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Welfare state research over the past five decades has largely focused on two broad social policy pillars: (1) arrays of income programmes, such as social assistance, unemployment insurance, family allowances and pensions, and (2) a range of social services, including childcare, healthcare, social housing and education. However, an important cluster of policy measures, constituting a third policy pillar, has been largely neglected in the cross-national welfare state research to date, protective legislation. It comprises the networks of protective and regulatory laws and constitutional rights emplaced to secure and promote our welfare. Central to all social policy areas, these measures, including rent control policies, workplace health and safety laws, legislation preventing discrimination against people with disabilities and child corporal punishment bans, are distinct from laws that determine access to income programmes and social services or set out the terms of their provision. Rather, they constitute a standalone third category of policy measures, are key components of all welfare states and, depending upon how they are actualised, can be just as central to our well-being and the promotion of our welfare. They can also have compounding or synergistic interactions with policies in the other two policy pillars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many Western countries first introduced family allowances around the Second World War. We argue that this clustering is not coincidental and put pronatalist policies related to war preparation and the socioeconomic and demographic ramifications of the Second World War at the center of our explanation. To test this, we first conduct brief case studies of France, Germany, Italy, and Japan to detail how war preparation influenced the introduction of such family allowances. Second, a panel regression of 18 Western countries investigates the different factors contributing to the timing of introduction of such policies and shows that war and its aftershocks have been an important causal factor in the introduction of family allowances. It was not so much the destructiveness of and the involvement in the war that played a role, but rather a general wartime crisis that affected belligerent and non-belligerent countries in similar ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper uses an OLG model to study the interaction between policies designed to ensure the sustainability of the pension system, i.e. child allowances and pensions policies, and grandparental childcare. We find that the rise in grandparenting negatively affects the elderly labour supply hampering the impact of pension policies designed to raise the retirement age and lengthen working lives. Then, we introduce child allowances and find that the impact of child allowances on the fertility rate is influenced by the efficiency of grandparenting in reducing child-rearing costs. Child benefits have a positive impact on fertility only if grandparenting is not very effective at reducing childcare costs. This suggests that the role of grandparents in various countries may partly explain the inconsistency in empirical evidence on the relationship between child benefits and fertility rates. The study also finds that child benefits have a positive impact on the elderly labour supply when grandparenting is efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current economic conditions and financial issues are becoming increasingly important as students face more complex challenges in managing their money. Nowadays, students need to be more aware of these challenges, which may pose a threat to their future success. Thus,the conduct of this study would be beneficial in order to bring light to the restraining results found from other literature and contribute to the body of knowledge aligned with this study. This study aims to understand the correlation between the family income and its effects towards the student budgeting, and whether sex, as a moderating variable, is related to the independent and dependent variables. The study employed descriptive-correlation design and random sampling method, particularly Slovin’s formula, to identify the total sample from the population of accounting students in the University. The statistical treatments used were descriptive statistics and inferential statistics to test the relationships of the variables particularly the relationship of family income towards budgeting and allowance and the relationship of allowance towards budgeting. Meanwhile, Mann Whitney U-test was used to test the differences of the participants when grouped in terms of sex. The results of the study depict that there is no significant difference in the budgeting of participants when they are grouped in terms of sex and there is an indirect relationship between family income and budgeting. Based on the results, researchers may recommend conducting a community extension initiative aimed at developing financial literacy among students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article revisits the campaign to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the United States Constitution to argue that amendment adversaries fought over the future of women's economic security. Post‐war US economic growth stalled in the 1970s, bringing the family‐wage ideal of male breadwinning and female homemaking down with it. In these unsettled years, how female economic dependence would be addressed was an open question: would it be by propping up male breadwinning, as ERA opponents wanted, or by combining good jobs with fairly compensated domestic labour and government assistance, as supporters believed the ERA promised? A revisionist interpretation of the ERA battle, this article shifts attention from conflict over gender identity and cultural values to economics and capitalist transformation. It examines arguments presented in pamphlets, the media and to Congress about how homemaking women could achieve security in the face of changing economic reality. The ERA's defeat was a Pyrrhic victory for conservatives. The threat to government‐sanctioned male breadwinning appeared to have been vanquished. But the family‐wage system was truly on the rocks, and supporters' vision of a working‐family norm, with roles based on function, not gender, won out. Without the ERA, however, working mothers shouldered the consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research shows that populist governments in general depress countries' economic growth and fail to improve income distribution. We study the short‐term macroeconomic consequences of populist policies implemented in Poland since 2015. Using the augmented synthetic control method, we find that the populists boosted the gross domestic product per capita by almost 8% between 2016 and 2019. We do not find any effect of populism on inflation and estimate only small labor market impacts. The populists improved tax revenue collection and reduced public debt. A generous child benefit program and other redistributive policies introduced by the populists significantly reduced overall poverty and almost eradicated absolute child poverty. Our results suggest that antiestablishment populists may have macroeconomic viability, at least in the short term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a critical analysis of the criteria that limit access to child benefit in the Brazilian context, investigating its influence on the realization of social justice, especially from the theoretical perspective of Amartya Sen. This is because there is a significant restriction on access to the benefit, excluding dependents of prisoners in the semi-open regime and imposing income limitations on the institution, based on the need to understand how such limitations affect the effectiveness of the social rights represented by child benefit and, consequently, the promotion of social justice in a democratic environment. Adopting a qualitative approach and Karl Popper's hypothetical-deductive method, the research employs bibliographical and documentary research procedures to list the legislative changes and identify the limitations to access to the benefit. From Sen's perspective, access to child benefit violates fundamental principles of justice, such as equality, freedom and opportunity, harming the development of children in vulnerable situations. The conclusion is that social security should not focus on economic criteria but on social justice, taking into account the real opportunities of each individual. Therefore, a more comprehensive analysis is needed to achieve social justice in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The introduction of the Single Universal Child Allowance in 2021 marked a sharp turning point in Italian family policy. Presented as a major revolution aimed at combating the country's alarmingly low birth rates as well as child poverty, the reform was also meant to rationalise the benefits system while overcoming the historical fragmentation and uneven protection granted to families. Against this backdrop, the article contributes to the literature from two different angles. First, the study offers fresh empirical evidence of the path‐shifting scope of the reform, marking a rupture with the longstanding weak model of income support. Second, the article engages from an interpretative standpoint with the puzzling emergence of a cross‐party consensus around approval. Drawing from the comparative literature on institutional change and the modernisation of family policies, the article asks which factors made it possible—after decades of substantial inertia—to overcome path dependency through cross‐party agreement in Italy, providing an in‐depth, original examination of parties' positions throughout the legislative process and identifying key elements of agreement and conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document discusses the impact of recent child benefit expansions in Canada on children's health and educational outcomes. The study reveals that these expansions have had a positive effect on children's mental health, especially for girls, but there is limited evidence of improvements in educational performance. The effects of the benefit expansions are consistent across different income levels, but the reforms seem to have a greater impact on the mental health of children from higher-income families. The findings suggest that the benefits may have broader positive effects on children's lives beyond poverty reduction and income. [Extracted from the article]

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The work employs a microsimulation approach to assess the impact of child benefits on the poverty level among children in Russia. The empirical basis of the study is data from a nationally representative Sample Survey of Household Income and Participation in Social Programmes conducted by Rosstat. The analysis reveals that between 2014 and 2021, child benefits did reduce the poverty level among children, but their impact was quite limited. In exploring possible directions for developing of the child benefit system, the study conducts a scenario analysis, evaluating the effect of universal, categorical, means-tested, and mixed-scheme benefits on child poverty levels. For each scenario, the effectiveness of the benefits is assessed in relation to their cost. The results suggest that, given a limited budget, the most promising approach may be a mixed-scheme benefit, with universal payments for younger children and means-tested payments for older children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Abgaben-, Finanz- und Steuerrecht is the property of Verlag Oesterreich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Welfare abuse is a complex and multidimensional research problem. The purpose of this article is twofold: theoretical and empirical. The theoretical objective is to present the author's understanding of the term 'welfare abuse'. The nature and typology of this problem are discussed. In this way, an attempt is made to provide a theoretical framework for research on welfare abuse. The second (empirical) aim builds on these conceptual findings. A self-report survey was conducted, the results of which allowed us to estimate the level of tolerance towards different types of irregularities in Poland. The author defines welfare abuse as irregularities committed by individuals in the use of welfare benefits. He proposes to divide these irregularities into three categories: (1) optimisation, (2) overuse and (3) misuse. Due to the lack of reliable official data on welfare abuse, one of the possible ways to detect this problem is through surveys. In this case, questions are asked about the degree of justification for various irregularities. This makes it possible to determine the degree of social permissiveness and also, in an indirect way, certain (conscious or unconscious) inclinations to commit such irregularities personally. The results of the empirical study reveal a surprisingly high level of justification of social fraud in Poland. In some cases (registering as unemployed for the sole purpose of obtaining health insurance, spending child benefit for purposes other than maintaining a child, and fictitious employment in a company just to obtain social security), abuse is the norm, not the exception, because it is justified by the majority of society. In other cases, the percentage of respondents who justify the abuse is lower than the percentage of those who do not, but it is still quite high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates in-work poverty (IWP) in Italy through the lens of family policies. Adopting a longitudinal perspective, the work scrutinizes whether and to what extent the configuration of family policy tools – family allowances, leave and ECEC (Early Childhood Care and Education) – has been effective in contrasting IWP in Italy. Furthermore, it probes whether the Italian family policy has reconfigured over time as a tool for countering IWP. The study shows that family policy can be useful both directly – by providing income support for the most disadvantaged families – and indirectly – by fostering the transition to a dual-earner family model. However, the analysis of the Italian case shows that such positive effects are only potential, and not automatic. In Italy, historically, family policy has been scarcely effective. Nevertheless, in the last few years a pattern of slow change has initiated, and its effectiveness as a device to tackle IWP appears to have increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the part of vulnerable groups, elderly people hold the rights to social security according to the constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). This study has been launched for the purpose of revealing the picture of the facts and figures of the deprivation of social security as human rights violation of the elderly people in Bangladesh. The study has been done based on both primary and secondary sources of data. It reviewed the social security programs regarding elderly people such as, old age allowance, widow allowance and disability allowance. The study found that the government has taken several programs. But these programs have not been successful to achieve cent percent success due to corruption, nepotism and inadequate national economy. Most of the elderly people of Bangladesh cannot enjoy properly the rights to social security. For raising awareness about rights and responsibilities, enhancing proper ethical education can be helpful to remove these obstacles. Raising massive social movement against corruption and nepotism can also be helpful as the beacon of hope in the way of ensuring social security of the elderly people in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The paper deals with the child benefits system in the Czech Republic, Slovak Republic and Sweden. Design/methodology/approach: The authors describe the systems as the key baseline for subsequent qualitative and quantitative comparison. An essential element is the quantitative comparison of child benefits using their statistically stationarised values. Findings: The Czech and Slovak systems provide a comparable rate of coverage as the Swedish system regarding the payment of both types of benefits, i.e. child benefits and tax allowances, for the first and second child; however, from the third child, the individual differences are considerable. Albeit the concepts of Czech and Slovak systems are framed by the same historical origins and conceptual approach, they differ significantly, with Slovakia providing the lowest aggregate level of child benefits. Originality/value: The paper provides insight into the child benefit systems in the respective countries. These systems are at the centre of attention of policymakers who are attempting to maintain birth rates and reduce child poverty. The Czech Republic has the lowest level of at-risk-of-poverty rates for persons under 16 years of age, while natality rates are comparable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate how reforms of Canada's child allowances affected household poverty and maternal employment—the 2015 increase and expansion of the Universal Child Care Benefit and the 2016 introduction of a new Canada Child Benefit (CCB). We document that both reforms reduced child poverty, although the CCB had greater effect. By 2018, we estimate that the CCB reduced poverty by 11% in families headed by a single mother and by nearly 17% in two-parent families. We find no evidence, on either the extensive or the intensive margin, of a negative labor supply response to either of the program reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive research has shown the positive impact of conditional child benefits on child outcomes. However, there is limited work on the impact of universal child benefit payments on how families spend on child outcomes. Our study explores this issue. This study examined the relationship between child benefit payments on child outcome expenditures using longitudinal data from the Korean National Survey of Tax and Benefit (N = 3681 households) and a household‐ and year‐fixed effects regression model. We found that child benefit payments are positively associated with child outcome expenditures across family income groups. Furthermore, the analysis results suggest that compared to high‐income family groups, low‐ and middle‐income family groups increase spending on child outcome expenditures in response to child benefit payments. Finally, the policy implications of this are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The herbal galactagogues is well-known and acknowledged as substitute approach to boost breast milk production by the general population and medical professionals under insufficient milk lactation case in postpartum women. In order to improve breastfeeding performance, this study examines breastfeeding women's viewpoints and attitudes on using herbal galactagogues while nursing and methods of decision-making. Herbs have been used as galactagogues for a very long time, and many commercial formulations have been created employing herbs. The herbal formulations contain a number of active ingredients, including polyphenols, flavonoids, isoflavones, and terpenes, which give the items a disagreeable taste and reduce consumption. Additionally, a few of these active chemicals become unstable in the presence of the environment. In this regard, many strategies can be used to cover the flavour and improve the stability. Both mother and child benefit physiologically and healthily from breastfeeding. However, issues like insufficient milk ejection can interfere with a mother's ability to breastfeed and may lead her to think about opting for galactagogues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses over-time changes in family transfers in Hungary, Lithuania and Romania from 1990-2018 to seek evidence of similarity in the ethos of policy adaptation. Informed by recent scholarship signalling growing disparities in social entitlements along socio-economic lines in Hungary and Romania, the analysis assesses whether three decades of change in family transfers in three different policy contexts might exhibit the selective, pro-wealthy ethos of social policy transformation described. Using data from an original dataset drawing on exhaustive social legislation pertaining to family allowances, family tax breaks and paid parental leave-related transfers, the article shows that, for most of the last three decades, institutional dualisms in the protection of families with dependent children have grown. Policy drift undercuts the rights of the neediest and policy layering leads to programme expansion targeting dual-earner, high-income families especially. This trend has intensified over the last fifteen years and is most evident in paid leave schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the historical development of minimum wage regulation in Australia, the Great Britain, and the U.S. over the past century, exploring the ideological positions of opponents and supporters of minimum wage regulations. Topics include the origins of minimum wage regulation, constitutional and political challenges, and the role of political parties in shaping minimum wage policies.

There appears to be a general movement away from universal child benefits and towards means‐testing. In the present article we argue that instead of suppressing the labour supply of middle‐income parents by withdrawing the transfer as a function of income, one should consider the alternative of financing a generous universal child benefit by increasing taxation of income. The implications of means‐testing compared with a tax‐financed universal alternative are discussed analytically in a piecewise linear schedule and by combining information from behavioural and non‐behavioural micro‐simulation models. Our results provide support for making child benefit universal instead of means‐tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We present and discuss the General Family Allowance (GFA), in Italian: Assegno Unico Universale, a measure that the Italian Government and Parliament have put in place from March 2022 addressing the persistent low fertility in Italy. The GFA modernizes monetary transfers in favor of families with children in Italy, covering large groups of families that were previously excluded from full benefits. Even if the aim of the GFA is to support fertility rather than to alleviate child poverty, it is likely that this measure will help to reduce poverty, especially for families with children previously excluded from significant cash contributions, such as recently resident foreigners and the unemployed. In addition, as GFA amounts are modest for wealthier couples, its potential effect on fertility—if there will be any—should be limited to couples with modest incomes. The GFA is also compared with the different systems of monetary transfers in favor of families with children of developed countries.

Children of single mothers face higher rates of poverty than children in two-parent households in practically every affluent democracy. While this difference is widely acknowledged, there is little consensus regarding the causes of their poverty and, as a result, little consensus on the best way to address poverty among these children. Explanations include both individual-level, structural, and political explanations in four areas: family structure, labor force activity, economic performance, and welfare generosity. Previous research, however, tends to focus on only one of these four aspects at a time. Using data from the Luxembourg Income Study and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, spanning a period of 31 years and 25 countries, I test each of these four explanations, examining the effects on children in single mother households separately (n = 105,814) and children in both single mother households and children in two-parent households (n = 668,549), conducting random intercept between-within logistic regression analysis. Individual-level measures of family structure and labor market activity affect child poverty generally in the expected way. Taking advantage of the longitudinal data at the country level, I focus on within-country change of the structural and political variables. Within-country economic performance is not significantly related to poverty, but welfare generosity, namely family allowances, significantly reduce the odds of poverty. Further, while the effects of family allowance spending are similar for children in both single mother and two parent households, they are stronger for the former than the latter. Yet, the disadvantage of living in a single mother household persists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1935, the United States passed Social Security Act (SSA) providing financial security to American families. I use the individual census data for 1940 and 1960 to show that women from states that allowed for more social spending under the SSA had substantially more children than women from states that allowed for lower social benefits. I also use a new panel of state-level fertility by parity between 1935 and 1959 to show that family allowances were connected to first, second and third parities, but that there was a differential effect according to the different social programs and race. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Policies aimed at the family are an important tool for governments to achieve various goals to improve society, manage populations, enhance well-being, and reduce inequality, among other things. Choosing an optimal policy design often constitutes a compromise between different goals and priorities. The Croatian tax allowance for dependent children has often been criticised in the literature for its regressivity, and opacity due to a lack of parliamentary oversight. There is room to improve the child benefit allocation. This research investigates whether Croatia could reform its policies on child benefit and tax allowance for dependent children without increasing the budget, based on family policies that have been implemented in Greece, Germany, the Slovak Republic, Sweden and the United Kingdom. EUROMOD, a widely used European tax-benefit microsimulation model, is used to assess the differences in structure and distributional effects of these 'imported' policies in Croatia. The results highlight that imported policies would make support to families with children more equitable and reduce child poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food insecurity—the inadequate access to food due to financial constraints—affects 1 in 6 households in Canada, with serious health implications. Family benefit programs supplementing income have shown potential in mitigating the risk of food insecurity, but there is little understanding of their protective effects. The authors aimed to estimate the impacts of the additional Canada Child Benefit provided to families with children aged <6 years on household food insecurity. The authors sampled 28,435 households receiving Canada Child Benefit with children aged <8 years from the Canadian Income Survey 2018–2020 fielded in 2019–2021 and analyzed in 2022. Households without children aged <6 years were 1:1 propensity-score matched to those with children aged <6 years, who received up to $1,068 in additional Canada Child Benefit per child annually. The authors compared the 2 groups' 12-month food insecurity likelihood after matching. Subsample analyses were performed by household income, housing tenure, and household type. Receipt of the additional Canada Child Benefit ($724 on average) was associated with 2.89 (95% CI=1.35, 4.42) percentage points lower probability of experiencing food insecurity among recipients with children aged <6 years (from 24.30% to 21.42%). The association was similar across socioeconomic subgroups and significant among all but high-income earners and mortgage-free homeowners. The authors found plausibly causal evidence that the more generous Canada Child Benefit for Canadian families with young children reduces their probability of food insecurity. Increasing benefits for economically disadvantaged households, characterized by low incomes, single parenthood, and renting (versus owning), may improve the program's efficiency and equity in supporting families' food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Education / Revue Canadienne de l'Éducation is the property of Canadian Society for the Study of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 2016, a new child benefit was introduced in Poland: a universal benefit for the second and subsequent children in a family and means tested for the first child. Substantial transfers of the new child benefit were granted to 60% of households with children. The generous child benefit, equal to 10% of monthly average household income, caused an unexpected positive income shock for families with children. This paper investigates how the new child benefit affected household decisions to consume or save the child's income. Applying the difference-in-differences method and Polish Household Budget Survey data for 2012–2018, we find a positive effect of the child benefit on household saving. Our estimates indicate that families obtaining the child benefit (treatment group) increased the saving rate by 8 percentage points after the child benefit reform in 2016. Over time, the control group (not obtaining the child benefit) increased the saving rate by 2.9 percentage points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present and discuss the General Family Allowance (GFA), in Italian: Assegno Unico Universale, a measure that the Italian Government and Parliament have put in place from March 2022 addressing the persistent low fertility in Italy. The GFA modernizes monetary transfers in favor of families with children in Italy, covering large groups of families that were previously excluded from full benefits. Even if the aim of the GFA is to support fertility rather than to alleviate child poverty, it is likely that this measure will help to reduce poverty, especially for families with children previously excluded from significant cash contributions, such as recently resident foreigners and the unemployed. In addition, as GFA amounts are modest for wealthier couples, its potential effect on fertility—if there will be any—should be limited to couples with modest incomes. The GFA is also compared with the different systems of monetary transfers in favor of families with children of developed countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the effects of a universal child benefit on fertility in Spain in the 2000s using administrative, population-level data, identifying separately the effects driven by conceptions and abortions. We exploit the timing of the introduction and cancellation of the policy to infer when the effects on abortions and births can be expected. We find that the introduction led to a 3 percent increase, the announcement of the cancellation to a transitory 4 percent increase, and the cancellation to a 6 percent decrease in birth rates. We perform heterogeneity analysis and find suggestive evidence of both a timing ("tempo") and a level effect ("quantum"). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than ten million children in the United States live in poverty, largely because of the country's relative lack of investment in children and families. Child poverty is associated with higher rates of child maltreatment and contributes to a host of outcomes that harm children and society. Recent legislation that increased the size and scope of the Child Tax Credit (CTC) demonstrated the power of cash assistance policies to reduce child poverty. However, implementation issues prevented many of the poorest families from receiving benefits, and the CTC expansion expired at the end of 2021. This Note proposes a Universal Child Benefit (UCB) that would provide $700 monthly for children under age six and $400 monthly for children ages six to seventeen. All families would automatically receive the benefit through the Social Security Administration (SSA). The UCB would drastically reduce child poverty and improve child well-being in the U.S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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