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Cannabis is an annual herbaceous plant sometimes grown for decoration and used as bird food that looks like flax. The study wanted to determine if a Cannabis extract may have an effect on how anxious and depressed the female mice behaved. forty healthy female mice were divided into four groups. Tap water was administered to the first group (control). Ethanol was administered to second group (positive control). The third and four groups were given 1 and 2 mg/kg cannabis extract respectively. Treatment continued for 14 days. After therapy, the light–dark chamber, forced swimming, tail suspension, plus lamb and open field tests were done to assess anxiety and depressive behavior. The results indicated that the anxiety and depression were increased in treated females significantly compared to control. Biochemical results showed that DA,5-HT, AChE, GSH, GST, CAT and SOD were decreased while TBARS, corticosterone and cortisol were increased. In conclusion, cannabis effects this kind of females’ behavior but the mechanisms are not clear yet. We need more researches on this trend.

Background. Stay-home orders and the shutdown of university campuses and fitness centers have greatly influenced health behaviors, resulting in a widespread reduction in physical activity. This study aimed to identify factors associated with maintaining physical activity among Jazan University medical students during the COVID-19 shutdown. Methods. An official Arabic short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to assess physical activity before and during the COVID-19 home quarantine. Differences between groups were examined using chi-square analyses and the Mann–Whitney U test. Multinomial logistic regression was used to test whether certain demographic and exercise-related variables were significant predictors of maintaining physical activity levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results. More than half of the participants (53%) reported no change or increased physical activity level. Several factors were significantly related to physical activity heterogeneity including income (p = 0.04), fitness center membership (p < 0.01), usage of fitness tracker devices (p < 0.01), and the purchase of physical activity equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic (p < 0.01). The odds of maintaining physical activity were higher among those who tracked their physical activity (AOR = 6.160; 95% CI = 3.782–10.032, p < 0.001). Similarly, the odds of maintaining physical activity were higher among those who purchased home-exercise equipment during the pandemic (AOR = 2.243; 95% CI = 1.386–3.632, p = 0.001). Conclusions. Understanding the factors affecting physical activity behaviors is an essential step toward addressing the reduction in physical activity. This could help maintain physical activity levels during a potential future pandemic-related shutdown.

Effect of abrasive particle size on tribological behaviour of different elastomers was investigated experimentally in this study. The size of abrasive particle size was varied from coarse (425 µm) to fine (82 µm). Wear rate and coefficient of friction were calculated and analyzed accordingly followed by the examination of worn surfaces by a scanning electron microscope to unravel the wear mechanism. Experimental results showed that abrasive size had a significant effect on wear and friction behaviour of the elastomers. As the abrasive particle size increased, wear rate and coefficient of friction also increased at different rates and exhibited different wear mechanisms that changed from friction to fatigue and roll formation. Mechanical properties of elastomers such as hardness, tensile strength, tear strength, and elongation at break also contributed to wear and friction. The effect of elongation at break and tensile strength on wear rate is more pronounced at lower abrasive particle size, whereas hardness and tear strength play a pivotal role at the higher abrasive size.

Wear of elastomers is different and far more complex than that of metallic materials, which arises owing to the effect of various operating parameters as well as physical and mechanical properties of the elastomers. Therefore, the prediction of wear of the elastomers while sliding against rough counterparts is of practical importance. The current study attempts to formulate equations to predict the wear rate of elastomers by identifying and considering the dominant material properties (such as, hardness, tensile strength, and elongation at break) as well as operating variables that control the wear The exponents and coefficient are obtained experimentally, which represent the significance of each parameter. A good correlation is observed between the calculated and measured wear rates.

Regular degradation of rubbers contribute frequent maintenance of conveyer belt system. This paper investigates wear rate and mechanisms of rubber and associated influential parameters based on the information available in literature. Abrasion, fatigue and roll formation are dominate wear mechanisms that are influenced by load, sliding velocity, hardness and friction. Correlations among influential parameters and their effect on rubber wear was established in details. Archad's equation does not work for rubber wear but researchers have proposed equations similar to that. Adhesion wear forms roll in the smooth surface when tear strength of rubber is low. Wear caused by adhesion is abrasion when surface texture is harsh. Hysteresis enhances fatigue wear if the substrate asperities are round or blunt.

Rubbers are polymer materials characterized by the ability of reversible deformation under influence of external deformation forces, described as a material with elastic properties. Rubbers include natural rubber, naturally occurring substance and synthetic rubber, artificially derived from petrochemical product. Products made from rubber have flexible and stable 3-dimensional chemical structure and the ability to stretch repeatedly of about twice the original length and return to original length. These materials are enormously used in conveyer belt system. Today, rubber materials are altered with approximately 60% synthetic polymers to achieve desired properties of final product. This chapter investigates the wear of different types of rubbers against ceramic liners which is the most realistic case in mining industries, where conveyor belts are used for ore transportation pulleys in conveyer belt system are coated with sacrificial liners of ceramics and rubbers to prolong the life of the conveyor system. However, such pulley liners are exposed to wear and even chemical reactions particularly in mining industries that are involved in transporting ores. The investigation will provide information on surface in terms of wear mechanism of rubber against ceramics, wear rate and appearance of wear surfaces.

Higher tool wear and inferior surface quality of the specimens during machining restrict metal matrix composites’ application in many areas in spite of their excellent properties. The researches in this field are not well organized, and knowledge is not properly linked to give a complete overview. Thus, it is hard to implement it in practical fields. To address this issue, this article reviews tool wear and surface generation and latest developments in machining of metal matrix composites. This will provide an insight and scientific overview in this field which will facilitate the implementation of the obtained knowledge in the practical fields. It was noted that the hard reinforcements initially start abrasive wear on the cutting tool. The abrasion exposes new cutting tool surface, which initiates adhesion of matrix material to the cutting tool and thus causes adhesion wear. Built-up edges also generate at lower cutting speeds. Although different types of coating improve tool life, only diamond cutting tools show considerably longer tool life. The application of the coolants improves tool life reasonably at higher cutting speed. Pits, voids, microcracks and fractured reinforcements are common in the machined metal matrix composite surface. These are due to ploughing, indentation and dislodgement of particles from the matrix due to tool–particle interactions. Furthermore, compressive residual stress is caused by the particles’ indentation in the machined surface. At high feeds, the feed rate controls the surface roughness of the metal matrix composite; although at low feeds, it was controlled by the particle fracture or pull out. The coarser reinforced particles and lower volume fraction enhance microhardness variations beneath the machined surface.

Resume Introduction Les bandelettes sous-uretrales (BSU) de type TOT ou TVT sont le traitement chirurgical de reference de l’incontinence urinaire d’effort (IUE). Si les resultats a court terme sont tres bons, peu de series sont disponibles a moyen et long terme. Les objectifs de ce travail etaient d’evaluer le resultat fonctionnel a moyen terme de la BSU Monarc ® apres succes initial et d’identifier les facteurs de risque de recidive d’incontinence. Materiel et methodes Etude retrospective (2004–2013), monocentrique de patientes consecutives operees pour une IUE par BSU Monarc ® . Les donnees pre- et postoperatoire etaient colligees a partir du dossier medical informatise (âge, poids, taille, IMC, statut hormonal, traitement hormonal substitutif, antecedents chirurgicaux, prolapsus associe [Baden et Walker], troubles mictionnels associes, complications postoperatoires [Clavien-Dindo]). La guerison etait definie subjectivement comme un score ICIQ-SF nul, l’absence totale re-intervention pour recidive d’incontinence urinaire et l’absence de port de protection a la date des dernieres nouvelles. L’analyse statistique etait realisee avec le logiciel SAS ® v9.3 ( p Resultats Cent trente-trois patientes consecutives ont ete operees d’une BSU Monarc ® , avec un taux de succes subjectif a court terme de 94 % (125 patientes). Parmi ces patientes, 103 (82 %) ont pu etre evaluees a moyen terme. Soixante-quatre patientes (62 %) presentaient une incontinence urinaire d’effort pure. Le suivi moyen etait de 51 mois [2–119]. A la date des dernieres nouvelles, le taux de succes subjectif etait de 61 %. Les patientes en situation d’echec presentaient une recidive d’IUE isolee dans 78 % des cas. Les autres presentaient une recidive de leur IUE associee a une hyperactivite (HAV) preexistante pour 3 patientes, ou une HAV de novo (6 patientes). En analyse univariee, aucun facteur pronostique d’echec a moyen terme n’a ete identifie. Conclusion Dans notre experience, le resultat fonctionnel a moyen terme de la BSU Monarc ® semble se degrader. Seulement 61 % des patientes initialement gueries conservaient un benefice chirurgical a 4 ans. Niveau de preuve 4.

Duplex surface treatment, that is, chromizing and plasma nitriding (PN) of steels have attracted interest from industrial sectors because of its attractive properties and ability to apply on different types of steels. This paper aims to investigate duplex treatment on different types of steels at different treatment conditions. The improvements of the treated surfaces in terms of morphology and thickness, composition, surface hardness and roughness, as well as wear and friction of the engineered layer have been analysed. It was found that several layers of different thickness are formed due to duplex treatment which depends on the specimen’s carbon content and treatment temperature. Mainly carbides and nitrides of chromium and iron are formed, where the amount and composition of them are controlled by duplex treatment process parameters. These compounds enhance the hardness and wear resistance of the treated surface. The CrxN phase is the main contributor towards high microhardness of duplex-treated layer...

Resume Objectifs Evaluer l’impact de la technique Hexvix ® sur la frequence de detection des tumeurs urotheliales et preciser le profil des tumeurs plus particulierement concernees par le ciblage Hexvix ® . Patients et methodes Entre septembre 2008 et avril 2012, un total de 107 patients (300 prelevements avec une lesion vesicale papillaire typique ou une lesion plane suspecte) ont ete identifies en cystoscopie (lumiere blanche). Une resection endoscopique etait realisee apres identification des lesions vesicales en lumiere blanche puis en lumiere bleue (Hexvix ® ). Pour chaque patient, etaient colliges les elements anatomocliniques, les groupes de risque EORTC pour la recidive et la progression des tumeurs de vessie n’infiltrant pas le muscle vesical (TVNIM). Resultats Parmi les 107 patients etudies, 67 patients avaient une tumeur urotheliale et 328 prelevements avaient une fluorescence positive en Hexvix ® . Treize localisations tumorales supplementaires ont ete diagnostiquees chez 11 patients : six Carcinomes in situ (Cis), trois tumeurs a faible potentiel de malignite (LMP), trois pTa de bas grade et un pT1 de bas grade ( p = 0,003). Le taux de faux positifs en Hexvix ® etait de 53,4 % contre 52 % en lumiere blanche. Parmi les facteurs cliniques et pathologiques etudies, la recidive tumorale, la multifocalite, et les scores EORTC de recidive et de progression superieurs ou egaux a 5 etaient statistiquement associes aux chances d’avoir un diagnostic tumoral supplementaire par Hexvix ® ( p = 0,007 ; p = 0,01 ; p = 0,03 ; p = 0,04). Les diagnostics complementaires n’ont eu aucun impact sur la suite de la prise en charge therapeutique. Conclusion Dans notre experience, le ciblage par Hexvix ® des tumeurs de vessie permettait d’augmenter les prelevements tumoraux de 9 % (13/144) chez 10,2 % des patients etudies (11/107) ( p = 0,003). Cette technique etait associee a de nombreux faux positifs (53,4 %). Les tumeurs multifocales, recidivantes et ayant des scores EORTC de recidive ou de progression superieurs ou egaux a 5 constituent les groupes d’interet du ciblage par Hexvix ® .

In this study AISI 1045 steel specimens were plasma nitrided at 803 K for 5 h, in a gas mixture of 75% N 2 + 25% H 2 . The specimens were then chromized in powder mixtures consisting of ferrochromium, ammonium chloride and alumina at 1273 K for 5 h. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and Vickers micro-hardness test were used as characterizing techniques. The thickness of white nitrided layer was around 5 μm, which was mainly composed of iron nitrides and its hardness was around 740 HV. Chromizing of nitride layer resulted in formation of Cr 2 N chromium nitride and Fe 3 N iron nitrides. A significant increase was observed in hardness after chromizing of the nitrided layer. Despite its higher hardness, the post chromised specimen showed higher wear rate than single plasma nitrided specimen.

In this work AISI 1045 steel were duplex treated via plasma nitriding of chromized layer. Samples were pack chromized by using a powder mixture consisting of ferrochromium, ammonium chloride and alumina at 1273 K for 5 h. The samples were then plasma-nitrided for 5 h at 803 K and 823 K, in a gas mixture of 75%N 2 + 25%H 2 . The treated specimens were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and Vickers micro-hardness test. The thickness of chromized layer before nitriding was about 8 μm and it was increased after plasma nitriding. According to XRD analysis, the chromized layer was composed of chromium and iron carbides. Plasma nitriding of chromized layer resulted in the formation of chromium and iron nitrides and carbides. The hardness of the duplex layers was significantly higher than the hardness of the base material or chromized layer. The main cause of the large improvement in surface hardness was due to the formation of Cr x N and Fe x N phases in the duplex treated layers. Increasing of nitriding temperature from 803 to 823 K enhanced the formation of CrN in the duplex treated layer and increased the thickness of the nitrided layer.

Resume Objectif Decrire l’epidemiologie, le diagnostic et le resultat des nephrectomies pour tumeurs des reins natifs chez les patients transplantes renaux. Patients et methode De juin 1989 a decembre 2007, 824 transplantations renales ont ete realisees et suivies en consultation annuelle par un urologue avec une echographie ou un scanner abdominal. Les lesions renales considerees comme suspectes ont ete traitees par nephrectomie elargie. L’incidence, le diagnostic, le traitement, le type histologique et la survie de tous les patients ont ete analyses. Resultats Trente-trois patients ont eu une nephrectomie pour des lesions renales suspectes. Vingt-deux tumeurs de novo des reins natifs parmi 21 patients ont ete diagnostiquees (15 carcinomes a cellules claires et sept carcinomes papillaires) avec un delai de 25,6 mois (2,3–105,5) apres la transplantation. Toutes etaient classees pT1aN0M0. Seulement un patient est decede de son cancer a huit mois. Tous les autres patients ont eu une survie sans recidive de 34,8 mois (2,8–113,9). Le taux de survie specifique apres cinq ans etait de 93,3 %. Conclusion Le risque accru de cancer parmi les patients transplantes renaux nous a conduit a proposer, en cas des lesions suspectes des reins natifs, une nephrectomie elargie. Dans notre serie, 65 % des patients pris en charge avaient un cancer. Le bon pronostic de ces tumeurs localisees justifie une attitude therapeutique agressive malgre 35 % de patients transplantes indemnes de cancer.

Resume Objectif Evaluer la sensibilite et la specificite de l’IRM pour distinguer les tumeurs urotheliales vesicales superficielles et infiltrantes. Materiel et methodes Soixante patients (52 hommes et huit femmes), d’âge moyen 66,8 ans, ont beneficie entre mai 2002 et novembre 2005, d’une IRM vesicale pour une premiere tumeur de vessie diagnostiquee par endoscopie, suivie d’une resection endoscopique de tumeur de vessie avec examen anatomopathologique. Le suivi des patients pour lesquels il existait une discordance entre IRM et analyse histologique a ete analyse. Resultats La stadification de 49 tumeurs de vessie (40 superficielles et neuf infiltrantes) etait concordante entre imagerie et anatomopathologie. Dix tumeurs vues infiltrantes a l’IRM etaient superficielles a l’analyse histologique et parmi elles, six ont recidive sur la cicatrice de resection a un ou trois mois. La sensibilite de l’IRM etait de 80 % pour une specificite de 90 %. La valeur predictive positive de cet examen etait de 97,5 %. Conclusion L’IRM a ete un examen fiable pour affirmer le caractere superficiel des tumeurs de vessie. Lorsque l’IRM et l’analyse histologique d’une resection de tumeur de vessie etaient discordantes, une resection de second look etait souhaitable pour traiter une maladie residuelle presente dans notre serie dans 60 % des cas.

Suburethral sling is the gold standard treatment for stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Short-term cure rates are high, but only few studies are available for longer assessment after transobturator tape procedure. The objectives of this study were to assess mid-term functional outcome for Monarc(®) transobturator tape after initial success, and to identify risk factors for recurrence.We conducted a single centre retrospective study (2004-2013) on consecutive women with SUI who underwent Monarc(®) transobturator tape procedure and were initially cured at the postoperative medical consultation. Pre- and postoperative data (age, weight, height, body mass index, hormonal status, surgical history, associated organ prolapse [Baden and Walker], associated urinary symptoms, postoperative complications [Clavien-Dindo]) were extracted from the electronic medical record. Subjective cure was defined by a score of zero from the ICIQ-SF questionnaire, no second intervention for recurrent SUI and no need for pads at latest news. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS(®) v9.3 (P0.05).One hundred and thirty-three consecutive women underwent TOT Monarc(®) procedure, and 125 women were cured in the short-term. Among these women, 103 (82%) were available for mid-term evaluation. Sixty-four women (62%) had pure stress urinary incontinence. The mean follow-up period was 51 months [2-119]. At last follow-up, cure rate was 61%. Seventy-eight percent of women with recurrent urinary incontinence had SUI. Other women had mixed urinary incontinence (3/40), or de novo urgency (6/40). In univariate analysis, we could not identify pejorative prognostic factors for mid-term failure.In our experience, mid-term functional outcome after Monarc(®) transobturator tape procedure seems to deteriorate. After 4 years of follow-up, 61% of the women who were initially cured were still free from any leakage.4.

Kavir-48, a protein with a molecular weight of 44 KDa, isolated from an extremophile Streptomyces was investigated for anti-proliferative activity on 10 human cell lines. 5000 cells were plated in 96 well plates. After 24 h. Kavir-48 was added in five dose levels (0.01-100 μg/ml). After 4 days of continuous exposure, the cellular DNA content and morphology was determined, using propidium iodide staining, the resulting fluorescence correlates with a number of leased cells. A selective growth inhibition (Mean IC 70) observed for the large cell Lung cancer cell line and mammary cell line. The antitumor activity as well as tolerability of product was evaluated in in vivo testing on lung cancer cells, (Xenograft in nude mice) since there might be a selective antitumor effect after 21 days of administration. Neither lethality nor body weight loss was observed in all group of tested animal, and in the large cell lung cancer model, a clear anti tumor effect observed after only five days of administration. Amino acid sequencing of protein suggest that the compound consist of a fusion proteins NISOD and a Tat protein combination. SDO are generally classified according to the metal species as well as, Nickel containing SOD (NiSOD), of Streptomyces spp. Expression of the enzymatic activity of the transduced Tat-SOD fusion proteins is essential for therapeutic application; for several reasons, such as the size and instability of the SOD enzyme these attempts to develop the natural enzyme for clinical use have been largely unsuccessful. The differential effect of Kavir-48 against distinct tumor cell lines may be due to the fact that this protein is a Fusion of Tat and NiSOD protein and then it is possible that the binding of the protein to a cell type specific receptor may trigger apoptotic signal.

Resume Objectif Evaluer en temps et en nombre d’actes, la part de l’activite consacree a la chirurgie de l’insuffisance renale chronique dans un bloc operatoire d’urologie et de transplantation. Materiel et methodes Analyse de l’activite operatoire du bloc d’urologie et de transplantation du CHU d’Amiens au cours d’une annee (2003), en evaluant le nombre d’actes et le temps d’occupation du bloc (temps entre l’entree et la sortie du bloc) recueillis partir des fiches d’ecologies remplies pour chaque intervention. Ces actes regroupent d’une part ceux de la chirurgie urologique classique de l’adulte et d’autre part l’ensemble des actes de I’insuffisance renale chronique (depuis la creation des voies d’abord de l’epuration extra renale jusqu’aux complications de la transplantation renale). Resultats La prise en charge de l’insuffisance renale chronique au bloc operatoire represente 22,6% des actes et 30,1% du temps d’occupation du bloc operatoire. Soixante neuf pour cent du temps operatoire des transplantations renales et 95% de celui des prelevements d’organes sont effectues sur l’astreinte. Conclusion L’activite operatoire liee a l’insuffisance renale chronique represente pres d’un tiers de l’activite operatoire globale d’un Service qui prend en charge cette pathologie. Ces donnees justifient l’attribution de moyens chirurgicaux supplementaires adaptes a cette activite dont l’importance croit parallelement au nombre de patients insuffisants renaux chroniques.

Objective. To evaluate the success of ureteral stent placement to treat or prepare for surgical treatment of urologic complications after renal transplantation, according to a type of ureteral anastomosis. Patient and methods. From May 1989 to December 2006, we performed 703 kidney transplantations including 412 extravesical ureteroneocystostomy (according to Lich-Gregoire technique) and 265 transvesical ureteroneocystostomy (according to Politano-Leadbetter technique). We retrospectively analyzed our endoscopic management of urinary leaks and ureteral strictures. The criteria of success were the feasibility to place a ureteral stent, permitting good drainage of the upper renal graft tract before further endoscopic or surgical treatment. Results. Forty-three urinary leaks or ureteral strictures occurred after extravesical ureteroneocystostomy (n = 21) or after Politano-Leadbetter anastomosis (n = 22). The success rate of endoscopic management was 75% (n = 16) for Politano-Leadbetter anastomosis versus 53% (n = 11) for the Lich-Gregoire anastomosis. There was no statistical difference (P = .1). Conclusion. Ureteroneocystostomy according to Lich-Gregoire procedure were twice less complicated than those according to the Politano-Leadbetter technique, but were associated with a rate of failure of ureteral stent placement in urgency higher to 25%.

Prospective evaluation of bladder tumor targeting by Hexvix(®) fluorescence.From September 2008 to April 2012, 107 patients have been evaluated using Hexvix(®) technique (blue light) for typically papillary bladder tumor or suspected bladder tumor. Clinical and pathological data have been collected prospectively and patients have been classified using EORTC score.From the 107 patients, 67 have been identified with bladder cancer and 328 samples have shown positive fluorescence in blue light. Compared to white light, 13 additional tumors have been diagnosed by Hexvix(®) for 11 patients: Cis (n=6), LMP (n=3), pTa low grade (n=3), pT1 low grade (n=1) (P=0.003). The false positive rate for Hexvix(®) was 53.4% versus 52% for white light. Previous TCC history, multifocality and EORTC score for recurrence and progression have been associated with better bladder cancer targeting by Hexvix(®) (P=0.007; P=0.01; P=0.03; P=0.04).In our experience, Hexvix(®) targeting was associated with better diagnosis for bladder cancer with 9% (13/144) of new positive samples (P=0.003). In our study, false positive rate is a critical point (53.4%). Multifocality, previous TCC, and EORTC score for recurrence and progression might allow selecting patients to be targeted by Hexvix(®).

Objective To evaluate the epidemiology, diagnosis, and outcome of de novo renal cell carcinoma in renal transplant recipients. Patients and Methods From June 1989 to August 2006, 800 renal transplant recipients were followed up annually by a urologist using abdominal ultrasonography or computed tomography. Renal lesions considered suspect were treated using extended nephrectomy. Incidence, diagnosis, histologic type, treatment, and outcome were analyzed in all patients. Results Thirty-three patients underwent nephrectomy because of suspect renal lesions including 22 de novo tumors in 21 native kidneys (renal clear-cell carcinoma in 15 and papillary carcinoma in 7). All tumors were classified as pT1aN0M0. Mean (range) time after diagnosis was 25.6 (2.3–105.5) months. Only 1 patient died, at 8 months after diagnosis. All other patients were alive at follow-up of 34.8 (2.8–113.9) months. Five-year survival was 92%. Conclusion The increased risk of tumor in renal transplant recipients leads us to propose extended nephrectomy in the case of suspect lesions in the native kidney. In our patients, 65% of patients had malignant lesions. Good prognosis for these localized tumors justified aggressive therapy even though 35% of transplant recipients were tumor-free.

Evaluate epidemiology, diagnosis and outcome of de novo renal cell carcinoma in renal transplanted patients.From June 1989 to December 2007, 824 renal transplantations were carried out and followed in annual consultation by an urologist with abdominal echography or tomodensitometry. The suspect renal lesions were treated by a widened nephrectomy. Incidence, diagnosis, treatment, histological type, and outcome of all patients were analysed.Thirty-three patients had nephrectomy for suspect renal lesions. Twenty-two de novo tumours of native kidneys among 21 patients were diagnosed (15 renal clear cell carcinoma and seven papillary tumours) with mean time after transplantation of 25,6 months (2.3-105.5). All tumours were classified pT1aN0M0. Only one patient died at 8 months of metastatic dissemination of a papillary tumour classified initially pT1aN0M0. All the other patients are alive with mean follow-up of 34.8 months (2.8-113.9). Specific survival to 5 years was 93.3%.The increase risk of tumour at the renal transplanted patient led to propose in the event of suspect lesions of the native kidneys, a widened nephrectomy. In our series, 65% of the operated patients carried a cancer. The good forecast of these localized tumours justifies a regular radiological monitoring and an aggressive therapeutic attitude despite of absence of tumours in 35% of the transplanted patients.

To determine the sensitivity and specificity of MRI to distinguish between superficial and invasive transitional cell bladder cancer.Sixty patients (52 men and eight women) with a mean age of 66.8 years were assessed by bladder MRI between May 2002 and November 2005 for a primary bladder cancer diagnosed by endoscopy, followed by transurethral resection and histological examination of the bladder cancer. Patients presenting a discordance between MRI findings and histological examination were analysed.Imaging and pathology staging was concordant for 49 bladder cancers (40 superficial and nine invasive). Ten tumours considered to be invasive on MRI were superficial on histological examination and six of them relapsed at the resection scar at one or three months. The sensitivity of MRI was 80% for a specificity of 90% and a positive predictive value of 97.5%.MRI is a reliable examination to confirm the superficial nature of bladder cancer. When MRI and histological examination of a bladder cancer resection specimen are discordant, second look surgery is recommended to treat residual disease, which was present in 60% of cases in the present series.

Objectifs Les bandelettes sous-uretrales (BSU) de type TOT ou TVT sont le traitement de reference de l’incontinence urinaire d’effort (IUE). Si les resultats a court terme sont tres bons, peu de series a moyen terme et a long terme sont disponibles. Les objectifs de ce travail etaient d’evaluer le resultat fonctionnel a moyen terme de la BSU Monarc ® et d’identifier les facteurs de risque d’echec. Methodes Etude retrospective, monocentrique (2004–2012) de patientes consecutives operees d’IUE par BSU Monarc ® avec succes intial (absence totale de fuite et de port de protection). Les donnees pre- et postoperatoire etaient colligees a partir du dossier medical informatise [âge, poids, taille, IMC, statut hormonal, traitement hormonal substitutif, antecedents chirurgicaux, prolapsus associe (Baden et Walker), troubles mictionnels associes, complications postoperatoires (Clavien-Dindo)]. La guerison a la date des dernieres nouvelles etait definie comme l’absence totale de fuites, de re-intervention pour recidive d’incontinence urinaire, l’absence de port de protection, et un score ICIQ-SF nul. L’analyse statistique etait realisee avec le logiciel Statview (SAS, StatView v5.0) ( p Resultats Cent quarante-quatre patientes consecutives ont ete operees d’une BSU Monarc ® , dont 114 avec succes. L’âge moyen des patientes etait de 61 ans [30–86], le suivi moyen etait de 51 mois [20-82]. A la date des derniere nouvelles, 62 % des patientes etaient toujours gueries. Les patientes en situation d’echec presentaient une recidive d’IUE isolee dans 77 % des cas. Les autres presentaient une recidive de leur IUE avec hyperactivite (imperiosites, urgences mictionnelles). En analyse univariee, aucun facteur pronostique d’echec a moyen terme n’a ete identifie. Conclusion Dans notre experience, le resultat fonctionnel a moyen terme de la BSU Monarc ® semble se degrader. Seulement 62 % des patientes initialement gueries conservaient un benefice chirurgical a 4 ans.

Uretero-arterial fistulas are exceptional complications: only about forty cases have been reported in the literature. The authors report new two cases of fistula between the common iliac artery and the ureter. One fistula occurred in a context of prolonged ureteric stenting after radiotherapy and pelvic surgery for cancer of the uterus, and the other occurred after an aorto-bifemoral allograft. These fistulas generally occur in a particular clinical context, associating several aetiological factors. The clinical presentation is dominated by often massive and intermittent haematuria. The most useful diagnostic examinations are retrograde ureteropyelography and arteriography. The proposed treatment options (nephrectomy, vascular bypass graft and even embolization) depend on the urgency of the situation and involve both the blood vessel and the urinary tract. The prognosis depends on early diagnosis, but preventive measures can be envisaged to decrease the risk of appearance of these fistulas in high-risk patients.

Transitional cell carcinoma of the kidney with caval tumour thrombus is extremely rare. The authors describe the radiological signs suggesting the preoperative diagnosis and guiding the therapeutic approach. They present the case of a 51-year-old patient with excluded caliceal stones, and review 17 cases published over a period of 24 years during which considerable progress has been made in radiological investigations. Only CT appears to be able to indicate this aetiology and allows retrograde ureteropyelography looking for a tumour of the urinary tract. MRI provides the best assessment of tumour involvement of the inferior vena cava. Nephroureterectomy with excision of a perimeatal bladder cuff and cavotomy is the only oncological surgical procedure, despite the extremely poor prognosis.

The authors report a retrospective series of 114 radical prostatectomies performed over a ten-year period. This study was designed to investigate the factors likely to cause complications in order to prevent them. Stenosis of the vesicourethral anastomosis was observed in 22 patients and represented the commonest complication (19.2%). It generally occurred before the 12th month, while late stenoses. An anastomotic leak after removal of the bladder catheter appears to be the most significant factor. The decreasing incidence of these stenoses over the ten-year study period illustrates the role of operator experience. The most effective treatment for these stenoses is mono-incision which, completed by dilatation sessions, prevents recurrence without compromising continence.

The authors report a rare case of bilateral ureteric stenosis associated with necrotic infiltration due to acute alcoholic pancreatitis. The obstruction was caused by bilateral ureteric fibrosis with calcified incrustations on the right side and massive obstructive calculi on the left side. Only one faintly similar case has been reported in the literature out of 17 cases of unilateral or bilateral ureteric stenosis complicating acute or chronic pancreatitis.

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) has produced dramatic advances in the surgical management of urinary calculi. However this new procedure could induce deleterious effects as loss of renal function and hypertension. Animal studies show that ESWL induces focal areas of necrosis and subsequent fibrosis in renal tissue. In humans, imaging technics demonstrate renal alterations in 80% of the patients. Acute renal hemodynamic and functional changes is frequent but transient in most of the cases. Some studies have shown a tendancy to an increase in blood pressure related to a decrease in renal plasma flow in one study. However most of these results are based on retrospective surveys of blood pressure and renal function. Therefore prospective clinical trials are needed to investigate the important questions of ESWL-induced hypertension and decrease renal function.

The authors report a case of renal hydatid disease, a rare disease in France. After reviewing the recent data of the literature, they stress the value of computed tomography and especially MRI in the presumptive diagnosis.

The authors report three cases of cystic tumors of the kidney: one benign papillary tumor and two renal cell carcinomas. Although the clinical features were atypical, the authors emphasize the role of computer tomography which make easier the diagnosis of these scarce tumors. When the diagnosis is doubtful a guided needle biopsy is recommended.

The authors report their experience with 37 patients treated by internal urethrotomy for urethral strictures. The results were appreciated on urethral calibration and flow rate after a median follow-up of 33,5 months and a minimal follow-up of one year. The rate of satisfying results was 78,3%. The authors emphasize the need of dilatations associated to low-doses of cortico-steroids in the post-operative period during the first three months, to improve the results.

We studied the results 42 liver resections performed for hepatocellular carcinoma. Thirty-three patients underwent major liver resections. Hepatocellular carcinomas were associated with cirrhosis in 30.9 p. 100 of cases. The overall operative mortality was 24.3 p. 100: 60 p. 100 in patients with cirrhosis who underwent major liver resections and 12.5 p. 100 in patients with cirrhosis undergoing limited resections. The overall 5-year survival rate was 14.8 p. 100; the 5-year survival rate in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma without cirrhosis was 20 p. 100 whereas no patient with associated cirrhosis of the liver survived at 3 years. We conclude that surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma must be performed whenever possible: a limited resection should be done if the tumor is small, especially in patients with cirrhosis; a major liver resection must be proposed when the tumor is large and if the remaining liver parenchyma is normal.

The authors study the incidence of urethral strictures after transurethral resection of prostate. A retrospective study of 135 patients and a prospective study of 187 patients found respectively 74% and 3.2% of urethral stenosis. Two important data are seen in this study, the duration of urethral catheter of 24 hours post operatively and the internal urethrotomy when they found a pathologic urethra pre operatively reduce the incidence of urethral strictures. With a normal urethra pre operatively and 24 hours of urethral catheter post operatively, any stenosis occurred, equally when an internal urethrotomy is done with a pathologic urethra pre operatively.

Intra-hepatic cholangiojejunostomy (group I patients) and simple trans-tumoral intubation (group II patients) were retrospectively compared in a series of 44 patients with primary carcinoma of the hepatic duct junction. Hospital mortality was 30% in the 13 group I patients and 9.5% in the 21 group II patients. Jaundice and pruritus were equally relieved in both groups. The mean survival time (hospital deaths excluded) was 16 months in group I and 12 months in group II patients. It is concluded that the decision as to which of these two palliative surgical procedures should be performed must rest on the degree of biliary duct distension as well as on the patient's age and general condition.

The authors study the incidence of urethral strictures after transvesical prostatectomy. A retrospective study of 90 patients and a prospective study of 78 patients found respectively 2% and 0% of urethral stenosis. The important data of this study is the duration of urethral catheter post operatively.

The authors report three cases of leiomyosarcomas of the small intestine and review the literature on this subject. Leiomyosarcomas of the small intestine are rare tumours, representing 0.2% of all malignant tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. These large, round, hypervascular tumours are derived from smooth muscle cells in the intestinal wall and often develop extra-luminally. The malignant nature is often difficult to confirm on the histological examination. The clinical signs often only appear when the tumour has reached a large volume. It is rare to make the diagnosis pre-operatively, despite the use of a number of investigations. Arteriography is the most reliable examination. Spread of the disease is essentially haematogenous. The malignant tumour invades adjacent organs, causes hepatic metastases and peritoneal seedlings and tends to recur locally. The treatment is essentially surgical and the prognosis varies according to the size of the tumour, its grade, its activity and its degree of extension. The 5-year survival of all forms of the disease varies between 20 and 50%, according to the series.

The review of the literature and our study of 15 tumors in bladder diverticula (IDT) show us that these tumors are rare and mainly observed in elderly adult males. Bleeding is the major symptom. Diagnosis is difficult and treatment is not well defined. Prognosis is good for low stage tumors and catastrophic in the short term for high stage tumors. Nearly half of IDT were primary tumors, and one third of them stay primary until death of the patients. Most of the high stage tumors contained a squamous cell differentiation and all the tumors with these features were deeply invasive. The bad prognosis is mainly related to the difficult and delayed diagnosis, with a long symptomatic period, regardless of treatment. This emphasizes the need for further investigations (biopsies, sonography, computer tomography) when the diagnosis is not evident. The treatment of these tumors depends on the general status of patients and the volume and stage of tumors. Low stage tumors (Ta) and diverticula could be treated either by transurethral resection or by open surgery with good results. In (T1) tumors, only open surgery is recommended to avoid loco-regional relapse. High stage tumors (greater than or equal to P T3) were treated by either TUR or open palliative surgery with the same bad prognosis. No radical treatment was indicated since patients have a bad performance status and most of the tumors extended beyond the diverticulum. Adjuvant treatments were not helpful. While preventive diverticulectomy is to be discussed case by case, we think that an important step in improving the prognosis of these tumors is to make the diagnosis at an earlier stage.