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Unexpected growth of population and urbanization eventually leads towards disasters, might be natural or manmade for instance climate change, the rise in sea level, pollution, landslides, floods, etc. Subsequently, floods are the worst effects of agricultural revolution and comes up as a potential most natural hazard in the world. It couldn’t be stopped but the adverse impact can be minimized through structural and non-structural measures. Flood hazard mapping have a vital role and is an essential element of land use and pre-disaster planning. Moreover, the Earth Observation (EO) data can help to prepare the updated flood hazard maps by distant viewing. Pakistan have one of the greatest irrigation systems of the world and is the sixth largest populous country. However, having such a huge irrigation system is also a threat to overflow in heavy rains. The monsoon season in 2010, the unexpected heavy rainfall caused a massive flood which ultimately destroyed the agriculture, infrastructure in several districts all over the country. District Charsadda was affected severely by both riverine floods and flash floods in 2010. Furthermore, the floodplains of district is occupied by dense population showing the immense need to assess hazard zones to avoid additional losses. In this case study for the catchment area of River Kabul and River Swat, Charsadda, the flood hazard was identified using participatory approach and weighted overlay method. Results depict that more than 80% of the area was inundated during 2010 devastating flood in the UC Agra.

Pakistan is prone to natural hazards including floods, in particular, affecting millions of people each year across the country. Patterns from recent years suggest the intensity of flooding are increasing and may continue more aggressively during the coming years because of increased magnitude of the monsoon rains and identified climatic changes in the region. Mapping of flood hazard is essential for planning and mitigation purpose. However, only flood hazard mapping is not sufficient to assess the magnitude of risk to lives and property. Risk mapping is an integral part of pre and post disaster management. Furthermore, the Earth Observation (EO) data could be helpful to update flood risk maps time to time by covering many aspects e.g. population concentration areas, critical infrastructure and commercial areas, to enhance the preparedness planning and mitigation measure against risk of flood. Pakistan has experienced the devastating flood in 2010 due to unexpected heavy rainfall in the monsoon season with enormous losses to property lives and infrastructure in several districts. The Union council Agra, District Charsadda was among the affected most districts by riverine and flash floods. Additionally, growing population in flood plains is another threat to the district. However, to cope with this situation there is immense need to detect risk index to prevent further damages caused by such floods. This study aims to prepare the hazard, vulnerability and risk index for River Kabul and Swat catchment area of union council Agra, Charsadda. the flood risk was identified, and risk index maps were prepared by executing a methodology for assessing risk, based on the physical exposure of the flood hazard, vulnerability of people, and the exposure of critical assets to flood water. Explicitly, spatial flood risk index maps were produced with the help of analytical spatial modeling by considering the areas exposed to flood hazard, morphological characteristics and socio-economic indicators. The produced flood risk maps were verified through visual examination through 3D city flood maps. Results illustrate that the areas of higher flood risk overlapped with the areas of high flood hazard along with high population density and socio-economic exposure to vulnerability.

The choice of the correct density profile is crucial in laser wakefield acceleration. In this work, both subsonic and supersonic gas targets are characterized by means of fluid-dynamic simulations and experimental interferometric measurements. The gas targets are studied in different configurations, and the density profiles most suitable for laser wakefield acceleration are discussed.

In the title molecule, C28H20Cl2N2O2, the dihedral angle between the 2-chloroquinoline and 6-chloroquinoline rings is 7.55 (6)°. The dihedral angle between the phenyl ring and its attached quinoline ring is 62.59 (4)°. In the crystal, aromatic π–π stacking interactions [centroid–centroid distances = 3.771 (3) and 3.612 (3) Å] help to establish the packing.

The title compound, C18H16N2O, crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1, with four independent molecules in the asymmetric unit wherein two molecules have an irregular -ac, -ac, +ap conformation (ap, antiperiplanar; ac, anticlinal), while the other molecules exhibit a different, +ac, +ac, +ap conformation. The planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.006 Å in each of the four molecules) quinoline ring systems of the four molecules are oriented at dihedral angles of 32.8 (2), 33.4 (2), 31.7 (2) and 32.3 (2)° with respect to the benzene rings. Intramolecular N—H...N interactions occur in all four independent molecules. The crystal packing is stabilized by intermolecular N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds, and are further consolidated by C—H...π and π–π stacking interactions [centroid–centroid distances = 3.728 (3), 3.722 (3), 3.758 (3) and 3.705 (3) Å].

In the title molecule, C22H21N3, the isoquinoline ring is almost planar [maximum deviation = 0.046 (1) Å] and makes dihedral angles of 52.01 (4) and 14.61 (4)° with the pyrazole and phenyl rings, respectively. The phenyl ring and the pyrazole ring are twisted by 44.20 (6)° with respect to each other. The terminal C atoms of both of the ethyl groups attached to the pyrazole ring are disordered over two sites with occupancy ratios of 0.164 (7):0.836 (7) and 0.447 (16):0.553 (16). A weak intramolecular C—H...N contact may influence the molecular conformation. The crystal structure is stabilized by C—H...π contacts involving the phenyl and pyrazole rings, and by π–π stacking interactions involving the pyridine and benzene rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.5972 (10) Å].

In the title molecule, C19H14ClN3O, the quinoline and quinazoline ring systems form a dihedral angle of 80.75 (4)°. In the crystal, the molecules are linked by pairs of C—H...N hydrogen bonds into centrosymmetric dimers, generating R22(6) ring motifs. The structure is further stabilized by C—H...π interactions and π–π stacking interactions [centroid–centroid distances = 3.7869 (8) and 3.8490 (8) Å].

The title compound, C11H10ClNO, is close to being planar (r.m.s deviation for the non-H atoms = 0.026 Å). In the crystal, molecules are linked by O—H...O hydrogen bonds, generating C(2) chains, and weak C—H...π interactions and aromatic π–π stacking interactions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.713 (3) Å] help to consolidate the structure.

In the title compound, C11H10ClNO2·H2O, the organic molecule is roughly planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.074 Å). In the crystal structure, molecues are linked by O—H...O and O—H...N hydrogen bonds and weak C—H...π and π–π interactions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.578 (3) Å] consolidate the packing. A short Cl...O contact [3.147 (3) Å] is also observed.

In the title compound, C28H20Cl2N2O2, the 2-chloroquinoline and 6-chloroquinoline ring systems are twisted slightly, making a dihedral angle of 4.05 (3)°. The dihedral angle between the 2-quinoline ring system and the phenyl ring attached to it is 74.43 (5)°. In the crystal structure, a pair of intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonds connect the molecules, forming centrosymmetric dimers with R22(16) motifs. The dimers are further consolidated by a C—H...π interaction and a π–π stacking interaction with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.6562 (10) Å.

In the title compound, C27H18Cl2N2O2, the 2-chloroquinoline and 6-chloroquinoline rings are almost planar, with maximum deviations from their mean planes of 0.072 (1) and 0.044 (1) Å, respectively, for the Cl atoms. The interplanar angle between these rings is 14.36 (5)°. The interplanar angle between the 6-chloroquinoline and phenyl rings is 66.00 (8)°. In the crystal, molecules are interlinked by weak C—H...O, C—H...π and π–π stacking [centroid–centroid distances = 3.7453 (10) and 3.7557 (9) Å] interactions.

There are two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C11H9Cl2N, both of which are essentially planar [maximum deviations of 0.072 (5) and 0.072 (7) Å]. In the crystal structure, weak π–π stacking interactions [centroid-centroid distances = 3.791 (3) Å and 3.855 (3) Å] link pairs of molecules.

In the title compound, C15H11Cl2NO2, the dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 74.83 (5)°. The N-bound and terminal benzene rings are inclined at dihedral angles of 4.09 (10) and 78.38 (9)°, respectively, to the mean plane through the acetamide group. Intramolecular C—H...O and N—H...O hydrogen bonds both generate S(6) rings.

The title molecule, C5H7N3O2, has an almost planar conformation, with a maximum deviation of 0.043 (3) Å, except for the methyl H atoms. In the crystal structure, intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into layers parallel to the bc plane. Intermolecular π–π stacking interactions [centroid–centroid distances = 3.685 (2) and 3.697 (2) Å] are observed between the parallel triazole rings.

The title compound, C13H14OS, crystallizes with two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. The unit cell contains three voids of 197 Å3, but the residual electron density (highest peak = 0.24 e Å−3 and deepest hole = −0.18 e Å−3) in the difference Fourier map suggests no solvent molecule occupies this void. The crystal structure is stabilized by π–π interactions between the isocoumarin ring systems, with centroid–centroid distances of 3.6793 (14) and 3.6566 (15) Å.

In the title molecule, C22H14ClN3, the triazoloisoquinoline ring system is approximately planar, with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.033 (2) Å and a maximum departure from the mean plane of 0.062 (1) Å for the triazole ring C atom, bonded to the benzene ring. The benzene and phenyl rings are twisted by 57.02 (6) and 62.16 (6)°, respectively, to the mean plane of the triazoloisoquinoline ring system. The molecule is stabilized by a weak intramolecular π–π interaction [centroid–centroid distance = 3.7089 (10) Å] between the benzene and phenyl rings. In the crystal structure, weak intermolecular C—H...N hydrogen bonds and C—H...π interactions link the molecules.

In the title molecule, C20H12ClN3O, the triazoloisoquinoline ring system is nearly planar, with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.018 (3) Å and a maximum deviation of 0.034 (3) Å from the mean plane for the triazole ring C atom which is bonded to the benzene ring. The furan and benzene rings are twisted by 59.71 (14) and 66.95 (10)°, respectively, with respect to the mean plane of the triazoloisoquinoline ring system. The molecular conformation is stabilized by an intramolecular π–π interaction [centroid-to-centroid distance = 3.5262 (18) Å]. The crystal packing is stabilized by weak C—H...π interactions and weak π–π interactions [centroid-to-centroid distance = 3.9431 (17) Å].

In the title compound, C15H12ClN3O, the quinoline ring system is essentially planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.017 (1) Å. The crystal packing is stabilized by π–π stacking interactions between the quinoline rings of adjacent molecule, with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.5913 (8) Å. A weak C—H...π contact is also observed between molecules.

In the title compound, C16H13ClN2O, the quinoline ring system is approximately planar [maximum deviation 0.021 (2) Å] and forms a dihedral angle of 85.93 (6)° with the pyridone ring. Intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonding, together with weak C—H...π and π–π interactions [centroid-to-centroid distances 3.5533 (9) and 3.7793 (9) Å], characterize the crystal structure.

In the title compound, C18H11ClN2O2, the isatin and 2-chloro-3-methylquinoline units are both almost planar, with r.m.s. deviations of 0.0075 and 0.0086 Å, respectively, and the dihedral angle between the mean planes of the two units is 83.13 (7)°. In the crystal, a weak intermolecular C—H... O interaction links the molecules into chains along the c axis.

In the title molecule, C23H14N4, the triazoloisoquinoline ring system is nearly planar, with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.038 (2) Å and a maximum deviation of −0.030 (2) Å from the mean plane of the triazole ring C atom which is bonded to the benzene ring. The benzene and phenyl rings are twisted by 57.65 (8) and 53.60 (9)°, respectively, with respect to the mean plane of the triazoloisoquinoline ring system. In the crystal structure, molecules are linked by weak aromatic π–π interactions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.8074 (12) Å]. In addition, the crystal structure exhibits a nonclassical intermolecular C—H...N hydrogen bond.

In the title molecule, C21H15ClN4S, the triazoloisoquinoline ring system is approximately planar, with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.054 (2) Å and a maximum deviation of 0.098 (2) Å from the mean plane for the triazole ring C atom that is bonded to the thiazole ring. The thiazole and benzene rings are twisted by 66.36 (7) and 56.32 (7)°, respectively, with respect to the mean plane of the triazoloisoquinoline ring system. In the crystal structure, molecules are linked by intermolecular C—H...N interactions along the a axis. The molecular conformation is stabilized by a weak intramolecular π–π interaction involving the thiazole and benzene rings, with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.6546 (11) Å. In addition, two other intermolecular π–π stacking interactions are observed, between the triazole and benzene rings and between the dihydropyridine and benzene rings [centroid–centroid distances = 3.6489 (11) and 3.5967 (10) Å, respectively].

In the title compound, C30H24Cl2N2O3, the two quinoline ring systems are almost planar [maximum deviations = 0.029 (2) and 0.018 (3) Å] and the dihedral angle between them is 4.17 (8)°. The dihedral angle between the phenyl ring and its attached quinoline ring is 69.06 (13)°. The packing is stabilized by C—H...O, C—H...N, weak π–π stacking [centroid–centroid distances = 3.7985 (16) and 3.7662 (17) Å] and C—H...π interactions.

In the title molecule, C14H10ClNO, all non-H atoms are coplanar (r.m.s deviation = 0.0266 Å). In the crystal, symmetry-related molecules are hydrogen bonded via intermolecular O—H...O interactions, forming chains along the b axis.

In the title compound, C17H15ClN2O, the quinoline ring system is nearly planar, with a maximum deviation from the mean plane of 0.074 (2) Å, and makes a dihedral angle of 81.03 (7)° with the pyridone ring. The crystal packing is stabilized by π–π stacking interactions between the pyridone and benzene rings of the quinoline ring system [centroid–centroid distance = 3.6754 (10) Å]. Furthermore, weak intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonding links molecules into supramolecular chains along [001].

In the title compound, C16H13ClN2O, the quinoline ring system is essentially planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.021 (2) Å. The pyridone ring is oriented at a dihedral angle of 85.93 (6)° with respect to the quinoline ring system. In the crystal structure, intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules along the b axis. Weak π–π stacking interactions [centroid–centroid distances = 3.7218 (9) and 3.6083 (9) Å] are also observed.

The title compound, C22H20ClN3, is composed of a dialkyl-substituted pyrazole ring connected to an aryl-substituted isoquinoline ring system with a dihedral angle of 55.8 (1)° between the pyrazole ring and and the isoquinoline ring system. The dihedral angle between the chlorophenyl ring and the isoquinoline ring system is 28.3 (1)°.

The molecular conformation of the title compound, C19H18O2, is stabilized by an intramolecular O—H—O hydrogen bond. In addition, intermolecular O—H—O interactions link the molecules into zigzag chains running along the c axis.

The title compound, C25H19N3, is composed of an aryl-substituted pyrazole ring connected to an aryl-substituted isoquinoline ring system with a dihedral angle of 52.7 (1)° between the pyrazole ring and the isoquinoline ring system. The dihedral angle between the pyrazole ring and the phenyl ring attached to it is 27.4 (1)° and the dihedral angle between the isoquinoline ring system and the phenyl ring attached to it is 19.6 (1)°.

In the title molecule, C20H13N3S, the triazoloisoquinoline ring system is approximately planar, with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.045 Å and a maximum deviation of 0.090 (2) Å from the mean plane for the triazole ring C atom which is bonded to the thiophene ring. The phenyl ring is twisted by 52.0 (1)° with respect to the mean plane of the triazoloisoquinoline ring system. The thiophene ring is rotationally disordered by approximately 180° over two sites, the ratio of refined occupancies being 0.73 (1):0.27 (1).

All the non-H atoms of the title compound, C10H11NO2, are almost coplanar [maximum deviation = 0.040 (3) Å]. The crystal structure is stabilized by C—H...O hydrogen bonds.

All the non-H atoms of the title compound, C11H10ClNO2, are roughly coplanar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.058 Å). In the crystal, adjacent molecules are linked by an O—H...N hydrogen bond, generating chains running along the a axis.

All non-H atoms of the title compound, C12H12ClNO, are co-planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.055 Å). The hydroxy H atom is disordered over two positions of equal occupancy. In the crystal, molecules are linked by O—H...O hydrogen bonds, generating zigzag chains running along the b axis.

In the title compound, C18H14ClNO3, the dihydroquinolin-2-one ring system is almost planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.033 Å). The carboxylate plane and the phenyl group are twisted away from the dihydroquinolin-2-one ring system by 50.3 (1) and 64.9 (1)°, respectively. In the crystal structure, inversion-related molecules form R22(8) dimers via pairs of N—H...O hydrogen bonds.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C20H20ClNO2, contains two crystallographically independent molecules of similar geometry. The piperidine ring adopts a distorted boat conformation in both molecules, in which the N atom assumes an almost planar configuration.

In the molecule of the title compound, C20H23NO3, the bulky methoxyphenyl substituents at the equatorial 2,6-positions crowd the vicinity of the equatorial amino H atom and prevent it from forming intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The piperidine ring adopts a distorted chair conformation.

In the title compound, C18H13Cl2NO2, the quinoline ring system is almost planar (r.m.s. deviation 0.009 Å), and the phenyl and carboxylate planes are twisted away from it by 59.2 (1) and 65.9 (2)°, respectively.

In the title compound, C19H16ClNO2, the quinoline ring system is planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.008 Å). The phenyl group and the –CO2 fragment of the ester unit form dihedral angles of 60.0 (1) and 60.5 (1)°, respectively, with the quinoline ring system.

The benzo[h]quinolinyl fused-ring of the title compound, C14H8ClNO, is planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.016 Å); the formyl group is slightly bent out of the plane [the C—C—C—O torsion angle is 10.7 (4)°].

All the non-H atoms of the title compound, C12H10ClNO, lie on a crystallographic mirror plane orientated perpendicular to the crystallographic b axis.

The quinoline fused-ring system of the title compound, C11H8ClNO, is planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.007 Å); the formyl group is bent slightly out of the plane [C—C—C—O torsion angles = −9.6 (5) and 170.4 (3)°].

The title diketone, C21H22O2, features a phenylene ring having benzoylmethyl and cyclohexanoyl substituents ortho to each other. The cyclohexyl ring adopts a chair conformation with the ketonic group occupying an equatorial position; the four-atom –C(O)–C ketonic unit is twisted out of the plane of the phenylene ring by 34.9 (1)°.

The quinolinyl fused-ring of the title compound, C11H8ClNO, is almost planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.013 Å); the formyl group is slightly bent out of the plane of the fused ring system [C—C—C—O torsion angle = 13.5 (4)°].

The quinolinyl fused ring system of the title compound, C10H6ClNO, is planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.018 Å); the formyl group is slightly bent out of the plane of the fused ring system [C—C—C—O torsion angle = 8.2 (3)°].

In the title compound, C11H8ClNO2, the quinoline fused-ring system is almost planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.020 Å). The formyl group is slightly bent out of the quinoline plane [deviation of the O atom = 0.371 (2) Å].

The quinoline fused-ring system of the title compound, C11H8ClNO2, is planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.0095 Å); the formyl group is slightly bent out of this plane [C—C—C—O torsion angles = −2.4 (3) and 175.9 (2)°].

The title compound, C29H20ClNOS, is a 1-substituted-3-phenylisoquinoline that crystallizes with four independent molecules in the asymmtric unit. The four molecules have similar C—S—C angles. The most noteworthy differences between the molecules relate to the inclination of the 3-phenyl subsituent with respect to the isoquinoline fused-ring [dihedral angles of 21.2 (1), 25.6 (2), 34.3 (1) and 36.5 (2)°].

The quinoline fused-ring system of the title compound, C11H8ClNO, is planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.005 Å); the formyl group is slightly bent out of the plane [C—C—C–O1 torsion angles = 8.8 (7) and −172.8 (4)°].

In the title compound, C5H7N3O2, all non-H atoms lie in a common plane, with a maximum deviation of 0.061 (2)° for the ester methyl C atom. The structure is stabilized by intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonds.

The molecular conformation of the title compound, C20H17N3, is stabilized by an intramolecular C—H...N interaction. The crystal structure shows intermolecular C—H...π interactions. The dihedral angle between the isoquinoline unit and the phenyl ring is 11.42 (1)° whereas the isoquinoline unit and the pendent dimethyl pryrazole unit form a dihedral angle of 50.1 (4)°. Furthermore, the angle between the mean plane of the phenyl ring and the dimethyl pyrazole unit is 47.3 (6)°.