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This study explored the association between family cohesion and self-perceived need for dental treatment among adolescents. A school-based representative cross-sectional study was conducted with 746 students aged 15 to 19 randomly selected from schools in Campina Grande, Brazil. Parents/guardians provided information on sociodemographic data, and students completed questionnaires about the self-perceived need for dental treatment, dental pain, and family cohesion and adaptability (FACES III). Two dentists were trained (kappa >0.80) to diagnosis dental caries using the Nyvad criteria and assess adolescents’ level of functional oral health literacy (BREALD-30). Descriptive analysis was performed, followed by nonadjusted and adjusted robust binary logistic regression for complex samples ( α = 5 % ). The prevalence of self-perceived need for dental treatment was 88.6%. The presence of dental caries ( OR = 2.10 ; IC 95%: 1.22–3.61), tooth loss ( OR = 15.81 ; IC 95%: 2.14–116.56), dental pain in the last six months ( OR = 1.87 ; IC 95%: 1.06–3.31), and enmeshed family cohesion type ( OR = 10.23 ; IC 95%: 3.96–26.4) remained associated with the self-perceived need for dental treatment in the final model. In conclusion, dental caries, dental pain, tooth loss, and family cohesion influenced the self-perceived need for dental treatment in adolescents.

Benzoic acid (BA) and essential oils (EO) can minimize growth performance losses due to the removal of antibiotics and change the intestinal health of weaned piglets. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of BA and EO on inflammatory response, diarrhea incidence, and growth performance of the nursery phase. One hundred and twenty barrows were weaned at 23 days (6.40 ± 0.53 kg) and assigned into 3 treatments (10 replicates) in randomized block design: basal diet without additives (NC), basal diet with 200 ppm of colistin sulphate (PC), and association of 0,3% benzoic acid and essential oil (BA+EO). The feed intake and body weight were recorded at 0 and 42 days. The feces were assessed daily (per animal) and graded as normal feces (no diarrhea) or liquid or pasty stools (presence of diarrhea). On days 1, 3, and 9, blood samples were collected (5 replicates) for white blood cells (WBC) counts. Growth performance was analyzed by MIXED procedure (SAS, 2009) and the Tukey test was used to compare the means (P < 0.050). The WBC counts were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance, by MIXED procedure. Diarrhea incidence was analyzed by GENMOD procedure (SAS, 2009). The BA+EO treatment showed a similar body weight (P = 0.014) and average daily gain (P = 0.012) than the PC group and lower feed conversion ratio (P = 0.037) compared to the NC group. The pigs of the BA+EO treatment had the lowest diarrhea incidence during the total period (P < 0.001). The supplementation with BA+EO or antibiotics reduced the counts of total WBC (P = 0.008) and neutrophils (P = 0.003). In conclusion, supplementation with BA+EO reduces the inflammatory response and the incidence of diarrhea in the nursery phase, that may be related to the improvement in the FCR.

Benzoic acid (BA) and essential oils (EO) have antimicrobial properties and can be used in antibiotic restriction situations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of BA and EO on cecal content microbiota in weaned piglets and growth performance from the nursery to finishing phase. One hundred and twenty barrows were weaned at 23 days (6.40 ± 0.53 kg) and assigned into 3 treatments (10 replicates) in randomized block design: basal diet without additives (NC), basal diet with antibiotics (PC), and association of 0,3% benzoic acid and essential oil (BA+EO). Colistin sulphate (200 ppm) in the nursery diets and enramycin (10 and 5 ppm) in the growing and finishing diets were used in the PC treatment. The pigs were weighed 0, 42 and 132 days into the experiment. On day 9, one animal per pen (7 replicates) was euthanized and the cecal content was collected for microbiome analyses. Growth performance was analyzed by MIXED procedure (SAS, 2009) and the Tukey test was used to compare the means (P < 0.050). The averages for biodiversity between treatments were compared using the number of OTUs and the Kruskal Wallis test (P < 0.050), and the statistical program STAMP was used. In the microbiome analyses, the results of the taxonomic classification, by principal components analysis (PCA), showed a marked difference in bacterial communities per treatment and a significant increase in the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was observed in the BA+EO group (P < 0.05). At 132 days, the final weight (P = 0.006) and total average daily gain (P = 0.028) of BA+EO and PC were higher than NC. In conclusion, supplementation with BA+EO increases biodiversity in cecal content in the post-weaning period, resulting in an improvement in the growth performance of finishing pigs.

Besides the progress in studies of cancer, the rates of morbidity and mortality due to this disease still considerably elevated. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a hematological neoplasm, therefore chemotherapy is the main therapeutic approach used, however most patients develop resistance to chemotherapy. Several factors contribute to this scenario, among them the lack of selective treatment, the emergence of tumor cells resistant to the wide variety of cytotoxic agents during treatment and the formation of metastases, which accounts for the majority of cancer deaths. Therefore, application of new drugs in antitumor therapies has been constantly studied. Studies have shown that metformin, an oral euglycemic used in the treatment of type II diabetes, has potential use in the treatment of cancer, potentializing the effects of standard chemotherapy used in treatment. In this work the effects of metformin on the metastatic capacity of K562 (non-resistant leukemic cell), Lucena and FEPS (leukemic cells resistant to multiple drugs) were evaluated through the study of MMP2 and MMP9 metalloproteinases, enzymes essential for the metastatic process. Thus, the present project aimed to evaluate the gene expression and enzymatic activity of MMP2 and MMP9 metalloproteinases in CML cells, before and after treatment with metformin, seeking to verify the effects of metformin on the expression and activity of these enzymes. Gene expression was evaluated using quantitative PCR and the quantification of enzymatic activity was performed by the substrate degradation using the zymography method. The results showed that metformin has the potential to modulate the expression and activity of the studied metalloproteinases. Citation Format: Ligia P. Oliveira, Camila Perea, Caroline Baldi, Rodrigo F. Prata, Débora L. Renó, Luana P. Lima, Rodrigo Curvello, Ana Carolina S. Souza. Metformin effect on multidrug resistant leukemia cells: metalloproteinases 2 and 9 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 886.

We present a case report of a four-year-old boy with torcicollis and trismus after acute otitis media. Grisel Syndrome diagnosis in association with temporo-mandibular reactive arthritis was admitted, leading to early conservative treatment. GS should be suspected in a child presenting with torticollis after an upper respiratory tract infection or an ENT surgical procedure. The association with temporo-mandibular reactive findings is somehow rarer but not impossible, due to the close vascular communication between retropharyngeal and pterigoid spaces.

Dentre os métodos disponíveis para avaliar o comportamento de agrotóxicos no solo, destacam-se o método "batch" (análise em batelada) e o deslocamento miscível. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a sorção e a mobilidade do imazaquin em solos com diferentes características químicas, físicas e mineralógicas, utilizando as técnicas de deslocamento miscível e "batch". Os ensaios foram realizados no laboratório de Ecotoxicologia do Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura da Universidade de São Paulo (CENA/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo. Os solos utilizados, classificados como Neossolo Quartzarênico (RQ), Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LVA) e Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico (LVdf), foram secos ao ar e peneirados em malha 2 mm, sendo então procedida a caracterização química, física e mineralógica das amostras. Foi selecionada para o estudo a molécula do Imazaquin. No ensaio do deslocamento miscível, foi aplicada uma solução de CaCl2, obtendo-se uma curva de eluição do Cl-, utilizado como traçador. As curvas de eluição do Cl- foram ajustadas a um modelo baseado na equação de convecção-dispersão para transporte ideal. Após a eluição do Cl-, aplicou-se a solução que continha 14C-imazaquin que gerou as curvas de eluição para esta molécula. A curva foi ajustada a um modelo bicontínuo que considera o não-equilíbrio durante o transporte. No ensaio de sorção com o método "batch", foram utilizadas soluções de imazaquin radiomarcado variando de 0,67 a 10,72 mmol L-1 para obtenção das isotermas ajustadas pela equação de Freundlich. A taxa de lixiviação foi alta para todos os solos, sendo maior para o RQ. As curvas de eluição do Cl- foram simétricas para todos os solos e apresentaram um bom ajuste ao modelo que considera o transporte ideal, indicando que não houve não-equilíbrio relacionado com o transporte. Para o imazaquin, as curvas de eluição foram assimétricas, com prolongamento da parte posterior da curva, e apresentaram bom ajuste ao modelo bicontínuo, evidenciando que ocorreu não-equilíbrio no processo de sorção. A comparação dos dois métodos empregados mostrou que o coeficiente de sorção determinado no método "batch" foi maior. Tal resultado evidencia que a sorção, durante o processo de lixiviação, pode ser superestimada por métodos que consideram a sorção sob condições de equilíbrio químico. This experiment aimed at the evaluation of imazaquin sorption and transport in soils with different chemical, physical and mineralogical characteristics using batch and miscible-displacement techniques. The experiment was carried out with Neossolo Quartzarênico (RQ), Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LVA) and Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico (LVdf) soils which were air-dried, passed through a 2 mm sieve and followed by chemical, physical and mineralogical characterization. A CaCl2 solution was applied in the miscible displacement experiment for the establishment of a Cl- elution curve that was used as tracer. The curves were adjusted to a model based on the convection-dispersion equation for ideal transport. Then a 14C-imazaquin solution was applied and the elution curves for this molecule obtained. The curve was adjusted to a bicontinuum model that considers non-equilibrium during the transport. In order to obtain the isotherms adjusted by Freundlich equation in the sorption experiment through the batch method, a radiolabel imazaquin solution was used with concentrations varying from 0.67 to 10.72 mmol L-1. The leaching was high for all soils and highest for the RQ soil. The Cl- elution curves were symmetric for all soils and adjusted well to the model that considers the ideal transport, showing that there was non-equilibrium related to the transport. The imazaquin elution curves were asymmetric with extension of the posterior part of the curve and well adjusted to the bicontinuum model, evidencing the occurrence of non-equilibrium in the sorption process. The sorption coefficient determined by the batch method was higher than the miscible displacement method. This result demonstrates that sorption in the leaching process can be overestimated by methods that assume chemical equilibrium during the sorption process.

We examined recent volcanic cloud events in the Western Pacific and Indonesian area, to validate the performance of remote sensing techniques used to support the International Airways Volcano Watch (IAVW). Five events were considered, during which eruptions from eight volcanoes injected ash into the upper troposphere or lower stratosphere. For one of the eruptions, at Miyakejima, Japan, at least five aircraft encountered volcanic ash clouds, and the cost to three operators alone exceeded US $12,000,000 in aircraft repairs, diversions, and lost operating time. We performed ‘reverse’ absorption and ‘pattern analysis’ using GMS-5/VISSR, MODIS and AVHRR data, and we examined TOMS SO2 and Aerosol Index data, surface-based observations, pilot reports, and dispersion model output. Our results verify that the introduction of ‘reverse’ absorption using the geostationary GMS-5 platform significantly enhanced our capacity to monitor volcanic ash clouds in the region. In one case, we tracked an eruption cloud for approximately 80 h. The primary impediment to remote monitoring is the presence of overlying cloud, or substantial amounts of ice within the volcanic clouds. TOMS data showed success in identifying volcanic clouds during these conditions, but was limited by the infrequency of observations. More effective future operation of the IAVW relies on developing complementary methods of volcanic cloud remote sensing, and greatly increasing the amount and quality of available surface and air observations, including observations of precursor activity. An understanding of the likely future limitations of remote sensing techniques will aid in the refining of IAVW procedures.

We investigated atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropyl-amino)- s -triazine] leaching, sorption, and desorption in a Brazilian Oxisol under no-till (NT) and conventional (CON) agricultural management. The specific objectives were (i) to infer characteristics of the sorption process (equilibrium vs. nonequilibrium sorption, reversible vs. nonreversible sorption) from breakthrough experiments, (ii) to compare sorption parameters derived from breakthrough and batch experiments, (iii) to predict the distribution of atrazine on reversible and irreversible sorption sites within the soil columns using transport parameters derived from breakthrough data, and (iv) to evaluate the atrazine metabolites during breakthrough experiments. Breakthrough curves of radiolabeled atrazine and of a nonreactive tracer, Br − , were measured during miscible displacement experiments in unsaturated soil columns. The concentration of metabolites in the leachate was determined at three different times. At the end of the displacement experiment, which lasted 494 h, the distributions of atrazine and its metabolites within the soil columns and their partitioning in desorbable, extractable and nonextractable fractions were determined. Atrazine breakthrough curves were fitted with a three-site chemical nonequilibrium convective dispersive transport model considering irreversible sorption. The three-site chemical nonequilibrium model predicted that around 40% of the applied atrazine was irreversibly sorbed at the end of the leaching experiment. This corresponded with sum of the measured extractable and nonextractable fractions. The K d values for reversible sorption sites derived from the BTCs were similar to those derived from 24-h batch adsorption experiments. However, irreversible sorption was not observed in a four-step consecutive batch desorption experiment that lasted 120 h in total. Differences in desorption between the column and batch experiments were probably due to differences in time-scale and sorption-desorption conditions. More than 90% of the radioactivity in the leachate and 80% remaining in the soil column, respectively, were characterized as atrazine, indicating a slow decay. Hydroxyatrazine was the most important metabolite of atrazine and showed higher retention in the column than the other metabolites.

The sorption of glyphosate by soils occurs due to the inner sphere complex formation with metals of soil oxides, which are related to the soil phosphate adsorption capacity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing rates of phosphorus on sorption and desorption of glyphosate in three soils with different mineralogical attributes. Soils were a Rhodic Kandiudalf, an Anionic Acrudox and a Typic Humaquept. Soil samples were amended with KH2PO4 at equivalent rates of 0; 1,000; 5,000; 20,000 and 50,000 kg ha-1 of P2O5, which are high from the agricultural point of view, but necessary in order to perform sorption and desorption studies. The experimental design consisted of a completely randomized factorial: 2 soils x 5 phosphorus rates and 3 replicates. For the sorption experiments, five glyphosate solutions were employed (0.42; 0.84; 1.68; 3.36 and 6.72 mg L-1), with a 14C radioactivity of 0.233 kBq mL-1. Four steps of the desorption procedure with CaCl2 0.01 mol L-1 and one extraction with Mehlich 3 were performed only at one concentration (0.84 mol L-1). Soil samples were afterwards biologically oxidized to establish the radioactive balance. Glyphosate competes with phosphorus for specific sorption sites, but this competition becomes important when phosphorus is present at rates higher than 1,000 mg dm-3. Moreover, a small amount of applied glyphosate was extracted (

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a dissipação, efeito na microbiota e sorção/dessorção do 14C-diclosulam num Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico cultivado há 10 anos sob plantio direto (PD) ou convencional (PC). Foram realizados três ensaios paralelos: dissipação, sorção/dessorção, atividade microbiana. Nos ensaios de dissipação e sorção/dessorção, os tratamentos consistiram na aplicação de diclosulam a amostras de solo oriundas de dois sistemas de preparo de solo; no experimento de atividade microbiana, testou-se a aplicação ou não do herbicida em amostras dos dois sistemas. O ensaio de dissipação foi realizado em frascos de Bartha, com avaliação semanal da mineralização do herbicida por radiorrespirometria. Nos mesmos períodos de avaliação, em outros frascos, foram extraídos o herbicida e seus metabólitos e, subseqüentemente, foi quantificada a fração remanescente no solo (fração resíduo ligado) após oxidação em oxidador biológico. A atividade microbiana do solo foi avaliada por meio da técnica da 14C-glicose. Nas isotermas de sorção/ dessorção, utilizaram-se cinco concentrações do herbicida e quatro dessorções para cada concentração. O sistema plantio direto acelerou a dissipação do diclosulam no solo, conforme a maior atividade microbiana, e a maior formação de resíduo ligado, relativamente ao sistema convencional. A extração do herbicida diminuiu com o tempo, graças à metabolização e ao aumento na formação da fração resíduo ligado. O diclosulam apresentou baixa taxa de sorção, independentemente do sistema de manejo. A aplicação do diclosulam não interferiu na atividade microbiana do solo. O sistema de manejo interferiu na dissipação do diclosulam no solo. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dissipation, effects on microorganisms, and sorption/desorption of 14C-diclosulam in Rhodic Hapludox soil samples, cultivated for 10 years under no-till (NT) or conventional tillage (CT) systems. We carried out three individual experiments. In the dissipation and sorption/desorption experiments, diclosulam was applied to soil samples of both management systems. The microbial activity experiment tested diclosulam application and non-application on the soil samples. The degradation experiment was carried out in Bartha flasks, weekly evaluating herbicide mineralization by radiorespirometry. In a parallel evaluation, the herbicide and its metabolites were extracted in other flasks, and the remaining fraction in the soil (bound-residue fraction) was quantified after oxidation in a biological oxidizer. The microbial activity was evaluated by the 14C-glucose technique. In order to obtain the sorption/desorption isotherms, we employed five herbicide concentrations, with four desorptions each. Diclosulam dissipation in the soil was accelerated by the no-till system, due to a higher microbial activity as well as a higher bound-residue formation, compared to the conventional system. The herbicide extraction decreased with time, due to metabolization and the increase in the bound-residue formation. Diclosulam presented a low sorption rate, independently of the management system. Diclosulam application was no hindrance for microbial soil activity, but the management systems did interfere with the dissipation of diclosulam in the soil.

Summary This research studied the influence of soil type, soil moisture and incubation time before rain on the mobility of imazaquin in two highly weathered tropical soils, named clay and sandy clay. The soils were packed in glass columns and treated at three different moisture contents. Then, the applied imazaquin (150 g a.i. ha−1) was incubated for 0, 1 and 30 d before rainfall simulation began. Leaching was significantly higher in the sandy clay soil, when imazaquin was applied to moist samples and rainfall occurred soon after application (in this case, 73.4% of applied imazaquin was leached). Leaching was always low in the clay soil (in all cases