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1. The EXO-200 detector, part II: Auxiliary Systems

Author

N. Ackerman, J. Albert, M. Auger, D.J. Auty, I. Badhrees, P.S. Barbeau, L. Bartoszek, E. Baussan, V. Belov, C. Benitez-Medina, T. Bhatta, M. Breidenbach, T. Brunner, G.F. Cao, W.R. Cen, C. Chambers, B. Cleveland, R. Conley, S. Cook, M. Coon, W. Craddock, A. Craycraft, W. Cree, T. Daniels, L. Darroch, S.J. Daugherty, J. Daughhetee, C.G. Davis, J. Davis, S. Delaquis, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, R. deVoe, T. Didberidze, J. Dilling, A. Dobi, A.G. Dolgolenko, M.J. Dolinski, M. Dunford, J. Echevers, L. Espic, W. Fairbank, D. Fairbank, J. Farine, W. Feldmeier, S. Feyzbakhsh, P. Fierlinger, K. Fouts, D. Franco, D. Freytag, D. Fudenberg, P. Gautam, G. Giroux, R. Gornea, K. Graham, G. Gratta, C. Hagemann, C. Hall, K. Hall, G. Haller, E.V. Hansen, C. Hargrove, R. Herbst, S. Herrin, J. Hodgson, M. Hughes, A. Iverson, A. Jamil, C. Jessiman, M.J. Jewell, A. Johnson, T.N. Johnson, S. Johnston, A. Karelin, L.J. Kaufman, R. Killick, T. Koffas, S. Kravitz, R. Krücken, A. Kuchenkov, K.S. Kumar, Y. Lan, A. Larson, D.S. Leonard, F. Leonard, F. LePort, G.S. Li, S. Li, Z. Li, C. Licciardi, Y.H. Lin, D. Mackay, R. MacLellan, M. Marino, J.-M. Martin, Y. Martin, T. McElroy, K. McFarlane, T. Michel, B. Mong, D.C. Moore, K. Murray, R. Neilson, R. Nelson, O. Njoya, O. Nusair, K. O'Sullivan, A. Odian, I. Ostrovskiy, C. Ouellet, A. Piepke, A. Pocar, C.Y. Prescott, K. Pushkin, F. Retiere, A. Rivas, A.L. Robinson, E. Rollin, P.C. Rowson, M.P. Rozo, J. Runge, J.J. Russell, S. Schmidt, A. Schubert, D. Sinclair, K. Skarpaas, S. Slutsky, E. Smith, A.K. Soma, V. Stekhanov, V. Strickland, M. Swift, M. Tarka, J. Todd, T. Tolba, D. Tosi, T.I. Totev, R. Tsang, K. Twelker, B. Veenstra, V. Veeraraghavan, J.-L. Vuilleumier, J.-M. Vuilleumier, M. Wagenpfeil, A. Waite, J. Walton, T. Walton, K. Wamba, J. Watkins, M. Weber, L.J. Wen, U. Wichoski, M. Wittgen, J. Wodin, J. Wood, G. Wrede, S.X. Wu, Q. Xia, L. Yang, Y.-R. Yen, O.Ya. Zeldovich, and T. Ziegler

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Instrumentation, Nuclear Experiment, Mathematical Physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

The EXO-200 experiment searched for neutrinoless double-beta decay of $^{136}$Xe with a single-phase liquid xenon detector. It used an active mass of 110 kg of 80.6%-enriched liquid xenon in an ultra-low background time projection chamber with ionization and scintillation detection and readout. This paper describes the design and performance of the various support systems necessary for detector operation, including cryogenics, xenon handling, and controls. Novel features of the system were driven by the need to protect the thin-walled detector chamber containing the liquid xenon, to achieve high chemical purity of the Xe, and to maintain thermal uniformity across the detector., Manuscript updated in response to JINST reviewer comments

Published
2021

2. Inequalities by educational level in response to combination antiretroviral treatment and survival in HIV-positive men and women in Europe

Author

Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Del Amo,J., Lodi S., Dray-Spira R., Wittkop L., Monge S., Braun D., Vehreschild J., Teira R., Campbell C., D'arminio M.A., Zangerle R., Ghosen J., Kourkounti S., Dabis F., Leport C., Meyer L., Termote M., Kirk O., Porter K., Spire B., Chene G., Egger M., Universitat Rovira i Virgili, and Del Amo,J., Lodi S., Dray-Spira R., Wittkop L., Monge S., Braun D., Vehreschild J., Teira R., Campbell C., D'arminio M.A., Zangerle R., Ghosen J., Kourkounti S., Dabis F., Leport C., Meyer L., Termote M., Kirk O., Porter K., Spire B., Chene G., Egger M.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Socioeconomic inequality challenges population-level implementation of health interventions. We investigated differences by educational level in clinical, virological, and immunological responses to combined antiretroviral treatment (cART) in HIV-positive men and women in Collaboration of Observational HIV Epidemiological Research in Europe, a European collaboration. METHODS: Data were pooled from 15 cohorts in eight countries of patients initiating cART in 1996-2013 with data on educational level categorized in UNESCO/ISCED classifications. Kaplan-Meier curves, Cox and piecewise linear mixed models were used. RESULTS: Of 24 069 HIV-positive patients, 9% had not completed primary education, 32% had completed primary, 44% secondary, and 15% tertiary education. Overall, 21% were women, who were overrepresented in lower educational strata. During 132 507 person-years of follow-up, 1081 individuals died; cumulative mortality decreased with higher educational level (P < 0.001). Over 122 765 person-years, new AIDS events or death occurred in 2598 individuals; differences by education were more marked than for death alone (P < 0.001). Virological response was achieved by 67% of patients without completed basic education, 85% with completed primary education, 82% with secondary, and 87% with tertiary (P < 0.001). Patients with higher education had higher CD4 cell count at cART initiation and at each time after cART but rate of CD4 cell count recovery did not differ. Differences in mortality and clinical responses were similar for men and women and were not entirely explained by delayed HIV diagnosis and late cART initiation. CONCLUSION: HIV-positive patients with lower educational level had worse responses to cART and survival in European countries with universal he

Published
2017

3. Systematic study of trace radioactive impurities in candidate construction materials for EXO-200

Author

David A. Sinclair, Giorgio Gratta, A. Burenkov, J. Wodin, K. O'Sullivan, C. R. Hall, D. Schenker, A. Piepke, J. Hodgson, J. Farine, E. Baussan, M. Danilov, D. Akimov, K. Hall, M. P. Green, P. C. Rowson, Z. Djurcic, Patricia Grinberg, A. G. Kovalenko, David Leonard, Alain Bellerive, W. M. Fairbank, M. Montero Díez, R. Herbst, I. Ekchtout, J. M. Vuilleumier, G. Smirnov, F. LePort, K. Wamba, Shimon Kolkowitz, L. Ounalli, K. Skarpaas, P. Weber, Shie-Chang Jeng, D. Kovalenko, B. Flatt, D. Mackay, R. DeVoe, D. Hallman, M. Bowcock, G. Keefer, W. Craddock, C. K. Hargrove, V.N. Stekhanov, A. Pocar, A. Odian, M. K. Moe, J.-L. Vuilleumier, R. Neilson, M. S. Dixit, P. Fierlinger, V. Strickland, C. J. Virtue, Martin Breidenbach, C. Y. Prescott, R. Conley, and A. Dolgolenko

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Trace (linear algebra), Trace Amounts, fungi, Radiochemistry, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Mass spectrometry, Nuclear physics, Impurity, Double beta decay, Trace analysis, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Neutron activation analysis, Nuclear Experiment, Instrumentation, Enriched Xenon Observatory
Abstract

The Enriched Xenon Observatory (EXO) will search for double beta decays of 136Xe. We report the results of a systematic study of trace concentrations of radioactive impurities in a wide range of raw materials and finished parts considered for use in the construction of EXO-200, the first stage of the EXO experimental program. Analysis techniques employed, and described here, include direct gamma counting, alpha counting, neutron activation analysis, and high-sensitivity mass spectrometry., Comment: 32 pages, 6 figures. Expanded introduction, added missing table entry. Accepted for publication in Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A

Published
2008

4. A linear RFQ ion trap for the Enriched Xenon Observatory

Author

David A. Sinclair, S. Waldman, C. R. Hall, K. O'Sullivan, B. Flatt, M. Montero Díez, F. LePort, V. Strickland, A. Odian, J. Wodin, David Leonard, D. Hallman, Yul Martin, L. Ounalli, M. Hauger, W. M. Fairbank, Martin Breidenbach, F. Juget, M. P. Green, P. C. Rowson, J.-M. Vuilleuimier, K. Wamba, D. Mackay, C. Y. Prescott, C. Virtue, Giorgio Gratta, K. Skarpaas, C. K. Hargrove, R. Neilson, J.-L. Vuilleuimier, R. DeVoe, A. Pocar, P. Fierlinger, J. Hodgson, J. Farine, E. Baussan, R. Conley, A. Piepke, B. Mong, P. Weber, D. Schenker, and K. Hall

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Detector, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Fluorescence spectroscopy, Ion, Decay energy, Double beta decay, Ion trap, Atomic physics, Spectroscopy, Instrumentation, Enriched Xenon Observatory
Abstract

The design, construction, and performance of a linear radio-frequency ion trap (RFQ) intended for use in the Enriched Xenon Observatory (EXO) are described. EXO aims to detect the neutrinoless double-beta decay of $^{136}$Xe to $^{136}$Ba. To suppress possible backgrounds EXO will complement the measurement of decay energy and, to some extent, topology of candidate events in a Xe filled detector with the identification of the daughter nucleus ($^{136}$Ba). The ion trap described here is capable of accepting, cooling, and confining individual Ba ions extracted from the site of the candidate double-beta decay event. A single trapped ion can then be identified, with a large signal-to-noise ratio, via laser spectroscopy., Comment: 18 pages, pdflatex, submitted to NIM A

Published
2007

5. Observation of Two-Neutrino Double-Beta Decay inXe136with the EXO-200 Detector

Author

C. Y. Prescott, A Rivas, R. Conley, A. R. Müller, D. Tosi, D. J. Auty, D. Franco, J. Wodin, Peter Fierlinger, C. Hagemann, Michael G. Marino, A. Dobi, B. T. Cleveland, P. S. Barbeau, E. Beauchamp, A. S. Johnson, A. Kuchenkov, B. Mong, J. J. Russell, G. Giroux, K. S. Kumar, T. Walton, David Leonard, Thomas Koffas, W. M. Fairbank, M. Swift, P. Morgan, M. J. Dolinski, M. Danilov, C. K. Hargrove, J. Farine, Z. Djurcic, V. Belov, K. Barry, J. Davis, V. Strickland, Giorgio Gratta, J. Cook, Marc Weber, U. Wichoski, R. DeVoe, Petr Vogel, Y.-R. Yen, L. Bartoszek, A. Coppens, E. Conti, R. MacLellan, B. Aharmim, K. Pushkin, I. Counts, S. Cook, J.-L. Vuilleumier, V.N. Stekhanov, K. Twelker, K. Wamba, Liang Yang, G. Haller, Monica Dunford, C. G. Davis, A. Sabourov, Martin Breidenbach, K. Hall, J. D. Wright, K. Donato, D. Mackay, David A. Sinclair, L. J. Kaufman, E. Rollin, F. Leonard, J. Hodgson, K. Skarpaas, O. Ya. Zeldovich, A. Burenkov, M. Auger, W. W. Craddock, A. Pocar, C. Ouellet, K. Graham, K. O'Sullivan, D. R. Freytag, Y. Martin, S. Waldman, A. Karelin, R. Nelson, J. M. Vuilleumier, M. Montero Díez, F. LePort, M. Hughes, A. P. Waite, Nicole Ackerman, S. Herrin, C. R. Hall, R. Herbst, A. Dolgolenko, S. Slutsky, Amit Kumar, M. P. Green, C. Benitez-Medina, T. Daniels, A. Piepke, A.C. Odian, R. Neilson, P. C. Rowson, and R. Gornea

Subjects
Physics, Particle physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, General Physics and Astronomy, Elementary particle, 01 natural sciences, Beta decay, Nuclear physics, MAJORANA, Double beta decay, 0103 physical sciences, Isotopes of xenon, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Radioactive decay, Lepton
Abstract

We report the observation of two-neutrino double-beta decay in ^(136)Xe with T_(1/2)=2.11±0.04(stat)±0.21(syst)×10^(21) yr. This second-order process, predicted by the standard model, has been observed for several nuclei but not for ^(136)Xe. The observed decay rate provides new input to matrix element calculations and to the search for the more interesting neutrinoless double-beta decay, the most sensitive probe for the existence of Majorana particles and the measurement of the neutrino mass scale.

Published
2011

6. A magnetically driven piston pump for ultra-clean applications

Author

A. Burenkov, Y.-R. Yen, G. Giroux, K. Donato, P. Morgan, M. Swift, F. Juget, K. Pushkin, M. P. Green, L. Bartoszek, M. Dixit, R. MacLellan, T. Daniels, S. Slutsky, A. Pocar, A. Piepke, E. Rollin, K. Graham, A. Dobi, C. Benitez-Medina, C. Green, K. S. Kumar, Guillaume Lutter, A. R. Müller, B. T. Cleveland, V.N. Stekhanov, K. Twelker, B. Aharmim, K. O'Sullivan, B. Schmoll, Liang Yang, J. Cook, J. M. Vuilleumier, D. Mackay, A. Kuchenkov, C. K. Hargrove, B. Mong, A. Odian, V. Strickland, J. Hodgson, J. Farine, D. Hallman, W. Craddock, C. Hagemann, A. Karelin, Giorgio Gratta, P. S. Barbeau, V. Belov, K. Barry, James G. Davis, S. Herrin, R. Conley, C. R. Hall, M. J. Dolinski, I. Counts, J. L. Vuilleumier, A Rivas, D. Franco, David A. Sinclair, L. J. Kaufman, Michael G. Marino, P. Fierlinger, David Leonard, Martin Breidenbach, C. Y. Prescott, W. M. Fairbank, R. Gornea, P. C. Rowson, S. Cook, R. Neilson, U. Wichoski, K. Skarpaas, M. Hughes, M. Montero Díez, F. LePort, K. Hall, M. Auger, J. Ku, R. DeVoe, and J. Wodin

Subjects
Piston pump, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Time projection chamber, Materials science, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Gasket, Nuclear engineering, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Differential pressure, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 6. Clean water, Xenon, chemistry, Torr, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, Instrumentation
Abstract

A magnetically driven piston pump for xenon gas recirculation is presented. The pump is designed to satisfy extreme purity and containment requirements, as is appropriate for the recirculation of isotopically enriched xenon through the purification system and large liquid xenon TPC of EXO-200. The pump, using sprung polymer gaskets, is capable of pumping more than 16 standard liters per minute (SLPM) of xenon gas with 750 torr differential pressure., 6 pages, 5 figures

Published
2011

7. Observation of two-neutrino double-beta decay in 136Xe with the EXO-200 detector

Author

N, Ackerman, B, Aharmim, M, Auger, D J, Auty, P S, Barbeau, K, Barry, L, Bartoszek, E, Beauchamp, V, Belov, C, Benitez-Medina, M, Breidenbach, A, Burenkov, B, Cleveland, R, Conley, E, Conti, J, Cook, S, Cook, A, Coppens, I, Counts, W, Craddock, T, Daniels, M V, Danilov, C G, Davis, J, Davis, R, deVoe, Z, Djurcic, A, Dobi, A G, Dolgolenko, M J, Dolinski, K, Donato, M, Dunford, W, Fairbank, J, Farine, P, Fierlinger, D, Franco, D, Freytag, G, Giroux, R, Gornea, K, Graham, G, Gratta, M P, Green, C, Hägemann, C, Hall, K, Hall, G, Haller, C, Hargrove, R, Herbst, S, Herrin, J, Hodgson, M, Hughes, A, Johnson, A, Karelin, L J, Kaufman, T, Koffas, A, Kuchenkov, A, Kumar, K S, Kumar, D S, Leonard, F, Leonard, F, LePort, D, Mackay, R, MacLellan, M, Marino, Y, Martin, B, Mong, M Montero, Díez, P, Morgan, A R, Müller, R, Neilson, R, Nelson, A, Odian, K, O'Sullivan, C, Ouellet, A, Piepke, A, Pocar, C Y, Prescott, K, Pushkin, A, Rivas, E, Rollin, P C, Rowson, J J, Russell, A, Sabourov, D, Sinclair, K, Skarpaas, S, Slutsky, V, Stekhanov, V, Strickland, M, Swift, D, Tosi, K, Twelker, P, Vogel, J-L, Vuilleumier, J-M, Vuilleumier, A, Waite, S, Waldman, T, Walton, K, Wamba, M, Weber, U, Wichoski, J, Wodin, J D, Wright, L, Yang, Y-R, Yen, and O Ya, Zeldovich

Abstract

We report the observation of two-neutrino double-beta decay in (136)Xe with T(1/2) = 2.11 ± 0.04(stat) ± 0.21(syst) × 10(21) yr. This second-order process, predicted by the standard model, has been observed for several nuclei but not for (136)Xe. The observed decay rate provides new input to matrix element calculations and to the search for the more interesting neutrinoless double-beta decay, the most sensitive probe for the existence of Majorana particles and the measurement of the neutrino mass scale.

Published
2011

8. Characterization of large area APDs for the EXO-200 detector

Author

M. Montero Díez, F. LePort, David A. Sinclair, S. Cook, D. Mackay, Nicole Ackerman, V. Strickland, Y.-R. Yen, S. Herrin, R. DeVoe, R. Neilson, J. Wodin, M. Auger, K. Twelker, K. Wamba, K. O'Sullivan, Martin Breidenbach, A. Piepke, A. Pocar, B. Flatt, A. Burenkov, K. S. Kumar, D. Hallman, V. Tenev, C. Y. Prescott, C. R. Hall, Giorgio Gratta, B. Mong, R. Gornea, David Leonard, P. C. Rowson, R. Conley, E. Niner, W. M. Fairbank, U. Wichoski, L. J. Kaufman, S. Slutsky, J.-L. Vuilleumier, J. Hodgson, D. Akimov, V.N. Stekhanov, K. Skarpaas, A. Odian, M. J. Dolinski, K. Hall, C. Benitez-Medina, M. P. Green, J. Farine, A. G. Kovalenko, P. Fierlinger, Liang Yang, and C. K. Hargrove

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, APDS, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Medical Physics, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, Particle detector, High Energy Physics - Experiment, law.invention, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Xenon, law, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Physics, Scintillation, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Avalanche photodiode, Photodiode, chemistry, Scintillation counter, Optoelectronics, business
Abstract

EXO-200 uses 468 large area avalanche photodiodes (LAAPDs) for detection of scintillation light in an ultra-low-background liquid xenon (LXe) detector. We describe initial measurements of dark noise, gain and response to xenon scintillation light of LAAPDs at temperatures from room temperature to 169K - the temperature of liquid xenon. We also describe the individual characterization of more than 800 LAAPDs for selective installation in the EXO-200 detector., Comment: 10 pages, 17 figures

Published
2009
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9. A microfabricated sensor for thin dielectric layers

Author

K. O'Sullivan, A. Pocar, R. DeVoe, Shimon Kolkowitz, B. Flatt, J. Wodin, R. Neilson, Giorgio Gratta, M. Montero Díez, F. LePort, P. Fierlinger, and M. P. Green

Subjects
Materials science, Thin layers, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph), Capacitive sensing, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Dielectric, Capacitance, Physics - Atomic Physics, law.invention, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, Capacitor, Physics - General Physics, Xenon, General Physics (physics.gen-ph), chemistry, law, Calibration, Optoelectronics, Thin film, business, Instrumentation
Abstract

We describe a sensor for the measurement of thin dielectric layers capable of operation in a variety of environments. The sensor is obtained by microfabricating a capacitor with interleaved aluminum fingers, exposed to the dielectric to be measured. In particular, the device can measure thin layers of solid frozen from a liquid or gaseous medium. Sensitivity to single atomic layers is achievable in many configurations and, by utilizing fast, high sensitivity capacitance read out in a feedback system onto environmental parameters, coatings of few layers can be dynamically maintained. We discuss the design, read out and calibration of several versions of the device optimized in different ways. We specifically dwell on the case in which atomically thin solid xenon layers are grown and stabilized, in cryogenic conditions, from a liquid xenon bath.

Published
2008

10. A Liquid Xenon Ionization Chamber in an All-fluoropolymer Vessel

Author

F. LePort, A. Pocar, L. Bartoszek, R. DeVoe, P. Fierlinger, B. Flatt, G. Gratta, M. Green, M. Montero Diez, R. Neilson, K. O'Sullivan, J. Wodin, D. Woisard, E. Baussan, M. Breidenbach, R. Conley, W., Jr. Fairbank, J. Farine, K. Hall, D. Hallman, and C. Hargrove

Published
2007

11. Observation of single collisionally cooled trapped ions in a buffer gas

Author

Yul Martin, M. K. Moe, R. DeVoe, J. M. Vuilleumier, P. C. Rowson, David Leonard, W. M. Fairbank, P. Weber, J. Wodin, S. Waldman, R. Conley, M. Montero Díez, David A. Sinclair, J.-L. Vuilleumier, R. Neilson, K. O'Sullivan, K. Skarpaas, C. K. Hargrove, K. Hall, F. LePort, B. Flatt, J. Hodgson, J. Farine, D. Schenker, E. Baussan, V. Strickland, C. J. Virtue, Giorgio Gratta, Martin Breidenbach, D. Hallman, B. Mong, K. Wamba, A. Odian, A. Pocar, D. Mackay, A. Piepke, C. R. Hall, M. P. Green, C.Y. Prescott, and P. Fierlinger

Subjects
Physics, Condensed Matter::Quantum Gases, Argon, Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph), Buffer gas, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Charged particle, Ion, Physics - Atomic Physics, Xenon, chemistry, Resonance fluorescence, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Atomic physics, Quadrupole ion trap, Nuclear Experiment, Helium
Abstract

Individual Ba ions are trapped in a gas-filled linear ion trap and observed with a high signal-to-noise ratio by resonance fluorescence. Single-ion storage times of ~5 min (~1 min) are achieved using He (Ar) as a buffer gas at pressures in the range 8e-5 - 4e-3 torr. Trap dynamics in buffer gases are experimentally studied in the simple case of single ions. In particular, the cooling effects of light gases such as He and Ar and the destabilizing properties of heavier gases such as Xe are studied. A simple model is offered to explain the observed phenomenology., 5 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. A. Minor text and figure changes

Published
2007

12. Mobility of thorium ions in liquid xenon

Author

S. Waldman, D. Schenker, M. Hauger, C. Y. Prescott, Z. Djurcic, R. Conley, C. R. Hall, J. Sevilla, R. DeVoe, A.C. Odian, A. Piepke, F. LePort, K. Wamba, R. Neilson, K. Hall, L. Ounalli, P. Weber, Martin Breidenbach, J. M. Martin, M. P. Green, David Leonard, J. Wodin, Thomas Koffas, W. M. Fairbank, Giorgio Gratta, Shie-Chang Jeng, V.N. Stekhanov, P. C. Rowson, K. Skarpaas, and J.-L. Vuilleumier

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Radiochemistry, Thorium, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Ion, Nuclear physics, Condensed Matter - Other Condensed Matter, Xenon, chemistry, Instrumentation, Ion transporter, Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
Abstract

We present a measurement of the $^{226}$Th ion mobility in LXe at 163.0 K and 0.9 bar. The result obtained, 0.240$\pm$0.011 (stat) $\pm$0.011 (syst) cm$^{2}$/(kV-s), is compared with a popular model of ion transport., 6.5 pages, 7

Published
2005

13. The EXO-200 detector, part I: detector design and construction

Author

A. Coppens, E. Beauchamp, J. M. Vuilleumier, R. DeVoe, T. Walton, C. Ouellet, M. Hughes, J. Wodin, A. Piepke, A. Sabourov, C. Benitez-Medina, G. Giroux, K. Graham, P. C. Rowson, David Leonard, David A. Sinclair, A. Pocar, S. Herrin, W. M. Fairbank, K. O'Sullivan, C. R. Hall, D. Franco, M. Swift, D. Chauhan, Michael G. Marino, C. Hagemann, J. Hodgson, J. Farine, M. Dunford, Julie Kirk, M. Montero Díez, S. Cook, P. Fierlinger, Marc Weber, A. Karelin, K. Twelker, F. LePort, S. Slutsky, K. Skarpaas, R. Neilson, F. Leonard, D. J. Auty, B. Mong, U. Wichoski, James G. Davis, R. MacLellan, J. D. Wright, A. Odian, M. Auger, M. J. Dolinski, Giorgio Gratta, R. Gornea, B. T. Cleveland, A. Kuchenkov, Liang Yang, D. Mackay, A Rivas, V.N. Stekhanov, E. Baussan, E. Rollin, J. L. Vuilleumier, R. Conley, A. R. Müller, D. Tosi, W. Craddock, J. Cook, T. Daniels, L. J. Kaufman, Y.-R. Yen, K. Hall, K. Merkle, K. Pushkin, C. Y. Prescott, C. K. Hargrove, A. Dobi, V. Strickland, K. S. Kumar, C. G. Davis, Martin Breidenbach, P. S. Barbeau, and L. Bartoszek

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Resolution (mass spectrometry), FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Optics, Xenon, Ionization, Double beta decay, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, Physics, Scintillation, Time projection chamber, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Detector, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), chemistry, business, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract

EXO-200 is an experiment designed to search for double beta decay of $^{136}$Xe with a single-phase, liquid xenon detector. It uses an active mass of 110 kg of xenon enriched to 80.6% in the isotope 136 in an ultra-low background time projection chamber capable of simultaneous detection of ionization and scintillation. This paper describes the EXO-200 detector with particular attention to the most innovative aspects of the design that revolve around the reduction of backgrounds, the efficient use of the expensive isotopically enriched xenon, and the optimization of the energy resolution in a relatively large volume.

Published
2012

14. Prospects for Barium Tagging in Gaseous Xenon

Author

J. L. Vuilleumier, A. Piepke, A Mommers, A. Burenkov, G Gornea, P. C. Rowson, A. R. Müller, C. K. Hargrove, G. Giroux, E. Niner, A. Pocar, Liang Yang, C. Ouellet, N Ackeran, M. Montero Díez, K. Graham, B. Mong, F. LePort, A. Dobi, M. J. Dolinski, A. Coppens, Martin Auger, K. O'Sullivan, B. Aharmin, J. Farine, V.N. Stekhanov, R. DeVoe, K. Hall, R. Neilson, D. Hallman, J. Wodin, C. Hagemann, Martin Breidenbach, A. Odian, S. Slutsky, S. Herrin, C. Benitez-Medina, Jeffrey C. Smith, Y.-R. Yen, E. Rollin, K Donato, C. Y. Prescott, D. Mackay, P. S. Barbeau, K. Pushkin, Norvik Voskanian, S. Cook, R MacLennan, M. P. Green, U. Wichoski, L K Kaufman, T. Daniels, Giorgio Gratta, David Leonard, David A. Sinclair, C. R. Hall, W. M. Fairbank, and K. Twelker

Subjects
History, Alkaline earth metal, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Barium, Particle detector, Charged particle, Computer Science Applications, Education, Ion, Xenon, chemistry, Double beta decay, Radioactive decay, Nuclear chemistry
Abstract

Tagging events with the coincident detection of a barium ion would greatly reduce the background for a neutrino-less double beta decay search in xenon. This paper describes progress towards realizing this goal. It outlines a source that can produce large quantities of Ba++ in gas, shows that this can be extracted to vacuum, and demonstrates a mechanism by which the Ba++ can be efficiently converted to Ba+ as required for laser identification.

Published
2011

15. A simple radionuclide-driven single-ion source

Author

D. Hallman, R. Gornea, P. C. Rowson, Nicole Ackerman, B. Aharmin, C. Y. Prescott, A. Pocar, A. Karelin, K. S. Kumar, L. J. Kaufman, A. Piepke, C. Hagemann, R. DeVoe, J. Wodin, V.N. Stekhanov, G. Giroux, K. O'Sullivan, Martin Breidenbach, M. Montero Díez, Liang Yang, A. R. Müller, F. LePort, K. Donato, S. Herrin, C. R. Hall, K. Hall, D. Mackay, Y.-R. Yen, S. Slutsky, E. Rollin, M. P. Green, A. Burenkov, J. Lacey, C. Benitez-Medina, K. Pushkin, A. Odian, M. J. Dolinski, M. Auger, A. Kuchenkov, K. Graham, R. MacLellan, J. Farine, T. Daniels, K. Barry, S. Cook, R. Neilson, U. Wichoski, David Leonard, W. M. Fairbank, P. S. Barbeau, E. Niner, J.-L. Vuilleumier, B. Mong, C. K. Hargrove, Giorgio Gratta, David A. Sinclair, and K. Twelker

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Materials science, Silicon, Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Substrate (electronics), 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Physics - Atomic Physics, Ion, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, Instrumentation, Radionuclide, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Detector, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Chemical species, chemistry, Optoelectronics, Alpha decay, business, Radioactive decay
Abstract

We describe a source capable of producing single barium ions through nuclear recoils in radioactive decay. The source is fabricated by electroplating 148Gd onto a silicon {\alpha}-particle detector and vapor depositing a layer of BaF2 over it. 144Sm recoils from the alpha decay of 148Gd are used to dislodge Ba+ ions from the BaF2 layer and emit them in the surrounding environment. The simultaneous detection of an {\alpha} particle in the substrate detector allows for tagging of the nuclear decay and of the Ba+ emission. The source is simple, durable, and can be manipulated and used in different environments. We discuss the fabrication process, which can be easily adapted to emit most other chemical species, and the performance of the source.

Published
2010

17. Observation of two-neutrino double-beta decay in 136Xe with the EXO-200 detector.

Author

Ackerman N, Aharmim B, Auger M, Auty DJ, Barbeau PS, Barry K, Bartoszek L, Beauchamp E, Belov V, Benitez-Medina C, Breidenbach M, Burenkov A, Cleveland B, Conley R, Conti E, Cook J, Cook S, Coppens A, Counts I, Craddock W, Daniels T, Danilov MV, Davis CG, Davis J, deVoe R, Djurcic Z, Dobi A, Dolgolenko AG, Dolinski MJ, Donato K, Dunford M, Fairbank W Jr, Farine J, Fierlinger P, Franco D, Freytag D, Giroux G, Gornea R, Graham K, Gratta G, Green MP, Hägemann C, Hall C, Hall K, Haller G, Hargrove C, Herbst R, Herrin S, Hodgson J, Hughes M, Johnson A, Karelin A, Kaufman LJ, Koffas T, Kuchenkov A, Kumar A, Kumar KS, Leonard DS, Leonard F, LePort F, Mackay D, MacLellan R, Marino M, Martin Y, Mong B, Díez MM, Morgan P, Müller AR, Neilson R, Nelson R, Odian A, O'Sullivan K, Ouellet C, Piepke A, Pocar A, Prescott CY, Pushkin K, Rivas A, Rollin E, Rowson PC, Russell JJ, Sabourov A, Sinclair D, Skarpaas K, Slutsky S, Stekhanov V, Strickland V, Swift M, Tosi D, Twelker K, Vogel P, Vuilleumier JL, Vuilleumier JM, Waite A, Waldman S, Walton T, Wamba K, Weber M, Wichoski U, Wodin J, Wright JD, Yang L, Yen YR, and Zeldovich OY

Abstract

We report the observation of two-neutrino double-beta decay in (136)Xe with T(1/2) = 2.11 ± 0.04(stat) ± 0.21(syst) × 10(21) yr. This second-order process, predicted by the standard model, has been observed for several nuclei but not for (136)Xe. The observed decay rate provides new input to matrix element calculations and to the search for the more interesting neutrinoless double-beta decay, the most sensitive probe for the existence of Majorana particles and the measurement of the neutrino mass scale.

Published
2011
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18. A magnetically driven piston pump for ultra-clean applications.

Author

LePort F, Neilson R, Barbeau PS, Barry K, Bartoszek L, Counts I, Davis J, deVoe R, Dolinski MJ, Gratta G, Green M, Montero Díez M, Müller AR, O'Sullivan K, Rivas A, Twelker K, Aharmim B, Auger M, Belov V, Benitez-Medina C, Breidenbach M, Burenkov A, Cleveland B, Conley R, Cook J, Cook S, Craddock W, Daniels T, Dixit M, Dobi A, Donato K, Fairbank W Jr, Farine J, Fierlinger P, Franco D, Giroux G, Gornea R, Graham K, Green C, Hägemann C, Hall C, Hall K, Hallman D, Hargrove C, Herrin S, Hughes M, Hodgson J, Juget F, Kaufman LJ, Karelin A, Ku J, Kuchenkov A, Kumar K, Leonard DS, Lutter G, Mackay D, MacLellan R, Marino M, Mong B, Morgan P, Odian A, Piepke A, Pocar A, Prescott CY, Pushkin K, Rollin E, Rowson PC, Schmoll B, Sinclair D, Skarpaas K, Slutsky S, Stekhanov V, Strickland V, Swift M, Vuilleumier JL, Vuilleumier JM, Wichoski U, Wodin J, Yang L, and Yen YR

Abstract

A magnetically driven piston pump for xenon gas recirculation is presented. The pump is designed to satisfy extreme purity and containment requirements, as is appropriate for the recirculation of isotopically enriched xenon through the purification system and large liquid xenon time projection chamber of EXO-200. The pump, using sprung polymer gaskets, is capable of pumping more than 16 standard liters per minute of xenon gas with 750 Torr differential pressure.

Published
2011
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19. A simple radionuclide-driven single-ion source.

Author

Montero Díez M, Twelker K, Fairbank W Jr, Gratta G, Barbeau PS, Barry K, DeVoe R, Dolinski MJ, Green M, LePort F, Müller AR, Neilson R, O'Sullivan K, Ackerman N, Aharmin B, Auger M, Benitez-Medina C, Breidenbach M, Burenkov A, Cook S, Daniels T, Donato K, Farine J, Giroux G, Gornea R, Graham K, Hagemann C, Hall C, Hall K, Hallman D, Hargrove C, Herrin S, Karelin A, Kaufman LJ, Kuchenkov A, Kumar K, Lacey J, Leonard DS, Mackay D, MacLellan R, Mong B, Niner E, Odian A, Piepke A, Pocar A, Prescott CY, Pushkin K, Rollin E, Rowson PC, Sinclair D, Slutsky S, Stekhanov V, Vuilleumier JL, Wichoski U, Wodin J, Yang L, and Yen YR

Abstract

We describe a source capable of producing single barium ions through nuclear recoils in radioactive decay. The source is fabricated by electroplating (148)Gd onto a silicon α-particle detector and vapor depositing a layer of BaF(2) over it. (144)Sm recoils from the alpha decay of (148)Gd are used to dislodge Ba(+) ions from the BaF(2) layer and emit them in the surrounding environment. The simultaneous detection of an α particle in the substrate detector allows for tagging of the nuclear decay and of the Ba(+) emission. The source is simple, durable, and can be manipulated and used in different environments. We discuss the fabrication process, which can be easily adapted to emit most other chemical species, and the performance of the source.

Published
2010
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20. A microfabricated sensor for thin dielectric layers.

Author

Fierlinger P, DeVoe R, Flatt B, Gratta G, Green M, Kolkowitz S, Leport F, Montero Diez M, Neilson R, O'Sullivan K, Pocar A, and Wodin J

Abstract

We describe a sensor for the measurement of thin dielectric layers capable of operation in a variety of environments. The sensor is obtained by microfabricating a capacitor with interleaved aluminum fingers, exposed to the dielectric to be measured. In particular, the device can measure thin layers of solid frozen from a liquid or gaseous medium. Sensitivity to single atomic layers is achievable in many configurations and, by utilizing fast, high sensitivity capacitance readout in a feedback system onto environmental parameters; coatings of few layers can be dynamically maintained. We discuss the design, readout, and calibration of several versions of the device optimized in different ways. We specifically dwell on the case in which atomically thin solid xenon layers are grown and stabilized, in cryogenic conditions, from a liquid xenon bath.

Published
2008
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