate change, rapid population growth, industrialization and ensuring sustainable food production have made it necessary to use water resources effectively. The biggest water user is agriculture. Reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) has an important role in agricultural water management, irrigation projects and preparation of irrigation schedules. In this study, the annual total ETo values were estimated using the FAO Penman-Monteith method for 18 meteorological stations in the Marmara Region between the years 1990-2020 and their spatial and temporal changes were evaluated. For this purpose, annual total ETo trends were determined for each station using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and Sen method, and ETo maps were prepared using the Geographical Information System (GIS) Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation method. According to the results of this study, the annual total ETo values varied between 742.3-1440,7 mm. According to the ETo trend analysis, statistically significant increasing trends were determined for Edirne, Kocaeli, Sakarya, Bozcaada, Çanakkale, Kırklareli, Uzunköprü, Tekirdağ, İpsala and Dursunbey stations, while the trends were significantly decreasing for Kumköy-Kilyos and Keles stations. However, the increasing trends in ETo for Bandırma, Bursa, Şile, Florya and Gönen stations and the decreasing trend determined for Bilecik were not statistically significant. When the annual average ETo map is evaluated, it is seen that ETo has reached high values in the western parts of the Marmara Region (south of Edirne, west of Balıkesir and Çanakkale), while in the northern parts of the region, east of Kırklareli and Tekirdağ, and in the eastern parts of the region, east of Istanbul, Kocaeli and Sakarya, ETo values decreased. In addition, while the annual average ETo values were found to be low in Kırlareli, the east of Tekirdağ, Kocaeli and Sakarya, statistically significant increasing trends were determined in the annual total ETo values calculated from the data of meteorology stations in these provinces.
- Published
- 2021
13. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop water requirement (ETc) of wheat and maize in Gujarat
- Author
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RASHMI MEHTA and VYAS PANDEY
- Subjects
FAO Penman-Monteith method ,Reference evapotranspiration ,Crop evapotranspiration ,crop coefficient ,wheat ,maize. ,Agriculture - Abstract
The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is an important agrometeorological parameter which has been used in a number of applications. In present study daily ETo was determined for 16 stations of Gujarat having long period (10-20 years) weather data following P-M approach. The Kc values for maize and wheat as given in FAO-56 was used in which Kcmid and Kcend were corrected for climatic conditions of stations. The corrected Kc values were used to calculate the daily crop water requirement (ETc) for wheat and rabi maize crops grown at different locations of Gujarat. The results revealed that during winter season (Nov. 15 to March 13) the mean daily (ETo) varies from 4.2 to 7.6 mm day-1. However the large variation in ETo across the locations (2.9 to 9.8 mm day-1) was observed, the lowest being at Khedbrahma and highest being at Targadia. The correction applied in Kcmid and Kcend suggested that at most of the stations Kcmid and Kcend for wheat crop were higher than that of FAO values while the corrected Kc values for maize were found to be less than that given by FAO. The mean water requirement (ETc) of wheat during its initial stage was found to be lower and almost constant and it increased continuously during developmental stage (from 1.9 to 5.2 mm day-1) and during the mid season stage (from 5.6 to 7.5 mm day-1) and decreased during the late-season stage (from 7.3 to 3.6 mm day-1). The seasonal water requirement across the locations varies between 400.5 mm (Khedbrahma) to 684.0 mm (Arnej). The mean water requirement of maize during initial stage is 1.3 mm day-1, during developmental stage 1.4 to 5.0 mm day-1, during the mid season stage ETc varies between 5.0 to 6.6 mm day-1 and during lateseason stage it decreases from 6.4 to 2.5 mm day-1 . The seasonal water requirement of rabi maize varies between 330.7 mm (Khedbrahma) to 520.5 mm (Bharuch).
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Comparación de métodos empíricos para la estimación de la evapotranspiración de referencia en Holguín, Cuba
- Author
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Villazón Gómez, Juan Alejandro, Noris Noris, Pavel, Vázquez Montenegro, Ranses J., Gutiérrez, George Martín, Cobo Vidal, Yakelín, Villazón Gómez, Juan Alejandro, Noris Noris, Pavel, Vázquez Montenegro, Ranses J., Gutiérrez, George Martín, and Cobo Vidal, Yakelín
- Abstract
Evapotranspiration is the main process of soil water loss. It can be estimated from empirical equations, such as the FAO PenmanMonteith. Which, although it is recognized as a standar, requires a great variety of data not always available, which makes the use of other equations easier to use. The work was developed with the objective of comparing the evapotranspiration values obtained from four empirical indirect methods in four locations of agricultural interest in the province of Holguín. Average monthly data from the meteorological stations of La Jíquima, Guaro, Pinares de Mayarí and Velasco were used. The methods applied were those of Hargreaves, Hargreaves and Samani, Thornthwaite and Blaney-Criddle, in addition to the FAO Penman-Monteith as standar. To verify the goodness of fit, the statistical indices were used: mean deviation, quadratic root of the mean deviation, efficiency index, concordance index, confidence index and percentage of deviation. The Hargreaves and Hargreaves and Samani models were the best fit with the standard method in all locations. In Pinares de Mayarí the methods used are not very suitable for estimating evapotranspiration., El trabajo se desarrolló con el objetivo de comparar los valores de evapotranspiración obtenidos a partir de cuatro métodos indirectos empíricos en cuatro localidades de interés agrícola en la provincia de Holguín. Fueron utilizados datos medios mensuales de las estaciones meteorológicas de La Jíquima, Guaro, Pinares de Mayarí y Velasco. Los métodos aplicados fueron los de Hargreaves, Hargreaves y Samani, Thornthwaite y Blaney-Criddle, además del FAO Penman-Monteith como patrón. Para comprobar la bondad de ajuste se utilizaron los índices estadísticos desviación media, raíz cuadrática de la desviación media, índice de eficiencia, índice de concordancia, índice de confianza y porcentaje de desviación. Los modelos de Hargreaves y Hargreaves y Samani resultaron los de mejor ajuste con el método patrón en todas las localidades. En Pinares de Mayarí los métodos utilizados resultan poco apropiados para estimar la evapotranspiración.
- Published
- 2021
15. Effects of meteorological variables and substrate moisture on evapotranspiration and thermal performance of a green roof in a subtropical climate.
- Author
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Chen, Pei-Yuan
- Subjects
- *
GREEN roofs , *EVAPOTRANSPIRATION , *SURFACE temperature , *HEAT flux , *STATISTICAL correlation , *MOISTURE - Abstract
This study analyzed the correlations between the meteorological/substrate-moisture variables and the evapotranspiration (ET) to improve the understanding of the factors influencing the thermal performance of green roofs, including cooling the surface and interior temperature of the building, in a subtropical climate. Daily ET of the green roof had been estimated using the FAO Penman-Monteith method to increase the number of ET data and the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient is 0.51–0.62 compared to the observed daily ET from data of green roof experiments in Taipei during December 2012 and September 2013. Based on correlation analysis, this study then suggests that ET may have a higher influence on T diff , i.e. the difference in surface temperatures of green and original roofs, than the meteorological variables or substrate water content (SWC), although the radiative heating is sometimes more influential to T diff than the cooling caused by ET of the green roof in thin substrate condition. This study also found that under wet and dry substrates, daily ET is highly correlated with weather-related variables and with SWC, respectively. Furthermore, because of the low insulation of wet substrate, more downward fluxes are sometimes found under high than low SWC conditions. On the contrary, under the dry substrate, increasing SWC helps reduce the downward fluxes. This study, therefore, indicates that an optimal range of substrate moisture appears to maximize the function of a green roof in reducing the surface temperature and the downward substrate-bottom flux. Considering that a counterbalance exists between SWC and ET as well as irrigation can be applied to control SWC, future studies could be aimed at the optimal range of SWC to execute informed irrigation concerning the thermal performance, water-saving irrigation, and storm-water-retention function of the green roofs either in dry period or before storm events. • FAO Penman-Monteith method has fair performance in estimating the daily evapotranspiration of green roofs. • Evapotranspiration is more essential in green-roof-surface cooling than the meteorological factors and substrate moisture. • The meteorology (substrate moisture) is highly correlated with daily evapotranspiration under the wet (dry) substrate. • The optimal range of substrate moisture helps green roofs to reducing the surface temperature and the downward heat flux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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16. Reference evapotranspiration and crop water requirement of apple (Malus Pumila) in Kashmir Valley.
- Author
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AHMAD, LATIEF, PARVAZE, SABAH, PARVAZE, SAQIB, and KANTH, RAIHANA HABIB
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EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ,WATER requirements for crops ,APPLES ,IRRIGATION scheduling - Abstract
Reference evapotranspiration is a significant agrometeorological parameter used for estimation of crop water requirement and irrigation scheduling. The present study was undertaken to determine the reference evapotranspiration and crop water requirement for apple cultivation in the Kashmir valley. Reference evapotranspiration (ET
0 ) was determined for seven major apple producing districts of Kashmir valley, viz. Srinagar, Budgam, Kupwara, Pulwama, Baramulla, Anantnag and Shopian. The average ET0 for apples cultivation in Kashmir Valley was 912 mm. The mean water requirement (ETc ) was minimum during the initial stage being 69 mm and maximum during the mid-season stage being 668 mm. The mean water requirement during the late-season stage was 175 mm. The minimum annual ETc was observed at Baramulla (846 mm) and the maximum annual ETc at Srinagar (953 mm). Different stations showed variations in water requirement due to differences in altitude and local weather conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Neural computing modeling of the reference crop evapotranspiration
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Adeloye, Adebayo J., Rustum, Rabee, and Kariyama, Ibrahim D.
- Subjects
- *
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION , *CROPS , *IRRIGATION water , *RUNOFF , *RAINFALL , *ARTIFICIAL intelligence , *SELF-organizing maps , *PREDICTION models , *MANAGEMENT - Abstract
Abstract: Reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) estimation is of importance in irrigation water management for the calculation of crop water requirements and its scheduling, in rainfall-runoff modeling and in numerous other water resources studies. Due to its importance, several direct and indirect methods have been employed to determine the reference crop evapotranspiration but success has been limited because the direct measurement methods lack in precision and accuracy due to scale issues and other problems, while some of the more accurate indirect methods, e.g. the Penman–Monteith benchmark model, are extremely non-linear and require weather input data that are not routinely monitored. In such situations, artificial intelligence (AI), neural computing techniques that are able to accurately map complex, non-linear input-output relationships offer a useful alternative. This paper has used the Kohonen Self-Organizing Map (SOM), unsupervised artificial neural networks, to develop prediction models for the ETo. This was achieved by using the powerful clustering capability of the SOM to analyze the multi-dimensional data array comprising the estimated ETo (based on the FAO Penman–Monteith model) and different subsets of climatic variables known to affect it. The findings indicate that the SOM-based ETo estimates, even when forced with fewer input data variables, were in good agreement with those obtained using the conventional FAO Penman–Monteith formulation employing the full complement of weather data. Further comparisons were carried out between the SOM model estimates of the ETo and those based on the use of feed-forward back propagation supervised artificial neural networks and the results showed that the SOM estimates were superior. Finally, the SOM-based estimates were also found to be significantly superior to those estimated using established empirical ETo methods recommended in the literature for situations where the full complement of input weather needed to drive the Penman–Monteith model are unavailable. This offers significant potential for more accurate estimation of the ETo in data scarce regions of the world. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
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18. Kohonen self-organizing map estimator for the reference crop evapotranspiration.
- Author
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Adeloye, Adebayo J., Rustum, Rabee, and Kariyama, Ibrahim D.
- Subjects
SELF-organizing maps ,EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ,IRRIGATION water ,PLANT water requirements ,RUNOFF models ,ARTIFICIAL neural networks ,MANAGEMENT - Abstract
Reference crop evapotranspiration (ET
o ) estimation is of importance in irrigation water management for the calculation of crop water requirements and its scheduling, in rainfall-runoff modeling and in numerous other water resources studies. Due to its importance, several direct and indirect methods have been employed to determine the reference crop evapotranspiration but success has been limited because the direct measurement methods lack in precision and accuracy due to scale issues and other problems, while some of the more accurate indirect methods, e.g., the Penman-Monteith benchmark model, are time-consuming and require weather input data that are not routinely monitored. This paper has used the Kohonen self-organizing map (KSOM), unsupervised artificial neural networks, to predict the ETo. based on observed daily weather data at two climatically diverse basins: a small experimental catchment in temperate Edinburgh, UK and a semiarid lake basin in Udaipur, India. This was achieved by using the powerful clustering capability of the KSOM to analyze the multidimensional data array comprising the estimated ETo (based on the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) Penman-Monteith model) and different subsets of climatic variables known to affect it. The findings indicate that the KSOM-based ETo estimates even with fewer input variables were in good agreement with those obtained using the conventional FAO Penman-Monteith formulation employing the full complement of weather data at the two locations. More crucially, the KSOM-based estimates were also found to be significantly superior to those estimated using currently recommended empirical ETo methods for data scarce situations such as those in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Actual and Reference Evapotranspiration in a Cornfield in the Zhangye Oasis, Northwestern China
- Author
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Zeyong Hu, Lianglei Gu, Genhou Sun, and Jimin Yao
- Subjects
Canopy ,Irrigation ,lcsh:Hydraulic engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Eddy covariance ,Blaney–Criddle equation ,02 engineering and technology ,Aquatic Science ,Heihe river basin ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,lcsh:Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes ,lcsh:TC1-978 ,Evapotranspiration ,eddy covariance method ,actual evapotranspiration ,reference evapotranspiration ,Water cycle ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,Hydrology ,lcsh:TD201-500 ,FAO Penman–Monteith method ,crop coefficient Kc ,Zhangye oasis ,Arid ,020801 environmental engineering ,Crop coefficient ,Environmental science - Abstract
Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important component of the surface energy balance and water cycle, especially in arid and semiarid regions. The characteristics of the actual evapotranspiration (ETa), which was calculated using the eddy covariance method, and the reference evapotranspiration (ET0), which was estimated using the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Penman–Monteith method, were analysed. This work focussed on the seasonal variations in evapotranspiration and crop coefficient (Kc) above the heterogeneous canopy of an arid oasis ecosystem in a cornfield of the Zhangye oasis in northwestern China. The results showed that in 2008, the total net radiation (Rn) was 2457.73 MJ∙m−2 and that the rainfall was 117 mm. The average wind velocity, air temperature, and specific humidity, which were observed 2 m above the ground surface, were 1.23 m∙s−1, 7.07 °C, and 3.66 g∙kg−1, respectively. The total ETa and ET0 were 654.69 mm and 1039.92 mm, respectively; thus, the ET0 was higher than the ETa. The difference between the ET0 and ETa was high in summer and autumn, and low in winter and spring. The ETa was greatly influenced by irrigation events, whereas the ET0 was not influenced by irrigation. The ETa and ET0 were both greatly influenced by meteorological elements. The Kc values were less than 0.5 outside of the maize-growing stage and greater than 0.5 during the entire maize-growing stage (from 20 April to 22 September 2008). The Kc values were 0.63, 0.75, 0.78, 0.76, 0.61 and 0.71 at the seedling, shooting, heading, filling, and maturity stages and the entire growth stage, respectively.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Estimación y análisis de la evapotranspiración en el municipio de Manizales
- Author
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Calderón Castaño, Luisa Fernanda, Vélez Upegui, Jorge Julián (Thesis advisor), and Botero Hernández, Blanca Adriana (Thesis advisor)
- Subjects
Métodos de estimación ,62 Ingeniería y operaciones afines / Engineering ,FAO Penman-Monteith Method ,Estimation methods ,Evapotranspiration ,Evapotranspiración ,Método FAO Penman-Monteith - Abstract
Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar el comportamiento de distintas ecuaciones para el cálculo de la evapotranspiración potencial con respecto al método de FAO Penman – Monteith considerado como un estándar para la estimación de esta variable, con la finalidad de determinar una alternativa adecuada a éste para ser usada cuando no se disponga de la información climática que el método estándar requiere. La investigación se realizó utilizando la información de diez estaciones climatológicas de Manizales y a partir de los resultados obtenidos mediante diferentes indicadores estadísticos de desempeño se determinó que los métodos de Turc modificado y Priestley y Taylor son los que menores errores presentan respecto al método estándar, mientras que las metodologías de Thornthwaite y García y López mostraron el peor comportamiento de acuerdo con éste, bajo las condiciones climáticas de Manizales Abstract: This study aims to evaluate the behavior of different equations for the calculation of potential evapotranspiration with respect to the FAO Penman - Monteith method considered as a standard for the estimation of this variable, in order to determine a suitable alternative to this one Used when insufficient climate information is available as required by the standard method. The research was carried out using the information of ten climatological stations of Manizales and from the results obtained by different statistical indicators of performance, it was determined that the modified Turc and Priestley and Taylor methods are the ones that present smaller errors compared to the standard method, whereas The methodologies of Thornthwaite and García and Lopez showed the worst behavior according to this under the climatic conditions of Manizales Maestría
- Published
- 2017
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