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1. Detecting the human fingerprint in the summer 2022 western–central European soil drought

Author: D. L. Schumacher, M. Zachariah, F. Otto, C. Barnes, S. Philip, S. Kew, M. Vahlberg, R. Singh, D. Heinrich, J. Arrighi, M. van Aalst, M. Hauser, M. Hirschi, V. Bessenbacher, L. Gudmundsson, H. K. Beaudoing, M. Rodell, S. Li, W. Yang, G. A. Vecchi, L. J. Harrington, F. Lehner, G. Balsamo, and S. I. Seneviratne
Subjects: Science, Geology, QE1-996.5, Dynamic and structural geology, QE500-639.5
Abstract: In the 2022 summer, western–central Europe and several other regions in the northern extratropics experienced substantial soil moisture deficits in the wake of precipitation shortages and elevated temperatures. Much of Europe has not witnessed a more severe soil drought since at least the mid-20th century, raising the question whether this is a manifestation of our warming climate. Here, we employ a well-established statistical approach to attribute the low 2022 summer soil moisture to human-induced climate change using observation-driven soil moisture estimates and climate models. We find that in western–central Europe, a June–August root zone soil moisture drought such as in 2022 is expected to occur once in 20 years in the present climate but would have occurred only about once per century during preindustrial times. The entire northern extratropics show an even stronger global warming imprint with a 20-fold soil drought probability increase or higher, but we note that the underlying uncertainty is large. Reasons are manifold but include the lack of direct soil moisture observations at the required spatiotemporal scales, the limitations of remotely sensed estimates, and the resulting need to simulate soil moisture with land surface models driven by meteorological data. Nevertheless, observation-based products indicate long-term declining summer soil moisture for both regions, and this tendency is likely fueled by regional warming, while no clear trends emerge for precipitation. Finally, our climate model analysis suggests that under 2 ∘C global warming, 2022-like soil drought conditions would become twice as likely for western–central Europe compared to today and would take place nearly every year across the northern extratropics.
Published: 2024
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2. Storylines for unprecedented heatwaves based on ensemble boosting

Author: E. M. Fischer, U. Beyerle, L. Bloin-Wibe, C. Gessner, V. Humphrey, F. Lehner, A. G. Pendergrass, S. Sippel, J. Zeder, and R. Knutti
Subjects: Science
Abstract: Abstract Recent temperature extremes have shattered previously observed records, reaching intensities that were inconceivable before the events. Could the possibility of an event with such unprecedented intensity as the 2021 Pacific Northwest heatwave have been foreseen, based on climate model information available before the event? Could the scientific community have quantified its potential intensity based on the current generation of climate models? Here, we demonstrate how an ensemble boosting approach can be used to generate physically plausible storylines of a heatwave hotter than observed in the Pacific Northwest. We also show that heatwaves of much greater intensities than ever observed are possible in other locations like the Greater Chicago and Paris regions. In order to establish confidence in storylines of ‘black swan’-type events, different lines of evidence need to be combined along with process understanding to make this information robust and actionable for stakeholders.
Published: 2023
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3. Evaluating skills and issues of quantile-based bias adjustment for climate change scenarios

Author: F. Lehner, I. Nadeem, and H. Formayer
Subjects: Oceanography, GC1-1581, Meteorology. Climatology, QC851-999, Probabilities. Mathematical statistics, QA273-280
Abstract: Daily meteorological data such as temperature or precipitation from climate models are needed for many climate impact studies, e.g., in hydrology or agriculture, but direct model output can contain large systematic errors. A large variety of methods exist to adjust the bias of climate model outputs. Here we review existing statistical bias-adjustment methods and their shortcomings, and compare quantile mapping (QM), scaled distribution mapping (SDM), quantile delta mapping (QDM) and an empiric version of PresRAT (PresRATe). We then test these methods using real and artificially created daily temperature and precipitation data for Austria. We compare the performance in terms of the following demands: (1) the model data should match the climatological means of the observational data in the historical period; (2) the long-term climatological trends of means (climate change signal), either defined as difference or as ratio, should not be altered during bias adjustment; and (3) even models with too few wet days (precipitation above 0.1 mm) should be corrected accurately, so that the wet day frequency is conserved. QDM and PresRATe combined fulfill all three demands. For (2) for precipitation, PresRATe already includes an additional correction that assures that the climate change signal is conserved.
Published: 2023
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4. Mass‐Conserving Downscaling of Climate Model Precipitation Over Mountainous Terrain for Water Resource Applications

Author: A. Rugg, E. D. Gutmann, R. R. McCrary, F. Lehner, A. J. Newman, J. H. Richter, M. R. Tye, and A. W. Wood
Subjects: hydrological modeling, mountainous terrain, downscaling, water resources, climate change, western United States, Geophysics. Cosmic physics, QC801-809
Abstract: Abstract A mass‐conserving method to downscale precipitation from global climate models (GCMs) using sub‐grid‐scale topography and modeled 700‐mb wind direction is presented. Runoff is simulated using a stand‐alone hydrological model, with this and several other methods as inputs, and compared to runoff simulated using historical observations over the western contiguous United States. Results suggest the mitigation of grid‐scale biases is more critical than downscaling for some regions with large wet biases (e.g., the Great Basin and Upper Colorado). In other regions (e.g., the Pacific Northwest) the new method produces more realistic sub‐grid‐scale variability in runoff compared to unadjusted GCM output and a simpler downscaling method. The presented method also brings the runoff centroid timing closer to that simulated with observations for all subregions examined.
Published: 2023
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5. Rapid attribution analysis of the extraordinary heat wave on the Pacific coast of the US and Canada in June 2021

Author: S. Y. Philip, S. F. Kew, G. J. van Oldenborgh, F. S. Anslow, S. I. Seneviratne, R. Vautard, D. Coumou, K. L. Ebi, J. Arrighi, R. Singh, M. van Aalst, C. Pereira Marghidan, M. Wehner, W. Yang, S. Li, D. L. Schumacher, M. Hauser, R. Bonnet, L. N. Luu, F. Lehner, N. Gillett, J. S. Tradowsky, G. A. Vecchi, C. Rodell, R. B. Stull, R. Howard, and F. E. L. Otto
Subjects: Science, Geology, QE1-996.5, Dynamic and structural geology, QE500-639.5
Abstract: Towards the end of June 2021, temperature records were broken by several degrees Celsius in several cities in the Pacific Northwest areas of the US and Canada, leading to spikes in sudden deaths and sharp increases in emergency calls and hospital visits for heat-related illnesses. Here we present a multi-model, multi-method attribution analysis to investigate the extent to which human-induced climate change has influenced the probability and intensity of extreme heat waves in this region. Based on observations, modelling and a classical statistical approach, the occurrence of a heat wave defined as the maximum daily temperature (TXx) observed in the area 45–52∘ N, 119–123∘ W, was found to be virtually impossible without human-caused climate change. The observed temperatures were so extreme that they lay far outside the range of historical temperature observations. This makes it hard to state with confidence how rare the event was. Using a statistical analysis that assumes that the heat wave is part of the same distribution as previous heat waves in this region led to a first-order estimation of the event frequency of the order of once in 1000 years under current climate conditions. Using this assumption and combining the results from the analysis of climate models and weather observations, we found that such a heat wave event would be at least 150 times less common without human-induced climate change. Also, this heat wave was about 2 ∘C hotter than a 1-in-1000-year heat wave would have been in 1850–1900, when global mean temperatures were 1.2 ∘C cooler than today. Looking into the future, in a world with 2 ∘C of global warming (0.8 ∘C warmer than today), a 1000-year event would be another degree hotter. Our results provide a strong warning: our rapidly warming climate is bringing us into uncharted territory with significant consequences for health, well-being and livelihoods. Adaptation and mitigation are urgently needed to prepare societies for a very different future.
Published: 2022
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6. Latent Linear Adjustment Autoencoder v1.0: a novel method for estimating and emulating dynamic precipitation at high resolution

Author: C. Heinze-Deml, S. Sippel, A. G. Pendergrass, F. Lehner, and N. Meinshausen
Subjects: Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: A key challenge in climate science is to quantify the forced response in impact-relevant variables such as precipitation against the background of internal variability, both in models and observations. Dynamical adjustment techniques aim to remove unforced variability from a target variable by identifying patterns associated with circulation, thus effectively acting as a filter for dynamically induced variability. The forced contributions are interpreted as the variation that is unexplained by circulation. However, dynamical adjustment of precipitation at local scales remains challenging because of large natural variability and the complex, nonlinear relationship between precipitation and circulation particularly in heterogeneous terrain. Building on variational autoencoders, we introduce a novel statistical model – the Latent Linear Adjustment Autoencoder (LLAAE) – that enables estimation of the contribution of a coarse-scale atmospheric circulation proxy to daily precipitation at high resolution and in a spatially coherent manner. To predict circulation-induced precipitation, the Latent Linear Adjustment Autoencoder combines a linear component, which models the relationship between circulation and the latent space of an autoencoder, with the autoencoder's nonlinear decoder. The combination is achieved by imposing an additional penalty in the cost function that encourages linearity between the circulation field and the autoencoder's latent space, hence leveraging robustness advantages of linear models as well as the flexibility of deep neural networks. We show that our model predicts realistic daily winter precipitation fields at high resolution based on a 50-member ensemble of the Canadian Regional Climate Model at 12 km resolution over Europe, capturing, for instance, key orographic features and geographical gradients. Using the Latent Linear Adjustment Autoencoder to remove the dynamic component of precipitation variability, forced thermodynamic components are expected to remain in the residual, which enables the uncovering of forced precipitation patterns of change from just a few ensemble members. We extend this to quantify the forced pattern of change conditional on specific circulation regimes. Future applications could include, for instance, weather generators emulating climate model simulations of regional precipitation, detection and attribution at subcontinental scales, or statistical downscaling and transfer learning between models and observations to exploit the typically much larger sample size in models compared to observations.
Published: 2021
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7. Attribution of the role of climate change in the forest fires in Sweden 2018

Author: F. Krikken, F. Lehner, K. Haustein, I. Drobyshev, and G. J. van Oldenborgh
Subjects: Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, TD1-1066, Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: In this study, we analyse the role of climate change in the forest fires that raged through large parts of Sweden in the summer of 2018 from a meteorological perspective. This is done by studying the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) based on sub-daily data, both in reanalysis data sets (ERA-Interim, ERA5, the Japanese 55 year Reanalysis, JRA-55, and Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications version 2, MERRA-2) and three large-ensemble climate models (EC-Earth, weather@home, W@H, and Community Earth System Model, CESM) simulations. The FWI, based on reanalysis, correlates well with the observed burnt area in summer (r=0.6 to 0.8). We find that the maximum FWI in July 2018 had return times of ∼24 years (90 % CI, confidence interval, > 10 years) for southern and northern Sweden. Furthermore, we find a negative trend of the FWI for southern Sweden over the 1979 to 2017 time period in the reanalyses, yielding a non-significant reduced probability of such an event. However, the short observational record, large uncertainty between the reanalysis products and large natural variability of the FWI give a large confidence interval around this number that easily includes no change, so we cannot draw robust conclusions from reanalysis data. The three large-ensembles with climate models point to a roughly 1.1 (0.9 to 1.4) times increased probability (non-significant) for such events in the current climate relative to preindustrial climate. For a future climate (2 ∘C warming), we find a roughly 2 (1.5 to 3) times increased probability for such events relative to the preindustrial climate. The increased fire weather risk is mainly attributed to the increase in temperature. The other main factor, i.e. precipitation during summer months, is projected to increase for northern Sweden and decrease for southern Sweden. We, however, do not find a clear change in prolonged dry periods in summer months that could explain the increased fire weather risk in the climate models. In summary, we find a (non-significant) reduced probability of such events based on reanalyses, a small (non-significant) increased probability due to global warming up to now and a more robust (significant) increase in the risk for such events in the future based on the climate models.
Published: 2021
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8. Attribution of the Australian bushfire risk to anthropogenic climate change

Author: G. J. van Oldenborgh, F. Krikken, S. Lewis, N. J. Leach, F. Lehner, K. R. Saunders, M. van Weele, K. Haustein, S. Li, D. Wallom, S. Sparrow, J. Arrighi, R. K. Singh, M. K. van Aalst, S. Y. Philip, R. Vautard, and F. E. L. Otto
Subjects: Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, TD1-1066, Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: Disastrous bushfires during the last months of 2019 and January 2020 affected Australia, raising the question to what extent the risk of these fires was exacerbated by anthropogenic climate change. To answer the question for southeastern Australia, where fires were particularly severe, affecting people and ecosystems, we use a physically based index of fire weather, the Fire Weather Index; long-term observations of heat and drought; and 11 large ensembles of state-of-the-art climate models. We find large trends in the Fire Weather Index in the fifth-generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Atmospheric Reanalysis (ERA5) since 1979 and a smaller but significant increase by at least 30 % in the models. Therefore, we find that climate change has induced a higher weather-induced risk of such an extreme fire season. This trend is mainly driven by the increase of temperature extremes. In agreement with previous analyses we find that heat extremes have become more likely by at least a factor of 2 due to the long-term warming trend. However, current climate models overestimate variability and tend to underestimate the long-term trend in these extremes, so the true change in the likelihood of extreme heat could be larger, suggesting that the attribution of the increased fire weather risk is a conservative estimate. We do not find an attributable trend in either extreme annual drought or the driest month of the fire season, September–February. The observations, however, show a weak drying trend in the annual mean. For the 2019/20 season more than half of the July–December drought was driven by record excursions of the Indian Ocean Dipole and Southern Annular Mode, factors which are included in the analysis here. The study reveals the complexity of the 2019/20 bushfire event, with some but not all drivers showing an imprint of anthropogenic climate change. Finally, the study concludes with a qualitative review of various vulnerability and exposure factors that each play a role, along with the hazard in increasing or decreasing the overall impact of the bushfires.
Published: 2021
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9. Method for fast determination of the angle of ionizing radiation incidence from data measured by a Timepix3 detector

Author: F. Lehner, J. Roth, O. Hupe, M. Kassubeck, B. Bergmann, P. Mánek, and M. Magnor
Subjects: Technology
Abstract: This paper presents a method of how to determine spatial angles of ionizing radiation incidence quickly, using a Timepix3 detector. This work focuses on the dosimetric applications where detectors and measured quantities show significant angle dependencies. A determined angle of incidence can be used to correct for the angle dependence of a planar Timepix3 detector. Up until now, only passive dosemeters have been able to provide a correct dose and preserve the corresponding incidence angle of the radiation. Unfortunately, passive dosemeters cannot provide this information in “real” time. In our special setup we were able to retrieve the spatial angles with a runtime of less than 600 ms. Employing the new Timepix3 detector enables the use of effective data analysis where the direction of incident radiation is computed from a simple photon event map. In order to obtain this angle, we combine the information extracted from the map with known 3D geometry surrounding the detector. Moreover, we analyze the computation time behavior, conditions and optimizations of the developed spatial angle calculation algorithm.
Published: 2021
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10. Reduced global warming from CMIP6 projections when weighting models by performance and independence

Author: L. Brunner, A. G. Pendergrass, F. Lehner, A. L. Merrifield, R. Lorenz, and R. Knutti
Subjects: Science, Geology, QE1-996.5, Dynamic and structural geology, QE500-639.5
Abstract: The sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) constitutes the latest update on expected future climate change based on a new generation of climate models. To extract reliable estimates of future warming and related uncertainties from these models, the spread in their projections is often translated into probabilistic estimates such as the mean and likely range. Here, we use a model weighting approach, which accounts for the models' historical performance based on several diagnostics as well as model interdependence within the CMIP6 ensemble, to calculate constrained distributions of global mean temperature change. We investigate the skill of our approach in a perfect model test, where we use previous-generation CMIP5 models as pseudo-observations in the historical period. The performance of the distribution weighted in the abovementioned manner with respect to matching the pseudo-observations in the future is then evaluated, and we find a mean increase in skill of about 17 % compared with the unweighted distribution. In addition, we show that our independence metric correctly clusters models known to be similar based on a CMIP6 “family tree”, which enables the application of a weighting based on the degree of inter-model dependence. We then apply the weighting approach, based on two observational estimates (the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Retrospective Analysis – ERA5, and the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 – MERRA-2), to constrain CMIP6 projections under weak (SSP1-2.6) and strong (SSP5-8.5) climate change scenarios (SSP refers to the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways). Our results show a reduction in the projected mean warming for both scenarios because some CMIP6 models with high future warming receive systematically lower performance weights. The mean of end-of-century warming (2081–2100 relative to 1995–2014) for SSP5-8.5 with weighting is 3.7 ∘C, compared with 4.1 ∘C without weighting; the likely (66%) uncertainty range is 3.1 to 4.6 ∘C, which equates to a 13 % decrease in spread. For SSP1-2.6, the weighted end-of-century warming is 1 ∘C (0.7 to 1.4 ∘C), which results in a reduction of −0.1 ∘C in the mean and −24 % in the likely range compared with the unweighted case.
Published: 2020
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11. Partitioning climate projection uncertainty with multiple large ensembles and CMIP5/6

Author: F. Lehner, C. Deser, N. Maher, J. Marotzke, E. M. Fischer, L. Brunner, R. Knutti, and E. Hawkins
Subjects: Science, Geology, QE1-996.5, Dynamic and structural geology, QE500-639.5
Abstract: Partitioning uncertainty in projections of future climate change into contributions from internal variability, model response uncertainty and emissions scenarios has historically relied on making assumptions about forced changes in the mean and variability. With the advent of multiple single-model initial-condition large ensembles (SMILEs), these assumptions can be scrutinized, as they allow a more robust separation between sources of uncertainty. Here, the framework from Hawkins and Sutton (2009) for uncertainty partitioning is revisited for temperature and precipitation projections using seven SMILEs and the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project CMIP5 and CMIP6 archives. The original approach is shown to work well at global scales (potential method bias < 20 %), while at local to regional scales such as British Isles temperature or Sahel precipitation, there is a notable potential method bias (up to 50 %), and more accurate partitioning of uncertainty is achieved through the use of SMILEs. Whenever internal variability and forced changes therein are important, the need to evaluate and improve the representation of variability in models is evident. The available SMILEs are shown to be a good representation of the CMIP5 model diversity in many situations, making them a useful tool for interpreting CMIP5. CMIP6 often shows larger absolute and relative model uncertainty than CMIP5, although part of this difference can be reconciled with the higher average transient climate response in CMIP6. This study demonstrates the added value of a collection of SMILEs for quantifying and diagnosing uncertainty in climate projections.
Published: 2020
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12. Extratropical cyclone statistics during the last millennium and the 21st century

Author: C. C. Raible, M. Messmer, F. Lehner, T. F. Stocker, and R. Blender
Subjects: Environmental pollution, TD172-193.5, Environmental protection, TD169-171.8, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract: Extratropical cyclones in winter and their characteristics are investigated in depth for the Atlantic European region, as they are responsible for a significant part of the rainfall and extreme wind and/or precipitation-induced hazards. The analysis is based on a seamless transient simulation with a state-of-the-art fully coupled Earth system model from 850 to 2100 CE. The Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario is used in the 21st century. During the Common Era, cyclone characteristics show pronounced variations on interannual and decadal timescales, but no external forcing imprint is found prior to 1850. Thus, variations of extratropical cyclone characteristics are mainly caused by internal variability of the coupled climate system. When anthropogenic forcing becomes dominant in the 20th century, a decrease of the cyclone occurrences mainly over the Mediterranean and a strong increase of extreme cyclone-related precipitation become detectable. The latter is due to thermodynamics as it follows the Clausius–Clapeyron relation. An important finding, though, is that the relation between temperature and extreme cyclone-related precipitation is not always controlled by the Clausius–Clapeyron relation, which suggests that dynamical processes can play an important role in generating extreme cyclone-related precipitation – for example, in the absence of anomalously warm background conditions. Thus, the importance of dynamical processes, even on decadal timescales, might explain the conundrum that proxy records suggest enhanced occurrence of precipitation extremes during rather cold periods in the past.
Published: 2018
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13. Community climate simulations to assess avoided impacts in 1.5 and 2 °C futures

Author: B. M. Sanderson, Y. Xu, C. Tebaldi, M. Wehner, B. O'Neill, A. Jahn, A. G. Pendergrass, F. Lehner, W. G. Strand, L. Lin, R. Knutti, and J. F. Lamarque
Subjects: Science, Geology, QE1-996.5, Dynamic and structural geology, QE500-639.5
Abstract: The Paris Agreement of December 2015 stated a goal to pursue efforts to keep global temperatures below 1.5 °C above preindustrial levels and well below 2 °C. The IPCC was charged with assessing climate impacts at these temperature levels, but fully coupled equilibrium climate simulations do not currently exist to inform such assessments. In this study, we produce a set of scenarios using a simple model designed to achieve long-term 1.5 and 2 °C temperatures in a stable climate. These scenarios are then used to produce century-scale ensemble simulations using the Community Earth System Model, providing impact-relevant long-term climate data for stabilization pathways at 1.5 and 2 °C levels and an overshoot 1.5 °C case, which are realized (for the 21st century) in the coupled model and are freely available to the community. Here we describe the design of the simulations and a brief overview of their impact-relevant climate response. Exceedance of historical record temperature occurs with 60 % greater frequency in the 2 °C climate than in a 1.5 °C climate aggregated globally, and with twice the frequency in equatorial and arid regions. Extreme precipitation intensity is statistically significantly higher in a 2.0 °C climate than a 1.5 °C climate in some specific regions (but not all). The model exhibits large differences in the Arctic, which is ice-free with a frequency of 1 in 3 years in the 2.0 °C scenario, and 1 in 40 years in the 1.5 °C scenario. Significance of impact differences with respect to multi-model variability is not assessed.
Published: 2017
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14. Climate and carbon cycle dynamics in a CESM simulation from 850 to 2100 CE

Author: F. Lehner, F. Joos, C. C. Raible, J. Mignot, A. Born, K. M. Keller, and T. F. Stocker
Subjects: Science, Geology, QE1-996.5, Dynamic and structural geology, QE500-639.5
Abstract: Under the protocols of phase 3 of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project, a number of simulations were produced that provide a range of potential climate evolutions from the last millennium to the end of the current century. Here, we present the first simulation with the Community Earth System Model (CESM), which includes an interactive carbon cycle, that covers the last millennium. The simulation is continued to the end of the twenty-first century. Besides state-of-the-art forcing reconstructions, we apply a modified reconstruction of total solar irradiance to shed light on the issue of forcing uncertainty in the context of the last millennium. Nevertheless, we find that structural uncertainties between different models can still dominate over forcing uncertainty for quantities such as hemispheric temperatures or the land and ocean carbon cycle response. Compared to other model simulations, we find forced decadal-scale variability to occur mainly after volcanic eruptions, while during other periods internal variability masks potentially forced signals and calls for larger ensembles in paleoclimate modeling studies. At the same time, we were not able to attribute millennial temperature trends to orbital forcing, as has been suggested recently. The climate–carbon-cycle sensitivity in CESM during the last millennium is estimated to be between 1.0 and 2.1 ppm °C−1. However, the dependence of this sensitivity on the exact time period and scale illustrates the prevailing challenge of deriving robust constraints on this quantity from paleoclimate proxies. In particular, the response of the land carbon cycle to volcanic forcing shows fundamental differences between different models. In CESM the tropical land dictates the response to volcanoes, with a distinct behavior for large and moderate eruptions. Under anthropogenic emissions, global land and ocean carbon uptake rates emerge from the envelope of interannual natural variability by about year 1947 and 1877, respectively, as simulated for the last millennium.
Published: 2015
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15. Reconciling reconstructed and simulated features of the winter Pacific/North American pattern in the early 19th century

Author: D. Zanchettin, O. Bothe, F. Lehner, P. Ortega, C. C. Raible, and D. Swingedouw
Subjects: Environmental pollution, TD172-193.5, Environmental protection, TD169-171.8, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract: Reconstructions of past climate behavior often describe prominent anomalous periods that are not necessarily captured in climate simulations. Here, we illustrate the contrast between an interdecadal strong positive phase of the winter Pacific/North American pattern (PNA) in the early 19th century that is described by a PNA reconstruction based on tree rings from northwestern North America, and a slight tendency towards negative winter PNA anomalies during the same period in an ensemble of state-of-the-art coupled climate simulations. Additionally, a pseudo-proxy investigation with the same simulation ensemble allows for assessing the robustness of PNA reconstructions using solely geophysical predictors from northwestern North America for the last millennium. The reconstructed early 19th-century positive PNA anomaly emerges as a potentially reliable feature, although the pseudo-reconstructions are subject to a number of sources of uncertainty and deficiencies highlighted especially at multidecadal and centennial timescales. The pseudo-reconstructions demonstrate that the early 19th-century discrepancy between reconstructed and simulated PNA does not stem from the reconstruction process. Instead, reconstructed and simulated features of the early 19th-century PNA can be reconciled by interpreting the reconstructed evolution during this time as an expression of internal climate variability, which is unlikely to be reproduced in its exact temporal occurrence by a small ensemble of climate simulations. However, firm attribution of the reconstructed PNA anomaly is hampered by known limitations and deficiencies of coupled climate models and uncertainties in the early 19th-century external forcing and background climate state.
Published: 2015
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16. Changing correlation structures of the Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation from 1000 to 2100 AD

Author: C. C. Raible, F. Lehner, J. F. González-Rouco, and L. Fernández-Donado
Subjects: Environmental pollution, TD172-193.5, Environmental protection, TD169-171.8, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract: Atmospheric circulation modes are important concepts in understanding the variability of atmospheric dynamics. Assuming their spatial patterns to be fixed, such modes are often described by simple indices from rather short observational data sets. The increasing length of reanalysis products allows these concepts and assumptions to be scrutinised. Here we investigate the stability of spatial patterns of Northern Hemisphere teleconnections by using the Twentieth Century Reanalysis as well as several control and transient millennium-scale simulations with coupled models. The observed and simulated centre of action of the two major teleconnection patterns, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and to some extent the Pacific North American (PNA), are not stable in time. The currently observed dipole pattern of the NAO, its centre of action over Iceland and the Azores, split into a north–south dipole pattern in the western Atlantic with a wave train pattern in the eastern part, connecting the British Isles with West Greenland and the eastern Mediterranean during the period 1940–1969 AD. The PNA centres of action over Canada are shifted southwards and over Florida into the Gulf of Mexico during the period 1915–1944 AD. The analysis further shows that shifts in the centres of action of either teleconnection pattern are not related to changes in the external forcing applied in transient simulations of the last millennium. Such shifts in their centres of action are accompanied by changes in the relation of local precipitation and temperature with the overlying atmospheric mode. These findings further undermine the assumption of stationarity between local climate/proxy variability and large-scale dynamics inherent when using proxy-based reconstructions of atmospheric modes, and call for a more robust understanding of atmospheric variability on decadal timescales.
Published: 2014
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17. A genome-wide RNAi screen for genes important for proliferation of cultured Drosophila cells at low temperature identifies the Ball/VRK protein kinase

Author: Anna Mendaluk, Emmanuel Caussinus, Michael Boutros, and Christian F. Lehner
Subjects: Genetics, Genetics (clinical)
Abstract: A change in ambient temperature is predicted to disrupt cellular homeostasis by affecting all cellular processes in an albeit non-uniform manner. Diffusion is generally less temperature-sensitive than enzymes, for example, and each enzyme has a characteristic individual temperature profile. The actual effects of temperature variation on cells are still poorly understood at the molecular level. Towards an improved understanding, we have performed a genome-wide RNA interference screen with S2R + cells. This Drosophila cell line proliferates over a temperature range comparable to that tolerated by the parental ectothermic organism. Based on effects on cell counts and cell cycle profile after knockdown at 27 and 17 °C, respectively, genes were identified with an apparent greater physiological significance at one or the other temperature. While 27 °C is close to the temperature optimum, the substantially lower 17 °C was chosen to identify genes important at low temperatures, which have received less attention compared to the heat shock response. Among a substantial number of screen hits, we validated a set successfully in cell culture and selected ballchen for further evaluation in the organism. This gene encodes the conserved metazoan VRK protein kinase that is crucial for the release of chromosomes from the nuclear envelope during mitosis. Our analyses in early embryos and larval wing imaginal discs confirmed a higher requirement for ballchen function at temperatures below the optimum. Overall, our experiments validate the genome-wide screen as a basis for future characterizations of genes with increased physiological significance at the lower end of the readily tolerated temperature range.
Published: 2023

18. Synthesis and characterization of d 5 ‐barbarin for use in barbarin‐related research

Author: Sucheta Kudrimoti, Jacob Machin, Adedamola S. Arojojoye, Samuel G. Awuah, Rodney Eisenberg, Clara Fenger, George Maylin, Andreas F. Lehner, and Thomas Tobin
Subjects: Pharmaceutical Science, Environmental Chemistry, Spectroscopy, Analytical Chemistry
Published: 2022

19. Benefits and Malefits of Solvent Vent Mode in Combination with Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Static Headspace Analysis of Organic Solvents by Gas Chromatography

Author: Andreas F. Lehner and John P. Buchweitz
Subjects: Organic Chemistry, Clinical Biochemistry, Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry
Published: 2022

20. Incorporation of CENP-A/CID into centromeres during early Drosophila embryogenesis does not require RNA polymerase II–mediated transcription

Author: Samadri, Ghosh and Christian F, Lehner
Subjects: DNA-Binding Proteins, Drosophila melanogaster, Centromere, Genetics, Animals, Drosophila Proteins, Embryonic Development, Drosophila, RNA Polymerase II, Centromere Protein A, Chromatin, Genetics (clinical), Nucleosomes
Abstract: In many species, centromere identity is specified epigenetically by special nucleosomes containing a centromere-specific histone H3 variant, designated as CENP-A in humans and CID in Drosophila melanogaster. After partitioning of centromere-specific nucleosomes onto newly replicated sister centromeres, loading of additional CENP-A/CID into centromeric chromatin is required for centromere maintenance in proliferating cells. Analyses with cultured cells have indicated that transcription of centromeric DNA by RNA polymerase II is required for deposition of new CID into centromere chromatin. However, a dependence of centromeric CID loading on transcription is difficult to reconcile with the notion that the initial embryonic stages appear to proceed in the absence of transcription in Drosophila, as also in many other animal species. To address the role of RNA polymerase II–mediated transcription for CID loading in early Drosophila embryos, we have quantified the effects of alpha-amanitin and triptolide on centromeric CID-EGFP levels. Our analyses demonstrate that microinjection of these two potent inhibitors of RNA polymerase II–mediated transcription has at most a marginal effect on centromeric CID deposition during progression through the early embryonic cleavage cycles. Thus, we conclude that at least during early Drosophila embryogenesis, incorporation of CID into centromeres does not depend on RNA polymerase II–mediated transcription.
Published: 2022

21. Changes in characteristics and outcomes of critically ill COVID-19 patients in Tyrol (Austria) over 1 year

Author: Anna Fiala, Raimund Helbok, Simon Mathis, Michael Joannidis, Andreas Mayr, Romuald Bellmann, Georg F. Lehner, Jürgen Brunner, Eva Foidl, Armin Kalenka, Birgit Stögermüller, Sebastian J. Klein, Lukas Gasteiger, Claudius Thomé, Markus Mittermayr, Timo Mayerhöfer, Eugen Ladner, Alexandra Ribitsch, Tatjana Heiner, Miriam Potocnik, Stefanie Zagitzer-Hofer, Dietmar Fries, Andreas Peer, Bruno Reitter, Christoph Krismer, Agnes Pechlaner, Christian Preuß-Hernandez, Julia Hasslacher, Stephan Eschertzhuber, Lukas Kirchmair, Walter R. Hasibeder, and Fabian Perschinka
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), medicine.medical_treatment, Critical Illness, Logistic regression, Elderly, Mechanical ventilation, medicine, Humans, Renal replacement therapy, Pandemics, Aged, Retrospective Studies, business.industry, Critically ill, SARS-CoV-2, Mortality rate, Acute kidney injury, Second wave, COVID-19, General Medicine, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Respiration, Artificial, Intensive Care Units, SARS-CoV‑2, Austria, Emergency medicine, Cohort, Original Article, business
Abstract: SummaryBackgroundWidely varying mortality rates of critically ill Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) patients in the world highlighted the need for local surveillance of baseline characteristics, treatment strategies and outcome. We compared two periods of the COVID-19 pandemic to identify important differences in characteristics and therapeutic measures and their influence on the outcome of critically ill COVID-19 patients.MethodsThis multicenter prospective register study included all patients with a SARS-CoV‑2 infection confirmed by polymerase chain reaction, who were treated in 1 of the 12 intensive care units (ICU) from 8 hospitals in Tyrol, Austria during 2 defined periods (1 February 2020 until 17 July: first wave and 18 July 2020 until 22 February 2021: second wave) of the COVID-19 pandemic.ResultsOverall, 508 patients were analyzed. The majority (n = 401) presented during the second wave, where the median age was significantly higher (64 years, IQR 54–74 years vs. 72 years, IQR 62–78 years,p p = 0.003), as was the use of vasopressors (50.3% vs. 69.2%,p = 0.001) and renal replacement therapy (12.0% vs. 19.6%,p = 0.061), which resulted in shorter ICU length of stay (10 days, IQR 5–18 days vs. 18 days, IQR 5–31 days,p p = 0.159) and hospital mortality even increased (22.4% vs. 33.4%,p = 0.039) in the second period. Age, frailty and the number of comorbidities were significant predictors of hospital mortality in a multivariate logistic regression analysis of the overall cohort.ConclusionAdvanced treatment strategies and learning effects over time resulted in reduced rates of mechanical ventilation and vasopressor use in the second wave associated with shorter ICU length of stay. Despite these improvements, age appears to be a dominant factor for hospital mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients.
Published: 2021

22. Single oral or intravenous administration of voriconazole achieved recommended therapeutic minimum inhibitory concentrations against Aspergillus in the common raven (Corvus corax)

Author: Sharmie D, Johnson, John P, Buchweitz, and Andreas F, Lehner
Subjects: Crows, Antifungal Agents, Aspergillus, Pyrimidines, General Veterinary, Area Under Curve, Administration, Oral, Animals, Administration, Intravenous, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Voriconazole, General Medicine, Triazoles
Abstract: OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics of voriconazole after single IV or orally administered boluses in common ravens (Corvus corax). ANIMALS 8 healthy common ravens. PROCEDURES Voriconazole (5 mg/mL, 10 mg/kg IV) was administered to 8 birds, and then plasma voriconazole concentrations were measured at various time points by high-pressure liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Starting 6 months later in a randomized 3-treatment 3-period regimen, birds received a single oral dose of voriconazole suspension (10 mg/mL; 6, 12, and 24 mg/kg PO). The study period was May 2015 to March 2016. RESULTS Voriconazole (10 mg/kg IV) achieved an initial plasma concentration of 6.31 µg/mL when measured over 21 hours. After oral administration of voriconazole at 6, 12, and 24 mg/kg, the relative bioavailability was 67.5%, 209%, and 183%, respectively. For the 6-mg/kg dose, the maximum plasma concentration was reached at 30 minutes after administration and remained in the therapeutic range of 0.5 to 1 µg/mL for approximately 15 hours. The 12- and 24-mg/kg doses resulted in concentrations in a potentially toxic range. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Voriconazole was well tolerated. All 4 doses resulted in plasma concentrations of voriconazole > 0.5 µg/mL, which is the minimum inhibitory concentration recommended for pathogenic species of Aspergillus fungi known to affect birds. A single dose of voriconazole administered as 10 mg/kg IV or 6 mg/kg PO resulted in recommended target plasma concentrations. Administration of voriconazole 6 mg/kg PO 2 to 3 times daily may be adequate for treatment without exceeding the toxic range.
Published: 2022

23. Teflon promotes chromosomal recruitment of homolog conjunction proteins during Drosophila male meiosis

Author: Zeynep Kabakci, Hiro Yamada, Luisa Vernizzi, Samir Gupta, Joe Weber, Michael Shoujie Sun, and Christian F. Lehner
Subjects: Male, Cancer Research, Sex Chromosomes, Meiosis, Chromosome Pairing, Drosophila melanogaster, Chromosome Segregation, Genetics, Animals, Drosophila Proteins, Drosophila, Molecular Biology, Polytetrafluoroethylene, Genetics (clinical), Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: Meiosis in males of higher dipterans is achiasmate. In their spermatocytes, pairing of homologs into bivalent chromosomes does not include synaptonemal complex and crossover formation. While crossovers preserve homolog conjunction until anaphase I during canonical meiosis, an alternative system is used in dipteran males. Mutant screening in Drosophila melanogaster has identified teflon (tef) as being required specifically for alternative homolog conjunction (AHC) of autosomal bivalents. The additional known AHC genes, snm, uno and mnm, are needed for the conjunction of autosomal homologs and of sex chromosomes. Here, we have analyzed the pattern of TEF protein expression. TEF is present in early spermatocytes but cannot be detected on bivalents at the onset of the first meiotic division, in contrast to SNM, UNO and MNM (SUM). TEF binds to polytene chromosomes in larval salivary glands, recruits MNM by direct interaction and thereby, indirectly, also SNM and UNO. However, chromosomal SUM association is not entirely dependent on TEF, and residual autosome conjunction occurs in tef null mutant spermatocytes. The higher tef requirement for autosomal conjunction is likely linked to the quantitative difference in the amount of SUM protein that provides conjunction of autosomes and sex chromosomes, respectively. During normal meiosis, SUM proteins are far more abundant on sex chromosomes compared to autosomes. Beyond promoting SUM recruitment, TEF has a stabilizing effect on SUM proteins. Increased SUM causes excess conjunction and consequential chromosome missegregation during meiosis I after co-overexpression. Similarly, expression of SUM without TEF, and even more potently with TEF, interferes with chromosome segregation during anaphase of mitotic divisions in somatic cells, suggesting that the known AHC proteins are sufficient for establishment of ectopic chromosome conjunction. Overall, our findings suggest that TEF promotes alternative homolog conjunction during male meiosis without being part of the final physical linkage between chromosomes.
Published: 2022

24. Heroin Fatality in a Feline: A Case Report with Postmortem Liver Concentrations

Author: John P. Buchweitz, Andreas F. Lehner, and Justin Zyskowski
Subjects: Male, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Companion animal, Mirtazapine, Physiology, 010501 environmental sciences, Toxicology, 01 natural sciences, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Analytical Chemistry, Heroin, chemistry.chemical_compound, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, medicine, Animals, Humans, Environmental Chemistry, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Pneumonitis, Morphine Derivatives, Chemical Health and Safety, Morphine, Heroin Dependence, business.industry, 010401 analytical chemistry, Domestic Short Hair Cat, medicine.disease, 0104 chemical sciences, Substance Abuse Detection, Substance abuse, Liver, chemistry, Cats, 6-Monoacetylmorphine, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: A case of feline intoxication and fatality with the illicit drug heroin is described. A 5-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat was recently diagnosed with an active pneumonitis and left at home for a couple of days under the care of another resident. Upon return, the owner found his cat dead with strong suspicion of foul play. The cat was necropsied by a local veterinary clinic to retrieve the liver for diagnostic toxicology. The postmortem liver sample screened positive for 6-acetylmorphine and 6-acetylcodeine by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Deconvolution techniques were applied to chromatograms, which revealed the additional presence of morphine and mirtazapine. Subsequent quantitation of mirtazapine, heroin, morphine, 6-acetylmorphine and 6-acetylcodeine was performed by gas chromatography--tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry. Although companion animal fatalities arising from toxicities are a likely consequence of drug abuse in a home, this is the first reported case of a malicious feline fatality resulting from heroin with quantitation of heroin metabolites.
Published: 2021

25. Relevance of SIRS and Sepsis in Pediatric Liver Transplantation

Author: T. Kaussen, Harald Köditz, Kathrin Seidemann, Thomas Jack, N. Richter, I. Forstmeyer, F. Lehner, M Boehne, and Michael Sasse
Subjects: Mechanical ventilation, medicine.medical_specialty, Potential risk, business.industry, Incidence (epidemiology), medicine.medical_treatment, Clinical course, Liver transplantation, medicine.disease, Sepsis, Transplantation, medicine.anatomical_structure, Internal medicine, medicine, Abdomen, business
Abstract: Introduction: Liver transplantation (LT) in children has undergone significant changes over the last years. Especially the use of split and living donor transplants even for infants has led to new challenges in pre- and post-operative care. Systemic inflammatory response syndromes (SIRS, sepsis) as well-known complications after LT have not yet been systematically examined in the pediatric population. Methods: We analyzed clinical data of 39 pediatric liver transplant recipients regarding potential risk factors for post-transplant SIRS and sepsis. Secondly, the prognostic impact of SIRS and sepsis on post-transplant clinical course, patient and transplant-survival has been analyzed. Results: 64% of patients developed either SIRS (n = 16, 41%) or sepsis (n = 9, 23%) within 30 days after transplantation. No pre-transplant risk factors for increased susceptibility for SIRS or sepsis could be identified. Secondary closure of the abdomen (p = 0.045) and secondary biliary reconstruction (p = 0.043) were associated with a higher incidence of sepsis and were associated with significantly prolonged mechanical ventilation times in the presence of sepsis (p = 0.001). Patients with sepsis, but not SIRS, stayed significantly longer on PICU (p = 0.021) and suffered from higher mortality (n = 3 versus 0; p = 0.0006). All deaths within 30 days of transplantation were due to septic multiorgan failure. Neither early SIRS nor sepsis were associated with loss of transplant function. Conclusions: SIRS and sepsis are frequent events after pediatric liver transplantation. Sepsis increased length of PICU-stay and mortality significantly and prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation. Secondary biliary reconstruction and closure of the abdomen could be identified as potential risk factors for sepsis.
Published: 2021

26. Structured ICU resource management in a pandemic is associated with favorable outcome in critically ill COVID‑19 patients

Author: Wilhelm Furtwängler, Michael Joannidis, Lukas Kirchmair, Christoph Hochhold, Dietmar Fries, Romuald Bellmann, Raimund Helbok, Simon Mathis, Mathias Ströhle, Christoph Krismer, Andreas Mayr, Georg F. Lehner, Markus Mittermayr, Eugen Ladner, Stephan Eschertzhuber, Claudius Thomé, Lukas Gasteiger, Sebastian J. Klein, Andreas Peer, Walter R. Hasibeder, Michael Swoboda, Bruno Reitter, Christian Preuß Hernández, Stefanie Hofer, and Hannes Dejaco
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Critical Illness, medicine.medical_treatment, Pneumonia, Viral, Comorbidity, law.invention, Cohort Studies, Betacoronavirus, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Interquartile range, law, Intensive care, Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Renal replacement therapy, Invasive mechanical ventilation, Pandemics, Aged, Mechanical ventilation, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, COVID-19, Main Topic, 030208 emergency & critical care medicine, General Medicine, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Intensive care unit, Acute kidney injury, Intensive Care Units, Treatment Outcome, SARS-CoV‑2, Austria, Emergency medicine, Female, Coronavirus Infections, business, Cohort study
Abstract: Summary Introduction On February 25, 2020, the first 2 patients were tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‑2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Tyrol, Austria. Rapid measures were taken to ensure adequate intensive care unit (ICU) preparedness for a surge of critically ill coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients. Methods This cohort study included all COVID-19 patients admitted to an ICU with confirmed or strongly suspected COVID-19 in the State of Tyrol, Austria. Patients were recorded in the Tyrolean COVID-19 intensive care registry. Date of final follow-up was July 17, 2020. Results A total of 106 critically ill patients with COVID-19 were admitted to 1 of 13 ICUs in Tyrol from March 9 to July 17, 2020. Median age was 64 years (interquartile range, IQR 54–74 years) and the majority of patients were male (76 patients, 71.7%). Median simplified acute physiology score III (SAPS III) was 56 points (IQR 49–64 points). The median duration from appearance of first symptoms to ICU admission was 8 days (IQR 5–11 days). Invasive mechanical ventilation was required in 72 patients (67.9%) and 6 patients (5.6%) required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation treatment. Renal replacement therapy was necessary in 21 patients (19.8%). Median ICU length of stay (LOS) was 18 days (IQR 5–31 days), median hospital LOS was 27 days (IQR 13–49 days). The ICU mortality was 21.7% (23 patients), hospital mortality was 22.6%. There was no significant difference in ICU mortality in patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation and in those not receiving it (18.1% vs. 29.4%, p = 0.284). As of July 17th, 2020, two patients are still hospitalized, one in an ICU, one on a general ward. Conclusion Critically ill COVID-19 patients in Tyrol showed high severity of disease often requiring complex treatment with increased lengths of ICU and hospital stay. Nevertheless, the mortality was found to be remarkably low, which may be attributed to our adaptive surge response providing sufficient ICU resources.
Published: 2020

27. Transurethral injection of autologous muscle precursor cells for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence – a prospective and randomized phase I clinical trial

Author: F.A. Schmid, J.A. Prange, M. Kozomara, C. Betschart, R.A. Sousa, N. Steinke, M. Hunziker, F. Lehner, M. Veit, R. Grossmann, A. Landsmann, A.M. Hötker, A. Boss, D. Mohr-Haralampieva, and D. Eberli
Subjects: Urology
Published: 2023

28. A cis-regulatory element promoting increased transcription at low temperature in cultured ectothermic Drosophila cells

Author: Christian F. Lehner, Gregor Rot, Yu Bai, Stefano Leo, Emmanuel Caussinus, Mark D. Robinson, Fritz Bosshardt, Faina Myachina, University of Zurich, and Lehner, Christian F
Subjects: cis-regulatory element (CRE), NRF-2/GABP, Ets97D, pastrel (pst), Transcriptional control, Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid, QH426-470, UFSP13-7 Evolution in Action: From Genomes to Ecosystems, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Downregulation and upregulation, 1311 Genetics, Cool temperature acclimation, Transcriptional regulation, Genetics, Animals, Heat shock, Enhancer, Transcription factor, 030304 developmental biology, S2R+ cells, 0303 health sciences, biology, Ectotherm, Temperature, biology.organism_classification, His2Av, 10124 Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Chromatin, Cell biology, Cold Temperature, Drosophila melanogaster, 1305 Biotechnology, 570 Life sciences, Drosophila, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, TP248.13-248.65, Research Article, Biotechnology
Abstract: Background Temperature change affects the myriad of concurrent cellular processes in a non-uniform, disruptive manner. While endothermic organisms minimize the challenge of ambient temperature variation by keeping the core body temperature constant, cells of many ectothermic species maintain homeostatic function within a considerable temperature range. The cellular mechanisms enabling temperature acclimation in ectotherms are still poorly understood. At the transcriptional level, the heat shock response has been analyzed extensively. The opposite, the response to sub-optimal temperature, has received lesser attention in particular in animal species. The tissue specificity of transcriptional responses to cool temperature has not been addressed and it is not clear whether a prominent general response occurs. Cis-regulatory elements (CREs), which mediate increased transcription at cool temperature, and responsible transcription factors are largely unknown. Results The ectotherm Drosophila melanogaster with a presumed temperature optimum around 25 °C was used for transcriptomic analyses of effects of temperatures at the lower end of the readily tolerated range (14–29 °C). Comparative analyses with adult flies and cell culture lines indicated a striking degree of cell-type specificity in the transcriptional response to cool. To identify potential cis-regulatory elements (CREs) for transcriptional upregulation at cool temperature, we analyzed temperature effects on DNA accessibility in chromatin of S2R+ cells. Candidate cis-regulatory elements (CREs) were evaluated with a novel reporter assay for accurate assessment of their temperature-dependency. Robust transcriptional upregulation at low temperature could be demonstrated for a fragment from the pastrel gene, which expresses more transcript and protein at reduced temperatures. This CRE is controlled by the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and antagonizing activities of the transcription factors Pointed and Ets97D. Conclusion Beyond a rich data resource for future analyses of transcriptional control within the readily tolerated range of an ectothermic animal, a novel reporter assay permitting quantitative characterization of CRE temperature dependence was developed. Our identification and functional dissection of the pst_E1 enhancer demonstrate the utility of resources and assay. The functional characterization of this CoolUp enhancer provides initial mechanistic insights into transcriptional upregulation induced by a shift to temperatures at the lower end of the readily tolerated range.
Published: 2021

29. Homologous chromosomes are stably conjoined for Drosophila male meiosis I by SUM, a multimerized protein assembly with modules for DNA-binding and for separase-mediated dissociation co-opted from cohesin

Author: Zeynep Kabakci, Heidi E. Reichle, Bianca Lemke, Dorota Rousova, Samir Gupta, Joe Weber, Alexander Schleiffer, John R. Weir, and Christian F. Lehner
Subjects: Cancer Research, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical), Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: For meiosis I, homologous chromosomes must be paired into bivalents. Maintenance of homolog conjunction in bivalents until anaphase I depends on crossovers in canonical meiosis. However, instead of crossovers, an alternative system achieves homolog conjunction during the achiasmate male meiosis of Drosophila melanogaster. The proteins SNM, UNO and MNM are likely constituents of a physical linkage that conjoins homologs in D. melanogaster spermatocytes. Here, we report that SNM binds tightly to the C-terminal region of UNO. This interaction is homologous to that of the cohesin subunits stromalin/Scc3/STAG and α-kleisin, as revealed by sequence similarities, structure modeling and cross-link mass spectrometry. Importantly, purified SU_C, the heterodimeric complex of SNM and the C-terminal region of UNO, displayed DNA-binding in vitro. DNA-binding was severely impaired by mutational elimination of positively charged residues from the C-terminal helix of UNO. Phenotypic analyses in flies fully confirmed the physiological relevance of this basic helix for chromosome-binding and homolog conjunction during male meiosis. Beyond DNA, SU_C also bound MNM, one of many isoforms expressed from the complex mod(mdg4) locus. This binding of MNM to SU_C was mediated by the MNM-specific C-terminal region, while the purified N-terminal part common to all Mod(mdg4) isoforms multimerized into hexamers in vitro. Similarly, the UNO N-terminal domain formed tetramers in vitro. Thus, we suggest that multimerization confers to SUM, the assemblies composed of SNM, UNO and MNM, the capacity to conjoin homologous chromosomes stably by the resultant multivalent DNA-binding. Moreover, to permit homolog separation during anaphase I, SUM is dissociated by separase, since UNO, the α-kleisin-related protein, includes a separase cleavage site. In support of this proposal, we demonstrate that UNO cleavage by tobacco etch virus protease is sufficient to release homolog conjunction in vivo after mutational exchange of the separase cleavage site with that of the bio-orthogonal protease.
Published: 2022

30. Bivalent individualization during chromosome territory formation in Drosophila spermatocytes by controlled condensin II protein activity and additional force generators

Author: L. Vernizzi and Christian F. Lehner
Subjects: Male, Cancer Research, Gene Expression, QH426-470, Homologous Chromosomes, 0302 clinical medicine, Spermatocytes, Animal Cells, Chromosome Segregation, Heterochromatin, Drosophila Proteins, Cell Cycle and Cell Division, Genetics (clinical), Anaphase, Adenosine Triphosphatases, Centromeres, 0303 health sciences, Centromere clustering, Chromosome Biology, Drosophila Melanogaster, Eukaryota, Animal Models, Chromatin, Cell biology, DNA-Binding Proteins, Insects, Meiosis, Telomeres, Experimental Organism Systems, Cell Processes, Chromosome Territory, Female, Drosophila, Epigenetics, Cellular Types, Research Article, Chromosome Structure and Function, Arthropoda, Centromere, Biology, Research and Analysis Methods, Bivalent (genetics), Chromosomes, 03 medical and health sciences, Model Organisms, Homologous chromosome, Genetics, Animals, Molecular Biology, Interphase, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, Organisms, Chromosome, Biology and Life Sciences, Cell Biology, Invertebrates, Sperm, Chromosome Pairing, Germ Cells, Multiprotein Complexes, Animal Studies, Zoology, Entomology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Reduction of genome ploidy from diploid to haploid necessitates stable pairing of homologous chromosomes into bivalents before the start of the first meiotic division. Importantly, this chromosome pairing must avoid interlocking of non-homologous chromosomes. In spermatocytes of Drosophila melanogaster, where homolog pairing does not involve synaptonemal complex formation and crossovers, associations between non-homologous chromosomes are broken up by chromosome territory formation in early spermatocytes. Extensive non-homologous associations arise from the coalescence of the large blocks of pericentromeric heterochromatin into a chromocenter and from centromere clustering. Nevertheless, during territory formation, bivalents are moved apart into spatially separate subnuclear regions. The condensin II subunits, Cap-D3 and Cap-H2, have been implicated, but the remarkable separation of bivalents during interphase might require more than just condensin II. For further characterization of this process, we have applied time-lapse imaging using fluorescent markers of centromeres, telomeres and DNA satellites in pericentromeric heterochromatin. We describe the dynamics of the disruption of centromere clusters and the chromocenter in normal spermatocytes. Mutations in Cap-D3 and Cap-H2 abolish chromocenter disruption, resulting in excessive chromosome missegregation during M I. Chromocenter persistence in the mutants is not mediated by the special system, which conjoins homologs in compensation for the absence of crossovers in Drosophila spermatocytes. However, overexpression of Cap-H2 precluded conjunction between autosomal homologs, resulting in random segregation of univalents. Interestingly, Cap-D3 and Cap-H2 mutant spermatocytes displayed conspicuous stretching of the chromocenter, as well as occasional chromocenter disruption, suggesting that territory formation might involve forces unrelated to condensin II. While the molecular basis of these forces remains to be clarified, they are not destroyed by inhibitors of F actin and microtubules. Our results indicate that condensin II activity promotes chromosome territory formation in co-operation with additional force generators and that careful co-ordination with alternative homolog conjunction is crucial., Author summary Fusion of an oocyte with a sperm generates the first cell of a next generation. The resulting diploid state, with a maternally and a paternally derived copy of each chromosome, is maintained during cell proliferation by mitotic divisions. Eventually, a distinct division process, meiosis, is required for oocyte and sperm production. Meiosis generates haploid cells with only one copy of each chromosome. To this end, the two copies are first physically linked into a bivalent chromosome, followed by integration into a bipolar division spindle, which eventually pulls the two copies apart into distinct daughter cells. How do the two chromosome copies find each other? How are inappropriate associations avoided? Distinct strategies have evolved. Recombination and synapsis, which are usually essential for meiosis, are not deployed in Drosophila spermatocytes. Moreover, inappropriate associations are prevented by a special process known as chromosome territory formation. Here, we apply time-lapse imaging to study this process and evaluate the role of F actin, microtubules and condensin II. Cytoskeletal dynamics do not appear to contribute. Controlled condensin II activity, while crucial, appears to have support from additional force generators to achieve the extensive separation of bivalents into distinct subnuclear regions.
Published: 2021

31. The Structural Basis for the Production of Cancer and Detoxification by Oxidized Metabolites of Mesoanthracenic Methylated and Non-Methylated Polynuclear Hydrocarbons: a Paradigm Shift

Author: James W. Flesher and Andreas F. Lehner
Subjects: Substitution reaction, Anthracene, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Stereochemistry, Leaving group, General Medicine, Methylation, Reactive center, Chemical synthesis, Carcinogen, Methyl group
Abstract: Although many attempts have been made since 1930 to explain the production of cancer in experimental animals by oxidized metabolites of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) with either molecular structure types ArCH2X or ArX, the simplest interpretation is that one type must function in experimental animals to produce cancer, whereas the other structural type prevents the production of cancer by formation of detoxification products. The specific predictions of the Unified Theory of carcinogenesis by PAH or PACs (Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds) depends on the validity of the predictions for the production of cancer by PACs with structural types ArCH2X or ArX. These two structural types have been adopted as crucial models for PAC metabolites by Flesher, Sydnor and colleagues since the 1970s. We were aided by the experiments and strong inferences of Professors Fieser, Fried, Boyland, Sims, and Huggins, and the theoretical studies of a possible structure of the ultimate carcinogen for 7-methylbenz[a]anthracene and closely related hydrocarbons by Brookes and Dipple together with the calculations of Dewar that predict the most reactive centers for substitution reactions in unsubstituted hydrocarbons. Shear in the late 1930s and 1940s was the first to show that meso-aldehydes and meso-methyl-substituted hydrocarbons function as precursors to active compounds with structure type ArCH2X. The discoveries by Flesher, Sydnor and coworkers demonstrated that biological methylation must take place at the most reactive center in non-methylated hydrocarbons catalyzed by cytosolic SAM-dependent methyltransferases, and the methyl group must subsequently be hydroxylated and conjugated with a good leaving group, if the PAC is to be carcinogenic. This is precisely the same site of special reactivity required for methylation by chemical synthesis as calculated by the Dewar molecular orbital approach. Blocking the reactive center in the aromatic nucleus (in the form of products as ArX) with the same groups attached to the meso-methyl group of methyl-substituted hydrocarbons (in the form ArCH2X) which produces cancer typically abolishes the production of cancer. Consequently, no theory relating ring oxidation to the production of cancer can account for the fact that substitution of reactive centers in non-methylated hydrocarbons with hydroxy or acetoxy groups, while simultaneously blocking methylation, also abolish its carcinogenic activity. If alternative hypotheses or theories do not cite the fundamental studies of Fieser and of Shear and Leiter there is little possibility that the alternative theory is correct. It seems obvious that most, if not all, hypotheses or theories that attempt to relate ring oxidized metabolites of PAH to the production of cancer have been disproved.
Published: 2019

32. Evidence of accumulation and elimination of inorganic contaminants from the lachrymal salt glands of leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea)

Author: Annie Page-Karjian, Andreas F. Lehner, Justin R. Perrault, and John P. Buchweitz
Subjects: Gelatinous zooplankton, Erythrocytes, Environmental Engineering, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, 0208 environmental biotechnology, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Arsenic, Salt Gland, Excretion, Selenium, Animals, Environmental Chemistry, Carapace, Atlantic Ocean, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Cadmium, Salt gland, biology, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Leatherback sea turtle, Mercury, General Medicine, General Chemistry, biology.organism_classification, Pollution, Turtles, 020801 environmental engineering, Mercury (element), chemistry, Environmental chemistry, Osmoregulation
Abstract: Plasma osmolalities of marine vertebrates are generally lower than the surrounding medium; therefore, marine organisms must cope with the osmoregulatory challenges of life in a salty environment. The salt glands serve to maintain osmotic and ionic homeostasis in a number of lower marine vertebrates. One marine reptile, the leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), ingests excessive amounts of salts due to their diet of gelatinous zooplankton. Outside of the normal osmoregulatory function of the salt gland, little research has been conducted on contaminant accumulation and excretion in this organ. Here, we established arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and selenium concentrations in red blood cells (RBCs) and salt gland secretions (SGSs) of nesting leatherbacks. We also collected salt glands from different life stage classes of dead stranded leatherbacks from the western Atlantic Ocean to determine if inorganic contaminants accumulate in this organ. Using non-metric multidimensional scaling and regression analyses, we determined that RBC and SGS inorganic contaminant concentrations were not correlated. Additionally, RBCs showed significantly higher concentrations of these contaminants in comparison to SGSs, likely due to the affinity of inorganic contaminants for the heme group of RBCs. Lastly, we found that salt gland cadmium and mercury concentrations tended to increase with increasing curved carapace length (CCL) in stranded leatherbacks. Our results indicate that different physiological mechanisms determine the distribution of inorganic contaminants in blood and SGSs. Increases in salt gland contaminant concentrations with increasing CCL suggest this organ as a potential target for accumulation.
Published: 2019

33. Dispersive forces and resisting spot welds by alternative homolog conjunction govern chromosome shape in Drosophila spermatocytes during prophase I

Author: Luisa Vernizzi and Christian F. Lehner
Subjects: Male, Cancer Research, Centromere, Prophase, Chromosome Pairing, Meiosis, Drosophila melanogaster, Spermatocytes, Chromosome Segregation, Genetics, Animals, Drosophila, Meiotic Prophase I, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical), Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: The bivalent chromosomes that are generated during prophase of meiosis I comprise a pair of homologous chromosomes. Homolog pairing during prophase I must include mechanisms that avoid or eliminate entanglements between non-homologous chromosomes. In Drosophila spermatocytes, non-homologous associations are disrupted by chromosome territory formation, while linkages between homologous chromosomes are maintained by special conjunction proteins. These proteins function as alternative for crossovers that link homologs during canonical meiosis but are absent during the achiasmate Drosophila male meiosis. How and where within bivalents the alternative homolog conjunction proteins function is still poorly understood. To clarify the rules that govern territory formation and alternative homolog conjunction, we have analyzed spermatocytes with chromosomal aberrations. We examined territory formation after acute chromosome cleavage by Cas9, targeted to the dodeca satellite adjacent to the centromere of chromosome 3 specifically in spermatocytes. Moreover, we studied territory organization, as well as the eventual orientation of chromosomes during meiosis I, in spermatocytes with stable structural aberrations, including heterozygous reciprocal autosomal translocations. Our observations indicate that alternative homolog conjunction is applied in a spatially confined manner. Comparable to crossovers, only a single conjunction spot per chromosome arm appears to be applied usually. These conjunction spots resist separation by the dispersing forces that drive apart homologous pericentromeric heterochromatin and embedded centromeres within territories, as well as the distinct chromosomal entities into peripheral, maximally separated territories within the spermatocyte nucleus.
Published: 2022

34. 275 TRANSURETHRAL INJECTION OF AUTOLOGOUS MUSCLE PRECURSOR CELLS FOR THE TREATMENT OF FEMALE STRESS URINARY INCONTINENCE – A PROSPECTIVE AND RANDOMIZED PHASE I CLINICAL TRIAL

Author: F Schmid, J Prange, M Kozomara, C Betschart, N Steinke, R Sousa, M Hunziker, F Lehner, M Veit, A Landsmann, A Boss, A Hötker, D Mohr-Haralampieva, and D Eberli
Published: 2022

35. Differential procoagulatory response of microvascular, arterial and venous endothelial cells upon inflammation in vitro

Author: Andreas Pircher, Anna K. Brandtner, Michael Joannidis, Georg F. Lehner, and Clemens Feistritzer
Subjects: Inflammation, medicine.medical_specialty, Lipopolysaccharide, business.industry, Endothelial Cells, Hematology, Arteries, Systemic inflammation, Microcirculation, Thromboplastin, Glycocalyx, Adherens junction, chemistry.chemical_compound, Tissue factor, Endocrinology, chemistry, Internal medicine, Medicine, Humans, Tumor necrosis factor alpha, medicine.symptom, business, Blood Coagulation
Abstract: Introduction Inflammation induces a procoagulant phenotype of endothelial cells (EC) with the exposure of tissue factor (TF), a potent initiator of the extrinsic coagulation cascade. Although systemic inflammation affects the whole vascular system, thrombotic lesions occur particularly in microcirculation. This raises the question of whether TF-procoagulant activity (TF-PCA) differs between EC from arterial, venous, and microvascular beds. Materials and methods Functional coagulation tests, including TF-PCA, and inflammatory responses were investigated on arterial, venous and microvascular endothelial cells. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and TF-levels were determined in cohort of 59 septic patients. Results We found that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), lipopolysaccharide, and interleukin-1β induce a solid, dose-dependent increase in TF-PCA, which is highest in microvascular EC. A positive correlation of interleukin-6 (IL-6) with TF levels was observed in a cohort of 59 septic patients. In contrast, TF-PCA was independent of IL-6 concentrations in vitro. Re-analysis of publicly available gene expression data revealed that among the top 50 genes annotated to coagulation, TF is one of three regulated genes common to the three investigated EC subtypes. The response to inflammatory stimuli in terms of exposure of leukocyte-endothelial- and platelet-endothelial adhesion molecules (E-selectin and PECAM-1), remodeling of adherens junctions, co-exposure of negatively charged surfaces nor breakdown of the glycocalyx was comparable between the EC subtypes and did not explain the higher TF-PCA on microvascular cells. We found that the ratio of TF and TFPI exposure on the endothelial membrane significantly differs between the EC subtypes. Conclusions These findings indicate that the ratio of TF to its inhibitor TFPI is a determinant of endothelial TF-PCA, which is most pronounced on microvascular endothelial cells and might explain why the microvascular system is particularly susceptible to inflammation-induced thrombosis.
Published: 2021

36. Low bicarbonate replacement fluid normalizes metabolic alkalosis during continuous veno-venous hemofiltration with regional citrate anticoagulation

Author: Sebastian J. Klein, Georg F. Lehner, Paul Köglberger, Andreas Peer, Romuald Bellmann, Michael Joannidis, and Daniel Schwärzler
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.medical_treatment, Bicarbonate, Regional citrate anticoagulation, 030232 urology & nephrology, Metabolic alkalosis, Continuous veno-venous hemofiltration, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Refractory, Anesthesiology, Hemofiltration, medicine, Phoxilium®, RC86-88.9, business.industry, Research, Acute kidney injury, Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid, 030208 emergency & critical care medicine, Blood flow, medicine.disease, Biphozyl®, chemistry, Anesthesia, Base excess, business
Abstract: Background Metabolic alkalosis is a frequently occurring problem during continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) with regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA). This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of switching from high to low bicarbonate (HCO3−) replacement fluid in alkalotic critically ill patients with acute kidney injury treated by CVVH and RCA. Methods A retrospective-comparative study design was applied. Patients who underwent CVVH with RCA in the ICU between 09/2016 and 11/2017 were evaluated. Data were available from the clinical routine. A switch of the replacement fluid Phoxilium® (30 mmol/l HCO3−) to Biphozyl® (22 mmol/l HCO3−) was performed as blood HCO3− concentration persisted ≥ 26 mmol/l despite adjustments of citrate dose and blood flow. Data were collected from 72 h before the switch of the replacement solutions until 72 h afterwards. Results Of 153 patients treated with CVVH during that period, 45 patients were switched from Phoxilium® to Biphozyl®. Forty-two patients (42 circuits) were available for statistical analysis. After switching the replacement fluid from Phoxilium® to Biphozyl® the serum HCO3− concentration decreased significantly from 27.7 mmol/l (IQR 26.9–28.9) to 25.8 mmol/l (IQR 24.6–27.7) within 24 h (p 0.001). Base excess (BE) decreased significantly from 4.0 mmol/l (IQR 3.1–5.1) to 1.8 mmol/l (IQR 0.2–3.4) within 24 h (p 0.001). HCO3− and BE concentration remained stable from 24 h till the end of observation at 72 h after the replacement fluid change (p = 0.225). pH and PaCO2 did not change significantly after the switch of the replacement fluid until 72 h. Conclusions This retrospective analysis suggests that for patients developing refractory metabolic alkalosis during CVVH with RCA the use of Biphozyl® reduces external HCO3− load and sustainably corrects intracorporeal HCO3− and BE concentrations. Future studies have to prove whether correcting metabolic alkalosis during CVVH with RCA in critically ill patients is of relevance in terms of clinical outcome.
Published: 2021

37. Vitamin D analyses in veterinary feeds by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Author: Alan Zimmerman, John P. Buchweitz, Justin Zyskowski, Margaret Johnson, and Andreas F. Lehner
Subjects: Vitamin, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, 01 natural sciences, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Dogs, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, medicine, Vitamin D and neurology, Animals, Vitamin D, Spectroscopy, Chromatography, Gas Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry, 010401 analytical chemistry, General Medicine, Vitamins, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 0104 chemical sciences, Ergocalciferol, chemistry, Cholecalciferol, medicine.drug, Chromatography, Liquid
Abstract: This report examines the feasibility of determination of Vitamin D3, D2 and their 25-hydroxy metabolites utilizing Gas Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) as a potential alternative to popular Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) methodologies. The GC/MS/MS approach was found to operate reasonably well despite long-standing concerns that gas-liquid chromatography of vitamin D compounds invoke thermal rearrangements owing to the relatively high inlet and capillary column temperatures used. The workup procedure involved incubation of feed samples with concentrated potassium hydroxide for overnight fat saponification, extraction of D Vitamins in n-hexane and reaction with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide at 70 °C for 30 mins. In addition to parent compounds, small amounts of pyro-, isopyro-, and iso-vitamin D and isotachysterol3 variants were obtained from each Vitamin D-related compound upon extraction and GC/MS/MS analysis. Mass spectral and chromatographic behavior of these compounds are herein described and interpreted. Multiple Reaction Monitoring settings on GC/MS/MS included m/z 456→351 for Vitamin D3 and m/z 486→363 for Vitamin D2. Trimethylsilylation enabled single predominant peaks for Vitamins D3 and D2, and sample workup in the presence of deuterated Vitamin D analogs enabled accurate and precise sensitivity to 1 ppb (ng/g) in feeds. The method could be extended with reasonable accuracy to 25-hydroxy (25OH) compounds, but accuracies would be significantly improved by inclusion of respective 25OH-specific deuterated internal standards. The method was applied to 27 submissions of suspect dog foods of which 22% were discovered elevated and 44% were discovered to contain toxic levels of Vitamin D3. The described method was thus discovered to provide a suitable mass spectrometric approach for Vitamin D, proving itself here specifically of value in detection of ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol in animal feeds. The specificity and sensitivity of the tandem quadrupole approach can enable suitable applicability to serum determination if desired.
Published: 2021

38. Production of light-flavor hadrons in pp collisions at root s=7 and root s=13 Tev

Author: Acharya, S. Acosta, F. T. Adam, J. Adamova, D. Adler, A. and Adolfsson, J. Aggarwal, M. M. Rinella, G. Aglieri and Agnello, M. Agrawal, N. Ahammed, Z. Ahn, S. U. Aiola, S. and Akindinov, A. Al-Turany, M. Alam, S. N. Albuquerque, D. S. D. Aleksandrov, D. Alessandro, B. Alfanda, H. M. and Alfaro Molina, R. Ali, Y. Alici, A. Alkin, A. Alme, J. and Alt, T. Altenkamper, L. Altsybeev, I. Anaam, M. N. and Andrei, C. Andreou, D. Andrews, H. A. Andronic, A. and Angeletti, M. Anguelov, V. Anson, C. Anticic, T. and Antinori, F. Antonioli, P. Anwar, R. Apadula, N. and Aphecetche, L. Appelshaeuser, H. Arcelli, S. Arnaldi, R. and Arratia, M. Arsene, I. C. Arslandok, M. Augustinus, A. and Averbeck, R. Azmi, M. D. Badala, A. Baek, Y. W. and Bagnasco, S. Bailhache, R. Bala, R. Baldisseri, A. Ball, M. Baral, R. C. Barbano, A. M. Barbera, R. Barile, F. and Barioglio, L. Barnafoeldi, G. G. Barnby, L. S. Barret, V. Bartalini, P. Barth, K. Bartsch, E. Bastid, N. and Basu, S. Batigne, G. Batyunya, B. Batzing, P. C. Bazo Alba, J. L. Bearden, I. G. Beck, H. Bedda, C. Behera, N. K. Belikov, I. Bellini, F. Bello Martinez, H. Bellwied, R. Beltran, L. G. E. Belyaev, V. Bencedi, G. Beole, S. and Bercuci, A. Berdnikov, Y. Berenyi, D. Bertens, R. A. and Berzano, D. Betev, L. Bhaduri, P. P. Bhasin, A. Bhat, I. R. Bhatt, H. Bhattacharjee, B. Bhom, J. Bianchi, A. and Bianchi, L. Bianchi, N. Bielcik, J. Bielcikova, J. and Bilandzic, A. Biro, G. Biswas, R. Biswas, S. Blair, J. T. Blau, D. Blume, C. Boca, G. Bock, F. Bogdanov, A. and Boldizsar, L. Bolozdynya, A. Bombara, M. Bonomi, G. and Bonora, M. Borel, H. Borissov, A. Borri, M. Botta, E. and Bourjau, C. Bratrud, L. Braun-Munzinger, P. Bregant, M. and Broker, T. A. Broz, M. Brucken, E. J. Bruna, E. and Bruno, G. E. Budnikov, D. Buesching, H. Bufalino, S. and Buhler, P. Buncic, P. Busch, O. Buthelezi, Z. Butt, J. B. Buxton, J. T. Cabala, J. Caffarri, D. Caines, H. and Caliva, A. Calvo Villar, E. Camacho, R. S. Camerini, P. and Capon, A. A. Carena, W. Carnesecchi, F. Castellanos, J. Castillo Castro, A. J. Casula, E. A. R. Ceballos Sanchez, C. and Chandra, S. Chang, B. Chang, W. Chapeland, S. and Chartier, M. Chattopadhyay, S. Chattopadhyay, S. Chauvin, A. and Cheshkov, C. Cheynis, B. Barroso, V. Chibante and Chinellato, D. D. Cho, S. Chochula, P. Chowdhury, T. and Christakoglou, P. Christensen, C. H. Christiansen, P. Chujo, T. Chung, S. U. Cicalo, C. Cifarelli, L. Cindolo, F. and Cleymans, J. Colamaria, F. Colella, D. Collu, A. and Colocci, M. Concas, M. Balbastre, G. Conesa del Valle, Z. Conesa Contreras, J. G. Cormier, T. M. Morales, Y. Corrales and Cortese, P. Cosentino, M. R. Costa, F. Costanza, S. and Crkovska, J. Crochet, P. Cuautle, E. Cunqueiro, L. and Dabrowski, D. Dahms, T. Dainese, A. Damas, F. P. A. and Dani, S. Danisch, M. C. Danu, A. Das, D. Das, I. and Das, S. Dash, A. Dash, S. De, S. De Caro, A. de Cataldo, G. de Conti, C. de Cuveland, J. De Falco, A. De Gruttola, D. De Marco, N. De Pasquale, S. De Souza, R. D. and Degenhardt, H. F. Deisting, A. Deloff, A. Delsanto, S. and Deplano, C. Dhankher, P. Di Bari, D. Di Mauro, A. Di Ruzza, B. Diaz, R. A. Dietel, T. Dillenseger, P. Ding, Y. Divia, R. Djuvsland, O. Dmitrieva, U. Dobrin, A. and Domenicis Gimenez, D. Doenigus, B. Dordic, O. Dubey, A. K. and Dubla, A. Ducroux, L. Dudi, S. Duggal, A. K. and Dukhishyam, M. Dupieux, P. Ehlers, R. J. Elia, D. and Endress, E. Engel, H. Epple, E. Erazmus, B. Erhardt, F. and Erokhin, A. Ersdal, M. R. Espagnon, B. Eulisse, G. and Eum, J. Evans, D. Evdokimov, S. Fabbietti, L. Faggin, M. and Faivre, J. Fantoni, A. Fasel, M. Feldkamp, L. and Feliciello, A. Feofilov, G. Fernandez Tellez, A. Ferretti, A. Festanti, A. Feuillard, V. J. G. Figiel, J. and Figueredo, M. A. S. Filchagin, S. Finogeev, D. Fionda, F. M. and Fiorenza, G. Flor, F. Floris, M. Foertsch, S. Foka, P. Fokin, S. Fragiacomo, E. Francescon, A. Francisco, A. and Frankenfeld, U. Fronze, G. G. Fuchs, U. Furget, C. and Furs, A. Girard, M. Fusco Gaardhoje, J. J. Gagliardi, M. and Gago, A. M. Gajdosova, Krizkova K. Gallio, M. Galvan, C. D. and Ganoti, P. Garabatos, C. Garcia-Solis, E. Garg, K. and Gargiulo, C. Garner, K. Gasik, P. Gauger, E. F. Gay Ducati, M. B. Germain, M. Ghosh, J. Ghosh, P. Ghosh, S. K. Gianotti, P. Giubellino, P. Giubilato, P. Glaessel, P. Gomez Coral, D. M. Ramirez, A. Gomez Gonzalez, V. and Gonzalez-Zamora, P. Gorbunov, S. Goerlich, L. Gotovac, S. and Grabski, V. Graczykowski, L. K. Graham, K. L. Greiner, L. Grelli, A. Grigoras, C. Grigoriev, V. Grigoryan, A. and Grigoryan, S. Gronefeld, J. M. Grosa, F. and Grosse-Oetringhaus, J. F. Grosso, R. Guernane, R. Guerzoni, B. Guittiere, M. Gulbrandsen, K. Gunji, T. Gupta, A. and Gupta, R. Guzman, B. Haake, R. Habib, M. K. Hadjidakis, C. Hamagaki, H. Hamar, G. Hamid, M. Hamon, J. C. and Hannigan, R. Haque, M. R. Harris, J. W. Harton, A. and Hassan, H. Hatzifotiadou, D. Hauer, P. Hayashi, S. and Heckel, S. T. Hellbaer, E. Helstrup, H. Herghelegiu, A. and Herman, T. Hernandez, E. G. Herrera Corral, G. Herrmann, F. and Hetland, K. F. Hilden, T. E. Hillemanns, H. Hills, C. and Hippolyte, B. Hohlweger, B. Horak, D. Hornung, S. and Hosokawa, R. Hota, J. Hristov, P. Huang, C. Hughes, C. and Huhn, P. Humanic, T. J. Hushnud, H. Hussain, N. and Hussain, T. Hutter, D. Hwang, D. S. Iddon, J. P. Ilkaev, R. Ippolitov, M. Islam, M. S. Ivanov, M. Ivanov, V. and Izucheev, V. Jacak, B. Jacazio, N. Jacobs, P. M. Jadhav, M. B. Jadlovska, S. Jadlovsky, J. Jaelani, S. Jahnke, C. and Jakubowska, M. J. Janik, M. A. Jena, C. Jercic, M. and Jevons, O. Bustamante, R. T. Jimenez Jin, M. Jones, P. G. and Jusko, A. Kalinak, P. Kalweit, A. Kang, J. H. and Kaplin, V. Kar, S. Uysal, A. Karasu Karavichev, O. and Karavicheva, T. Karczmarczyk, P. Karpechev, E. Kebschull, U. and Keidel, R. Keijdener, D. L. D. Keil, M. Ketzer, B. and Khabanova, Z. Khan, A. M. Khan, S. Khan, S. A. and Khanzadeev, A. Kharlov, Y. Khatun, A. Khuntia, A. and Kielbowicz, M. M. Kileng, B. Kim, B. Kim, D. Kim, D. J. and Kim, E. J. Kim, H. Kim, J. S. Kim, J. Kim, J. and Kim, M. Kim, S. Kim, T. Kim, T. Kindra, K. Kirsch, S. Kisel, I. Kiselev, S. Kisiel, A. Klay, J. L. and Klein, C. Klein, J. Klein-Boesing, C. Klewin, S. Kluge, A. Knichel, M. L. Knospe, A. G. Kobdaj, C. Kofarago, M. and Koehler, M. K. Kollegger, T. Kondratyeva, N. Kondratyuk, E. Konevskikh, A. Konopka, P. J. Konyushikhin, M. Koska, L. Kovalenko, O. Kovalenko, V. Kowalski, M. Kralik, I. and Kravcakova, A. Kreis, L. Krivda, M. Krizek, F. and Krueger, M. Kryshen, E. Krzewicki, M. Kubera, A. M. and Kucera, V. Kuhn, C. Kuijer, P. G. Kumar, J. Kumar, L. and Kumar, S. Kundu, S. Kurashvili, P. Kurepin, A. and Kurepin, A. B. Kushpil, S. Kvapil, J. Kweon, M. J. Kwon, Y. La Pointe, S. L. La Rocca, P. Lai, Y. S. Lakomov, I. and Langoy, R. Lapidus, K. Lardeux, A. Larionov, P. and Laudi, E. Lavicka, R. Lea, R. Leardini, L. Lee, S. and Lehas, F. Lehner, S. Lehrbach, J. Lemmon, R. C. Monzon, I. Leon Levai, P. Li, X. Li, X. L. Lien, J. Lietava, R. Lim, B. Lindal, S. Lindenstruth, V. Lindner, A. and Lippmann, C. Lisa, M. A. Litichevskyi, V. Liu, A. and Ljunggren, H. M. Llope, W. J. Lodato, D. F. Loginov, V. and Loizides, C. Loncar, P. Lopez, X. Lopez Torres, E. and Luettig, P. Luhder, J. R. Lunardon, M. Luparello, G. and Lupi, M. Maevskaya, A. Mager, M. Mahmood, S. M. Maire, A. Majka, R. D. Malaev, M. Malik, Q. W. Malinina, L. and Mal'Kevich, D. Malzacher, P. Mamonov, A. Manko, V. and Manso, F. Manzari, V. Mao, Y. Marchisone, M. Mares, J. and Margagliotti, G. V. Margotti, A. Margutti, J. Marin, A. and Markert, C. Marquard, M. Martin, N. A. Martinengo, P. and Martinez, J. L. Martinez, M. I. Garcia, G. Martinez and Pedreira, M. Martinez Masciocchi, S. Masera, M. Masoni, A. and Massacrier, L. Masson, E. Mastroserio, A. Mathis, A. M. and Matuoka, P. F. T. Matyja, A. Mayer, C. Mazzilli, M. and Mazzoni, M. A. Meddi, F. Melikyan, Y. Menchaca-Rocha, A. and Meninno, E. Meres, M. Mhlanga, S. Miake, Y. Micheletti, L. Mieskolainen, M. M. Mihaylov, D. L. Mikhaylov, K. and Mischke, A. Mishra, A. N. Miskowiec, D. Mitra, J. Mitu, C. M. Mohammadi, N. Mohanty, A. P. Mohanty, B. Khan, M. Mohisin De Godoy, D. A. Moreira Moreno, L. A. P. Moretto, S. and Morreale, A. Morsch, A. Mrnjavac, T. Muccifora, V. and Mudnic, E. Muehlheim, D. Muhuri, S. Mukherjee, M. and Mulligan, J. D. Munhoz, M. G. Muenning, K. Munzer, R. H. and Murakami, H. Murray, S. Musa, L. Musinsky, J. Myers, C. J. Myrcha, J. W. Naik, B. Nair, R. Nandi, B. K. and Nania, R. Nappi, E. Narayan, A. Naru, M. U. Nassirpour, A. F. Natal da Luz, H. Nattrass, C. Navarro, S. R. and Nayak, K. Nayak, R. Nayak, T. K. Nazarenko, S. De Oliveira, R. A. Negrao Nellen, L. Nesbo, S. V. Neskovic, G. and Ng, F. Nicassio, M. Niedziela, J. Nielsen, B. S. and Nikolaev, S. Nikulin, S. Nikulin, V. Noferini, F. and Nomokonov, P. Nooren, G. Noris, J. C. C. Norman, J. and Nyanin, A. Nystrand, J. Ogino, M. Oh, H. Ohlson, A. and Oleniacz, J. Oliveira Da Silva, A. C. Oliver, M. H. and Onderwaater, J. Oppedisano, C. Orava, R. Oravec, M. and Ortiz Velasquez, A. Oskarsson, A. Otwinowski, J. Oyama, K. and Pachmayer, Y. Pacik, V. Pagano, D. Paic, G. Palni, P. Pan, J. Pandey, A. K. Panebianco, S. Papikyan, V. and Pareek, P. Park, J. Parkkila, J. E. Parmar, S. Passfeld, A. Pathak, S. P. Patra, R. N. Paul, B. Pei, H. and Peitzmann, T. Peng, X. Pereira, L. G. Da Costa, H. Pereira and Peresunko, D. Lezama, E. Perez Peskov, V. Pestov, Y. and Petracek, V. Petrovici, M. Petta, C. Pezzi, R. P. Piano, S. Pikna, M. Pillot, P. Pimentel, L. O. D. L. Pinazza, O. Pinsky, L. Pisano, S. Piyarathna, D. B. Ploskon, M. and Planinic, M. Pliquett, F. Pluta, J. Pochybova, S. and Podesta-Lerma, P. L. M. Poghosyan, M. G. Polichtchouk, B. and Poljak, N. Poonsawat, W. Pop, A. Poppenborg, H. and Porteboeuf-Houssais, S. Pozdniakov, V. Prasad, S. K. and Preghenella, R. Prino, F. Pruneau, C. A. Pshenichnov, I. and Puccio, M. Punin, V. Puranapanda, K. Putschke, J. Raha, S. Rajput, S. Rak, J. Rakotozafindrabe, A. Ramello, L. and Rami, F. Raniwala, R. Raniwala, S. Raesaenen, S. S. and Rascanu, B. T. Rath, R. Ratza, V. Ravasenga, I. Read, K. F. Redlich, K. Rehman, A. Reichelt, P. Reidt, F. and Ren, X. Renfordt, R. Reshetin, A. Revol, J. -P. Reygers, K. Riabov, V. Richert, T. Richter, M. Riedler, P. and Riegler, W. Riggi, F. Ristea, C. Rode, S. P. Rodriguez Cahuantzi, M. Roed, K. Rogalev, R. Rogochaya, E. Rohr, D. Rohrich, D. Rokita, P. S. Ronchetti, F. Rosas, E. D. and Roslon, K. Rosnet, P. Rossi, A. Rotondi, A. and Roukoutakis, F. Roy, C. Roy, P. Rueda, O. V. Rui, R. and Rumyantsev, B. Rustamov, A. Ryabinkin, E. Ryabov, Y. and Rybicki, A. Saarinen, S. Sadhu, S. Sadovsky, S. Safarik, K. Saha, S. K. Sahoo, B. Sahoo, P. Sahoo, R. Sahoo, S. Sahu, P. K. Saini, J. Sakai, S. Saleh, M. A. and Sambyal, S. Samsonov, V. Sandoval, A. Sarkar, A. Sarkar, D. Sarkar, N. Sarma, P. Sas, M. H. P. Scapparone, E. and Scarlassara, F. Schaefer, B. Scheid, H. S. Schiaua, C. and Schicker, R. Schmidt, C. Schmidt, H. R. Schmidt, M. O. and Schmidt, M. Schmidt, N. V. Schukraft, J. Schutz, Y. and Schwarz, K. Schweda, K. Scioli, G. Scomparin, E. Sefcik, M. Seger, J. E. Sekiguchi, Y. Sekihata, D. Selyuzhenkov, I. Senyukov, S. Serradilla, E. Sett, P. Sevcenco, A. and Shabanov, A. Shabetai, A. Shahoyan, R. Shaikh, W. and Shangaraev, A. Sharma, A. Sharma, A. Sharma, M. Sharma, N. Sheikh, A. I. Shigaki, K. Shimomura, M. Shirinkin, S. and Shou, Q. Sibiriak, Y. Siddhanta, S. Sielewicz, K. M. and Siemiarczuk, T. Silvermyr, D. Simatovic, G. Simonetti, G. and Singaraju, R. Singh, R. Singh, R. Singhal, V. Sinha, T. Sitar, B. Sitta, M. Skaali, T. B. Slupecki, M. and Smirnov, N. Snellings, R. J. M. Snellman, T. W. Sochan, J. and Soncco, C. Song, J. Songmoolnak, A. Soramel, F. and Sorensen, S. Sozzi, F. Sputowska, I. Stachel, J. Stan, I. Stankus, P. Stenlund, E. Stocco, D. Storetvedt, M. 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Vergara Limon, S. Vermunt, L. and Vernet, R. Vertesi, R. Vickovic, L. Viinikainen, J. and Vilakazi, Z. Baillie, O. Villalobos Villatoro Tello, A. and Vinogradov, A. Virgili, T. Vislavicius, V. Vodopyanov, A. and Voelkl, M. A. Voloshin, K. Voloshin, S. A. Volpe, G. and von Haller, B. Vorobyev, I. Voscek, D. Vranic, D. and Vrlakova, J. Wagner, B. Wang, M. Watanabe, Y. Weber, M. and Weber, S. G. Wegrzynek, A. Weiser, D. F. Wenzel, S. C. and Wessels, J. P. Westerhoff, U. Whitehead, A. M. Wiechula, J. Wikne, J. Wilk, G. Wilkinson, J. Willems, G. A. and Williams, M. C. S. Willsher, E. Windelband, B. Witt, W. E. and Xu, R. Yalcin, S. Yamakawa, K. Yano, S. Yin, Z. and Yokoyama, H. Yoo, I. -K. Yoon, J. H. Yuan, S. Yurchenko, V. Zaccolo, V. Zaman, A. Zampolli, C. Zanoli, H. J. C. and Zardoshti, N. Zarochentsev, A. Zavada, P. Zaviyalov, N. and Zbroszczyk, H. Zhalov, M. Zhang, X. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Z. Zhao, C. Zherebchevskii, V. Zhigareva, N. Zhou, D. and Zhou, Y. Zhou, Z. Zhu, H. Zhu, J. Zhu, Y. and Zichichi, A. Zimmermann, M. B. Zinovjev, G. Zmeskal, J. and ALICE Collaboration
Subjects: High Energy Physics::Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: The production of pi(+/-), K-+/-, K-S(0), K*(892)(0), p, phi(1020), Lambda, Xi(-), Omega(-), and their antiparticles was measured in inelastic proton-proton (pp) collisions at a center-of-mass energy of root s = 13 TeV at midrapidity (vertical bar y vertical bar < 0.5) as a function of transverse momentum (P-T) using the ALICE detector at the CERN LHC. Furthermore, the single-particle p(T) distributions of K-S(0), Lambda, and (Lambda) over bar in inelastic pp collisions at root s = 7 TeV are reported here for the first time. The p(T) distributions are studied at midrapidity within the transverse momentum range 0
Published: 2021

39. First measurement of quarkonium polarization in nuclear collisions at the LHC

Author: Acharya, S. Adamova, D. Adler, A. Adolfsson, J. and Aggarwal, M. M. Rinella, G. Aglieri Agnello, M. Agrawal, N. and Ahammed, Z. Ahmad, S. Ahn, S. U. Akbar, Z. and Akindinov, A. Al-Turany, M. Alam, S. N. Albuquerque, D. S. D. Aleksandrov, D. Alessandro, B. Alfanda, H. M. Alfaro Molina, R. Ali, B. Ali, Y. Alici, A. Alizadehvandchali, N. Alkin, A. Alme, J. Alt, T. Altenkamper, L. and Altsybeev, I. Anaam, M. N. Andrei, C. Andreou, D. and Andrews, H. A. Andronic, A. Angeletti, M. Anguelov, V. and Anson, C. Anticic, T. Antinori, F. Antonioli, P. Anwar, R. Apadula, N. Aphecetche, L. Appelshaeuser, H. Arcelli, S. Arnaldi, R. Arratia, M. Arsene, I. C. Arslandok, M. and Augustinus, A. Averbeck, R. Aziz, S. Azmi, M. D. and Badala, A. Baek, Y. W. Bagnasco, S. Bai, X. Bailhache, R. Bala, R. Baldisseri, A. Ball, M. Balouza, S. and Banerjee, D. Barbera, R. Barioglio, L. Barnafoldi, G. G. and Barnby, L. S. Barret, V. Bartalini, P. Bartels, C. and Barth, K. Bartsch, E. Baruffaldi, F. Bastid, N. Basu, S. and Batigne, G. Batyunya, B. Bauri, D. Bazo Alba, J. L. and Bearden, I. G. Beattie, C. Bedda, C. Behera, N. K. and Belikov, I. Hechavarria, A. D. C. Bell Bellini, F. Bellwied, R. Belyaev, V. Bencedi, G. Beole, S. Bercuci, A. and Berdnikov, Y. Berenyi, D. Bertens, R. A. Berzano, D. and Besoiu, M. G. Betev, L. Bhasin, A. Bhat, I. R. Bhat, M. A. Bhatt, H. Bhattacharjee, B. Bianchi, A. Bianchi, L. and Bianchi, N. Bielcik, J. Bielcikova, J. Bilandzic, A. and Biro, G. Biswas, R. Biswas, S. Blair, J. T. Blau, D. and Blume, C. Boca, G. Bock, F. Bogdanov, A. Boi, S. and Bok, J. Boldizsar, L. Bolozdynya, A. Bombara, M. Bonomi, G. Borel, H. Borissov, A. Bossi, H. Botta, E. and Bratrud, L. Braun-Munzinger, P. Bregant, M. Broz, M. and Brucken, J. Bruna, E. Bruno, G. E. Buckland, M. D. and Budnikov, D. Buesching, H. Bufalino, S. Bugnon, O. and Buhler, P. Buncic, P. Buthelezi, Z. Butt, J. B. Buxton, J. T. Bysiak, S. A. Caffarri, D. Caliva, A. Calvo Villar, E. Camacho, J. M. M. 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Vertesi, R. and Vickovic, L. Vilakazi, Z. Baillie, O. Villalobos Villatoro Tello, A. Vino, G. Vinogradov, A. Virgili, T. and Vislavicius, V. Vodopyanov, A. Volkel, B. Voelkl, M. A. and Voloshin, K. Voloshin, S. A. Volpe, G. von Haller, B. and Vorobyev, I. Voscek, D. Vrlakova, J. Wagner, B. Weber, M. Weber, S. G. Wegrzynek, A. Weiser, D. F. Wenzel, S. C. Wessels, J. P. Wiechula, J. Wikne, J. Wilk, G. and Wilkinson, J. Willems, G. A. Willsher, E. Windelband, B. and Winn, M. Witt, W. E. Wu, Y. Xu, R. Yalcin, S. and Yamakawa, K. Yang, S. Yano, S. Yin, Z. Yokoyama, H. and Yoo, I. -K. Yoon, J. H. Yuan, S. Yuncu, A. Yurchenko, V. and Zaccolo, V. Zaman, A. Zampolli, C. Zanoli, H. J. C. and Zardoshti, N. Zarochentsev, A. Zavada, P. Zaviyalov, N. and Zbroszczyk, H. Zhalov, M. Zhang, S. Zhang, X. Zhang, Z. and Zherebchevskii, V. Zhou, D. Zhou, Y. Zhou, Z. Zhu, J. Zhu, Y. Zichichi, A. Zimmermann, M. B. Zinovjev, G. and Zurlo, N. ALICE Collaboration
Subjects: High Energy Physics::Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: The polarization of inclusive J/psi and Upsilon(1S) produced in Pb-Pb collisions at root s(NN) = 5.02 TeV at the LHC is measured with the ALICE detector. The study is carried out by reconstructing the quarkonium through its decay to muon pairs in the rapidity region 2.5 < y < 4 and measuring the polar and azimuthal angular distributions of the muons. The polarization parameters lambda(theta), lambda(phi) and lambda(theta phi) are measured in the helicity and Collins-Soper reference frames, in the transverse momentum interval 2 < p(T) < 10 GeV/c and p(T) < 15 GeV/c for the J/psi and Upsilon(1S), respectively. The polarization parameters for the J/psi are found to be compatible with zero, within a maximum of about two standard deviations at low p(T), for both reference frames and over the whole p(T) range. The values are compared with the corresponding results obtained for pp collisions at root s = 7 and 8 TeV in a similar kinematic region by the ALICE and LHCb experiments. Although with much larger uncertainties, the polarization parameters for Upsilon(1S) production in Pb-Pb collisions are also consistent with zero. (c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Published: 2021

40. Centrality dependence of J/psi and psi(2S) production and nuclear modification in p-Pb collisions at sNN=8.16 TeV

Author: Acharya, S. Acosta, F. T. Adam, J. Adamova, D. Adler, A. and Adolfsson, J. Aggarwal, M. M. Rinella, G. Aglieri and Agnello, M. Agrawal, N. Ahammed, Z. Ahn, S. U. Aiola, S. and Akindinov, A. Al-Turany, M. Alam, S. N. Albuquerque, D. S. D. Aleksandrov, D. Alessandro, B. Alfanda, H. M. and Alfaro Molina, R. Ali, Y. Alici, A. Alkin, A. Alme, J. and Alt, T. Altenkamper, L. Altsybeev, I. Anaam, M. N. and Andrei, C. Andreou, D. Andrews, H. A. Andronic, A. and Angeletti, M. Anguelov, V. Anson, C. Anticic, T. and Antinori, F. Antonioli, P. Anwar, R. Apadula, N. and Aphecetche, L. Appelshaeuser, H. Arcelli, S. Arnaldi, R. and Arratia, M. Arsene, I. C. Arslandok, M. Augustinus, A. and Averbeck, R. Azmi, M. D. Badala, A. Baek, Y. W. and Bagnasco, S. Bailhache, R. Bala, R. Baldisseri, A. Ball, M. Baral, R. C. Barbano, A. M. Barbera, R. Barile, F. and Barioglio, L. Barnafoeldi, G. G. Barnby, L. S. Barret, V. Bartalini, P. Barth, K. Bartsch, E. Bastid, N. and Basu, S. Batigne, G. 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M. and Strmen, P. Suaide, A. A. P. Sugitate, T. Suire, C. and Suleymanov, M. Suljic, M. Sultanov, R. Sumbera, M. and Sumowidagdo, S. Suzuki, K. Swain, S. Szabo, A. Szarka, I. Tabassam, U. Takahashi, J. Tambave, G. J. Tanaka, N. and Tarhini, M. Tarzila, M. G. Takaki, J. D. Tapia Tauro, A. and Tejeda Munoz, G. Telesca, A. Terrevoli, C. Teyssier, B. and Thakur, D. Thakur, S. Thomas, D. Thoresen, F. and Tieulent, R. Tikhonov, A. Timmins, A. R. Toia, A. and Topilskaya, N. Toppi, M. Torres, S. R. Tripathy, S. and Trogolo, S. Trombetta, G. Tropp, L. Trubnikov, V. and Trzaska, W. H. Trzcinski, T. P. Trzeciak, B. A. Tsuji, T. and Tumkin, A. Turrisi, R. Tveter, T. S. Ullaland, K. and Umaka, E. N. Uras, A. Usai, G. L. Utrobicic, A. Vala, M. and Valencia Palomo, L. Valle, N. van der Kolk, N. van Doremalen, L. V. R. Van Hoorne, J. W. van Leeuwen, M. Vande Vyvre, P. Varga, D. Vargas, A. Vargyas, M. Varma, R. and Vasileiou, M. Vasiliev, A. Doce, O. Vazquez Vechernin, V. and Veen, A. M. Vercellin, E. Vergara Limon, S. Vermunt, L. and Vernet, R. Vertesi, R. Vickovic, L. Viinikainen, J. and Vilakazi, Z. Baillie, O. Villalobos Villatoro Tello, A. and Vinogradov, A. Virgili, T. Vislavicius, V. Vodopyanov, A. and Voelkl, M. A. Voloshin, K. Voloshin, S. A. Volpe, G. and von Haller, B. Vorobyev, I. Voscek, D. Vranic, D. and Vrlakova, J. Wagner, B. Wang, M. Watanabe, Y. Weber, M. and Weber, S. G. Wegrzynek, A. Weiser, D. F. Wenzel, S. C. and Wessels, J. P. Westerhoff, U. Whitehead, A. M. Wiechula, J. Wikne, J. Wilk, G. Wilkinson, J. Willems, G. A. and Williams, M. C. S. Willsher, E. Windelband, B. Witt, W. E. and Xu, R. Yalcin, S. Yamakawa, K. Yano, S. Yin, Z. and Yokoyama, H. Yoo, I. -K. Yoon, J. H. Yuan, S. Yurchenko, V. Zaccolo, V. Zaman, A. Zampolli, C. Zanoli, H. J. C. and Zardoshti, N. Zarochentsev, A. Zavada, P. Zaviyalov, N. and Zbroszczyk, H. Zhalov, M. Zhang, X. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Z. Zhao, C. Zherebchevskii, V. Zhigareva, N. Zhou, D. and Zhou, Y. Zhou, Z. Zhu, H. Zhu, J. Zhu, Y. and Zichichi, A. Zimmermann, M. B. Zinovjev, G. Zmeskal, J. and ALICE Collaboration
Abstract: The inclusive production of the J/ and psi (2S) charmonium states is studied as a function of centrality in p-Pb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair sNN = 8.16 TeV at the LHC. The measurement is performed in the dimuon decay channel with the ALICE apparatus in the centre-of-mass rapidity intervals -4.46 < y(cms)< -2.96 (Pb-going direction) and 2.03 < y(cms)< 3.53 (p-going direction), down to zero transverse momentum (p(T)). The J/psi and psi (2S) production cross sections are evaluated as a function of the collision centrality, estimated through the energy deposited in the zero degree calorimeter located in the Pb-going direction. The p(T)-differential J/psi production cross section is measured at backward and forward rapidity for several centrality classes, together with the corresponding average < p(T)> and ” open=”pT2 values. The nuclear effects affecting the production of both charmonium states are studied using the nuclear modification factor. In the p-going direction, a suppression of the production of both charmonium states is observed, which seems to increase from peripheral to central collisions. In the Pb-going direction, however, the centrality dependence is different for the two states: the nuclear modification factor of the J/psi increases from below unity in peripheral collisions to above unity in central collisions, while for the psi (2S) it stays below or consistent with unity for all centralities with no significant centrality dependence. The results are compared with measurements in p-Pb collisions at sNN = 5.02 TeV and no significant dependence on the energy of the collision is observed. Finally, the results are compared with theoretical models implementing various nuclear matter effects.
Published: 2021

41. First measurement of the vertical bar t vertical bar-dependence of coherent J/psi photonuclear production

Author: Acharya, S. Acosta, F. T. Adam, J. Adamova, D. Adler, A. and Adolfsson, J. Aggarwal, M. M. Rinella, G. Aglieri and Agnello, M. Agrawal, N. Ahammed, Z. Ahn, S. U. Aiola, S. and Akindinov, A. Al-Turany, M. Alam, S. N. Albuquerque, D. S. D. Aleksandrov, D. Alessandro, B. Alfanda, H. M. and Alfaro Molina, R. Ali, Y. Alici, A. Alkin, A. Alme, J. and Alt, T. Altenkamper, L. Altsybeev, I. Anaam, M. N. and Andrei, C. Andreou, D. Andrews, H. A. Andronic, A. and Angeletti, M. Anguelov, V. Anson, C. Anticic, T. and Antinori, F. Antonioli, P. Anwar, R. Apadula, N. and Aphecetche, L. Appelshaeuser, H. Arcelli, S. Arnaldi, R. and Arratia, M. Arsene, I. C. Arslandok, M. Augustinus, A. and Averbeck, R. Azmi, M. D. Badala, A. Baek, Y. W. and Bagnasco, S. Bailhache, R. Bala, R. Baldisseri, A. Ball, M. Baral, R. C. Barbano, A. M. Barbera, R. Barile, F. and Barioglio, L. Barnafoeldi, G. G. Barnby, L. S. Barret, V. Bartalini, P. Barth, K. Bartsch, E. Bastid, N. and Basu, S. Batigne, G. Batyunya, B. Batzing, P. C. Bazo Alba, J. L. Bearden, I. G. Beck, H. Bedda, C. Behera, N. K. Belikov, I. Bellini, F. Bello Martinez, H. Bellwied, R. Beltran, L. G. E. Belyaev, V. Bencedi, G. Beole, S. and Bercuci, A. Berdnikov, Y. Berenyi, D. Bertens, R. A. and Berzano, D. Betev, L. Bhaduri, P. P. Bhasin, A. Bhat, I. R. Bhatt, H. Bhattacharjee, B. Bhom, J. Bianchi, A. and Bianchi, L. Bianchi, N. Bielcik, J. Bielcikova, J. and Bilandzic, A. Biro, G. Biswas, R. Biswas, S. Blair, J. T. Blau, D. Blume, C. Boca, G. Bock, F. Bogdanov, A. and Boldizsar, L. Bolozdynya, A. Bombara, M. Bonomi, G. and Bonora, M. Borel, H. Borissov, A. Borri, M. Botta, E. and Bourjau, C. Bratrud, L. Braun-Munzinger, P. Bregant, M. and Broker, T. A. Broz, M. Brucken, E. J. Bruna, E. and Bruno, G. E. Budnikov, D. Buesching, H. Bufalino, S. and Buhler, P. Buncic, P. Busch, O. Buthelezi, Z. Butt, J. B. Buxton, J. T. Cabala, J. Caffarri, D. Caines, H. and Caliva, A. Calvo Villar, E. Camacho, R. S. Camerini, P. and Capon, A. A. Carena, W. Carnesecchi, F. Castellanos, J. Castillo Castro, A. J. Casula, E. A. R. Ceballos Sanchez, C. and Chandra, S. Chang, B. Chang, W. Chapeland, S. and Chartier, M. Chattopadhyay, S. Chattopadhyay, S. Chauvin, A. and Cheshkov, C. Cheynis, B. Barroso, V. Chibante and Chinellato, D. D. Cho, S. Chochula, P. Chowdhury, T. and Christakoglou, P. Christensen, C. H. Christiansen, P. Chujo, T. Chung, S. U. Cicalo, C. Cifarelli, L. Cindolo, F. and Cleymans, J. Colamaria, F. Colella, D. Collu, A. and Colocci, M. Concas, M. Balbastre, G. Conesa del Valle, Z. Conesa Contreras, J. G. Cormier, T. M. Morales, Y. Corrales and Cortese, P. Cosentino, M. R. Costa, F. Costanza, S. and Crkovska, J. Crochet, P. Cuautle, E. Cunqueiro, L. and Dabrowski, D. Dahms, T. Dainese, A. Damas, F. P. A. and Dani, S. Danisch, M. C. Danu, A. Das, D. Das, I. and Das, S. Dash, A. Dash, S. De, S. De Caro, A. de Cataldo, G. de Conti, C. de Cuveland, J. De Falco, A. De Gruttola, D. 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Sas, M. H. P. Scapparone, E. Scarlassara, F. Schaefer, B. Scheid, H. S. Schiaua, C. Schicker, R. and Schmidt, C. Schmidt, H. R. Schmidt, M. O. Schmidt, M. and Schmidt, N. V. Schukraft, J. Schutz, Y. Schwarz, K. and Schweda, K. Scioli, G. Scomparin, E. Sefcik, M. Seger, J. E. Sekiguchi, Y. Sekihata, D. Selyuzhenkov, I. and Senyukov, S. Serradilla, E. Sett, P. Sevcenco, A. and Shabanov, A. Shabetai, A. Shahoyan, R. Shaikh, W. and Shangaraev, A. Sharma, A. Sharma, A. Sharma, M. Sharma, N. Sheikh, A. I. Shigaki, K. Shimomura, M. Shirinkin, S. and Shou, Q. Sibiriak, Y. Siddhanta, S. Sielewicz, K. M. and Siemiarczuk, T. Silvermyr, D. Simatovic, G. Simonetti, G. and Singaraju, R. Singh, R. Singh, R. Singhal, V. Sinha, T. Sitar, B. Sitta, M. Skaali, T. B. Slupecki, M. and Smirnov, N. Snellings, R. J. M. Snellman, T. W. Sochan, J. and Soncco, C. Song, J. Songmoolnak, A. Soramel, F. and Sorensen, S. Sozzi, F. Sputowska, I. Stachel, J. Stan, I. Stankus, P. Stenlund, E. Stocco, D. Storetvedt, M. 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Vergara Limon, S. Vermunt, L. and Vernet, R. Vertesi, R. Vickovic, L. Viinikainen, J. and Vilakazi, Z. Baillie, O. Villalobos Villatoro Tello, A. and Vinogradov, A. Virgili, T. Vislavicius, V. Vodopyanov, A. and Voelkl, M. A. Voloshin, K. Voloshin, S. A. Volpe, G. and von Haller, B. Vorobyev, I. Voscek, D. Vranic, D. and Vrlakova, J. Wagner, B. Wang, M. Watanabe, Y. Weber, M. and Weber, S. G. Wegrzynek, A. Weiser, D. F. Wenzel, S. C. and Wessels, J. P. Westerhoff, U. Whitehead, A. M. Wiechula, J. Wikne, J. Wilk, G. Wilkinson, J. Willems, G. A. and Williams, M. C. S. Willsher, E. Windelband, B. Witt, W. E. and Xu, R. Yalcin, S. Yamakawa, K. Yano, S. Yin, Z. and Yokoyama, H. Yoo, I. -K. Yoon, J. H. Yuan, S. Yurchenko, V. Zaccolo, V. Zaman, A. Zampolli, C. Zanoli, H. J. C. and Zardoshti, N. Zarochentsev, A. Zavada, P. Zaviyalov, N. and Zbroszczyk, H. Zhalov, M. Zhang, X. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Z. Zhao, C. Zherebchevskii, V. Zhigareva, N. Zhou, D. and Zhou, Y. Zhou, Z. Zhu, H. Zhu, J. Zhu, Y. and Zichichi, A. Zimmermann, M. B. Zinovjev, G. Zmeskal, J. and ALICE Collaboration
Subjects: High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: The first measurement of the cross section for coherent J/Psi photoproduction as a function of vertical bar t vertical bar, the square of the momentum transferred between the incoming and outgoing target nucleus, is presented. The data were measured with the ALICE detector in ultra-peripheral Pb-Pbcollisions at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair root s(NN) = 5.02 TeV with the J/Psi produced in the central rapidity region vertical bar y vertical bar < 0.8, which corresponds to the small Bjorken-xrange (0.3 - 1.4) x 10(-3). The measured vertical bar t vertical bar-dependence is not described by computations based only on the Pb nuclear form factor, while the photonuclear cross section is better reproduced by models including shadowing according to the leading-twist approximation, or gluon-saturation effects from the impact-parameter dependent Balitsky-Kovchegov equation. These new results are therefore a valid tool to constrain the relevant model parameters and to investigate the transverse gluonic structure at very low Bjorken- x. (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.
Published: 2021

42. Lambda K femtoscopy in Pb-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=2.76 TeV

Author: Acharya, S. Adamova, D. Adler, A. Adolfsson, J. and Aggarwal, M. M. Rinella, G. Aglieri Agnello, M. Agrawal, N. and Ahammed, Z. Ahmad, S. Ahn, S. U. Akbar, Z. and Akindinov, A. Al-Turany, M. Alam, S. N. Albuquerque, D. S. D. Aleksandrov, D. Alessandro, B. Alfanda, H. M. Molina, R. Alfaro Ali, B. Ali, Y. Alici, A. Alkin, A. Alme, J. Alt, T. Altenkamper, L. Altsybeev, I Anaam, M. N. and Andrei, C. Andreou, D. Andronic, A. Angeletti, M. and Anguelov, V Anson, C. Antinori, F. Antonioli, P. and Apadula, N. Aphecetche, L. Appelshauser, H. Arcelli, S. and Arnaldi, R. Arratia, M. Arsene, I. C. Arslandok, M. and Augustinus, A. Averbeck, R. Aziz, S. Azmi, M. D. Badala, A. Baek, Y. W. Bagnasco, S. Bai, X. Bailhache, R. and Bala, R. Balbino, A. Baldisseri, A. Ball, M. Balouza, S. and Banerjee, D. Barbera, R. Barioglio, L. Barnafoldi, G. G. and Barnby, L. S. Barret, V Bartalini, P. Bartels, C. and Barth, K. Bartsch, E. Baruffaldi, F. Bastid, N. Basu, S. and Batigne, G. Batyunya, B. 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Riabov, V and Richert, T. Richter, M. Riedler, P. Riegler, W. Riggi, F. Ristea, C. Rode, S. P. Cahuantzi, M. Rodriguez Roed, K. Rogalev, R. Rogochaya, E. Rohr, D. Rohrich, D. and Rojas, P. F. Rokita, P. S. Ronchetti, F. Rosano, A. and Rosas, E. D. Roslon, K. Rossi, A. Rotondi, A. Roy, A. and Roy, P. Rueda, V, O. Rui, R. Rumyantsev, B. and Rustamov, A. Ryabinkin, E. Ryabov, Y. Rybicki, A. and Rytkonen, H. Saarimaki, O. A. M. Sadhu, S. Sadovsky, S. and Safarik, K. Saha, S. K. Sahoo, B. Sahoo, P. Sahoo, R. and Sahoo, S. Sahu, P. K. Saini, J. Sakai, S. Sambyal, S. Samsonov, V Sarkar, D. Sarkar, N. Sarma, P. and Sarti, V. M. Sas, M. H. P. Scapparone, E. Schambach, J. and Scheid, H. S. Schiaua, C. Schicker, R. Schmah, A. and Schmidt, C. Schmidt, H. R. Schmidt, M. O. Schmidt, M. and Schmidt, V, N. Schmier, A. R. Schukraft, J. Schutz, Y. and Schwarz, K. Schweda, K. Scioli, G. Scomparin, E. Seger, J. E. Sekiguchi, Y. Sekihata, D. Selyuzhenkov, I and Senyukov, S. Serebryakov, D. Sevcenco, A. Shabanov, A. and Shabetai, A. Shahoyan, R. Shaikh, W. Shangaraev, A. and Sharma, A. Sharma, A. Sharma, H. Sharma, M. Sharma, N. and Sharma, S. Shigaki, K. Shimomura, M. Shirinkin, S. and Shou, Q. Sibiriak, Y. Siddhanta, S. Siemiarczuk, T. and Silvermyr, D. Simatovic, G. Simonetti, G. Singh, B. and Singh, R. Singh, R. Singh, R. Singh, V. K. Singhal, V and Sinha, T. Sitar, B. Sitta, M. Skaali, T. B. and Slupecki, M. Smirnov, N. Snellings, R. J. M. Soncco, C. and Song, J. Songmoolnak, A. Soramel, F. Sorensen, S. and Sputowska, I Stachel, J. Stan, I Steffanic, P. J. and Stenlund, E. Stiefelmaier, S. F. Stocco, D. Storetvedt, M. M. Stritto, L. D. Suaide, A. A. P. Sugitate, T. Suire, C. Suleymanov, M. Suljic, M. Sultanov, R. Sumbera, M. and Sumberia, V Sumowidagdo, S. Swain, S. Szabo, A. and Szarka, I Tabassam, U. Taghavi, S. F. Taillepied, G. and Takahashi, J. Tambave, G. J. Tang, S. Tarhini, M. and Tarzila, M. G. Tauro, A. Munoz, G. Tejeda Telesca, A. and Terlizzi, L. Terrevoli, C. Thakur, D. Thakur, S. Thomas, D. Thoresen, F. Tieulent, R. Tikhonov, A. Timmins, A. R. and Toia, A. Topilskaya, N. Toppi, M. Torales-Acosta, F. and Torres, S. R. Trifiro, A. Tripathy, S. Tripathy, T. and Trogolo, S. Trombetta, G. Tropp, L. Trubnikov, V and Trzaska, W. H. Trzcinski, T. P. Trzeciak, B. A. Tumkin, A. and Turrisi, R. Tveter, T. S. Ullaland, K. Umaka, E. N. and Uras, A. Usai, G. L. Vala, M. Valle, N. Vallero, S. and van der Kolk, N. van Doremalen, L. V. R. van Leeuwen, M. and Vande Vyvre, P. Varga, D. Varga, Z. Varga-Kofarago, M. and Vargas, A. Vasileiou, M. Vasiliev, A. Doce, O. Vazquez and Vechernin, V. Vercellin, E. Limon, S. Vergara Vermunt, L. and Vernet, R. Vertesi, R. Vickovic, L. Vilakazi, Z. and Baillie, O. Villalobos Vino, G. Vinogradov, A. Virgili, T. and Vislavicius, V. Vodopyanov, A. Volkel, B. Volkl, M. A. and Voloshin, K. Voloshin, S. A. Volpe, G. von Haller, B. and Vorobyev, I Voscek, D. Vrlakova, J. Wagner, B. and Weber, M. Weber, S. G. Wegrzynek, A. Wenzel, S. C. and Wessels, J. P. Wiechula, J. Wikne, J. Wilk, G. and Wilkinson, J. Willems, G. A. Willsher, E. Windelband, B. and Winn, M. Witt, W. E. Wright, J. R. Wu, Y. Xu, R. and Yalcin, S. Yamaguchi, Y. Yamakawa, K. Yang, S. Yano, S. and Yin, Z. Yokoyama, H. Yoo, I-K Yoon, J. H. Yuan, S. and Yuncu, A. Yurchenko, V Zaccolo, V Zaman, A. and Zampolli, C. Zanoli, H. J. C. Zardoshti, N. Zarochentsev, A. and Zavada, P. Zaviyalov, N. Zbroszczyk, H. Zhalov, M. and Zhang, S. Zhang, X. Zhang, Z. Zherebchevskii, V Zhou, D. and Zhou, Y. Zhou, Z. Zhu, J. Zhu, Y. Zichichi, A. and Zinovjev, G. Zurlo, N. ALICE Collaboration
Abstract: The first measurements of the scattering parameters of Lambda K pairs in all three charge combinations (Lambda K+, Lambda K-, and Lambda K-S(0)) are presented. The results are achieved through a femtoscopic analysis of Lambda K correlations in Pb-Pb collisions at root s(NN) = 2.76 TeV recorded by ALICE at the Large Hadron Collider. The femtoscopic correlations result from strong final-state interactions and are fit with a parametrization allowing for both the characterization of the pair emission source and the measurement of the scattering parameters for the particle pairs. Extensive studies with the THERMINATOR 2 event generator provide a good description of the nonfemtoscopic background, which results mainly from collective effects, with unprecedented precision. Furthermore, together with HIJING simulations, this model is used to account for contributions from residual correlations induced by feed-down from particle decays. The extracted scattering parameters indicate that the strong force is repulsive in the Lambda K+ interaction and attractive in the Lambda K- interaction. The data hint that the Lambda K-S(0) interaction is attractive; however, the uncertainty of the result does not permit such a decisive conclusion. The results suggest an effect arising either from different quark-antiquark interactions between the pairs (s (s) over bar in Lambda K+ and u (u) over bar in Lambda K-) or from different net strangeness for each system (S = 0 for Lambda K+, and S = -2 for Lambda K-). Finally, the Lambda K systems exhibit source radii larger than expected from extrapolation from identical particle femtoscopic studies. This effect is interpreted as resulting from the separation in space-time of the single-particle Lambda and K source distributions.
Published: 2021

43. Correlation of interleukin-6 with Epstein–Barr virus levels in COVID-19

Author: Sebastian J. Klein, Romuald Bellmann, Georg F. Lehner, Michael Joannidis, Andreas Peer, and Heinz Zoller
Subjects: Adult, Male, Herpesvirus 4, Human, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Pneumonia, Viral, Cytomegalovirus, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, medicine.disease_cause, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Epstein–Barr virus, EBV, Research Letter, medicine, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Humans, Registries, Viremia, Interleukin 6, Aged, Retrospective Studies, Inflammation, IL-6, Coronavirus disease 2019, biology, SARS-CoV-2, Interleukin-6, business.industry, COVID-19, Middle Aged, Viral Load, Respiration, Artificial, Virology, Intensive Care Units, Austria, biology.protein, Female, business, Biomarkers
Published: 2020

44. Acis-regulatory element promoting increased transcription at low temperature in cultured ectothermicDrosophilacells

Author: Christian F. Lehner, Mark D. Robinson, Yu Bai, Faina Myachina, Fritz Bosshardt, Gregor Rot, Stefano Leo, and Emmanuel Caussinus
Subjects: Reporter gene, biology, Downregulation and upregulation, Transcription (biology), Chemistry, Heat shock, Drosophila melanogaster, biology.organism_classification, Gene, Transcription factor, Chromatin, Cell biology
Abstract: Cells of many ectothermic species, includingDrosophila melanogaster, maintain homeostatic function within a considerable temperature range. The cellular mechanisms enabling temperature acclimation are still poorly understood. At the transcriptional level, the heat shock response has been extensively analyzed. The opposite has received less attention. Here, using culturedDrosophilacells, we have identified genes with increased transcript levels at the lower end of the readily tolerated temperature range, as well as chromatin regions with increased DNA accessibility. Candidatecis-regulatory elements (CREs) for transcriptional upregulation at low temperature were selected and evaluated with a novel reporter assay for accurate assessment of their temperature-dependency. Robust transcriptional upregulation at low temperature could be demonstrated for a fragment from thepastrelgene, which expresses more transcript and protein at reduced temperatures. The CRE is controlled by the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and antagonizing activities of the transcription factors Pointed and Ets97D.
Published: 2020

45. Linkage of alterations in systemic iron homeostasis to patients’ outcome in sepsis: a prospective study

Author: Manfred Nairz, Michael Joannidis, Harald Schennach, Piotr Tymoszuk, Günter Weiss, Igor Theurl, Christa Pfeifhofer-Obermair, Anja Vales, Georg F. Lehner, Anna K. Brandtner, Gernot Fritsche, and Andreas Falkner
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Transferrin saturation, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Logistic regression, Sepsis, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, medicine, Prospective cohort study, SOFA score, 030304 developmental biology, chemistry.chemical_classification, 0303 health sciences, Ferritin, medicine.diagnostic_test, biology, business.industry, Research, lcsh:Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid, Transferrin, 030208 emergency & critical care medicine, lcsh:RC86-88.9, medicine.disease, chemistry, Serum iron, biology.protein, business, Infection
Abstract: Background Sepsis, a dysregulated host response following infection, is associated with massive immune activation and high mortality rates. There is still a need to define further risk factors and laboratory parameters predicting the clinical course. Iron metabolism is regulated by both, the body’s iron status and the immune response. Iron itself is required for erythropoiesis but also for many cellular and metabolic functions. Moreover, iron availability is a critical determinant in infections because it is an essential nutrient for most microbes but also impacts on immune function and intravascular oxidative stress. Herein, we used a prospective study design to investigate the putative impact of serum iron parameters on the outcome of sepsis. Methods Serum markers of iron metabolism were measured in a prospective cohort of 61 patients (37 males, 24 females) with sepsis defined by Sepsis-3 criteria in a medical intensive care unit (ICU) and compared between survivors and non-survivors. Regulation of iron parameters in patients stratified by focus of infection and co-medication as well as association of the markers with sepsis severity scores and survival were investigated with linear and logistic regression corrected for sex and age effects. Results Positive correlations of increased serum iron and ferritin concentrations upon ICU admission with the severity of organ failure (SOFA score) and with mortality were observed. Moreover, high TF-Sat, elevated ferritin and serum iron levels and low transferrin concentrations were associated with reduced survival. A logistic regression model consisting of SOFA and transferrin saturation (SOFA–TF-Sat) had the best predictive power for survival in septic ICU patients. Of note, administration of blood transfusions prior to ICU admission resulted in increased TF-Sat and reduced survival of septic patients. Conclusions Our study could show an important impact of serum iron parameters on the outcome of sepsis. Furthermore, we identified transferrin saturation as a stand-alone predictor of sepsis survival and as a parameter of iron metabolism which may in a combined model improve the prediction power of the SOFA score. Trial registration The study was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the Declaration of Helsinki on biomedical research. The study was approved by the institutional ethics review board of the Medical University Innsbruck (study AN2013-0006).
Published: 2020

46. Chromosome separation during Drosophila male meiosis I requires separase-mediated cleavage of the homolog conjunction protein UNO

Author: Joe Weber, Zeynep Kabakci, Soumya Chaurasia, Erich Brunner, Christian F. Lehner, and Jean-René Huynh
Subjects: lcsh:Genetics, lcsh:QH426-470
Abstract: Regular chromosome segregation during the first meiotic division requires prior pairing of homologous chromosomes into bivalents. During canonical meiosis, linkage between homologous chromosomes is maintained until late metaphase I by chiasmata resulting from meiotic recombination in combination with distal sister chromatid cohesion. Separase-mediated elimination of cohesin from chromosome arms at the end of metaphase I permits terminalization of chiasmata and homolog segregation to opposite spindle poles during anaphase I. Interestingly, separase is also required for bivalent splitting during meiosis I in Drosophila males, where homologs are conjoined by an alternative mechanism independent of meiotic recombination and cohesin. Here we report the identification of a novel alternative homolog conjunction protein encoded by the previously uncharacterized gene univalents only (uno). The univalents that are present in uno null mutants at the start of meiosis I, instead of normal bivalents, are segregated randomly. In wild type, UNO protein is detected in dots associated with bivalent chromosomes and most abundantly at the localized pairing site of the sex chromosomes. UNO is cleaved by separase. Expression of a mutant UNO version with a non-functional separase cleavage site restores homolog conjunction in a uno null background. However, separation of bivalents during meiosis I is completely abrogated by this non-cleavable UNO version. Therefore, we propose that homolog separation during Drosophila male meiosis I is triggered by separase-mediated cleavage of UNO. Author summary For production of sperm and oocytes, precursor cells have to complete meiosis, which comprises two successive divisions. These divisions convert diploid cells into haploid cells. Diploid cells are characterized by the presence of both a maternal and a paternal copy of each chromosome. In contrast, haploid cells have only one copy of each chromosome. Chromosome copy reduction during meiosis requires the pairing of the maternal and paternal copy of each chromosome into a bivalent chromosome in the diploid precursor cell. Bivalents are integrated into the spindle in a bi-polar fashion, with the two chromosomes connected to opposite spindle poles. Once all bivalents are properly bi-oriented, the linkage between the two chromosome copies is destroyed so that they can be pulled apart towards opposite poles. While all sexually reproducing species have to accomplish meiosis, the mechanism for linkage of the two chromosome copies into a bivalent is not invariant. A special type of linkage is used in males of the fly Drosophila melanogaster for example. Here we describe UNO, a novel protein required for this chromosome linkage. When the linkage needs to be destroyed for chromosome separation during the first meiotic division, UNO is cleaved by a protease known as separase.
Published: 2020

47. Anthropogenic Contaminants and Histopathological Findings in Stranded Cetaceans in the Southeastern United States, 2012–2018

Author: Annie Page-Karjian, Catherine F. Lo, Branson Ritchie, Craig A. Harms, David S. Rotstein, Sushan Han, Sayed M. Hassan, Andreas F. Lehner, John P. Buchweitz, Victoria G. Thayer, Jill M. Sullivan, Emily F. Christiansen, and Justin R. Perrault
Subjects: mercury, lcsh:QH1-199.5, chemistry.chemical_element, Ocean Engineering, EDCs, Aquatic Science, Biology, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Oceanography, odontocete, chemistry.chemical_compound, Blubber, endocrine disrupting contaminants, heavy metals, lcsh:Science, Arsenic, Water Science and Technology, Global and Planetary Change, Cadmium, Mercury (element), Triclosan, chemistry, Bioaccumulation, Environmental chemistry, lcsh:Q, Selenium, dolphins, Toxicant
Abstract: Anthropogenic contaminants in the marine environment often biodegrade slowly, bioaccumulate in organisms, and can have deleterious effects on wildlife immunity, health, reproduction, and development. In this study, we evaluated tissue toxicant concentrations and pathology data from 83 odontocetes that stranded in the southeastern United States during 2012–2018. Mass spectrometry was used to analyze blubber samples for five organic toxicants (atrazine, bisphenol-A, diethyl phthalates, nonylphenol monoethoxylate [NPE], triclosan), and liver samples were analyzed for five non-essential elements (arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, thallium), six essential elements (cobalt, copper, manganese, iron, selenium, zinc) and one toxicant mixture class (Aroclor1268). Resultant data considerably improve upon the existing knowledge base regarding toxicant concentrations in stranded odontocetes. Toxicant and element concentrations varied based on animal demographic factors including species, sex, age, and location. Samples from bottlenose dolphins had significantly higher average concentrations of lead, manganese, mercury, selenium, thallium, and zinc, and lower average concentrations of NPE, arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, and iron than samples from pygmy sperm whales. In adult female bottlenose dolphins, average arsenic concentrations were significantly higher and iron concentrations were significantly lower than in adult males. Adult bottlenose dolphins had significantly higher average concentrations of lead, mercury, and selenium, and significantly lower average manganese concentrations compared to juveniles. Dolphins that stranded in Florida had significantly higher average concentrations of lead, mercury, and selenium, and lower concentrations of iron than dolphins that stranded in North Carolina. Histopathological data are presented for 72 animals, including microscopic evidence of Campula spp. and Sarcocystis spp. infections, and results of Morbillivirus and Brucella spp. molecular diagnostic testing. Sublethal cellular changes related to toxicant exposure in free-ranging odontocetes may lead to health declines and, in combination with other factors, may contribute to stranding.
Published: 2020

48. Structured ICU Resource Management in a Pandemic is Associated with Good Outcome in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients

Author: Sebastian J Klein, Romuald Bellmann, Hannes Dejaco, Stephan Eschertzhuber, Dietmar Fries, Wilhelm Furtwängler, Lukas Gasteiger, Walter Hasibeder, Raimund Helbok, Christoph Hochhold, Stefanie Hofer, Lukas Kirchmair, Christoph Krismer, Eugen Ladner, Georg F Lehner, Simon Mathis, Andreas Mayr, Markus Mittermayr, Andreas Peer, Christian Preuß Hernández, Bruno Reitter, Mathias Ströhle, Michael Swoboda, Claudius Thomé, and Michael Joannidis
Abstract: Introduction On February 25th, 2020, the first two patients were tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Tyrol, Austria. Based on alarming reports from the neighboring region Lombardy in Italy, rapid measures were taken to ensure adequate intensive care unit (ICU) preparedness for a surge of critically ill coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients.Methods A coordinated county wide step-up approach ensured adequate ICU bed availability for COVID-19 patients avoiding shortage of mechanical ventilation capacity. All patients admitted to an ICU with confirmed or strongly suspected COVID-19 in the region of Tyrol, Austria were recorded in the Tyrolean COVID-19 Intensive Care Registry. Data were censored on July 17th, 2020.Results From March 9th, 2020 to July 17th, 2020, 106 critically ill patients with COVID-19 were admitted to an ICU. Median age was 64 (interquartile range [IQR], 54-74) years and the majority of patients were male (76 patients [71.7%]). Median simplified acute physiology score III (SAPS III) was 56 (IQR, 49-64) points. The median duration from appearance of first symptoms to ICU admission was 8 (IQR, 5-11) days. Frequently observed comorbidities were arterial hypertension in 71 patients (67.0%), cardiovascular (45 patients [42.5%]) and renal comorbidities (21 patients [19.8%]). Invasive mechanical ventilation was required in 72 patients (67.9%), 6 patients (5.6%) required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation treatment. Renal replacement therapy was necessary in 21 patients (19.8%). Median ICU length of stay (LOS) was 18 (IQR, 5-31) days, median hospital LOS was 27 (IQR, 13-49) days.ICU mortality was 21.7% (23 patients), while only one patient (0.9%) died after ICU discharge on a general ward (hospital mortality 22,6%). As of July 17th, 2020, two patients are still hospitalized, one in an ICU, one on a general ward.Conclusions Critically ill COVID-19 patients admitted to an ICU in the region of Tyrol, Austria, showed a high severity of disease often requiring complex treatments with increased lengths of ICU- and hospital stay. Despite that, we found ICU and hospital mortality in this cohort to be remarkably low. Adaptive surge response providing sufficient ICU resources presumably has contributed to the overall favorable outcome.
Published: 2020

49. Author response for 'Pentafluorobenzylation and Detection of Sodium Monofluoroacetate (Compound 1080) in Veterinary Samples by Gas Chromatography Tandem Quadrupole Mass Sectrometry with Multiple Reaction Monitoring'

Author: null John P. Buchweitz, null Margaret Johnson, and null Andreas F. Lehner
Published: 2020

50. Chromosome separation during Drosophila male meiosis I requires separase-mediated cleavage of the homolog conjunction protein UNO

Author: Zeynep Kabakci, Soumya Chaurasia, Christian F. Lehner, Joe Weber, and Erich Brunner
Subjects: Male, Cancer Research, Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone, Centromere, Cell Cycle Proteins, QH426-470, Biology, Chromatids, Bivalent (genetics), Chromosome segregation, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Meiosis, Chromosome Segregation, Genetics, Homologous chromosome, Animals, Drosophila Proteins, Molecular Biology, Chromosome separation, Genetics (clinical), Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Metaphase, Separase, 030304 developmental biology, Anaphase, 0303 health sciences, Sex Chromosomes, Cohesin, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Cell biology, Drosophila melanogaster, Cell Nucleus Division, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Transcription Factors
Abstract: Regular chromosome segregation during the first meiotic division requires prior pairing of homologous chromosomes into bivalents. During canonical meiosis, linkage between homologous chromosomes is maintained until late metaphase I by chiasmata resulting from meiotic recombination in combination with distal sister chromatid cohesion. Separase-mediated elimination of cohesin from chromosome arms at the end of metaphase I permits terminalization of chiasmata and homolog segregation to opposite spindle poles during anaphase I. Interestingly, separase is also required for bivalent splitting during meiosis I in Drosophila males, where homologs are conjoined by an alternative mechanism independent of meiotic recombination and cohesin. Here we report the identification of a novel alternative homolog conjunction protein encoded by the previously uncharacterized gene univalents only (uno). The univalents that are present in uno null mutants at the start of meiosis I, instead of normal bivalents, are segregated randomly. In wild type, UNO protein is detected in dots associated with bivalent chromosomes and most abundantly at the localized pairing site of the sex chromosomes. UNO is cleaved by separase. Expression of a mutant UNO version with a non-functional separase cleavage site restores homolog conjunction in a uno null background. However, separation of bivalents during meiosis I is completely abrogated by this non-cleavable UNO version. Therefore, we propose that homolog separation during Drosophila male meiosis I is triggered by separase-mediated cleavage of UNO.
Published: 2020

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