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1. HTAP2 multi-model estimates of premature human mortality due to intercontinental transport of air pollution and emission sectors

Author

C.-K. Liang, J. J. West, R. A. Silva, H. Bian, M. Chin, Y. Davila, F. J. Dentener, L. Emmons, J. Flemming, G. Folberth, D. Henze, U. Im, J. E. Jonson, T. J. Keating, T. Kucsera, A. Lenzen, M. Lin, M. T. Lund, X. Pan, R. J. Park, R. B. Pierce, T. Sekiya, K. Sudo, and T. Takemura

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

Ambient air pollution from ozone and fine particulate matter is associated with premature mortality. As emissions from one continent influence air quality over others, changes in emissions can also influence human health on other continents. We estimate global air-pollution-related premature mortality from exposure to PM2.5 and ozone and the avoided deaths due to 20 % anthropogenic emission reductions from six source regions, North America (NAM), Europe (EUR), South Asia (SAS), East Asia (EAS), Russia–Belarus–Ukraine (RBU), and the Middle East (MDE), three global emission sectors, power and industry (PIN), ground transportation (TRN), and residential (RES), and one global domain (GLO), using an ensemble of global chemical transport model simulations coordinated by the second phase of the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollutants (TF HTAP2), and epidemiologically derived concentration response functions. We build on results from previous studies of TF HTAP by using improved atmospheric models driven by new estimates of 2010 anthropogenic emissions (excluding methane), with more source and receptor regions, new consideration of source sector impacts, and new epidemiological mortality functions. We estimate 290 000 (95 % confidence interval (CI): 30 000, 600 000) premature O3-related deaths and 2.8 million (0.5 million, 4.6 million) PM2.5-related premature deaths globally for the baseline year 2010. While 20 % emission reductions from one region generally lead to more avoided deaths within the source region than outside, reducing emissions from MDE and RBU can avoid more O3-related deaths outside of these regions than within, and reducing MDE emissions also avoids more PM2.5-related deaths outside of MDE than within. Our findings that most avoided O3-related deaths from emission reductions in NAM and EUR occur outside of those regions contrast with those of previous studies, while estimates of PM2.5-related deaths from NAM, EUR, SAS, and EAS emission reductions agree well. In addition, EUR, MDE, and RBU have more avoided O3-related deaths from reducing foreign emissions than from domestic reductions. For six regional emission reductions, the total avoided extra-regional mortality is estimated as 6000 (−3400, 15 500) deaths per year and 25 100 (8200, 35 800) deaths per year through changes in O3 and PM2.5, respectively. Interregional transport of air pollutants leads to more deaths through changes in PM2.5 than in O3, even though O3 is transported more on interregional scales, since PM2.5 has a stronger influence on mortality. For NAM and EUR, our estimates of avoided mortality from regional and extra-regional emission reductions are comparable to those estimated by regional models for these same experiments. In sectoral emission reductions, TRN emissions account for the greatest fraction (26–53 % of global emission reduction) of O3-related premature deaths in most regions, in agreement with previous studies, except for EAS (58 %) and RBU (38 %) where PIN emissions dominate. In contrast, PIN emission reductions have the greatest fraction (38–78 % of global emission reduction) of PM2.5-related deaths in most regions, except for SAS (45 %) where RES emission dominates, which differs with previous studies in which RES emissions dominate global health impacts. The spread of air pollutant concentration changes across models contributes most to the overall uncertainty in estimated avoided deaths, highlighting the uncertainty in results based on a single model. Despite uncertainties, the health benefits of reduced intercontinental air pollution transport suggest that international cooperation may be desirable to mitigate pollution transported over long distances.

Published
2018
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2. The impact of future emission policies on tropospheric ozone using a parameterised approach

Author

S. T. Turnock, O. Wild, F. J. Dentener, Y. Davila, L. K. Emmons, J. Flemming, G. A. Folberth, D. K. Henze, J. E. Jonson, T. J. Keating, S. Kengo, M. Lin, M. Lund, S. Tilmes, and F. M. O'Connor

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

This study quantifies future changes in tropospheric ozone (O3) using a simple parameterisation of source–receptor relationships based on simulations from a range of models participating in the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollutants (TF-HTAP) experiments. Surface and tropospheric O3 changes are calculated globally and across 16 regions from perturbations in precursor emissions (NOx, CO, volatile organic compounds – VOCs) and methane (CH4) abundance only, neglecting any impact from climate change. A source attribution is provided for each source region along with an estimate of uncertainty based on the spread of the results from the models. Tests against model simulations using the Hadley Centre Global Environment Model version 2 – Earth system configuration (HadGEM2-ES) confirm that the approaches used within the parameterisation perform well for most regions. The O3 response to changes in CH4 abundance is slightly larger in the TF-HTAP Phase 2 than in the TF-HTAP Phase 1 assessment (2010) and provides further evidence that controlling CH4 is important for limiting future O3 concentrations. Different treatments of chemistry and meteorology in models remain one of the largest uncertainties in calculating the O3 response to perturbations in CH4 abundance and precursor emissions, particularly over the Middle East and south Asia regions. Emission changes for the future Evaluating the CLimate and Air Quality ImPacts of Short-livEd Pollutants (ECLIPSE) scenarios and a subset of preliminary Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) indicate that surface O3 concentrations will increase regionally by 1 to 8 ppbv in 2050. Source attribution analysis highlights the growing importance of CH4 in the future under current legislation. A change in the global tropospheric O3 radiative forcing of +0.07 W m−2 from 2010 to 2050 is predicted using the ECLIPSE scenarios and SSPs, based solely on changes in CH4 abundance and tropospheric O3 precursor emissions and neglecting any influence of climate change. Current legislation is shown to be inadequate in limiting the future degradation of surface ozone air quality and enhancement of near-term climate warming. More stringent future emission controls provide a large reduction in both surface O3 concentrations and O3 radiative forcing. The parameterisation provides a simple tool to highlight the different impacts and associated uncertainties of local and hemispheric emission control strategies on both surface air quality and the near-term climate forcing by tropospheric O3.

Published
2018
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3. Impact of intercontinental pollution transport on North American ozone air pollution: an HTAP phase 2 multi-model study

Author

M. Huang, G. R. Carmichael, R. B. Pierce, D. S. Jo, R. J. Park, J. Flemming, L. K. Emmons, K. W. Bowman, D. K. Henze, Y. Davila, K. Sudo, J. E. Jonson, M. Tronstad Lund, G. Janssens-Maenhout, F. J. Dentener, T. J. Keating, H. Oetjen, and V. H. Payne

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

The recent update on the US National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of the ground-level ozone (O3) can benefit from a better understanding of its source contributions in different US regions during recent years. In the Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution experiment phase 1 (HTAP1), various global models were used to determine the O3 source–receptor (SR) relationships among three continents in the Northern Hemisphere in 2001. In support of the HTAP phase 2 (HTAP2) experiment that studies more recent years and involves higher-resolution global models and regional models' participation, we conduct a number of regional-scale Sulfur Transport and dEposition Model (STEM) air quality base and sensitivity simulations over North America during May–June 2010. STEM's top and lateral chemical boundary conditions were downscaled from three global chemical transport models' (i.e., GEOS-Chem, RAQMS, and ECMWF C-IFS) base and sensitivity simulations in which the East Asian (EAS) anthropogenic emissions were reduced by 20 %. The mean differences between STEM surface O3 sensitivities to the emission changes and its corresponding boundary condition model's are smaller than those among its boundary condition models, in terms of the regional/period-mean (3 sensitivities to the size of the emission perturbation is spatially varying, and the full (i.e., based on a 100 % emission reduction) source contribution obtained from linearly scaling the North American mean O3 sensitivities to a 20 % reduction in the EAS anthropogenic emissions may be underestimated by at least 10 %. The three boundary condition models' mean O3 sensitivities to the 20 % EAS emission perturbations are ∼ 8 % (May–June 2010)/∼ 11 % (2010 annual) lower than those estimated by eight global models, and the multi-model ensemble estimates are higher than the HTAP1 reported 2001 conditions. GEOS-Chem sensitivities indicate that the EAS anthropogenic NOx emissions matter more than the other EAS O3 precursors to the North American O3, qualitatively consistent with previous adjoint sensitivity calculations. In addition to the analyses on large spatial–temporal scales relative to the HTAP1, we also show results on subcontinental and event scales that are more relevant to the US air quality management. The EAS pollution impacts are weaker during observed O3 exceedances than on all days in most US regions except over some high-terrain western US rural/remote areas. Satellite O3 (TES, JPL–IASI, and AIRS) and carbon monoxide (TES and AIRS) products, along with surface measurements and model calculations, show that during certain episodes stratospheric O3 intrusions and the transported EAS pollution influenced O3 in the western and the eastern US differently. Free-running (i.e., without chemical data assimilation) global models underpredicted the transported background O3 during these episodes, posing difficulties for STEM to accurately simulate the surface O3 and its source contribution. Although we effectively improved the modeled O3 by incorporating satellite O3 (OMI and MLS) and evaluated the quality of the HTAP2 emission inventory with the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute–Ozone Monitoring Instrument (KNMI–OMI) nitrogen dioxide, using observations to evaluate and improve O3 source attribution still remains to be further explored.

Published
2017
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4. The role of aerosol in altering North Atlantic atmospheric circulation in winter and its impact on air quality

Author

F. S. R. Pausata, M. Gaetani, G. Messori, S. Kloster, and F. J. Dentener

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

Numerical model scenarios of future climate depict a global increase in temperatures and changing precipitation patterns, primarily driven by increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations. Aerosol particles also play an important role by altering the Earth's radiation budget and consequently surface temperature. Here, we use the general circulation aerosol model ECHAM5-HAM, coupled to a mixed layer ocean model, to investigate the impacts of future air pollution mitigation strategies in Europe on winter atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic. We analyse the extreme case of a maximum feasible end-of-pipe reduction of aerosols in the near future (2030), in combination with increasing GHG concentrations. Our results show a more positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) mean state by 2030, together with a significant eastward shift of the southern centre of action of sea-level pressure (SLP). Moreover, we show a significantly increased blocking frequency over the western Mediterranean. By separating the impacts of aerosols and GHGs, our study suggests that future aerosol abatement may be the primary driver of both the eastward shift in the southern SLP centre of action and the increased blocking frequency over the western Mediterranean. These concomitant modifications of the atmospheric circulation over the Euro-Atlantic sector lead to more stagnant weather conditions that favour air pollutant accumulation, especially in the western Mediterranean sector. Changes in atmospheric circulation should therefore be included in future air pollution mitigation assessments. The indicator-based evaluation of atmospheric circulation changes presented in this work will allow an objective first-order assessment of the role of changes in wintertime circulation on future air quality in other climate model simulations.

Published
2015
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5. North Atlantic Oscillation and tropospheric ozone variability in Europe: model analysis and measurements intercomparison

Author

F. S. R. Pausata, L. Pozzoli, E. Vignati, and F. J. Dentener

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

Ozone pollution represents a serious health and environmental problem. While ozone pollution is mostly produced by photochemistry in summer, elevated ozone concentrations can also be influenced by long range transport driven by the atmospheric circulation and stratospheric ozone intrusions. We analyze the role of large scale atmospheric circulation variability in the North Atlantic basin in determining surface ozone concentrations over Europe. Here, we show, using ground station measurements and a coupled atmosphere-chemistry model simulation for the period 1980–2005, that the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) does affect surface ozone concentrations – on a monthly timescale, over 10 ppbv in southwestern, central and northern Europe – during all seasons except fall. The commonly used NAO index is able to capture the link existing between atmospheric dynamics and surface ozone concentrations in winter and spring but it fails in summer. We find that the first Principal Component, computed from the time variation of the sea level pressure (SLP) field, detects the atmosphere circulation/ozone relationship not only in winter and spring but also during summer, when the atmospheric circulation weakens and regional photochemical processes peak. Given the NAO forecasting skill at intraseasonal time scale, the first Principal Component of the SLP field could be used as an indicator to identify areas more exposed to forthcoming ozone pollution events. Finally, our results suggest that the increasing baseline ozone in western and northern Europe during the 1990s could be related to the prevailing positive phase of the NAO in that period.

Published
2012
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6. Modelling future changes in surface ozone: a parameterized approach

Author

O. Wild, A. M. Fiore, D. T. Shindell, R. M. Doherty, W. J. Collins, F. J. Dentener, M. G. Schultz, S. Gong, I. A. MacKenzie, G. Zeng, P. Hess, B. N. Duncan, D. J. Bergmann, S. Szopa, J. E. Jonson, T. J. Keating, and A. Zuber

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

This study describes a simple parameterization to estimate regionally averaged changes in surface ozone due to past or future changes in anthropogenic precursor emissions based on results from 14 global chemistry transport models. The method successfully reproduces the results of full simulations with these models. For a given emission scenario it provides the ensemble mean surface ozone change, a regional source attribution for each change, and an estimate of the associated uncertainty as represented by the variation between models. Using the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) emission scenarios as an example, we show how regional surface ozone is likely to respond to emission changes by 2050 and how changes in precursor emissions and atmospheric methane contribute to this. Surface ozone changes are substantially smaller than expected with the SRES A1B, A2 and B2 scenarios, with annual global mean reductions of as much as 2 ppb by 2050 vs. increases of 4–6 ppb under SRES, and this reflects the assumptions of more stringent precursor emission controls under the RCP scenarios. We find an average difference of around 5 ppb between the outlying RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 scenarios, about 75% of which can be attributed to differences in methane abundance. The study reveals the increasing importance of limiting atmospheric methane growth as emissions of other precursors are controlled, but highlights differences in modelled ozone responses to methane changes of as much as a factor of two, indicating that this remains a major uncertainty in current models.

Published
2012
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7. A multi-model analysis of vertical ozone profiles

Author

J. E. Jonson, A. Stohl, A. M. Fiore, P. Hess, S. Szopa, O. Wild, G. Zeng, F. J. Dentener, A. Lupu, M. G. Schultz, B. N. Duncan, K. Sudo, P. Wind, M. Schulz, E. Marmer, C. Cuvelier, T. Keating, A. Zuber, A. Valdebenito, V. Dorokhov, H. De Backer, J. Davies, G. H. Chen, B. Johnson, D. W. Tarasick, R. Stübi, M.J. Newchurch, P. von der Gathen, W. Steinbrecht, and H. Claude

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

A multi-model study of the long-range transport of ozone and its precursors from major anthropogenic source regions was coordinated by the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (TF HTAP) under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP). Vertical profiles of ozone at 12-h intervals from 2001 are available from twelve of the models contributing to this study and are compared here with observed profiles from ozonesondes. The contributions from each major source region are analysed for selected sondes, and this analysis is supplemented by retroplume calculations using the FLEXPART Lagrangian particle dispersion model to provide insight into the origin of ozone transport events and the cause of differences between the models and observations. In the boundary layer ozone levels are in general strongly affected by regional sources and sinks. With a considerably longer lifetime in the free troposphere, ozone here is to a much larger extent affected by processes on a larger scale such as intercontinental transport and exchange with the stratosphere. Such individual events are difficult to trace over several days or weeks of transport. This may explain why statistical relationships between models and ozonesonde measurements are far less satisfactory than shown in previous studies for surface measurements at all seasons. The lowest bias between model-calculated ozone profiles and the ozonesonde measurements is seen in the winter and autumn months. Following the increase in photochemical activity in the spring and summer months, the spread in model results increases, and the agreement between ozonesonde measurements and the individual models deteriorates further. At selected sites calculated contributions to ozone levels in the free troposphere from intercontinental transport are shown. Intercontinental transport is identified based on differences in model calculations with unperturbed emissions and emissions reduced by 20% by region. Intercontinental transport of ozone is finally determined based on differences in model ensemble calculations. With emissions perturbed by 20% per region, calculated intercontinental contributions to ozone in the free troposphere range from less than 1 ppb to 3 ppb, with small contributions in winter. The results are corroborated by the retroplume calculations. At several locations the seasonal contributions to ozone in the free troposphere from intercontinental transport differ from what was shown earlier at the surface using the same dataset. The large spread in model results points to a need of further evaluation of the chemical and physical processes in order to improve the credibility of global model results.

Published
2010
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8. The influence of foreign vs. North American emissions on surface ozone in the US

Author

A. Zuber, O. Wild, M. G. Vivanco, S. Szopa, M. G. Schultz, D. T. Shindell, R. Park, E. Marmer, A. Lupu, T. Keating, J. E. Jonson, M. Gauss, G. Folberth, B. N. Duncan, F. J. Dentener, C. Cuvelier, D. Bergmann, D. A. Jaffe, A. M. Fiore, D. R. Reidmiller, P. Hess, and S. Gong

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

As part of the Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (HTAP; http:// www.htap.org) project, we analyze results from 15 global and 1 hemispheric chemical transport models and compare these to Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNet) observations in the United States (US) for 2001. Using the policy-relevant maximum daily 8-h average ozone (MDA8 O3) statistic, the multi-model ensemble represents the observations well (mean r2=0.57, ensemble bias = +4.1 ppbv for all US regions and all seasons) despite a wide range in the individual model results. Correlations are strongest in the northeastern US during spring and fall (r2=0.68); and weakest in the midwestern US in summer (r2=0.46). However, large positive mean biases exist during summer for all eastern US regions, ranging from 10–20 ppbv, and a smaller negative bias is present in the western US during spring (~3 ppbv). In nearly all other regions and seasons, the biases of the model ensemble simulations are ≤5 ppbv. Sensitivity simulations in which anthropogenic O3-precursor emissions (NOx + NMVOC + CO + aerosols) were decreased by 20% in four source regions: East Asia (EA), South Asia (SA), Europe (EU) and North America (NA) show that the greatest response of MDA8 O3 to the summed foreign emissions reductions occurs during spring in the West (0.9 ppbv reduction due to 20% emissions reductions from EA + SA + EU). East Asia is the largest contributor to MDA8 O3 at all ranges of the O3 distribution for most regions (typically ~0.45 ppbv) followed closely by Europe. The exception is in the northeastern US where emissions reductions in EU had a slightly greater influence than EA emissions, particularly in the middle of the MDA8 O3 distribution (response of ~0.35 ppbv between 35–55 ppbv). EA and EU influences are both far greater (about 4x) than that from SA in all regions and seasons. In all regions and seasons O3-precursor emissions reductions of 20% in the NA source region decrease MDA8 O3 the most – by a factor of 2 to nearly 10 relative to foreign emissions reductions. The O3 response to anthropogenic NA emissions is greatest in the eastern US during summer at the high end of the O3 distribution (5–6 ppbv for 20% reductions). While the impact of foreign emissions on surface O3 in the US is not negligible – and is of increasing concern given the recent growth in Asian emissions – domestic emissions reductions remain a far more effective means of decreasing MDA8 O3 values, particularly those above 75 ppb (the current US standard).

Published
2009

9. Multi-model simulations of the impact of international shipping on Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate in 2000 and 2030

Author

V. Eyring, D. S. Stevenson, A. Lauer, F. J. Dentener, T. Butler, W. J. Collins, K. Ellingsen, M. Gauss, D. A. Hauglustaine, I. S. A. Isaksen, M. G. Lawrence, A. Richter, J. M. Rodriguez, M. Sanderson, S. E. Strahan, K. Sudo, S. Szopa, T. P. C. van Noije, and O. Wild

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

The global impact of shipping on atmospheric chemistry and radiative forcing, as well as the associated uncertainties, have been quantified using an ensemble of ten state-of-the-art atmospheric chemistry models and a pre-defined set of emission data. The analysis is performed for present-day conditions (year 2000) and for two future ship emission scenarios. In one scenario ship emissions stabilize at 2000 levels; in the other ship emissions increase with a constant annual growth rate of 2.2% up to 2030 (termed the "Constant Growth Scenario" (CGS)). Most other anthropogenic emissions follow the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) SRES (Special Report on Emission Scenarios) A2 scenario, while biomass burning and natural emissions remain at year 2000 levels. An intercomparison of the model results with observations over the Northern Hemisphere (25°–60° N) oceanic regions in the lower troposphere showed that the models are capable to reproduce ozone (O3) and nitrogen oxides (NOx=NO+NO2) reasonably well, whereas sulphur dioxide (SO2) in the marine boundary layer is significantly underestimated. The most pronounced changes in annual mean tropospheric NO2 and sulphate columns are simulated over the Baltic and North Seas. Other significant changes occur over the North Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico and along the main shipping lane from Europe to Asia, across the Red and Arabian Seas. Maximum contributions from shipping to annual mean near-surface O3 are found over the North Atlantic (5–6 ppbv in 2000; up to 8 ppbv in 2030). Ship contributions to tropospheric O3 columns over the North Atlantic and Indian Oceans reach 1 DU in 2000 and up to 1.8 DU in 2030. Tropospheric O3 forcings due to shipping are 9.8±2.0 mW/m2 in 2000 and 13.6±2.3 mW/m2 in 2030. Whilst increasing O3, ship NOx simultaneously enhances hydroxyl radicals over the remote ocean, reducing the global methane lifetime by 0.13 yr in 2000, and by up to 0.17 yr in 2030, introducing a negative radiative forcing. The models show future increases in NOx and O3 burden which scale almost linearly with increases in NOx emission totals. Increasing emissions from shipping would significantly counteract the benefits derived from reducing SO2 emissions from all other anthropogenic sources under the A2 scenario over the continents, for example in Europe. Globally, shipping contributes 3% to increases in O3 burden between 2000 and 2030, and 4.5% to increases in sulphate under A2/CGS. However, if future ground based emissions follow a more stringent scenario, the relative importance of ship emissions will increase. Inter-model differences in the simulated O3 contributions from ships are significantly smaller than estimated uncertainties stemming from the ship emission inventory, mainly the ship emission totals, the distribution of the emissions over the globe, and the neglect of ship plume dispersion.

Published
2007

10. Multi-model ensemble simulations of tropospheric NO2 compared with GOME retrievals for the year 2000

Author

T. P. C. van Noije, H. J. Eskes, F. J. Dentener, D. S. Stevenson, K. Ellingsen, M. G. Schultz, O. Wild, M. Amann, C. S. Atherton, D. J. Bergmann, I. Bey, K. F. Boersma, T. Butler, J. Cofala, J. Drevet, A. M. Fiore, M. Gauss, D. A. Hauglustaine, L. W. Horowitz, I. S. A. Isaksen, M. C. Krol, J.-F. Lamarque, M. G. Lawrence, R. V. Martin, V. Montanaro, J.-F. Müller, G. Pitari, M. J. Prather, J. A. Pyle, A. Richter, J. M. Rodriguez, N. H. Savage, S. E. Strahan, K. Sudo, S. Szopa, and M. van Roozendael

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

We present a systematic comparison of tropospheric NO2 from 17 global atmospheric chemistry models with three state-of-the-art retrievals from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) for the year 2000. The models used constant anthropogenic emissions from IIASA/EDGAR3.2 and monthly emissions from biomass burning based on the 1997–2002 average carbon emissions from the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED). Model output is analyzed at 10:30 local time, close to the overpass time of the ERS-2 satellite, and collocated with the measurements to account for sampling biases due to incomplete spatiotemporal coverage of the instrument. We assessed the importance of different contributions to the sampling bias: correlations on seasonal time scale give rise to a positive bias of 30–50% in the retrieved annual means over regions dominated by emissions from biomass burning. Over the industrial regions of the eastern United States, Europe and eastern China the retrieved annual means have a negative bias with significant contributions (between –25% and +10% of the NO2 column) resulting from correlations on time scales from a day to a month. We present global maps of modeled and retrieved annual mean NO2 column densities, together with the corresponding ensemble means and standard deviations for models and retrievals. The spatial correlation between the individual models and retrievals are high, typically in the range 0.81–0.93 after smoothing the data to a common resolution. On average the models underestimate the retrievals in industrial regions, especially over eastern China and over the Highveld region of South Africa, and overestimate the retrievals in regions dominated by biomass burning during the dry season. The discrepancy over South America south of the Amazon disappears when we use the GFED emissions specific to the year 2000. The seasonal cycle is analyzed in detail for eight different continental regions. Over regions dominated by biomass burning, the timing of the seasonal cycle is generally well reproduced by the models. However, over Central Africa south of the Equator the models peak one to two months earlier than the retrievals. We further evaluate a recent proposal to reduce the NOx emission factors for savanna fires by 40% and find that this leads to an improvement of the amplitude of the seasonal cycle over the biomass burning regions of Northern and Central Africa. In these regions the models tend to underestimate the retrievals during the wet season, suggesting that the soil emissions are higher than assumed in the models. In general, the discrepancies between models and retrievals cannot be explained by a priori profile assumptions made in the retrievals, neither by diurnal variations in anthropogenic emissions, which lead to a marginal reduction of the NO2 abundance at 10:30 local time (by 2.5–4.1% over Europe). Overall, there are significant differences among the various models and, in particular, among the three retrievals. The discrepancies among the retrievals (10–50% in the annual mean over polluted regions) indicate that the previously estimated retrieval uncertainties have a large systematic component. Our findings imply that top-down estimations of NOx emissions from satellite retrievals of tropospheric NO2 are strongly dependent on the choice of model and retrieval.

Published
2006

11. Change in global aerosol composition since preindustrial times

Author

K. Tsigaridis, M. Krol, F. J. Dentener, Y. Balkanski, J. Lathière, S. Metzger, D. A. Hauglustaine, and M. Kanakidou

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

To elucidate human induced changes of aerosol load and composition in the atmosphere, a coupled aerosol and gas-phase chemistry transport model of the troposphere and lower stratosphere has been used. The present 3-D modeling study focuses on aerosol chemical composition change since preindustrial times considering the secondary organic aerosol formation together with all other main aerosol components including nitrate. In particular, we evaluate non-sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO4=), ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3−), black carbon (BC), sea-salt, dust, primary and secondary organics (POA and SOA) with a focus on the importance of secondary organic aerosols. Our calculations show that the aerosol optical depth (AOD) has increased by about 21% since preindustrial times. This enhancement of AOD is attributed to a rise in the atmospheric load of BC, nss-SO4=, NO3, POA and SOA by factors of 3.3, 2.6, 2.7, 2.3 and 1.2, respectively, whereas we assumed that the natural dust and sea-salt sources remained constant. The nowadays increase in carbonaceous aerosol loading is dampened by a 34–42% faster conversion of hydrophobic to hydrophilic carbonaceous aerosol leading to higher removal rates. These changes between the various aerosol components resulted in significant modifications of the aerosol chemical composition. The relative importance of the various aerosol components is critical for the aerosol climatic effect, since atmospheric aerosols behave differently when their chemical composition changes. According to this study, the aerosol composition changed significantly over the different continents and with height since preindustrial times. The presence of anthropogenically emitted primary particles in the atmosphere facilitates the condensation of the semi-volatile species that form SOA onto the aerosol phase, particularly in the boundary layer. The SOA burden that is dominated by the natural component has increased by 24% while its contribution to the AOD has increased by 11%. The increase in oxidant levels and preexisting aerosol mass since preindustrial times is the reason of the burden change, since emissions have not changed significantly. The computed aerosol composition changes translate into about 2.5 times more water associated with non sea-salt aerosol. Additionally, aerosols contain 2.7 times more inorganic components nowadays than during the preindustrial times. We find that the increase in emissions of inorganic aerosol precursors is much larger than the corresponding aerosol increase, reflecting a non-linear atmospheric response.

Published
2006

12. Radiative forcing since preindustrial times due to ozone change in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere

Author

M. Gauss, G. Myhre, I. S. A. Isaksen, V. Grewe, G. Pitari, O. Wild, W. J. Collins, F. J. Dentener, K. Ellingsen, L. K. Gohar, D. A. Hauglustaine, D. Iachetti, F. Lamarque, E. Mancini, L. J. Mickley, M. J. Prather, J. A. Pyle, M. G. Sanderson, K. P. Shine, D. S. Stevenson, K. Sudo, S. Szopa, and G. Zeng

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

Changes in atmospheric ozone have occurred since the preindustrial era as a result of increasing anthropogenic emissions. Within ACCENT, a European Network of Excellence, ozone changes between 1850 and 2000 are assessed for the troposphere and the lower stratosphere (up to 30 km) by a variety of seven chemistry-climate models and three chemical transport models. The modeled ozone changes are taken as input for detailed calculations of radiative forcing. When only changes in chemistry are considered (constant climate) the modeled global-mean tropospheric ozone column increase since preindustrial times ranges from 7.9 DU to 13.8 DU among the ten participating models, while the stratospheric column reduction lies between 14.1 DU and 28.6 DU in the models considering stratospheric chemistry. The resulting radiative forcing is strongly dependent on the location and altitude of the modeled ozone change and varies between 0.25 Wm−2 and 0.45 Wm−2 due to ozone change in the troposphere and −0.123 Wm−2 and +0.066 Wm−2 due to the stratospheric ozone change. Changes in ozone and other greenhouse gases since preindustrial times have altered climate. Six out of the ten participating models have performed an additional calculation taking into account both chemical and climate change. In most models the isolated effect of climate change is an enhancement of the tropospheric ozone column increase, while the stratospheric reduction becomes slightly less severe. In the three climate-chemistry models with detailed tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry the inclusion of climate change increases the resulting radiative forcing due to tropospheric ozone change by up to 0.10 Wm−2, while the radiative forcing due to stratospheric ozone change is reduced by up to 0.034 Wm−2. Considering tropospheric and stratospheric change combined, the total ozone column change is negative while the resulting net radiative forcing is positive.

Published
2006

13. Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: a review

Author

M. Kanakidou, J. H. Seinfeld, S. N. Pandis, I. Barnes, F. J. Dentener, M. C. Facchini, R. Van Dingenen, B. Ervens, A. Nenes, C. J. Nielsen, E. Swietlicki, J. P. Putaud, Y. Balkanski, S. Fuzzi, J. Horth, G. K. Moortgat, R. Winterhalter, C. E. L. Myhre, K. Tsigaridis, E. Vignati, E. G. Stephanou, and J. Wilson

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

The present paper reviews existing knowledge with regard to Organic Aerosol (OA) of importance for global climate modelling and defines critical gaps needed to reduce the involved uncertainties. All pieces required for the representation of OA in a global climate model are sketched out with special attention to Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA): The emission estimates of primary carbonaceous particles and SOA precursor gases are summarized. The up-to-date understanding of the chemical formation and transformation of condensable organic material is outlined. Knowledge on the hygroscopicity of OA and measurements of optical properties of the organic aerosol constituents are summarized. The mechanisms of interactions of OA with clouds and dry and wet removal processes parameterisations in global models are outlined. This information is synthesized to provide a continuous analysis of the flow from the emitted material to the atmosphere up to the point of the climate impact of the produced organic aerosol. The sources of uncertainties at each step of this process are highlighted as areas that require further studies.

Published
2005

14. Secondary inorganic aerosol simulations for Europe with special attention to nitrate

Author

M. Schaap, M. van Loon, H. M. ten Brink, F. J. Dentener, and P. J. H. Builtjes

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

Nitrate is an important component of (secondary inorganic) fine aerosols in Europe. We present a model simulation for the year 1995 in which we account for the formation of secondary inorganic aerosols including ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate, a semi volatile component. For this purpose, the chemistry-transport model LOTOS was extended with a thermodynamic equilibrium module and additional relevant processes to account for secondary aerosol formation and deposition. During winter, fall and especially spring high nitrate levels are projected over north western, central and eastern Europe. During winter nitrate concentrations are highest in Italy, in accordance with observed data. In winter nitric acid, the precursor for aerosol nitrate is formed through heterogeneous reactions on the surface of aerosols. Modelled and observed sulphate concentrations show little seasonal variation. Compared to sulphate levels, appreciable ammonium nitrate concentrations in summer are limited to those areas with high ammonia emissions, e.g. the Netherlands, since high ammonia concentrations are necessary to stabilise this aerosol component at high temperatures. As a consequence of the strong seasonal variation in nitrate levels the AOD depth of nitrate over Europe is especially significant compared to that of sulphate in winter and spring when equal AOD values are calculated over large parts of Europe. Averaged over all stations the model reproduces the measured concentrations for NO3, SO4, NH4, TNO3 (HNO3+NO3), TNH4 (NH3+NH4) and SO2 within 20%. The daily variation is captured well, albeit that the model does not always represent the amplitude of single events. The model underestimates wet deposition which was attributed to the crude representation of cloud processes. Comparison of retrieved and computed aerosol optical depth (AOD) showed that the model underestimates AOD significantly, which was expected due to the lack of carbonaceous aerosols, sea salt and dust in the model. The treatment of ammonia was found to be a major source for uncertainties in the model representation of secondary aerosols. Also, inclusion of sea salt is necessary to properly assess the nitrate and nitric acid levels in marine areas.

Published
2004

15. On the role of hydroxyl radicals in the self-cleansing capacity of the troposphere

Author

J. Lelieveld, F. J. Dentener, W. Peters, and M. C. Krol

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

Thousands of megatons natural and anthropogenic gases are released and subsequently removed from the troposphere each year. Photochemical reactions, initiated by hydroxyl (OH) radicals, oxidise most gases to products which are more easily removed by precipitation and dry deposition at the earth's surface. Since human-induced pollution emissions strongly affect OH formation and loss, large global changes in OH concentrations are possible. Global models and observations of trace gas distributions from global networks have been used to study geographical and temporal changes in tropospheric OH. Here we present a synopsis of recent studies, indicating that global mean OH has changed remarkably little in the past century, even though regional changes have probably been substantial. Globally, depletion of OH by reactive carbon gases has been compensated by increased OH formation by nitrogen oxides, an act of 'inadvertent geo-engineering'. However, OH analyses for the past 1-2 decades, partly based on methyl chloroform measurements, are inconclusive. Some work, assuming that methyl chloroform emissions have largely ceased, suggests a very strong downward global OH trend in the 1990s, inconsistent with modelling studies. The discrepancy could be much reduced by assuming continued small emissions of methyl chloroform. We recommend the continuation of high precision monitoring of this compound and improved analyses based on detailed meteorological-chemical models.

Published
2004

16. The influence of cloud chemistry on HOx and NOx in the moderately polluted marine boundary layer: a 1-D modelling study

Author

J. E. Williams, F. J. Dentener, and A. R. van den Berg

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

A 1-D marine stratocumulus cloud model has been supplemented with a comprehensive and up-to-date aqueous phase chemical mechanism for the purpose of assessing the impact that the presence of clouds has on gas phaseHOx, NOx and O3 budgets in the marine boundary layer. The simulations presented here indicate that cloud may act as a heterogeneous source of HONOg. The conversion of HNO4(g) at moderate pH (~ 4.5) is responsible for this, and, to a lesser extent, the photolysis of nitrate (NO3-). The effect of introducing deliquescent aerosol on the simulated increase of HONOg is negligible. The most important consequences of this elevation in HONOg are that, in the presence of cloud, gas phase concentrations of NOx species increase by a factor of 2, which minimises the simulated decrease in O3(g), and results in a regeneration of OHg. This partly compensates for the removal of OHg by direct phase transfer into the cloud and may have important implications regarding the oxidising capacity of the marine boundary layer.

Published
2002

17. A reevaluation of the magnitude and impacts of anthropogenic atmospheric nitrogen inputs on the ocean

Author

Robert A. Duce, Katja Fennel, Maria Kanakidou, Mitsuo Uematsu, Manmohan Sarin, Alex R. Baker, G. S. Okin, Jonathan Sharples, Kitack Lee, Arvind Singh, F. J. Dentener, Tim Jickells, Douglas G. Capone, Julie LaRoche, Andreas Oschlies, Parvadha Suntharalingam, J. K. Moore, Sybil P. Seitzinger, Lauren Zamora, Katye E. Altieri, Peter S. Liss, Jack J. Middelburg, and Erik T. Buitenhuis

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Atmospheric Science, Denitrification, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate change, chemistry.chemical_element, Carbon sequestration, 01 natural sciences, Environmental Chemistry, 14. Life underwater, Nitrogen cycle, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Global and Planetary Change, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Continental shelf, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Biogeochemistry, 15. Life on land, Nitrogen, Human impact on the nitrogen cycle, Oceanography, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental science
Abstract

We report a new synthesis of best estimates of the inputs of fixed nitrogen to the world ocean via atmospheric deposition and compare this to fluvial inputs and dinitrogen fixation. We evaluate the scale of human perturbation of these fluxes. Fluvial inputs dominate inputs to the continental shelf, and we estimate that about 75% of this fluvial nitrogen escapes from the shelf to the open ocean. Biological dinitrogen fixation is the main external source of nitrogen to the open ocean, i.e., beyond the continental shelf. Atmospheric deposition is the primary mechanism by which land-based nitrogen inputs, and hence human perturbations of the nitrogen cycle, reach the open ocean. We estimate that anthropogenic inputs are currently leading to an increase in overall ocean carbon sequestration of ~0.4% (equivalent to an uptake of 0.15 Pg C yr−1 and less than the Duce et al. (2008) estimate). The resulting reduction in climate change forcing from this ocean CO2 uptake is offset to a small extent by an increase in ocean N2O emissions. We identify four important feedbacks in the ocean atmosphere nitrogen system that need to be better quantified to improve our understanding of the perturbation of ocean biogeochemistry by atmospheric nitrogen inputs. These feedbacks are recycling of (1) ammonia and (2) organic nitrogen from the ocean to the atmosphere and back, (3) the suppression of nitrogen fixation by increased nitrogen concentrations in surface waters from atmospheric deposition, and (4) increased loss of nitrogen from the ocean by denitrification due to increased productivity stimulated by atmospheric inputs.

Published
2017

18. Impacts of climate change on surface ozone and intercontinental ozone pollution: A multi-model study

Author

William J. Collins, Ian A. MacKenzie, Arlene M. Fiore, Oliver Wild, Drew Shindell, F. J. Dentener, Ruth M. Doherty, Martin G. Schultz, Terry Keating, Richard G. Derwent, Peter Hess, Guang Zeng, and David Stevenson

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Ozone, Atmospheric circulation, Air pollution, Climate change, medicine.disease_cause, Atmospheric sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geophysics, chemistry, Space and Planetary Science, Climatology, Atmospheric chemistry, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), medicine, Common spatial pattern, Climate model, NOx
Abstract

The impact of climate change between 2000 and 2095 SRES A2 climates on surface ozone (O)3 and on O3 source-receptor (S-R) relationships is quantified using three coupled climate-chemistry models (CCMs). The CCMs exhibit considerable variability in the spatial extent and location of surface O3 increases that occur within parts of high NOx emission source regions (up to 6 ppbv in the annual average and up to 14 ppbv in the season of maximum O3). In these source regions, all three CCMs show a positive relationship between surface O3 change and temperature change. Sensitivity simulations show that a combination of three individual chemical processes-(i) enhanced PAN decomposition, (ii) higher water vapor concentrations, and (iii) enhanced isoprene emission-largely reproduces the global spatial pattern of annual-mean surface O3 response due to climate change (R2 = 0.52). Changes in climate are found to exert a stronger control on the annual-mean surface O3 response through changes in climate-sensitive O3 chemistry than through changes in transport as evaluated from idealized CO-like tracer concentrations. All three CCMs exhibit a similar spatial pattern of annual-mean surface O3 change to 20% regional O3 precursor emission reductions under future climate compared to the same emission reductions applied under present-day climate. The surface O3 response to emission reductions is larger over the source region and smaller downwind in the future than under present-day conditions. All three CCMs show areas within Europe where regional emission reductions larger than 20% are required to compensate climate change impacts on annual-mean surface O3.

Published
2013

19. Influence of future air pollution mitigation strategies on total aerosol radiative forcing

Author

Ulrike Lohmann, Philip Stier, Johann Feichter, F. J. Dentener, J. van Aardenne, Frank Raes, Erich Roeckner, R.J. Swart, Silvia Kloster, Union, European Geosciences, European Commission, European Commission [Brussels], Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), University of Oxford [Oxford], EEA European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change (ETC/ACC), and EGU, Publication

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, greenhouse-gas, Air pollution, Climate change, Atmospheric,Oceanic,and Planetary physics, Forcing (mathematics), cloud microphysics, 010501 environmental sciences, Environment, medicine.disease_cause, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, lcsh:Chemistry, global sulfate distribution, sulfur cycle, Radiative transfer, medicine, Alterra - Centre for Water and Climate, climate model echam5-ham, Wageningen Environmental Research, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, WIMEK, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Physics, emissions, Radiative forcing, Albedo, simulation, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, flux, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Greenhouse gas, impact, Environmental science, lcsh:Physics, Alterra - Centrum Water en Klimaat, albedo
Abstract

We apply different aerosol and aerosol precursor emission scenarios reflecting possible future control strategies for air pollution in the ECHAM5-HAM model, and simulate the resulting effect on the Earth's radiation budget. We use two opposing future mitigation strategies for the year 2030: one in which emission reduction legislation decided in countries throughout the world are effectively implemented (current legislation; CLE 2030) and one in which all technical options for emission reductions are being implemented independent of their cost (maximum feasible reduction; MFR 2030). We consider the direct, semi-direct and indirect radiative effects of aerosols. The total anthropogenic aerosol radiative forcing defined as the difference in the top-of-the-atmosphere radiation between 2000 and pre-industrial times amounts to −2.00 W/m2. In the future this negative global annual mean aerosol radiative forcing will only slightly change (+0.02 W/m2) under the "current legislation" scenario. Regionally, the effects are much larger: e.g. over Eastern Europe radiative forcing would increase by +1.50 W/m2 because of successful aerosol reduction policies, whereas over South Asia it would decrease by −1.10 W/m2 because of further growth of emissions. A "maximum feasible reduction" of aerosols and their precursors would lead to an increase of the global annual mean aerosol radiative forcing by +1.13 W/m2. Hence, in the latter case, the present day negative anthropogenic aerosol forcing could be more than halved by 2030 because of aerosol reduction policies and climate change thereafter will be to a larger extent be controlled by greenhouse gas emissions. We combined these two opposing future mitigation strategies for a number of experiments focusing on different sectors and regions. In addition, we performed sensitivity studies to estimate the importance of future changes in oxidant concentrations and the importance of the aerosol microphysical coupling within the range of expected future changes. For changes in oxidant concentrations caused by future air pollution mitigation, we do not find a significant effect for the global annual mean radiative aerosol forcing. In the extreme case of only abating SO2 or carbonaceous emissions to a maximum feasible extent, we find deviations from additivity for the radiative forcing over anthropogenic source regions up to 10% compared to an experiment abating both at the same time.

Published
2016

20. Global dust model intercomparison in AeroCom phase I

Author

Steven J. Ghan, F. J. Dentener, Ron L. Miller, Stefan Kinne, Joyce E. Penner, Xiaohong Liu, William M. Landing, Yves Balkanski, Charles S. Zender, Toshihiko Takemura, Gunnar Myhre, Mian Chin, D. Fillmore, J. Perlwitz, Dorothy Koch, Olivier Boucher, Philip Stier, Alf Grini, Thomas Diehl, Jan Griesfeller, Joseph M. Prospero, Larry W. Horowitz, Natalie M. Mahowald, Paul Ginoux, Maarten Krol, Richard C. Easter, Susanne E. Bauer, Michael Schulz, Jean-Jacques Morcrette, Nicolás Huneeus, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, INGENIERIE (INGENIERIE), Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Batelle, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Nat Inst Space Res, Partenaires INRAE, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cornell University [New York], European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Physics [Oxford], University of Oxford, Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan, University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), University of California (UC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of Oxford [Oxford], University of California [Irvine] (UCI), University of California, and Union, European Geosciences

Subjects
Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, Atmospheric Science, Biogeochemical cycle, Angstrom exponent, Meteorology and Air Quality, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, goddard-institute, aerosol direct, Atmospheric,Oceanic,and Planetary physics, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Magnitude (mathematics), general-circulation model, Environment, 010501 environmental sciences, Mineral dust, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, General-circulation model, atmospheric iron deposition, last glacial maximum, mineral dust, tropospheric chemistry, optical-properties, Goddard-Institute, North-Atlantic, sulfur cycle, lcsh:Chemistry, Haboob, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, medicine, north-atlantic, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, WIMEK, Physics, Arid environmental systems, Seasonality, medicine.disease, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, Deposition (aerosol physics), lcsh:QD1-999, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

Desert dust plays an important role in the climate system through its impact on Earth¿s radiative budget and its role in the biogeochemical cycle as a source of iron in highnutrient- low-chlorophyll regions. A large degree of diversity exists between the many global models that simulate the dust cycle to estimate its impact on climate. We present the results of a broad intercomparison of a total of 15 global aerosol models within the AeroCom project. Each model is compared to observations focusing on variables responsible for the uncertainties in estimating the direct radiative effect and the dust impact on the biogeochemical cycle, i.e., aerosol optical depth (AOD) and dust deposi10 tion. Additional comparisons to Angstro¨m Exponent (AE), coarse mode AOD and dust surface concentration are included to extend the assessment of model performance. These datasets form a benchmark data set which is proposed for model inspection and future dust model developments. In general, models perform better in simulating climatology of vertically averaged integrated parameters (AOD and AE) in dusty sites 15 than they do with total deposition and surface concentration. Almost all models overestimate deposition fluxes over Europe, the Indian Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and ice core data. Differences among the models arise when simulating deposition at remote sites with low fluxes over the Pacific and the Southern Atlantic Ocean. This study also highlights important differences in models ability to reproduce the deposition flux over Antarctica. The cause of this discrepancy could not be identified but different dust regimes at each site and issues with data quality should be considered. Models generally simulate better surface concentration at stations downwind of the main sources than at remote ones. Likewise, they simulate better surface concentration at stations affected by Saharan dust than at stations affected by Asian dust. Most models simulate the gradient in AOD and AE between the different dusty regions, however the seasonality and magnitude of both variables is better simulated at African stations than Middle East ones. The models also reproduce the dust transport across the Atlantic in terms of both AOD and AE; they simulate the offshore transport of West Africa throughout the year and limit the transport across the Atlantic to the summer months, yet overestimating the AOD and transporting too fine particles. However, most of the models do not reproduce the southward displacement of the dust cloud during the winter responsible of the transport of dust into South America. Based on the dependency of AOD on aerosol 5 burden and size distribution we use model data bias with respect to AOD and AE and infer on the over/under estimation of the dust emissions. According to this we suggest the emissions in the Sahara be between 792 and 2271 Tg/yr and the one in the Middle East between 376 and 526 Tg/yr., JRC.DDG.H.2-Climate change and air quality

Published
2011

21. Ozone over the Western Mediterranean Sea – results from two years of shipborne measurements

Author

Frank Raes, Elisabetta Vignati, Elina Marmer, K. Velchev, F. J. Dentener, Fabrizia Cavalli, and Jens Hjorth

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, Atmospheric Science, Ozone, Cruise, Subsidence (atmosphere), lcsh:QC1-999, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Mediterranean sea, chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, Climatology, Environmental science, Outflow, Transect, Weather map, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

Ozone, along with other air pollutants, has been measured for two years from a monitoring station placed on a cruise ship that follows a regular track in the Western Mediterranean between April and October. Conditions favouring high ozone levels have been studied by analysis of weather maps and back trajectories. This analysis was focused on a transect over the open sea in the South Western Mediterranean between Tunis and Palma de Mallorca. High ozone levels were found in situations with an anticyclonic circulation over the Western Mediterranean when subsidence brings air masses down from altitudes between 1000 and 3500ma.s.l. Analysis of composite meteorological maps suggests a relevant contribution of breeze circulation to subsidence during events with high surface ozone concentrations; this points to an important contribution from local ozone formation. A detailed back trajectory analysis of the origin of air masses with high ozone concentrations was carried out for two “hot spots” for ozone pollution, in the Gulf of Genoa and between Naples and Palermo, respectively. The main cause of high ozone levels in the Gulf of Genoa was found to be outflow from the Po Valley and the Genoa area while such episodes along the Naples-Palermo transect were most often associated with trajectories from the Rome or Naples areas. Analysis of the relationship between measured concentrations of Black Carbon and ozone allowed to evaluate the degree of photochemical “ageing” of the air masses encountered along the route of the cruise ship., JRC.H.2-Climate change and air quality

Published
2011

22. Forty years of improvements in European air quality: the role of EU policy–industry interplay

Author

Monica Crippa, R. Van Dingenen, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Diego Guizzardi, F. J. Dentener, Marilena Muntean, Katerina Sindelarova, and Claire Granier

Subjects
Economic policy, Environmental science, Nanotechnology, Air quality index
Abstract

The EDGAR (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research) v4.3 global anthropogenic emissions inventory of several gaseous (SO2, NOx, CO, non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and NH3) and particulate (PM10, PM2.5, black and organic carbon (BC and OC)) air pollutants for the period 1970–2010 is used to develop retrospective air pollution emission scenarios to quantify the roles and contributions of changes in fuels consumption, technology, end-of-pipe emission reduction measures and their resulting impact on health and crop yields. This database presents changes in activity data, fuels and air pollution abatement technology for the past 4 decades, using international statistics and following guidelines for bottom-up emission inventory at the Tier 1 and Tier 2 levels with region-specific default values. With two further retrospective scenarios we assess (1) the impact of the technology and end-of-pipe (EOP) reduction measures in the European Union (EU) by considering a stagnation of technology with constant emission factors from 1970 and with no further abatement measures and improvement in European emissions standards, but fuel consumption occurring at historical pace, and (2) the impact of increased fuel consumption by considering unchanged energy use with constant fuel consumption since 1970, but technological development and end-of-pipe reductions. Our scenario analysis focuses on the three most important and most regulated sectors (power generation, the manufacturing industry and road transport), which are subject of multi-pollutant EU Air Quality regulations. If technology and European EOP reduction measures had stagnated at 1970 levels, EU air quality in 2010 would have suffered from 129 % higher SO2, 71 % higher NOx and 69 % higher PM2.5 emissions, demonstrating the large role of technology in reducing emissions in 2010. However, if fuel consumption had remained constant starting in 1970, the EU would have benefited from current technology and emission control standards, with reductions in NOx by even 13 % more. Such further savings are not observed for SO2 and PM2.5. If the EU consumed the same amount of fuels as in 1970 but with the current technology and emission control standards, then the emissions of SO2 and PM2.5 would be 42 % respectively 10 % higher. This scenario shows the importance for air quality of abandoning heavy residual fuel oil and shifting fuel types (from, e.g., coal to gas) in the EU. A reduced-form TM5-FASST (Fast Screening Scenario Tool based on the global chemical Transport Model 5) is applied to calculate regional and global levels of aerosol and ozone concentrations and to assess the impact of air quality improvements on human health and crop yield loss, showing substantial impacts of export of EU technologies and standards to other world regions.

Published
2015

23. External influences on Europe's air quality: Baseline methane, carbon monoxide and ozone from 1990 to 2030 at Mace Head, Ireland

Author

F. J. Dentener, Markus Amann, Reinhard Mechler, Janusz Cofala, Simon O'Doherty, Colin E. Johnson, William J. Collins, Michael G. Sanderson, David Stevenson, R. G. Derwent, and Peter Simmonds

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Ozone, Meteorology, Air pollution, Climate change, medicine.disease_cause, Atmospheric sciences, Methane, Trace gas, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, medicine, Environmental science, Tropospheric ozone, Air quality index, Air mass, General Environmental Science
Abstract

A global 3-D chemistry-transport model STOCHEM has been employed to study trends in the mole fractions of methane, carbon monoxide and ozone in baseline air masses entering Europe from the Atlantic Ocean over the period from 1990 to 2030. With a range of emission scenarios for man-made ozone precursor emission sources available, a wide range of model trends were predicted for the period up to 2030. In the scenario based on current planned air pollution controls, IIASA CLE, methane shows a strong upward trend, ozone shows a weaker upward trend, and carbon monoxide is approximately flat in baseline air masses. In one of the more pessimistic IPCC SRES scenarios, A2, all three gases show future increases. However, in the scenario based on maximum feasible emission reductions, IIASA MFR all three trace gases decline. By 2030, projected climate change reduces the growth in CH4, but has insignificant effects on baseline CO and O3 in these simulations. Global or hemispheric ozone precursor emissions and their controls exert a potentially large external influence on Europe’s air quality. This influence is currently not taken into account in future European air quality policy formulation. r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Published
2006

24. Atmospheric transport of ozone between Southern and Eastern Asia

Author

T. Chakraborty, F. J. Dentener, Oliver Wild, and Gufran Beig

Subjects
Pollution, Environmental Engineering, Ozone, South asia, media_common.quotation_subject, Air pollution, India, medicine.disease_cause, chemistry.chemical_compound, Air Pollution, medicine, Environmental Chemistry, East Asia, Tropospheric ozone, Waste Management and Disposal, media_common, Air Pollutants, Atmosphere, Asia, Eastern, Ensemble average, chemistry, Climatology, Environmental science, Seasons, Seasonal cycle, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract

This study describes the effect of pollution transport between East Asia and South Asia on tropospheric ozone (O3) using model results from the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (TF HTAP). Ensemble mean O3 concentrations are evaluated against satellite-data and ground observations of surface O3 at four stations in India. Although modeled surface O3 concentrations are 1020 ppb higher than those observed, the relative magnitude of the seasonal cycle of O3 is reproduced well. Using 20% reductions in regional anthropogenic emissions, we quantify the seasonal variations in pollution transport between East Asia and South Asia. While there is only a difference of 0.05 to 0.1 ppb in the magnitudes of the regional contributions from one region to the other, O3 from East Asian sources affects the most densely populated parts of South Asia while Southern Asian sources only partly affect the populated parts of East Asia. We show that emission changes over East Asia between 2000 and 2010 had a larger impact on populated parts of South Asia than vice versa. This study will help inform future decisions on emission control policy over these regions.

Published
2014

25. Modelling future changes in surface ozone: a parameterized approach

Author

Sophie Szopa, Peter Hess, Dan Bergmann, Drew Shindell, Ian A. MacKenzie, Arlene M. Fiore, Terry Keating, Oliver Wild, F. J. Dentener, A. Zuber, Bryan N. Duncan, William J. Collins, Guang Zeng, Jan Eiof Jonson, Ruth M. Doherty, Sunling Gong, Martin G. Schultz, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, PARAMETERIZATION, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate change, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Methane, Atmosphere, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Surface ozone, ddc:550, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, OZONE, Atmospheric methane, Ensemble average, FUTURE CHANGES, Limiting, lcsh:QC1-999, chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Climatology, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

This study describes a simple parameterization to estimate regionally averaged changes in surface ozone due to past or future changes in anthropogenic precursor emissions based on results from 14 global chemistry transport models. The method 5 successfully reproduces the results of full simulations with these models. For a given emission scenario it provides the ensemble mean surface ozone change, a regional source attribution for each change, and an estimate of the associated uncertainty represented by the variation between models. Using the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) emission scenarios as an example, we show how regional surface ozone is likely to respond to emission changes by 2050 and how changes in precursor emissions and atmospheric methane contribute to this. Surface ozone changes are substantially smaller than expected with the SRES A1B, A2 and B2 scenarios, reflecting the assumptions of more stringent precursor emission controls under the RCP scenarios. We find an average difference of around 5 ppb between the outlying RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 scenarios, about 75 % of which can be attributed to differences in methane abundance. The study reveals the increasing importance of limiting atmospheric methane growth as emissions of other precursors are controlled, but highlights differences in modelled ozone responses to methane changes of as much as a factor of two, indicating that this remains a major uncertainty in current models., JRC.H.2-Air and Climate

Published
2012

26. Reanalysis of tropospheric sulphate aerosol and ozone for the period 1980-2005 using the Aerosol-Chemistry-Climate Model ECHAM5-HAMMOZ

Author

Thomas Diehl, F. J. Dentener, Martin G. Schultz, Elisabetta Vignati, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Luca Pozzoli, Isabelle Bey, and Johann Feichter

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Air pollution, 010501 environmental sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, lcsh:Chemistry, Troposphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, medicine, ddc:550, Sulfate aerosol, Air quality index, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, Trace gas, lcsh:QD1-999, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Atmospheric chemistry, Climatology, Environmental science, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

Understanding historical trends of trace gas and aerosol distributions in the troposphere is essential to evaluate the efficiency of the existing strategies to reduce air pollution and to design more efficient future air quality and climate policies. We per- formed coupled photochemistry and aerosol microphysics simulations for the period 1980¿2005 using the aerosol-chemistry-climate model ECHAM5-HAMMOZ, to assess our understanding of long term changes and inter-annual variability of the chemical composition of the troposphere, and in particular of O3 and sulphate concentrations, for which long-term surface observations are available. In order to separate the impact of the anthropogenic emissions and meteorology on atmospheric chemistry, we compare two model experiments, driven by the same ECMWF re-analysis data, but with varying and constant anthropogenic emissions, respectively. Our model analysis indicates an average increase of 1 ppbv (corresponding to 0.04 ppbv yr-1) in global average surface O3 concentrations due to anthropogenic emissions, but this trend is largely masked by natural variability (0.63 ppbv), corresponding to 75% of the total variability (0.83 ppbv). Regionally, annual mean surface O3 concentrations increased by 1.3 and 1.6 ppbv over Europe and North America, respectively, despite the large anthropogenic emission reductions between 1980 and 2005. A comparison of winter and summer O3 trends with measurements shows a qualitative agreement, except in North America, where our model erroneously computed a positive trend. O3 increases of more than 4 ppbv in East Asia and 5 ppbv in South Asia can not be corroborated with long-term observations. Global average sulphate surface concentrations are largely controlled by anthropogenic emissions. Globally natural emissions are an important driver determining AOD variations, regionally AOD decreased by 28% over Europe, while it increased by 19% and 26% in East and South Asia. The global radiative perturbation calculated in our model for the period 1980¿2005 was rather small (0.05Wm-2 for O3 and 0.02Wm-2 for total aerosol direct effect), but larger perturbations ranging from -0.54 to 1.26Wm-2 are estimated in those regions where anthropogenic emissions largely varied., JRC.H.2-Air and Climate

Published
2011

27. Global scale emission and distribution of sea-spray aerosol: Sea-salt and organic enrichment

Author

F. J. Dentener, Maria Cristina Facchini, Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Elisabetta Vignati, Jean Sciare, Matteo Rinaldi, Maria Kanakidou, Darius Ceburnis, Claire Scannell, Colin D. O'Dowd, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, food.ingredient, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Modelling, food, Organics, Organic matter, 14. Life underwater, Sea salt aerosol, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Chemical composition, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, chemistry.chemical_classification, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Marine aerosols, Sea salt, Northern Hemisphere, Sea spray, Aerosol, chemistry, Emissions, 13. Climate action, Particle, Environmental science
Abstract

The chemical composition of marine aerosols as a function of their size is an important parameter for the evaluation of their impact on the global climate system. In this work we model fine particle organic matter emitted by sea spray processes and its influence on the aerosol chemical properties at the global scale using the off-line global Chemistry-Transport Model TM5. TM5 is coupled to a microphysical aerosol dynamics model providing size resolved information on particle masses and numbers. The mass of the emitted sea spray particles is partitioned between water insoluble organic matter (WIOM) and sea salt components in the accumulation mode using a function that relates the emitted organic fraction to the surface ocean chlorophyll-a concentrations. The global emission in the sub-micron size range of organic matter by sea spray process is 8.2 Tg yr-1, compared to 24 Tg fine yr-1 sea-salt emissions. When the marine sources are included, the concentrations of modelled primary particulate organic matter (POM) increase mainly over the oceans. The model predictions of WIOM and sea salt are evaluated against measurements carried out at Mace Head (Northern Hemisphere) and Amsterdam Island (Southern Hemisphere), showing that in clean marine conditions WIOM marine emissions contribute significantly to POM values., JRC.DDG.H.2-Climate change

Published
2010

28. A multi-model analysis of vertical ozone profiles

Author

Sophie Szopa, Arlene M. Fiore, Wolfgang Steinbrecht, Peter Wind, C. Cuvelier, P. von der Gathen, Alvaro Valdebenito, David W. Tarasick, Kengo Sudo, F. J. Dentener, Beverly J. Johnson, H. De Backer, Jonathan Davies, Michael Schulz, A. Lupu, A. Zuber, Hans Claude, Terry Keating, Bryan N. Duncan, Oliver Wild, Peter Hess, Andreas Stohl, Elina Marmer, Valery Dorokhov, Michael J. Newchurch, Martin G. Schultz, Guang Zeng, Jan Eiof Jonson, G. H. Chen, René Stübi, Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Air pollution, Climate change, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Global model, Troposphere, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, VDP::Mathematics and natural scienses: 400::Geosciences: 450::Meteorology: 453, Ozone layer, medicine, ddc:550, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Stratosphere, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lcsh:QC1-999, Boundary layer, chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, VDP::Matematikk og naturvitenskap: 400::Geofag: 450::Meteorologi: 453, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

A multi-model study of the long-range transport of ozone and its precursors from major anthropogenic source regions was coordinated by the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (TF HTAP) under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP). Vertical profiles of ozone at 12-h intervals from 2001 are available from twelve of the models contributing to this study and are compared here with observed profiles from ozonesondes. The contributions from each major source region are analysed for selected sondes, and this analysis is supplemented ozonesonde measurements is seen in the winter and autumn months. Following the increase in photochemical activity in the spring and summer months, the spread in model results increases, and the agreement between ozonesonde measurements and the individual models deteriorates further. At selected sites calculated contributions to ozone levels in the free troposphere from intercontinental transport are shown. Intercontinental transport is identified based on differences in model calculations with unperturbed emissions and emissions reduced by 20% by region. Intercontinental transport of ozone is finally determined based on differences in model ensemble calculations. With emissions perturbed by 20% per region, calculated intercontinental contributions to ozone in the free troposphere range from less than 1 ppb to 3 ppb, with small contributions in winter. The results are corroborated by the retroplume calculations. At several locations the seasonal contributions to ozone in the free troposphere from intercontinental transport differ from what was shown earlier at the surface using the same dataset. The large spread in model results points to a need of further evaluation of the chemical and physical processes in order to improve the credibility of global model results. particle dispersion model to provide insight into the origin of ozone transport events and the cause of differences between the models and observations. In the boundary layer ozone levels are in general strongly affected by regional sources and sinks. With a considerably longer lifetime in the free troposphere, ozone here is to a much larger extent affected by processes on a larger scale such as intercontinental transport and exchange with the stratosphere. Such individual events are difficult to trace over several days or weeks of transport. This may explain why statistical relationships between models and ozonesonde measurements are far less satisfactory than shown in previous studies for surface measurements at all seasons. The lowest bias between model-calculated ozone profiles and the by retroplume calculations using the FLEXPART Lagrangian, JRC.H.2-Air and Climate

Published
2010

29. Supplementary material to 'A multi-model analysis of vertical ozone profiles'

Author

J. E. Jonson, A. Stohl, A. M. Fiore, P. Hess, S. Szopa, O. Wild, G. Zeng, F. J. Dentener, A. Lupu, M. G. Schultz, B. N. Duncan, K. Sudo, P. Wind, M. Schulz, E. Marmer, C. Cuvelier, T. Keating, A. Zuber, A. Valdebenito, V. Dorokhov, H. De Backer, J. Davies, G. H. Chen, B. Johnson, and D. W. Tarasick

Published
2009

30. A multi-model analysis of vertical ozone profiles

Author

J. E. Jonson, A. Stohl, A. M. Fiore, P. Hess, S. Szopa, O. Wild, G. Zeng, F. J. Dentener, A. Lupu, M. G. Schultz, B. N. Duncan, K. Sudo, P. Wind, M. Schulz, E. Marmer, C. Cuvelier, T. Keating, A. Zuber, A. Valdebenito, V. Dorokhov, H. De Backer, J. Davies, G. H. Chen, B. Johnson, and D. W. Tarasick

Abstract

A multi-model study of the long-range transport of ozone and its precursors from major anthropogenic source regions was coordinated by the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (TF HTAP) under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP). Vertical profiles of ozone at 12-h intervals in year 2001 are available from twelve of the models contributing to this study and are compared here with observed profiles from ozonesondes. The contributions from each major source region are analysed for selected sondes, and this analysis is supplemented by retroplume calculations using the FLEXPART Lagrangian particle dispersion model to provide insight into the origin of ozone transport events and the cause of differences between the models and observations. In the boundary layer ozone levels are in general strongly affected by regional sources and sinks. With a considerably longer lifetime in the free troposphere, ozone here is to a much larger extent affected by processes on a larger scale such as intercontinental transport and exchange with the stratosphere. Such individual events are difficult to trace over several days or weeks of transport. As a result statistical relationships between models and ozone sonde measurements are far less satisfactory than for surface measurements at all seasons. The lowest bias between model calculated ozone profiles and the ozone sonde measurements is seen in the winter and autumn months. Following the increase in photochemical activity in the spring and summer months the spread in model results increases and the agreement between ozone sonde measurements and the individual models deteriorates further. At selected sites calculated contributions to ozone levels in the free troposphere from intercontinental transport are presented. Intercontinental transport is identified based on differences in model calculations with unperturbed emissions and emissions reduced by 20% by region. With emissions perturbed by 20% per region calculated intercontinental contributions to ozone in the free troposphere range from less than 1 ppb to 3 ppb, with small contributions in winter. The results are corroborated by the retroplume calculations. At several locations the seasonal contributions to ozone in the free troposphere from intercontinental transport differ from what has been shown earlier at the surface using the same dataset. The large spread in model results points to a need of further evaluation of the chemical and physical processes in order to improve the credibility of global model results.

Published
2009

31. Intercontinental impacts of ozone pollution on human mortality

Author

Michael G. Sanderson, A. Lupu, Daniel A. Jaffe, Daniel Bergmann, Susan C. Anenberg, Marta G. Vivanco, Arlene M. Fiore, Martin G. Schultz, Kees Cuvelier, F. J. Dentener, Ian A. MacKenzie, Michael J. Prather, Drew Shindell, Elina Marmer, Guang Zeng, Jan Eiof Jonson, J. Jason West, Oliver Wild, Sophie Szopa, Rokjin J. Park, Michael Gauss, B. N. Duncan, Peter Hess, University of North Carolina [Chapel Hill] (UNC), University of North Carolina System (UNC), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Lung Diseases, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, ozone pollution, Air pollution, source region, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, south asia, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, chemical transport models, chemistry.chemical_compound, ozone exposures, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Volatile organic compound, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ozone pollution, chemistry.chemical_classification, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Air Pollutants, emission change, human mortality, east asia, Europe, premature mortality, Environmental chemistry, Nitrogen oxide, health impact, Seasons, Ozone, Asia, Heart Diseases, function parameters, emission reduction, modeling studies, surface ozone, medicine, Environmental Chemistry, ozone response, Humans, East Asia, Computer Simulation, non-methane volatile organic compounds, Mortality, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Air quality index, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Population Density, Environmental engineering, General Chemistry, Environmental Exposure, Models, Theoretical, source-receptor, chemistry, 13. Climate action, carbon monoxide emissions, North America, Environmental science, Carbon monoxide
Abstract

Ozone exposure is associated with negative health impacts, including premature mortality. Observations and modeling studies demonstrate that emissions from one continent influence ozone air quality over other continents. We estimate the premature mortalities avoided from surface ozone decreases obtained via combined 20% reductions of anthropogenic nitrogen oxide, nonmethane volatile organic compound, and carbon monoxide emissions in North America (NA), East Asia (EA), South Asia (SA), and Europe (EU). We use estimates of ozone responses to these emission changes from several atmospheric chemical transport models combined with a health impact function. Foreign emission reductions contribute approximately 30%, 30%, 20%, and >50% of the mortalities avoided by reducing precursor emissions in all regions together in NA, EA, SA, and EU, respectively. Reducing emissions in NA and EU avoids more mortalities outside the source region than within, owing in part to larger populations in foreign regions. Lowering the global methane abundance by 20% reduces mortality most in SA, followed by EU, EA, and NA. For some source−receptor pairs, there is greater uncertainty in our estimated avoided mortalities associated with the modeled ozone responses to emission changes than with the health impact function parameters.

Published
2009

33. Multimodel estimates of intercontinental source-receptor relationships for ozone pollution

Author

Gerd A. Folberth, F. J. Dentener, A. Zuber, Michael Schulz, A. Lupu, Ian A. MacKenzie, Arlene M. Fiore, Peter Hess, C. Textor, Jacek W. Kaminski, Martin G. Schultz, Dan Bergmann, Peter Wind, C. Cuvelier, Greg Carmichael, Elina Marmer, C. S. Atherton, Sunling Gong, Larry W. Horowitz, Tracey Holloway, Michael G. Sanderson, Bryan N. Duncan, Giovanni Pitari, Ruth M. Doherty, V. Montanaro, Didier Hauglustaine, G. Wojcik, Marta G. Vivanco, M. Gauss, Kirsty J. Pringle, Sabine Schroeder, R. Van Dingenen, Ivar S. A. Isaksen, David Stevenson, Daniel J. Jacob, Isabelle Bey, Gregory Faluvegi, Oliver Wild, Rokjin J. Park, Drew Shindell, Sophie Szopa, Terry Keating, John A. Pyle, William J. Collins, Shiliang Wu, Guang Zeng, Jan Eiof Jonson, NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
Pollution, Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, media_common.quotation_subject, Mics-Asia-Ii, Soil Science, 010501 environmental sciences, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), ddc:550, Background Ozone, Tropospheric ozone, Transatlantic Transport, Eastern United-States, Carbon-Monoxide, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, NOx, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, media_common, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Tropospheric Ozone, Ecology, Atmospheric methane, Northern Hemisphere, Paleontology, Forestry, North-America, Geophysics, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Greenhouse gas, Atmospheric chemistry, Surface Ozone, Mace-Head, Environmental science, Regional Air-Quality
Abstract

Understanding the surface O-3 response over a "receptor" region to emission changes over a foreign "source" region is key to evaluating the potential gains from an international approach to abate ozone (O-3) pollution. We apply an ensemble of 21 global and hemispheric chemical transport models to estimate the spatial average surface O-3 response over east Asia (EA), Europe (EU), North America (NA), and south Asia (SA) to 20% decreases in anthropogenic emissions of the O-3 precursors, NOx, NMVOC, and CO (individually and combined), from each of these regions. We find that the ensemble mean surface O-3 concentrations in the base case (year 2001) simulation matches available observations throughout the year over EU but overestimates them by > 10 ppb during summer and early fall over the eastern United States and Japan. The sum of the O-3 responses to NOx, CO, and NMVOC decreases separately is approximately equal to that from a simultaneous reduction of all precursors. We define a continental-scale "import sensitivity" as the ratio of the O-3 response to the 20% reductions in foreign versus "domestic" (i.e., over the source region itself) emissions. For example, the combined reduction of emissions from the three foreign regions produces an ensemble spatial mean decrease of 0.6 ppb over EU (0.4 ppb from NA), less than the 0.8 ppb from the reduction of EU emissions, leading to an import sensitivity ratio of 0.7. The ensemble mean surface O-3 response to foreign emissions is largest in spring and late fall (0.7-0.9 ppb decrease in all regions from the combined precursor reductions in the three foreign regions), with import sensitivities ranging from 0.5 to 1.1 (responses to domestic emission reductions are 0.8-1.6 ppb). High O-3 values are much more sensitive to domestic emissions than to foreign emissions, as indicated by lower import sensitivities of 0.2 to 0.3 during July in EA, EU, and NA when O-3 levels are typically highest and by the weaker relative response of annual incidences of daily maximum 8-h average O-3 above 60 ppb to emission reductions in a foreign region(< 10-20% of that to domestic) as compared to the annual mean response (up to 50% of that to domestic). Applying the ensemble annual mean results to changes in anthropogenic emissions from 1996 to 2002, we estimate a Northern Hemispheric increase in background surface O-3 of about 0.1 ppb a(-1), at the low end of the 0.1-0.5 ppb a(-1) derived from observations. From an additional simulation in which global atmospheric methane was reduced, we infer that 20% reductions in anthropogenic methane emissions from a foreign source region would yield an O-3 response in a receptor region that roughly equals that produced by combined 20% reductions of anthropogenic NOx, NMVOC, and CO emissions from the foreign source

Published
2009

34. Atmospheric composition change - global and regional air quality

Author

Zbigniew Klimont, H.M. ten Brink, Alexander Baklanov, Paolo Laj, Heidi Huntrieser, Isabelle Bey, James D. Lee, Alex Guenther, Andreas Petzold, Maria Kanakidou, Jan Kaiser, Volker Grewe, Andreas Stohl, D. D. Parrish, E. Fragkou, Paul S. Monks, F. J. Dentener, Owen R. Cooper, Ulrich Pöschl, André S. H. Prévôt, Jens Hjorth, Markku Kulmala, Stefan Reimann, Sandro Fuzzi, S. Generoso, G. R. van der Werf, Michael E. Jenkin, Andreas Hofzumahaus, Martin L. Williams, Nicolas Moussiopoulos, Mark Lawrence, Gregory J. Frost, R. von Glasow, Robert Vautard, J. Theloke, Ch. Vlachokostas, Hans-Christen Hansson, David Simpson, Ulrich Platt, Michela Maione, Hajime Akimoto, Claire Granier, Ivar S. A. Isaksen, Claire E. Reeves, John J. Orlando, Colin D. O'Dowd, Aude Mieville, A. Metzger, Rainer Steinbrecher, Robert S. Blake, Paul Ginoux, Kenneth S. Carslaw, Nicola J. Blake, Catherine Liousse, Karine Sellegri, Yinon Rudich, Urs Baltensperger, Stephan Henne, Vigdis Vestreng, Gordon McFiggans, David Fowler, Paul I. Palmer, Markus Amann, Hydrology and Geo-environmental sciences, Department of Chemistry [Leicester], University of Leicester, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima (ISAC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), Frontier Research Center for Global Change (FRCGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry [Paul Scherrer Institute] (LAC), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), University of California [Irvine] (UCI), University of California, School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Edinburgh] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Department of Applied Environmental Science [Stockholm] (ITM), Stockholm University, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EMPA), Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre - Troposphäre (ICG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO), University of Oslo (UiO), Atmospheric Chemistry Services [UK], School of Environmental Sciences [Norwich], University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Department of Physics [Helsinki], Falculty of Science [Helsinki], University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Chemistry [York, UK], University of York [York, UK], Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Istituto di Scienze Chimiche 'F. Bruner', Università degli Studi di Urbino 'Carlo Bo', School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences [Manchester] (SEAES), University of Manchester [Manchester], Ionicon Analytik GmbH, Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies [Galway] (C-CAPS), National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), School of Geosciences [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research [Rehovot], Weizmann Institute of Science [Rehovot, Israël], Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung (IMK-IFU), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), EMEP Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-West (MSC-W), European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP), European Environment Agency (EEA)-European Environment Agency (EEA), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), Universität Stuttgart [Stuttgart], VU University Amsterdam, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique - Clermont Auvergne (LaMP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LA), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Weizmann Institute of Science, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Vrije universiteit = Free university of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), University of California (UC), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, environmental chamber data, Atmosphere Troposphere Air quality Emissions Climate Co-benefit Oxidation chemistry Aerosols Transport of pollutants Ozone, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Earth science, Climate change, Context (language use), 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, 12. Responsible consumption, transport of pollutants, chemistry.chemical_compound, 11. Sustainability, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Ecosystem, Air quality index, climate, particulate products distribution, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Aerosols, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Pollutant, long-range transport, gas-phase ozonolysis, Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Atmosphere, 2003 heat-wave, Troposphere, emissions, master chemical mechanism, 15. Life on land, Trace gas, pem-tropics-b, Co-benefit, marine boundary-layer, Megacity, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Air quality, Oxidation chemistry, tropospheric chemistry mechanism, secondary organic aerosol
Abstract

Air quality transcends all scales with in the atmosphere from the local to the global with handovers and feedbacks at each scale interaction. Air quality has manifold effects on health, ecosystems heritage and, climate. In this review the state of scientific understanding in relation to global and regional air quality is outlined. The review discusses air quality, in terms of emissions, processing and transport of trace gases and aerosols. New insights into the characterization of both natural and anthropogenic emissions are reviewed looking at both natural (e.g. dust and lightning) as well as plant emissions. Trends in anthropogenic emissions both by region and globally are discussed as well as biomass burning emissions. In terms of chemical processing the major air quality elements of ozone, non-methane hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and aerosols are covered. A number of topics are presented as a way of integrating the process view into the atmospheric context; these include the atmospheric oxidation efficiency, halogen and HOx chemistry, nighttime chemistry, tropical chemistry, heat waves, megacities, biomass burning and the regional hot spot of the Mediterranean. New findings with respect to the transport of pollutants across the scales are discussed, in particular the move to quantify the impact of long-range transport on regional air quality. Gaps and research questions that remain intractable are identified. The review concludes with a focus of research and policy questions for the coming decade. In particular, the policy challenges for concerted air quality and climate change policy (co-benefit) are discussed. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Published
2009

35. Abstracts of the 6th FECS Conference 1998 Lectures

Author

F. Sherwood Rowland, Donald R. Blake, B. R. Larsen, Anne Lindskog, Peter J. Peterson, W. Peter Williams, T. J. Wallington, M. J. Pilling, N. Carslaw, D. J. Creasey, D. E. Heard, P. Jacobs, J. Lee, A. C. Lewis, J. B. McQuaid, William R. Stockwell, Hartmut Frank, P. Sacco, V. Cocheo, E. Lynge, A. Andersen, R. Nilsson, L. Barlow, E. Pukkala, R. Nordlinder, P. Boffetta, P. Grandjean, P. Heikkil, L. G. Hürte, R. Jakobsson, I. Lundberg, B. Moen, T. Partanen, T. Riise, A. Borowiak, E. De Saeger, K. G. Schnitzler, G. Gravenhorst, H. W. Jacobi, S. Moelders, G. Lammel, G. Busch, F. O. Beese, F. J. Dentener, J. Feichter, K. Fraedrich, G. J. Roelofs, R. Friedrich, S. Reis, F. Voehringer, D. Simpson, N. Moussiopoulos, P. Sahm, P. M. Tourlou, R. Salmons, D. Papameletiou, J. M. Maqueda, Per B. Suhr, W. Bell, C. Paton-Walsh, P. T. Woods, R. H. Partridge, J. Slemr, F. Slemr, N. Schmidbauer, A. R. Ravishankara, Michael E. Jenkin, G. de Leeuw, A. M. J. van Eijk, A. I. Flossmann, W. Wobrock, P. G. Mestayer, B. Tranchant, E. Ljungström, R. Karlsson, S. E. Larsen, M. Roemer, P. J. H. Builtjes, Brigitte Koffi, Ernest N’Dri Koffi, Emile De Saeger, H. Ro-Poulsen, T. N. Mikkelsen, P. Hummelshøj, M. F. Hovmand, Bernd R. T. Simoneit, A. van der Meulen, Michael B. Meyer, T. Berndt, O. Böge, F. Stratmann, Glen R. Cass, Roy M. Harrison, Ji Ping Shi, T. Hoffmann, B. Warscheid, R. Bandur, U. Marggraf, W. Nigge, Richard Kamens, Myoseon Jang, Mike Strommen, Chao-Jung Chien, Keri Leach, M. Ammann, M. Kalberer, F. Arens, V. Lavanchy, H. W. Gâggeler, U. Baltensperger, J. A. Davies, R. A. Cox, S. García Alonso, R. Pérez Pastor, Gustavo A. Argüello, Helge Willner, V. I. Bogillo, V. A. Pokrovskiy, O. V. Kuraev, P. F. Gozhyk, E. Bolzacchini, M. Bruschi, P. Fantucci, S. Meinardi, M. Orlandi, B. Rindone, Ezio Bolzacchini, Birger Bohn, Bruno Rindone, Maurizo Bruschi, Cornelius Zetzsch, C. Brussol, M. Duane, B. Larsen, P. Carlier, D. Kotzias, A. Baeza Caracena, A. Miñana Aznar, E. González Ferradás, C. S. Christensen, H. Skov, N. O. Jensen, C. Lohse, C. Chatzis, C. Boaretto, F. Quaglio, L. Zaratin, D. Pagani, L. Cocheo, Vincenzo Cocheo, Agustin Minana Asnar, Annerita Baldan, Pascual P. Ballesta, Caterina Boaretto, Antonia B. Caracena, Enrique Gonzalez Ferradas, Nobert Gonzalez-Flesca, Eddie Goelen, Asger B. Hansen, Paolo Sacco, Henrik Skov, V. Consonni, P. Gramatica, A. Santagostino, P. Galvani, Viviana Consonni, Paola Gramatica, Roberto Todeschini, G. Dippel, H. Reinhardt, R. Zellner, K. Dämmer, G. Bednarek, M. Breil, A. Febo, I. Allegrini, C. Giliberti, C. Perrino, P. G. T. Fogg, H. Geiger, I. Barnes, K. H. Becker, T. Maurer, F. Geyskens, R. Bormans, M. Lambrechts, E. Goelen, Martina Giese, M. Glasius, P. Hornung, J. K. Jacobsen, H. S. Klausen, K. C. Klitgaard, C. K. Møller, A. P. F. Petersen, L. S. Petersen, S. Wessel, T. S. Hansen, E. Boaretto, J. Heinemeier, D. Di Bella, M. Lahaniati, A. Calogirou, N. R. Jensen, J. Hjorth, N. Gonzalez-Flesca, A. Cicolella, M. Bates, E. Bastin, M. A. Gurbanov, K. M. Akhmedly, V. S. Balayev, K. F. Haselmann, R. Ketola, F. Laturnus, F. R. Lauritsen, C. Grøn, H. Herrmann, B. Ervens, A. Reese, Th. Umschlag, F. Wicktor, K. Müller, Garry D. Hayman, M. Courtney, Matthew S. Johnson, Flemming Hegelund, Bengt Nelander, Frank Kirchner, B. Klotz, Ian Barnes, S. Sørensen, T. Etzkorn, U. Platt, K. Wirtz, M. Martín-Reviejo, Frank Laturnus, E. Martinez, B. Cabañas, A. Aranda, P. Martín, S. Salgado, D. Rodriguez, P. Masclet, J. L. Jaffrezo, R. Hillamo, A. Mellouki, S. Le Calvé, G. Le Bras, J. Moriarty, S. O’Donnell, J. Wenger, H. Sidebottom, M. T. Bomboi Mingarrol, S. Cosin, M. J. Sanz, I. Bravo, D. Gonzalez, M. A. Pérez, Islam Mustafaev, Saida Mammadova, J. Noda, M. Hallquist, S. Langer, K. Nohara, S. Kutsuna, T. Ibusuki, Michael Oehme, Stephan Kölliker, Stephan Brombacher, Leo Merz, A. Quejido Cabezas, J. Peeters, L. Vereecken, J. El Yazal, Hans-Ulrich Pfeffer, Ludger Breuer, J. Platz, O. J. Nielsen, J. Sehested, J. C. Ball, M. D. Hurley, A. M. Straccia, W. F. Schneider, M. P. Pérez-Casany, I. Nebot-Gil, J. Sánchez-Marín, E. Putz, G. Folberth, G. Pfister, L. Weissflog, N. P. Elansky, Søren Sørensen, M. Shao, A. C. Heiden, D. Kley, P. Rockel, J. Wildt, G. V. A. Silva, M. T. Vasconcelos, E. O. Fernandes, A. M. S. Santos, Asger Hansen, Per Løfstrøm, Gitte Lorenzen, J. R. Stabel, P. Wolkoff, T. Pedersen, A. B. Strom, Ole Hertel, Finn Palmgren Jensen, Jens Hjorth, Bosse Galle, Svante Wallin, J. Theloke, H. G. Libuda, F. Zabel, Muriel Touaty, Bernard Bonsang, M. Ullerstam, John Wenger, Amélie Bonard, Marcus Manning, Sinéad Nolan, Niamh O’Sullivan, Howard Sidebottom, Eoin Collins, Jennie Moriarty, Sinéad O’Donnell, Paul Chadwick, Barbara O’Leary, Jack Treacy, Peder Wolkoff, Per A. Clausen, Cornelius K. Wilkins, Karin S. Hougaard, Gunnar D. Nielsen, Viktors Zilinskis, Guntis Jansons, Aigars Peksens, Agris Lazdins, Y. V. Arinci, N. Erdöl, E. Ekinci, H. Okutan, I. Manlafalioglu, Evangelos B. Bakeas, Panayotis A. Siskos, Loizos G. Viras, Vasiliki N. Smirnioudi, Jan W. Bottenheim, Thomas Biesenthal, Wanmin Gong, Paul Makar, Véronique Delmas, Tamara Menard, Véronique Tatry, Jacques Moussafir, Dominique Thomas, Alexis Coppalle, Thomas Ellermann, Lise Frohn, Ole H. Manscher, Jørgen Friis, Rasa Girgzdiene, Aloyzas Girgzdys, N. A. Gurevich, Katarina Gårdfeldt, Sarka Langer, C. Hermans, A. C. Vandaele, M. Carleer, S. Fally, R. Colin, P. F. Bernath, A. Jenouvrier, B. Coquart, M. -F. Mérienne, H. Huntrieser, H. Schlager, C. Feigl, Kåre Kemp, Finn Palmgren, Sissi Kiilsholm, Alix Rasmussen, Jens Havskov Sørensen, Otto Klemm, Holger Lange, René Wugt Larsen, Niels Wessel Larsen, Flemming Nicolaisen, Georg Ole Sørensen, Jon Are Beukes, Poul Bo Larsen, Steen Solvang Jensen, Jes Fenger, Gerrit de Leeuw, Gerard Kunz, Leo Cohen, Heinke Schlünzen, Frank Muller, Michael Schulz, Susanne Tamm, Gary Geernaert, Britta Pedersen, Lise Lotte Sørensen Geernaert, Søren Lund, Elisabetta Vignati, Tim Jickells, Lucinda Spokes, C. Matei, O. A. Jinga, D. C. Jinga, R. Moliner, C. Braekman-Danheux, A. Fontana, I. Suelves, T. Thieman, S. Vassilev, Zahari Zlatev, Jørgen Brandt, Annemarie Bastrup-Birk, A. Tsouli, Andreas M. Windsperger, Kristina Turi, Oliver Dworak, C. Zellweger, E. Weingartner, R. Rüttimann, P. Hofer, A. Ziv, E. Iakovleva, F. Palmgren, R. Berkovicz, A. Alastuey, X. Querol, A. Chaves, A. Lopez-Soler, C. Ruiz, J. M. Andrees, M. Giusto, M. Angeloni, P. Di Filippo, F. D’Innocenzio, L. Lepore, A. Marconi, M. Yu. Arshinov, B. D. Belan, D. K. Davydov, V. K. Kovaleskii, A. P. Plotinov, E. V. Pokrovskii, T. K. Sklyadneva, G. N. Tolmachev, Wolfgang Behnke, Manfred Elend, Ulrich Krüger, V. K. Kovalevskii, A. P. Plotnikov, T. M. Rasskazchikova, D. V. Simonenkov, Merete Bilde, Pamela M. Aker, C. Börensen, U. Kirchner, V. Scheer, R. Vogt, T. Ellermann, L. L. S. Geernaert, S. C. Pryor, R. J. Barthelmie, Anders Feilberg, Torben Nielsen, Richard M. Kamens, M. C. Freitas, A. P. Marques, M. A. Reis, L. C. Alves, N. N. Ilyinskikh, I. N. Ilyinskikh, E. N. Ilyinskikh, Keld Johansen, Peter Stavnsbjerg, Pär Gabrielsson, Flemming Bak, Erik Andersen, Herman Autrup, Michael Strommen, Komov Igor, Galiy Svjatoslav, Burlak Anatoliy, I. L. Komov, A. A. Istchenko, M. G. Lourenço, D. MacTavish, A. Sirois, Pierre Masclet, Jean Luc Jaffrezo, A. Milukaite, V. Morkunas, P. Jurgutis, A. Mikelinskiene, Mona Lise Binderup, M. Pineda, J. M. Palacios, E. Garcia, C. Cilleruelo, O. B. Popovitcheva, M. E. Trukhin, N. M. Persiantseva, Yu Buriko, A. M. Starik, B. Demirdjian, J. Suzanne, T. U. Probst, B. Rietz, Z. B. Alfassi, R. Zenobi, V. M. Bogatyr’ov, V. M. Gun’ko, E. Mantilla, F. Plana, B. Artiño, A. Rauterberg-Wulff, G. W. Israël, Teresa A. P. Rocha, Armando C. Duarte, Andreas Röhrl, Gerhard Lammel, G. Spindler, Michael R. Strommen, Ruwim Berkowicz, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, MEDLINE, [CHIM.CATA]Chemical Sciences/Catalysis, General Medicine, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Pollution, Engineering physics, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Environmental Chemistry, Environmental science, Engineering ethics, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience

Published
2008

36. A multi-model study of the hemispheric transport and deposition of oxidised nitrogen

Author

Oliver Wild, Rokjin J. Park, Bryan N. Duncan, Kirsty J. Pringle, F. J. Dentener, A. Lupu, A. Zuber, Michael G. Sanderson, Ian A. MacKenzie, Dan Bergmann, Arlene M. Fiore, Sabine Schroeder, C. Cuvelier, Martin G. Schultz, Thomas Diehl, C. S. Atherton, Daniel J. Jacob, Elina Marmer, Peter Hess, Ruth M. Doherty, Jacek W. Kaminski, Peter Wind, Eva Mancini, Jan Eiof Jonson, Larry W. Horowitz, Michael J. Prather, Drew Shindell, Giovanni Pitari, Terry Keating, Sophie Szopa, Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Environmental Science [Lancaster], Lancaster University, Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
South asia, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, atmospheric transport, Climate change, 010501 environmental sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, nitrogen, nitric oxide, emission, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Tropospheric chemistry, East Asia, pollutant transport, Nitrogen oxides, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Model study, atmospheric deposition, Exportation, Geophysics, Geography, Deposition (aerosol physics), 13. Climate action, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Physical geography
Abstract

International audience; Fifteen chemistry‐transport models are used to quantify, for the first time, the export of oxidised nitrogen (NOy) to and from four regions (Europe, North America, South Asia, and East Asia), and to estimate the uncertainty in the results. Between 12 and 24% of the NOx emitted is exported from each region annually. The strongest impact of each source region on a foreign region is: Europe on East Asia, North America on Europe, South Asia on East Asia, and East Asia on North America. Europe exports the most NOy, and East Asia the least. East Asia receives the most NOy from the other regions. Between 8 and 15% of NOx emitted in each region is transported over distances larger than 1000 km, with 3–10% ultimately deposited over the foreign regions.

Published
2008

37. Supplementary material to 'Global ozone and air quality: a multi-model assessment of risks to human health and crops'

Author

K. Ellingsen, M. Gauss, R. Van Dingenen, F. J. Dentener, L. Emberson, A. M. Fiore, M. G. Schultz, D. S. Stevenson, M. R. Ashmore, C. S. Atherton, D. J. Bergmann, I. Bey, T. Butler, J. Drevet, H. Eskes, D. A. Hauglustaine, I. S. A. Isaksen, L. W. Horowitz, M. Krol, J. F. Lamarque, M. G. Lawrence, T. van Noije, J. Pyle, S. Rast, J. Rodriguez, N. Savage, S. Strahan, K. Sudo, S. Szopa, and O. Wild

Published
2008

38. Global ozone and air quality: a multi-model assessment of risks to human health and crops

Author

J. Drevet, Sophie Szopa, Henk Eskes, Maarten Krol, F. J. Dentener, R. Van Dingenen, Sebastian Rast, Ivar S. A. Isaksen, Dan Bergmann, David Stevenson, C. S. Atherton, Larry W. Horowitz, John A. Pyle, Oliver Wild, Martin G. Schultz, Arlene M. Fiore, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Mike Ashmore, Mark Lawrence, Jose M. Rodriguez, T. P. C. van Noije, Susan E. Strahan, Lisa Emberson, Nicholas Savage, Didier A. Hauglustaine, Kengo Sudo, Isabelle Bey, M. Gauss, Tim Butler, and K. Ellingsen

Subjects
Special Report on Emissions Scenarios, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric models, Meteorology, Climate change, Vegetation, 010501 environmental sciences, Seasonality, medicine.disease, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Atmospheric chemistry, medicine, Environmental science, Air quality index, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Within ACCENT, a European Network of Excellence, eighteen atmospheric models from the U.S., Europe, and Japan calculated present (2000) and future (2030) concentrations of ozone at the Earth's surface with hourly temporal resolution. Comparison of model results with surface ozone measurements in 14 world regions indicates that levels and seasonality of surface ozone in North America and Europe are characterized well by global models, with annual average biases typically within 5–10 nmol/mol. However, comparison with rather sparse observations over some regions suggest that most models overestimate annual ozone by 15–20 nmol/mol in some locations. Two scenarios from the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) and one from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (IPCC SRES) have been implemented in the models. This study focuses on changes in near-surface ozone and their effects on human health and vegetation. Different indices and air quality standards are used to characterise air quality. We show that often the calculated changes in the different indices are closely inter-related. Indices using lower thresholds are more consistent between the models, and are recommended for global model analysis. Our analysis indicates that currently about two-thirds of the regions considered do not meet health air quality standards, whereas only 2–4 regions remain below the threshold. Calculated air quality exceedances show moderate deterioration by 2030 if current emissions legislation is followed and slight improvements if current emissions reduction technology is used optimally. For the "business as usual" scenario severe air quality problems are predicted. We show that model simulations of air quality indices are particularly sensitive to how well ozone is represented, and improved accuracy is needed for future projections. Additional measurements are needed to allow a more quantitative assessment of the risks to human health and vegetation from changing levels of surface ozone.

Published
2008

39. Radiative forcing by aerosols as derived from the AeroCom present-day and pre-industrial simulations

Author

F. J. Dentener, Ivar S. A. Isaksen, Gunnar Myhre, Michael Schulz, C. Textor, S. Reddy, Stefan Kinne, Trond Iversen, Susanne E. Bauer, Joyce E. Penner, Yves Balkanski, Tore F. Berglen, Xiaohong Liu, Alf Kirkevåg, Øyvind Seland, Philip Stier, Sarah Guibert, Olivier Boucher, V. Montanaro, Dorothy Koch, Terje Koren Berntsen, Giovanni Pitari, Toshihiko Takemura, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Columbia University [New York], University of Oslo (UiO), Hadley Centre, Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Dipartimento di Fisica, NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Research Institute for Apllied mechanics, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Battelle, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Cloud cover, Forcing (mathematics), 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Atmosphere, lcsh:Chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Optical depth, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Albedo, Radiative forcing, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, lcsh:QD1-999, Extinction (optical mineralogy), 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, lcsh:Physics, Caltech Library Services
Abstract

Nine different global models with detailed aerosol modules have independently produced instantaneous direct radiative forcing due to anthropogenic aerosols. The anthropogenic impact is derived from the difference of two model simulations with prescribed aerosol emissions, one for present-day and one for pre-industrial conditions. The difference in the solar energy budget at the top of the atmosphere (ToA) yields a new harmonized estimate for the aerosol direct radiative forcing (RF) under all-sky conditions. On a global annual basis RF is −0.22 Wm−2, ranging from +0.04 to −0.41 Wm−2, with a standard deviation of ±0.16 Wm−2. Anthropogenic nitrate and dust are not included in this estimate. No model shows a significant positive all-sky RF. The corresponding clear-sky RF is −0.68 Wm−2. The cloud-sky RF was derived based on all-sky and clear-sky RF and modelled cloud cover. It was significantly different from zero and ranged between −0.16 and +0.34 Wm−2. A sensitivity analysis shows that the total aerosol RF is influenced by considerable diversity in simulated residence times, mass extinction coefficients and most importantly forcing efficiencies (forcing per unit optical depth). The clear-sky forcing efficiency (forcing per unit optical depth) has diversity comparable to that for the all-sky/ clear-sky forcing ratio. While the diversity in clear-sky forcing efficiency is impacted by factors such as aerosol absorption, size, and surface albedo, we can show that the all-sky/clear-sky forcing ratio is important because all-sky forcing estimates require proper representation of cloud fields and the correct relative altitude placement between absorbing aerosol and clouds. The analysis of the sulphate RF shows that long sulphate residence times are compensated by low mass extinction coefficients and vice versa. This is explained by more sulphate particle humidity growth and thus higher extinction in those models where short-lived sulphate is present at lower altitude and vice versa. Solar atmospheric forcing within the atmospheric column is estimated at +0.82±0.17 Wm−2. The local annual average maxima of atmospheric forcing exceed +5 Wm−2 confirming the regional character of aerosol impacts on climate. The annual average surface forcing is −1.02±0.23 Wm−2. With the current uncertainties in the modelling of the radiative forcing due to the direct aerosol effect we show here that an estimate from one model is not sufficient but a combination of several model estimates is necessary to provide a mean and to explore the uncertainty.

Published
2006

40. Radiative forcing since preindustrial times due to ozone change in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere

Author

Ivar S. A. Isaksen, David Stevenson, Michael Gauss, Giovanni Pitari, L. K. Gohar, Volker Grewe, William J. Collins, F. Lamarque, Michael G. Sanderson, Oliver Wild, F. J. Dentener, Keith P. Shine, Guang Zeng, John A. Pyle, D. Iachetti, Sophie Szopa, Loretta J. Mickley, Eva Mancini, Gunnar Myhre, Kengo Sudo, K. Ellingsen, Michael J. Prather, Didier A. Hauglustaine, Department of Geosciences, Hadley Centre, United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Climate Change Unit, Joint Research Centre, Department of Meteorology, DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dipartimento di Fisica [L'Aquila], Università degli Studi dell'Aquila (UNIVAQ), Atmospheric Chemistry Division [Boulder], National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), Harvard University [Cambridge], Department of Earth System Science [Irvine] (ESS), University of California [Irvine] (UCI), University of California-University of California, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), School of Geosciences [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, Frontier Research Center for Global Change (FRCGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Climate Change Unit [Ispra], European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Università degli Studi dell'Aquila = University of L'Aquila (UNIVAQ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Harvard University, University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), and University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)

Subjects
climate-chemistry interations, Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, anthropogenic source, Climate change, Forcing (mathematics), 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, Troposphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Ozone layer, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Tropospheric ozone, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, radiative forcing, IPCC, pre-industrial, Radiative forcing, lcsh:QC1-999, ozone, climate change, troposphere, lcsh:QD1-999, chemistry, 13. Climate action, ozone changes, Climatology, stratosphere, Dynamik der Atmosphäre, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

Changes in atmospheric ozone have occurred since the preindustrial era as a result of increasing anthropogenic emissions. Within ACCENT, a European Network of Excellence, ozone changes between 1850 and 2000 are assessed for the troposphere and the lower stratosphere (up to 30 km) by a variety of seven chemistry-climate models and three chemical transport models. The modeled ozone changes are taken as input for detailed calculations of radiative forcing. When only changes in chemistry are considered (constant climate) the modeled global-mean tropospheric ozone column increase since preindustrial times ranges from 7.9 DU to 13.8 DU among the ten participating models, while the stratospheric column reduction lies between 14.1 DU and 28.6 DU in the models considering stratospheric chemistry. The resulting radiative forcing is strongly dependent on the location and altitude of the modeled ozone change and varies between 0.25 Wm−2 and 0.45 Wm−2 due to ozone change in the troposphere and −0.123 Wm−2 and +0.066 Wm−2 due to the stratospheric ozone change. Changes in ozone and other greenhouse gases since preindustrial times have altered climate. Six out of the ten participating models have performed an additional calculation taking into account both chemical and climate change. In most models the isolated effect of climate change is an enhancement of the tropospheric ozone column increase, while the stratospheric reduction becomes slightly less severe. In the three climate-chemistry models with detailed tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry the inclusion of climate change increases the resulting radiative forcing due to tropospheric ozone change by up to 0.10 Wm−2, while the radiative forcing due to stratospheric ozone change is reduced by up to 0.034 Wm−2. Considering tropospheric and stratospheric change combined, the total ozone column change is negative while the resulting net radiative forcing is positive.

Published
2005

41. Recent trends in global greenhouse gas emissions: regional trends 1970-2000 and spatial distribution of key sources in 2000

Author

J. G. J. Olivier, Valerio Pagliari, Laurens Ganzeveld, J.A. van Aardenne, F. J. Dentener, and Jeroen Peters

Subjects
Meteorology, 020209 energy, Air pollution, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, Spatial distribution, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Earth System Science, 11. Sustainability, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, medicine, Regional science, Life Science, European commission, Environmental impact assessment, Plank, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, WIMEK, Joint research, Environmental Systems Analysis, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Milieusysteemanalyse, Environmental science, Leerstoelgroep Aardsysteemkunde
Abstract

In 2004, the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission, the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (MNP) and the Max Plank Institute for Chemistry (MPIC) started a project to create fast (bi-)annual updates of the EDGAR global emission inventory system, based on the more detailed previous version 3.2. Here, the key features of the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research, EDGAR 3 are first summarized, and then the compilation of recent global trends having a major influence on variables and the new 'Fast Track' approach to estimate recent emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants in 2000 at a country-specific level are described. Also provided is an overview of the approaches and data sources used for this EDGAR 3.2 Fast Track 2000 dataset, the different source sectors and the accuracies achieved, with a focus on anthropogenic sources of methane and nitrous oxide. Results of global emission trends for four air pollutants are also briefly addressed. Results for various sources and greenhouse gases at regional and national scales and on 11 degree grid have been made available on the EDGAR website.

Published
2005

42. Hydroxyl radicals maintain the self-cleansing capacity of the troposphere

Author

F. J. Dentener, Wouter Peters, Maarten Krol, Johannes Lelieveld, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research [Utrecht] (IMAU), Utrecht University [Utrecht], and EGU, Publication

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Chloroform, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Radical, chemistry.chemical_element, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Troposphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Carbon, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Billions of tons natural and anthropogenic gases are released and subsequently removed from the troposphere each year. Photochemical reactions, initiated by hydroxyl (OH) radicals, oxidise most gases to products which are more easily removed by precipitation and dry deposition at the Earth's surface. Since human-induced pollution emissions strongly affect OH formation and loss, large global changes in OH concentrations are possible. The available evidence as reviewed here, however, indicates that global mean OH has changed relatively little in the past century. Depletion of OH by reactive carbon gases has been compensated by increased OH formation by nitrogen oxides, an act of "inadvertent geo-engineering". Analyses of global mean OH for the past 2.5 decades, however, partly based on methyl chloroform measurements, are ambiguous. Especially the OH trend in the 1990s based on these analyses is at odds with present understanding. Since the discrepancy is dominated by the uncertainty in methyl chloroform emission estimates, improvements of source inventories and model analyses, combined with continued high precision methyl chloroform measurements, will help resolve this problem.

Published
2004

43. Radiative forcing in the 21st century due to ozone changes in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere

Author

Oliver Wild, J.-F. Müller, Jostein K. Sundet, M. Johnson, Gunnar Myhre, Daniel J. Jacob, Giovanni Pitari, Helen Rogers, P. H. Plantevin, Didier A. Hauglustaine, Loretta J. Mickley, Ivar S. A. Isaksen, K. S. Law, Richard G. Derwent, David Stevenson, John A. Pyle, Michael Gauss, Guy Brasseur, M. van Weele, Michael J. Prather, Terje Koren Berntsen, Larry W. Horowitz, and F. J. Dentener

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil Science, Forcing (mathematics), Aquatic Science, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Atmospheric composition, Troposphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Radiative transfer, medicine, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, Ecology, Paleontology, Forestry, Radiative forcing, Seasonality, medicine.disease, Geophysics, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Climatology
Abstract

ranging from 0.40 to 0.78 W m 2 on a global and annual average. The lower stratosphere contributes an additional 7.5–9.3 DU to the calculated increase in the ozone column, increasing radiative forcing by 0.15–0.17 W m 2 . The modeled radiative forcing depends on the height distribution and geographical pattern of predicted ozone changes and shows a distinct seasonal variation. Despite the large variations between the 11 participating models, the calculated range for normalized radiative forcing is within 25%, indicating the ability to scale radiative forcing to global-mean ozone column change. INDEX TERMS: 0365 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere—composition and chemistry; 0341 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere—constituent transport and chemistry (3334) Citation: Gauss, M., et al., Radiative forcing in the 21st century due to ozone changes in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D9), 4292, doi:10.1029/2002JD002624, 2003.

Published
2003

44. Working group report. Relations between scale, model approach and model parameters

Author

R. Wanninkhof, J.P. Malingreau, M. Novak, Mathieu Starink, C. Kroeze, F. J. Dentener, Roel Plant, T. Kaminski, Peter S. Liss, Jack J. Middelburg, and N.S. Panikov

Subjects
WIMEK, Forcing (recursion theory), Atmosphere (unit), Laboratorium voor Bodemkunde en geologie, Scale (ratio), Operations research, Computer science, Computation, Laboratory of Soil Science and Geology, Industrial engineering, Field (computer science), Life Science, Representation (mathematics), Scale model, Scaling
Abstract

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a report on relations among scale, model approach, and model parameters. A model can be defined as a simplified representation of nature or a system that can be used, inter alia , to improve the understanding of processes or to simulate and evaluate the response to an imposed forcing. Models can be classified in various ways—that is, according to discipline (physics, biology, chemistry, or economy), to scale (molecular, micro-scale, measurement scale, field scale, regional, or global), or according to their mathematical nature. The chapter focuses on scaling trace gas exchanges between terrestrial and aquatic systems and the atmosphere. It presents a number of examples that are instructive for the problems encountered in dealing with the scaling issue. These examples illustrate the intimate relationship between scale and the model approach chosen. The chapter discusses the rationale of adopting a certain scale and evaluates the use of models in up- and down-scaling, emphasizing the balance between required detail and feasibility of validation and computation. A comparison of scaling problems inherent to marine and terrestrial ecosystems is also provided.

Published
1999

45. Global climate policy scenarios: The benefits and trade-offs for air pollution

Author

R Van Dingenen, Elina Marmer, F. J. Dentener, Elisabetta Vignati, John Van Aardenne, L Szabo, and P Russ

Subjects
Pollution, Global climate, media_common.quotation_subject, Trade offs, Air pollution, Public policy, Climate change, medicine.disease_cause, Greenhouse gas, medicine, Environmental science, media_common.cataloged_instance, European union, Environmental planning, media_common
Published
2009

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