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Amyloidosis is a very rare condition, which, due to its rarity, is often missed or diagnosed in an advanced stage of the disease, causing significant morbidity and mortality. In this review we describe the existing types of amyloidosis focusing on the gastro-intestinal tract. Amyloidosis occurs when abnormal protein fibrils (amyloid) deposit in the muscularis mucosae. This can cause an array of symptoms ranging from (in order of occurrence): gastro-intestinal bleeding, heartburn, unintentional weight loss, early satiety, constipation, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and fecal incontinence (1). Treatment is focused on the underlying condition (if any) causing the production and deposition of the abnormal fibrils, in combination of symptomatic treatment. (Acta gastroenterol. belg., 2022, 85, 80-84).

An 81-year-old male patient presented on the emergency ward for hematochezia, without any other complaints. Rectosigmoidoscopy showed a predominant patchy inflammation of the mucosa with several bluish blebs (submucosal hemorrhage) and small ulcerations. (Figure 1A). Subsequent elective colonoscopy (1) revealed multiple submucosal hematomas and mucosal lacerations throughout the entire colon in between normal mucosa. During the procedure spontaneous mucosal tears occurred. (Figure 1B). Multiple biopsies were taken.

The epithelioid sarcoma classic, "distal" type was first published in 1970. It is a very rare, malignant, aggressive subcutaneous soft tissue sarcoma that shows characteristic positivity for both epithelial and mesenchymal immunohistochemical markers. It grows very slowly and mostly presents in young men. Clinically the tumor is characterized as a coarse cutaneous or subcutaneous nodular induration that often ulcerates in the course of the disease. An association with trauma is often described and can lengthen time to diagnosis. Most frequently it is found on the flexural side of fingers, the back of the hands, soles of the feet, and extensor sides of arms and legs. Specific for this type of sarcoma is the progression along nerves, tendons, and fasciae. Treatment of choice should be wide excision of the tumor, sentinel node biopsy, and possibly even localized postoperative radiation therapy. Unfortunately the epithelioid sarcoma is very likely to recur and is then associated with metastases in the lung and lymph nodes.

The epithelioid sarcoma classic, "distal" type was first published in 1970. It is a very rare, malignant, aggressive subcutaneous soft tissue sarcoma that shows characteristic positivity for both epithelial and mesenchymal immunohistochemical markers. It grows very slowly and mostly presents in young men. Clinically the tumor is characterized as a coarse cutaneous or subcutaneous nodular induration that often ulcerates in the course of the disease. An association with trauma is often described and can lengthen time to diagnosis. Most frequently it is found on the flexural side of fingers, the back of the hands, soles of the feet, and extensor sides of arms and legs. Specific for this type of sarcoma is the progression along nerves, tendons, and fasciae. Treatment of choice should be wide excision of the tumor, sentinel node biopsy, and possibly even localized postoperative radiation therapy. Unfortunately the epithelioid sarcoma is very likely to recur and is then associated with metastases in the lung and lymph nodes.

The past decade has seen substantial improvements in patient and graft survival after intestinal transplantation. This improvement has been achieved by advances in donor and recipient selection, patient management, immunosuppression and surgical techniques. Intestinal transplantation is therefore considered a therapeutic option in the treatment of short bowel syndrome. Mile stones include the development of the calcineurin inhibitor Tacrolimus for immunosuppression as well as induction therapy using immune modulating substances like interleukin-2 receptor antagonists and antilymphocyte preparations. In addition to improvements in immunosuppression, antimicrobial prophylaxis and diagnosis of rejection, advances in surgical techniques have been crucial to achieving increased graft survival. Pancreas transplantation, generally with simultaneous kidney transplantation, is now available as a treatment option for patients with labile diabetes mellitus (usually type 1). Allogeneic islet transplantation was developed in the 1990s as a minimally invasive alternative to pancreas transplantation. Pancreatic islets are isolated enzymatically from the donor pancreas, in most cases infused into the portal vein and thus engrafted into the liver. Currently, technical and medical problems as well as high costs prevent the application of islet transplantation as a therapeutic option for a larger number of patients with diabetes mellitus.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to assess the prognostic and predictive value of Ki67 labeling index in postmenopausal hormone receptor-positive early breast cancer patients who were treated with adjuvant tamoxifen or anastrozole after tamoxifen. Patients and Methods: We determined the expression of Ki67 by immunohistochemistry on whole tissue sections of breast carcinoma patients who had been enrolled in Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group (ABCSG) Trial 8 and received tamoxifen for 5 years or tamoxifen for 2 years followed by anastrozole for 3 years. Ki67 labeling index was evaluated as continuous variable or dichotomized at 10%. Distant recurrence and death were analyzed using Cox models adjusted for clinical and pathological factors. Results: High Ki67 labeling index was observed in 394 of 1587 (23%) tumors and was associated with poor outcome. Patients with high Ki67 labeling index had a significantly shorter distant recurrence-free survival (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] for distant recurrence 2.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.43-3.25, P < 0.001) and overall survival (adjusted HR for death 1.77, 95% CI 1.30-2.42, P < 0.001) as compared to patients with low Ki67 labeling index. No interaction between Ki67 labeling index and treatment was observed (P = 0.84). Conclusion: High Ki67 labeling index is an independent poor prognostic factor for distant recurrence and death in postmenopausal women with early-stage, hormone receptor-positive breast cancer but is not predictive for outcome of adjuvant treatment with either tamoxifen or tamoxifen followed by anastrozole. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-09-02.

Background Polyvinylidene fluoride-coated polypropylene meshes have been developed specifically for intraperitoneal onlay mesh repair. They combine a macroporous design with biomechanical characteristics compatible with the abdominal wall and are reported to have favourable antiadhesive properties. This retrospective study reports complications related to one of these materials, DynaMesh®. Methods Twenty-nine patients underwent intraperitoneal onlay mesh repair with DynaMesh® at one of two hospitals. Patients characteristics, surgical procedures and postoperative analgesia were comparable at both sites. Results Six patients developed DynaMesh®-related complications that required surgical reintervention by laparotomy within 1 year of operation. Surgical reintervention was for adhesions in five patients and the mesh had to be explanted in three. One mesh was explanted because of early infection. Adhesions to DynaMesh® were found in two patients who had surgery for unrelated reasons. Conclusion Laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay DynaMesh® repair was associated with a high rate of complications.

Aging is a multi-facetted process, but the deterioration of the immune function seems to play a central role in this context. Paradoxically, immune reactivity against exogenous antigens declines during aging while autoimmune reactivity increases. One of the aims of our investigations on the function of the senescent immune system was to define immune parameters of 'normal' aging, i.e. those not dependent on underlying diseases. Specifically, our interest was focused on the possible role of an altered lipid metabolism of cells of the immune system during aging. The known decrease of plasma membrane fluidity of lymphoid cells and monocytes in higher age may be one of the factors responsible for the nonoptimal functioning of the immune system. This property, in turn, seems to be based on an altered lipid metabolism. Specifically, we have evidence that the finely tuned balance between the transport of cholesterol to and from lymphoid cells via the environment and the intracellular cholesterol biosynthesis seems to be disturbed with increasing age. This conclusion is drawn from experiments where low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor activity is assessed using fluorescently labeled lipoproteins in fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analyses. LDL receptor uptake is unexpectedly increased in the elderly, but LDL receptor regulation, and serum LDL composition itself seem to be normal. Preliminary data point out the possibility that the efflux of cholesterol via HDL may be insufficient. Attempts to modulate plasma membrane fluidity by means of the phospholipid mixture 'active lipid 721' (AL 721) showed that this drug, in contrast to literature reports, is not a 'membrane fluidizer' but rather exerts this effect as a nutrient for lymphocytes and monocytes.

Background: Extended hepatectomy is a valid model for the study of acute liver failure. Since the porcine liver is comparable in size, morphology and anatomy to the human liver, we describe a technique employing hepatic ischemia and extended liver resection to induce acute liver failure in a porcine model as a means of studying bioartificial liver support. Method: A subtotal (75–80% resection) extended left hepatectomy was performed in 7 pigs after 60 min warm ischemia of the future remnant liver. After resection, the animals were given the best supportive care and observed until death. Results: All animals died within 18–48 h, none as a result of surgical complications. Gross appearance of the liver showed severe steatosis of the right lateral lobe, and histology revealed severe coagulative necrosis of the whole lobule. Conclusion: This technique of extended liver resection after hepatic ischemia in the porcine model may be useful for studies of potentially reversible acute liver failure and experimental bioartificial support.

Der primare Hyperparathreodismus zeigt neben neuromuskularen und intestinalen Symptomen haufig ossare Manifestationen mit osteolytischen Tumoren und pathologischen Frakturen. Das am haufigsten zugrunde liegende primare Adenom der Nebenschilddruse fuhrt uber die vermehrte Parathormonsekretion zu einer katabolen Stoffwechsellage am Knochen. Durch die operative Entfernung des Adenoms lasst sich die Erkrankung kausal therapieren. Vorgestellt wir der Fall einer Patientin mit den moglichen diagnostischen und differentialdiagnostischen Schwierigkeiten im interdisziplinaren Vorgehen.

Einleitung. Dem axillaren Lymphknotenstatus kommt beim Mammakarzinom aufgrund seiner prognostischen Bedeutung ein besonderer Stellenwert zu. Eine Aufgabe dieser Studie war es, die Durchfuhrbarkeit und Verlasslichkeit der "Sentinel Node Biopsy" (SNB) im klinischen Alltag aufzuzeigen, eine weitere die Uberprufung dieses Konzeptes auch bei Patienten nach praoperativer Chemotherapie (PC) und bei multizentrischen Tumoren (MC).

To investigate the T-lymphopoietic capacity of human adult bone marrow (ABM) hematopoietic progenitor cells, CD34+Lin-, CD34+CD38+, and CD34++CD38- cells were cultured in a severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse fetal thymic organ culture (FTOC). Direct seeding of these progenitors resulted in a moderate to severe cell loss, particularly for the CD34++CD38- cell fraction, and T cells could only be generated from the CD34+Lin- fraction. Preincubation for 36 hours with interleukin-3 (IL-3) and stem cell factor (SCF) led to an improved cell survival and proliferation, although T-cell development was seen only in the CD34+Lin- fraction. Addition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha to IL-3 + SCF-supplemented preincubation medium resulted in optimal cell survival, cell proliferation. and T-cell generation of all 3 cell fractions. The TNF-alpha effect resulted in an up-regulation of CD127 (ie, the IL-7 receptor alpha-chain) in a small subset of the CD34+ cells. No evidence could be generated to support the possibility that TNF-alpha inhibits a cell population that suppresses T-cell differentiation. A quantitatively different T-cell generation potency was still seen between the 3 subpopulations: CD34+Lin- (100% success rate) > CD34+CD38+ (66%) > CD34++CD38- (25%). These data contrast with our previous findings using fetal liver and cord blood progenitors, which readily differentiate into T-lymphocytes in FTOC, even without prestimulation with cytokines. Our results demonstrate that adult CD34++CD38- cells, known to contain hematopoietic stem cells, can differentiate into T-lymphocytes and that a significant difference exists in T-lymphopoietic activity of stem cells derived from ontogenetically different sources. (Blood. 2000;95:2806-2812)

To define structural elements involved in translocation of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) glycoprotein B (gB) to the inner nuclear membrane (INM) compartment, mutagenized gB derivatives with deletions of the potential membrane anchor domains or of portions of the cytoplasmic tail were stably expressed in human astrocytoma cells. Subcellular localization examined by immunofluorescence and cell fractionation suggested that all gB derivatives reached the INM; however, reduced amounts were found after deletion of the extreme carboxy terminus [amino acids 856-906; gB(Del3)]. Pulse-chase analysis revealed accumulation in nuclear fractions of all gB derivatives during the chase, except for gB(Del3), which exhibited impaired nuclear retention. A carboxy-terminal nucleoplasmin-like signal localized within the respective deletion may thus be involved in nuclear transport and retention of HCMV gB. Immunoprecipitation after 32P-radiolabelling of the gB transfectants verified that the gB molecule is phosphorylated at a carboxy-terminal consensus motif for casein kinase II.

A two-dimensional anisotropic model of cardiac ventricular muscle was used to study the effects of discontinuities (barriers), such as dead cells or high-resistance areas, on longitudinal plane-wave propagation. Problems in propagation appear when long barriers become thicker and their spacing closer. Short barriers with large widths and small spacing also cause propagation disturbances and significant delays in their vicinity. If the plane wave front propagates through the barriers, the velocity returns to near normal within one-length constant away from the end of the barrier region. For a funnel-like structure, an opening of 13 cells should exist for longitudinal plane wave propagation. For smaller openings, the ratio of openings required for propagation to occur when traveling from a narrow to a wider area of tissue is proportional to the anisotropy ratio, which can cause unidirectional block. Tortuosity, created by spatial distribution of dead cell barriers, can facilitate propagation by changing the effective impedance the wave front sees, and can create multiple local delays, which may result in discrepancies when measuring propagation velocity.

Malignant lactic acidosis is a potentially overlooked but life-threatening complication in patients with haematological malignancies. The aim of this study is to describe the features of six patients with malignant lactic acidosis and to discuss how its initial presentation can be differentiated from that of severe sepsis.We prospectively collected data of all consecutive patients with haematological malignancies, admitted to the Ghent University Hospital Intensive Care Unit (ICU) between 2000 and 2007.Of 372 patients with haematological malignancies admitted to the ICU for life- threatening complications, 58 presented with lactic acid levelsor = 5 mmol/L. Six were diagnosed with malignant lactic acidosis. All patients with malignant lactic acidosis had high-grade lymphoblastic malignancies and were referred with a tentative diagnosis of severe sepsis or septic shock; lactic acid levels exceeded 9.45 mmol/L and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were at least 1785 U/L. Two patients had hypoglycaemia. All had a pronounced polypnea. In all patients hepatic malignant involvement was suspected. Two of the six patients survived their episode thanks to the early recognition of malignant lactic acidosis and the prompt administration of chemotherapy. One patient was still alive 6 months after initiating chemotherapy.Malignant lactic acidosis is a rare and often rapidly fatal metabolic complication if not promptly recognized and treated. An elevated lactic acid concentration, in disproportion with the level of tissue hypoxia, together with high serum LDH are cornerstones in the diagnosis. In contrast to septic shock patients, pronounced polypnea (Kussmaul's breathing pattern) rather than the haemodynamic instability is prominent.

The prognosis of multiple myeloma patients has significantly improved since the introduction of the novel agents thalidomide, bortezomib and lenalidomide. We report the data of a medical need programme with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone, conducted in Belgium between August 2007 and March 2008, and including 98 relapsed refractory multiple myeloma patients. In addition to chemotherapy and steroids, all patients had received prior treatment with bortezomib, and 84% of them had been exposed to thalidomide. In 52 patients response data could be retrieved by post-hoc analysis. A partial remission or better was achieved in 52% (49% partial and 3% complete response) of patients, despite a median of 5 previous anti-myeloma treatment lines. Responses were rapid while the majority of patients received lenalidomide with once weekly (also called low-dose) dexamethasone. Treatment with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone did prolong overall survival by nearly half a year in this population with end-stage myeloma. Overall response and quality of response were independent of previous response to thalidomide and bortezomib, although the time to progression tended to be shorter in thalidomide- and bortezomib-refractory patients. It can be concluded that lenalidomide plus dexamethasone is an effective and safe treatment regimen in highly refractory multiple myeloma patients, and that these responses are irrespective of previous exposure or sensitivity to thalidomide and bortezomib.

Neurologic manifestations often complicate the course of multiple myeloma, but direct involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) is rare.To describe the clinical course, neurological symptoms, laboratory findings and imaging of patients with CNS myeloma. This additional information may contribute to better recognition and more effective management of this complication in the future.We retrospectively identified 6 MM patients with CNS involvement diagnosed at our centre between April 2003 and April 2009. The clinical, biochemical and imaging data were collected and compared with previously reported cases.At time of diagnosis of CNS myeloma, 3 patients had progressive disease and 3 were in good partial remission. The presenting symptoms included diplopia, vision loss, extremity weakness and paresis. All cases showed one or more features of aggressive disease at diagnosis, including high tumour burden, plasmablastic morphology and high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities. Prognosis was poor with a median survival of 4.8 months.CNS myeloma should be considered in patients with aggressive MM and unexplained neurological symptoms. The prognosis is poor despite intensive therapy.

The past decade has seen substantial improvements in patient and graft survival after intestinal transplantation. This improvement has been achieved by advances in donor and recipient selection, patient management, immunosuppression and surgical techniques. Intestinal transplantation is therefore considered a therapeutic option in the treatment of short bowel syndrome. Mile stones include the development of the calcineurin inhibitor Tacrolimus for immunosuppression as well as induction therapy using immune modulating substances like interleukin-2 receptor antagonists and antilymphocyte preparations. In addition to improvements in immunosuppression, antimicrobial prophylaxis and diagnosis of rejection, advances in surgical techniques have been crucial to achieving increased graft survival. Pancreas transplantation, generally with simultaneous kidney transplantation, is now available as a treatment option for patients with labile diabetes mellitus (usually type 1). Allogeneic islet transplantation was developed in the 1990s as a minimally invasive alternative to pancreas transplantation. Pancreatic islets are isolated enzymatically from the donor pancreas, in most cases infused into the portal vein and thus engrafted into the liver. Currently, technical and medical problems as well as high costs prevent the application of islet transplantation as a therapeutic option for a larger number of patients with diabetes mellitus.

The expression of ras oncogene in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts is followed by profound alterations of ion transport across the cell membrane. On the one hand, ras-oncogene-expressing cells -unlike normal cells – respond to bradykinin, bombesin and serum with sustained oscillations of cell membrane potential, due to oscillations of intracellular calcium activity and subsequent activation of calcium-sensitive K+ channels. These oscillations depend on the hormone-stimulated entry of calcium from the extracellular space but at least partially involve calcium release from intracellular stores. On the other hand, the expression of the ras oncogene leads to a marked shift of the set point for volume-regulatory ion transport with subsequent activation of the Na+/H+ exchanger and the Na+, K+,2C1- cotransport, both carriers serving the regulatory cell volume increase. As a result, ras-oncogene-expressing cells are larger and more alkaline than cells that do not express the ras oncogene. The growth-factor-independent proliferation of ras-oncogene-expressing cells is abolished following inhibition of the Na+/K+,2Cl- cotransporter (by furosemide), inhibition of the Na+/H+ exchanger (by dimethylamiloride) and inhibition of bradykinin-induced calcium entry (by nifedipine). Thus, activation of the volume-regulatory ion transporters and the agonist-induced oscillations of intracellular calcium activity are apparently prerequisites for the growth-factor-independent proliferation of ras-oncogene-expressing cells.

Objective. The minimal amount of liver mass necessary for regeneration is still a matter of debate. The aim of the study was to analyze liver regeneration factors after extended resection with or without portosystemic shunt. Methods. An extended left hemihepatectomy was performed in 25 domestic pigs, in 15 cases after a portosystemic H-shunt. The expression of Ki-67, VEGF, TGF-, FGF, and CK-7 was analyzed in paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Results. The volume of the remnant liver increased about 2.5-fold at the end of the first week after resection. With 19 cells/10 Glisson fields versus 4/10, Ki-67-expression was significantly higher in the H-shunt group. VEGF- and CK-7-expressions were significantly higher in the control group. No significant change was found in FGF-expression. The expression of TGF- was higher, but not significantly, in the control group. Conclusions. The expression of Ki-67, and therefore hepatocyte regeneration, was increased in the shunt group. The expression of CK-7 on biliary epithelium and the expression of VEGF, however, were stronger in the control group.

We reviewed 25 patients with thymoma for clinical symptoms at presentation, X-ray findings and outcome. The tumours of all patients were classified using 3 different pathologic classification systems and each system was evaluated for its predictive power with respect to survival. The recent classification system by Muller-Hermelink allowed to distinguish thymomas with associated systemic syndromes from those without. However, no good prediction with respect to outcome could be made by any of the 3 systems.

Introduction Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is equivalent to adjuvant therapy (AdC) in terms of survival and disease-free interval. Many institutions add AdC after NAC and surgery. However, such extended chemotherapy (ExC) is not evidence based. Study aim was to investigate if ExC improved disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Patients and Methods From 1998 to 2006 356 consecutive patients received NAC (45 pts), AdC (221 pts) or ExC (90 pts). We analysed these 3 groups to determine effects of ExC and to identify patients who might benefit. NAC consisted in 93% of 3–6 cycles of epirubicin + docetaxel, AdC comprised EC ± taxanes in 72%. Median age in the NAC, AdC, and ExC-groups was 54, 56 and 52 years with follow-up of 30, 57, and 55 months. Results After NAC, 35% achieved downstaging and 10% pathologic complete remission. Surprisingly ExC seemed to result in reduction of 5-year DFS: compared to 85% and 82% after NAC and AdC, DFS was 61% after ExC (p = 0.001). OS was not significantly affected (79, 91, and 78% after NAC, AdC and ExC, p = 0.13). In multivariate analysis after correction for age, menopausal status, stage, grading, hormone receptors, her2-status, radiotherapy and surgery, ExC seemed to adversely affect DFS (HR 2.15, p = 0.008), loco-regional and distant recurrence-rates (HR 3.0, p = 0.03 and HR 2.0, p = 0.02). Discussion In this single-center analysis ExC could not show advantages in terms of DFS and OS. Because multivariate analyses of retrospective data cannot account for all potential biases, these data require confirmation in randomized clinical trials. Until then, extended chemotherapy should be considered carefully. As in previous studies, no differences were found between NAC and AdC groups.

The emergence of multi-drug-resistant strains of bacteria represents a particular challenge in the field of wound management. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether nanocrystalline silver dressings possess the physical properties to act as a barrier to the transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the laboratory setting and in a clinical setting. Initially, MRSA suspension and colony culture experiments were performed showing that nanocrystalline silver dressings act as potent and sustained antimicrobial agents, efficiently inhibiting MRSA penetration. Subsequently, a double-centre clinical trial was initiated using nanocrystalline silver dressings as a cover for 10 MRSA colonized wounds in a total of seven patients. By delineating the MRSA load on the upper side of the dressing and the wound bed each time the dressing was changed (i.e. after 1, 24, 48 and 72 h), nanocrystalline silver dressings were found to provide a complete, or almost complete, barrier to the penetration/spread of MRSA in 95% of readings. In addition, 67% of all wound observations showed a decrease in the MRSA load with an eradication rate of 11%. We believe that nanocrystalline silver dressings may become an important part of local MRSA management, with cost benefits to both patients and the healthcare system.

Clinical manifestations of primary hyperparathyroidism include neuromuscular, intestinal, and osseous symptoms with osteolytic lesions of the bone and pathological fractures. In most cases a primary adenoma of the parathyroid gland leads to an increased production of the parathormone with subsequent osteoclastic bone catabolism. Surgical treatment entails removal of the parathyroid adenoma. We present a female patient and the possible diagnostic and differential diagnostic difficulties encountered in interdisciplinary management.

In view of its predictive potential, axillary nodal status plays a particularly important role in breast cancer. The concept of sentinel node biopsy (SNB) revealed an accurate method with low postoperative morbidity for staging the axilla in patients with lymph node-negative breast cancer. The aim of this study was to show that SNB alone must have a place in routine clinical work and is reliable after preoperative chemotherapy (PC) and also in patients with multicentric tumors (MC).Between April 1997 and March 2002, a total of 300 SNBs were performed in patients with uni- or bilateral breast cancer. Of them, 45 who had completed PC and 13 with multicentric lesions underwent SNB followed by axillary dissection. The sentinel nodes (SN) were labelled with a blue dye and radioactive colloids. Median follow-up was 33.6 months (range 8.2-67.0) (StAw 1.4).The detection rate in the learning phase was 81.8% and later 93.5%, independently of the size of the primary tumor. Overall accuracy and negative predictive value of the first 55 patients, after PC and in those with MC came to 97.8% and 96.7%, 97.6%, 95.8% and 100%, respectively. Through focused pathologic examination, staging was improved in 11.3% of patients. A year after the procedure, one patient developed recurrence. Morbidity after SNB alone was significantly lower than after axillary dissection.Our experience shows SNB to be reliable and accurate for axillary staging in breast cancer patients. Morbidity after SNB alone was low. Conclusive data on the local recurrence rate are not yet available. Under certain conditions, SNB appears to have future clinical potential, even in patients with PC and MC, which must be confirmed in further multicentric studies. In the meantime, this method has attained definite value in the surgical therapy of breast cancer patients.

To investigate the T-lymphopoietic capacity of human adult bone marrow (ABM) hematopoietic progenitor cells, CD34+Lin-, CD34+CD38+, and CD34++CD38- cells were cultured in a severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse fetal thymic organ culture (FTOC). Direct seeding of these progenitors resulted in a moderate to severe cell loss, particularly for the CD34++CD38- cell fraction, and T cells could only be generated from the CD34+Lin- fraction. Preincubation for 36 hours with interleukin-3 (IL-3) and stem cell factor (SCF) led to an improved cell survival and proliferation, although T-cell development was seen only in the CD34+Lin- fraction. Addition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha to IL-3 + SCF-supplemented preincubation medium resulted in optimal cell survival, cell proliferation. and T-cell generation of all 3 cell fractions. The TNF-alpha effect resulted in an up-regulation of CD127 (ie, the IL-7 receptor alpha-chain) in a small subset of the CD34+ cells. No evidence could be generated to support the possibility that TNF-alpha inhibits a cell population that suppresses T-cell differentiation. A quantitatively different T-cell generation potency was still seen between the 3 subpopulations: CD34+Lin- (100% success rate)CD34+CD38+ (66%)CD34++CD38- (25%). These data contrast with our previous findings using fetal liver and cord blood progenitors, which readily differentiate into T-lymphocytes in FTOC, even without prestimulation with cytokines. Our results demonstrate that adult CD34++CD38- cells, known to contain hematopoietic stem cells, can differentiate into T-lymphocytes and that a significant difference exists in T-lymphopoietic activity of stem cells derived from ontogenetically different sources. (Blood. 2000;95:2806-2812)

Hintergrund: Die chronische Abstosung stellt die Hauptursache fur den Organverlust in der Spatphase nach Herztransplantation dar. Mechanismen, die zur Entstehung dieser Form der Transplantatabstosung fuhren, sind nur zum Teil bekannt. Das verwendete Modell der syngenen ReTx nach allogener Herztransplantation ermoglicht es, spezielle immunologische Aspekte der chronischen Abstosungsreaktion (CR) zu analysieren. Es erlaubt unterschiedliche Stadien sowie den Pathomechanismus der chronischen Abstosung naher zu untersuchen.

We studied the associations of macrophage activity, T-helper cell types 1 and 2 (Th-1/Th-2) responses, and iron status in 55 patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related liver disease and 28 control patients with noninfectious liver disease. Serum concentrations of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type II (sTNFrec 75), a macrophage activation marker, were higher in cirrhotic than in noncirrhotic patients (P

To assess the influence of high-dose chemotherapy and age on the intrinsic capacity of stem cells to generate T cells, CD34+ cells derived from bone marrow used in clinical transplantation were evaluated in an in vitro T-cell assay using a mouse thymic microenvironment. CD34+ cells were sorted from healthy donor and autologous back-up bone marrow after density gradient centrifugation and depletion for CD1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 19 and glycophorin A using magnetic beads. CD34+ cells were then introduced in day 14-15 fetal SCII) mouse thymus lobes by incubation in hanging drops for 48 h. After transfer to gelfoam rafts they were cultured for variable time periods. The lobes were then homogenized in a tissue grinder for flow cytometric analysis gating on human cells. These were evaluated for CD4, CD8, CD3 and HLA-DR surface expression. 51 samples were analysed and three patterns of T-cell precursor development could be observed. In pattern A no human cells could be recovered, in pattern B maturation stopped at the CD4+ CD8- CD3- pre-T-cell stage, and in pattern C maturation to double-positive CD4+ CD8+ thymocytes was reached. In 25 healthy donors under age 40 three showed pattern A, 12 pattern B and 10 pattern C, whereas in 16 healthy donors over the age 40 there were respectively four with A, seven with B and only five with C (P=0.01). In 10 patients who had previously received chemotherapy, none developed pattern C, five pattern B and five pattern A, in contrast to 15/41 pattern C, 19/41 pattern B and 7/41 pattern A in healthy donors. These data suggest an intrinsic loss of T-cell generation capacity from adult bone marrow stem cells in comparison to reports on stem cells of fetal origin. This loss correlated weakly with age, irrespective of thymic involution, and may be further reduced by prior chemotherapy.

Metastasis is a complicated multi-step process involving interactions between tumour cells, the extracellular matrix and the vessel walls. Experimental observations suggest that leucocyte migration and function could be a suitable model in order to understand tumour cell dissemination. In the present report we show and quantify the production of free radicals by human malignant melanoma cells (St-ml12) by means of a spectrophotometrical method, using an enzyme immunoassay reader. Endothelial cells and activated polymorphonuclear leucocytes were used as controls. Melanoma cells without stimulants produced large amounts of superoxide anion at an increasing rate in relation to time, which could be inhibited by superoxide dismutase. Production of hydrogen peroxide was minimal. The endothelial cells produced a negligible amount, in contrast to the activated polymorphonuclear leucocytes, which released large quantities of both free radicals. A rapid assay to analyse the production of free radicals by tumour cells is presented here. Using this, we demonstrated that melanoma cells produce superoxide anions, supporting previous observations which implicate superoxide anion in the mechanism of metastasis.