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Avaliou-se o processo de enriquecimento protéico da palma forrageira (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill) com levedura Sacharomyces cerevisiae em cultivo semi-sólido, visando melhorar o valor nutritivo da palma para ser utilizada na alimentação de ruminantes. A levedura foi utilizada nas concentrações de 1, 2 e 3% em base úmida no substrato formado pela palma forrageira, incubada em biorreatores durante 6, 12, 24 e 36 horas de fermentação. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas com quatro repetições. O conteúdo de proteína bruta quando se utilizou concentração de 3% de inóculo, no período de seis horas, aumentou de 4,4% na forma in natura para 10,4% após o processamento. Os teores protéicos na concentração de 1% do inóculo foram de 6,1, 8,1, 8,1 e 9,2%; na concentração de 2%, 9,6, 9,7, 9,8 e 9,8% e na concentração de 3%, 10,4, 10,4 7,9 e 7,9%, nos períodos de 6, 12, 24 e 36 horas de fermentação, respectivamente. Uma fonte alternativa para arraçoamento de ruminantes, pode ser obtida pela bioconversão da palma forrageira.The process of protein enrichment of the forage palm (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill) using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast in a semi-solid culture to improve the nutritional value of forage palm for ruminants feeding was evaluated. The yeast concentrations of 1, 2 and 3% (wet basis) in the forage palm substrate were used. The periods of incubation were of 6, 12, 24, and 36 hours. A complete randomized experimental design in a split plot arrangement with four replicates was used. The crude protein content increased from 4.4% (in natura) to 10.4% when 3% of inoculums were used and the processing period was of 6 hours. The observed protein contents for 1% of the inoculum, used for the fermentation periods of 6, 12, 24, and 36 hours were 6.1, 8.1, 8.1, and 9.2%, respectively. These values were 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, and 9.8% for 2% of the inoculum, and 10.4, 10.4, 7.9, and 7.9% for 3% of the inoculum, respectively. An alternative for ruminant feeding can be obtained by bioconversion of forage palm.

Cellulases are glycoside hydrolases involved in the depolymerization of cellulosic materials and have wide industrial applications, such as in the food, textile and feed industry. In addition, the animal feed industry uses cellulases to improve the digestibility of plant products. A technological application currently under study is the production of second-generation bioethanol, as a result of the search for alternative energy sources. The objective of this work was to use bacteria isolated from tropical soil used by the sugar and alcohol industry in the State of Paraíba (Brazil). These bacteria are Bacillus sp C1AC55.07 selected as producers of cellulolytic enzymes for the production of cellulases. The factorial planning methodology and the response surface analysis were used to evaluate the effect of cultivation temperature, yeast extract concentration and inoculum concentration on carboxymethylcellulase production. The experimental design used has three factors (2³), resulting in 11 experiments, since three of them were central point replications. The cultures were grown in 500mL Erlenmeyer flask containing 250mL of culture medium. Samples were collected at regular time intervals for analysis of the carboxymethylcellulase activity. The results showed that the highest carboxymethylcellulase activity (366 U / L) was obtained in 2 g / L yeast extract, 30% inoculum (v/v), and temperature of 32°C for 54 hours. Bacillus sp C1AC55.07 showed good cellulase activity and may be used in industrial applications.

The agroindustrial residues are among the greatest sources of biomass in the world which can be used in bioprocesses, because these lignocellulosic materials represent an abundant source of sugars. In northeastern Brazil one of the lignocellulosic residues in abundance, which has most of the potential wasted is the cashew apple bagasse; that through pretreatment with dilute acids makes possible the removal in hemicellulosic fraction (xylose, arabinose, glucose, mannose and galactose) which represent substrates that can be utilized for the production of xylitol by fermentation. However this process, besides the released sugars are also compounds fermentation inhibitors. In this study the main aim was to evaluate through response surface methodology detoxification treatment using residual lignin (cashew aplle bagasse which precipitates in the pretreatment liquor). The cashew apple bagasse was submitted to acid prehydrolysis H2S04 using 3% (w/w), was then carried out analyzes of sugars and inhibitory compounds present in the prehydrolyzate liquor in high efficiency liquid chromatography (HPLC). The prehydrolyzate was concentrated and then treated under various conditions of mass residual lignin, pH and contact time to reduce concentration toxic compounds and improve efficiency process to subsequent fermentation (production of xylitol). The results indicate that to obtain in the prehydrolyzate liquor, a higher percentage removal from HMF (Hydroxymetylfurfural) and furfural, it should operate under conditions of pH 4, 0.65 g mass of lignin for 20 min, removing approximately 100%.

The advantages of using ethanol as fuel in its hydrated form as a substitute for gasoline or mixed with gasoline as anhydrous ethanol are numerous, with reduction of harmful emissions and reduced emissions of greenhouse gases. This work aims to transform the energy potential available in the cashew apple bagasse by enzymatic processes for obtaining hydrated ethyl alcohol and to study the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic cashew bagasse raw-material (Anacardium Occidentale L.) and bioethanol production from the hydrolyzed liquor. The raw materials used in this study were cashew bagasse and sugarcane bagasse (residue used only for comparison with cashew bagasse). Evaluating the process of enzymatic conversion of cellulose into fermentable sugars, the enzymatic hydrolysis performance with 7 FPU and enzyme load of 3.5 FPU/g showed better efficiency for cashew bagasse in a time of 12 h; however, sugarcane bagasse was more efficient in time of 48 hours. Regarding the process of alcoholic fermentation of the cashew bagasse hydrolyzed liquor, it is evident that all the sugar was consumed and almost all ethanol was produced in an 8 h process, so the best test for the efficiency of the fermentation process (90 % conversion) is to operate with concentrations of 10 g/L, 0.6 g/L and 0.12 g/L of yeast, source of N and P, respectively.

Polygalacturonase are pectinolytics enzymes that have technological, functional and biological applications in the food processing and plant-fungus interactions. These enzymes are in the group of most industrially applied, being pioneers in wines and fruit juices preparation. The aim of this work was polygalacturonase production by solid state fermentation process in a tray bioreactor, using cashew apple dry bagasse and Aspergillus niger CCT0916 microorganism. Utilizing a 22 factorial experimental design, it was observed the influence of temperature and substrate thickness on the response polygalacturonase activity, keeping constant the mass of moist substrate at 500 g during the experiments. The higher enzymatic activity predicted by the model (7 U/g), with 53 h of fermentation, was achieved under the conditions: moisture 50 %w.b, 106 spores/g inoculated spores concentration, 1.5 %(w/w) of ammonium sulphate as nitrogen source, 35 °C fermentation temperature and 20 mm substrate thickness. This model was significant with 95 % confidence. It was observed that between the factors, temperature is the variable that most influence the process.

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