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Peroxisomes are highly dynamic subcellular compartments with important functions in lipid and ROS metabolism. Impaired peroxisomal function can lead to severe metabolic disorders with developmental defects and neurological abnormalities. Recently, a new group of disorders has been identified, characterised by defects in the membrane dynamics and division of peroxisomes rather than by loss of metabolic functions. However, the contribution of impaired peroxisome plasticity to the pathophysiology of those disorders is not well understood. Mitochondrial fission factor (MFF) is a key component of both the peroxisomal and mitochondrial division machinery. Patients with MFF deficiency present with developmental and neurological abnormalities. Peroxisomes (and mitochondria) in patient fibroblasts are highly elongated as a result of impaired organelle division. The majority of studies into MFF-deficiency have focused on mitochondrial dysfunction, but the contribution of peroxisomal alterations to the pathophysiology is largely unknown. Here, we show that MFF deficiency does not cause alterations to overall peroxisomal biochemical function. However, loss of MFF results in reduced import-competency of the peroxisomal compartment and leads to the accumulation of pre-peroxisomal membrane structures. We show that peroxisomes in MFF-deficient cells display alterations in peroxisomal redox state and intra-peroxisomal pH. Removal of elongated peroxisomes through induction of autophagic processes is not impaired. A mathematical model describing key processes involved in peroxisome dynamics sheds further light into the physical processes disturbed in MFF-deficient cells. The consequences of our findings for the pathophysiology of MFF-deficiency and related disorders with impaired peroxisome plasticity are discussed., Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image, Highlights • Peroxisomes are highly elongated in cells from patients lacking fission factor MFF. • Peroxisomal proteins are not uniformly distributed in highly elongated peroxisomes. • Peroxisomal metabolism is unaltered in MFF-deficient patients. • Peroxisomal elongations are stabilised through interaction with microtubules. • Highly elongated peroxisomes are not spared from degradation.

Attallea speciosa Mart. (babassu) fruit contains a mesocarp that is rich in carbohydrates with immunomodulatory effects. The induction of the tolerogenic response is a tumor escape mechanism, and immunomodulator adjuvants have been studied to reestablish host immunogenicity. This study evaluates the adjuvant potential of babassu mesocarp carbohydrates in a tumor model. The babassu mesocarp extraction (BME) yield was 75.54%, and the total sugar concentration was 29.79 mg ml-1 containing monosaccharides, reducing sugars, polysaccharides and 0.506 mg ml-1 total protein. Chromatography analysis identified glucose, sucrose and fructose. Sensitization increased the spleen weight in the tumor group compared with the control, and a comparatively lower frequency of T helper and higher frequency of B-lymphocytes was also observed. The tumor+BME group had more cytotoxic T lymphocytes compared with the control. After co-culture with cancer cells, the tumor splenocytes showed lower proliferation, lower frequency of T helper cells and higher concentrations of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6 and IL-10. However, the tumor+BME splenocytes presented results similar to the control, suggesting a reduction in the regulatory response of the tumor group. These results demonstrated that BME sensitization with cancer cells modulated an immune response in Balb/c animals, indicating an immunogenic effect. Key words: Arecaceae, Attallea speciosa Mart., adjuvant, carbohydrate, antitumor.

In mammals, peroxisomes perform crucial functions in cellular metabolism, signalling and viral defense which are essential to the health and viability of the organism. In order to achieve this functional versatility peroxisomes dynamically respond to molecular cues triggered by changes in the cellular environment. Such changes elicit a corresponding response in peroxisomes, which manifests itself as a change in peroxisome number, altered enzyme levels and adaptations to the peroxisomal structure. In mammals the generation of new peroxisomes is a complex process which has clear analogies to mitochondria, with both sharing the same division machinery and undergoing a similar division process. How the regulation of this division process is integrated into the cell's response to different stimuli, the signalling pathways and factors involved, remains somewhat unclear. Here, we discuss the mechanism of peroxisomal fission, the contributions of the various division factors and examine the potential impact of post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, on the proliferation process. We also summarize the signalling process and highlight the most recent data linking signalling pathways with peroxisome proliferation.

This work provides an estimation of the exposure of the Portuguese population to ionizing radiation due to radiodiagnostic (x-ray and nuclear medicine (NM)) procedures, between 2013 and 2017, using the methodology proposed by the European Commission. Obtained results show that the estimated annual mean effective dose to the Portuguese population due to x-ray procedures increased by about 16%, from 0.75 ± 0.48 mSv per caput in 2013 to 0.89 ± 0.56 mSv per caput in 2017. The x-ray exam type that contributes the most to the collective dose in Portugal is Computed Tomography (CT). In the case of nuclear medicine, an increase in the annual effective dose from 0.088 ± 0.001 mSv per caput in 2013 to 0.090 ± 0.002 mSv per caput in 2017 was observed, with the procedures that contribute the most to the collective dose being bone imaging and cardiac procedures. This study intends to raise awareness to the need of optimization of radiation dose in medical procedures.

This case report describes the surgical treatment and one-year follow-up of an adult male patient, who was treated for a severe anterior open hip dislocation fracture with no sign of femoral head necrosis and maintaining a Harris Hip Score (HHS) of 93.

Peroxisomes and mitochondria are ubiquitous, highly dynamic organelles with an oxidative type of metabolism in eukaryotic cells. Over the years, substantial evidence has been provided that peroxisomes and mitochondria exhibit a close functional interplay which impacts on human health and development. The so-called "peroxisome-mitochondria connection" includes metabolic cooperation in the degradation of fatty acids, a redox-sensitive relationship, an overlap in key components of the membrane fission machineries and cooperation in anti-viral signalling and defence. Furthermore, combined peroxisome-mitochondria disorders with defects in organelle division have been revealed. In this review, we present the latest progress in the emerging field of peroxisomal and mitochondrial interplay in mammals with a particular emphasis on cooperative fatty acid β-oxidation, redox interplay, organelle dynamics, cooperation in anti-viral signalling and the resulting implications for disease.

© 2014 Elsevier España, S.L.U. and SEMNIM. All rights reserved., Objectives: In 2009-2010 a Portuguese consortium was created to implement the methodologies proposed by the Dose Datamed II (DDM2) project, aiming to collect data from diagnostic X-ray and nuclear medicine (NM) procedures, in order to determine the most frequently prescribed exams and the associated ionizing radiation doses for the Portuguese population. The current study is the continuation of this work, although it focuses only on NM exams for the years 2011 and 2012. Material and methods: The annual frequency of each of the 28 selected NM exams and the average administered activity per procedure was obtained by means of a nationwide survey sent to the 35 NM centres in Portugal. Results: The results show a reduction of the number of cardiac exams performed in the last two years compared with 2010, leading to a reduction of the annual average effective dose of Portuguese population due to NM exams from 0.08 mSv ± 0.017 mSv/caput to 0.059 ± 0.011 mSv/caput in 2011 and 0.054 ± 0.011 mSv/caput in 2012. Portuguese total annual average collective effective dose due to medical procedures was estimated to be 625.6 ± 110.9 manSv in 2011 and 565.1 ± 117.3 manSv in 2012, a reduction in comparison with 2010 (840.3 ± 183.8 manSv). Conclusions: The most frequent exams and the ones that contributed the most for total population dose were the cardiac and bone exams, although a decrease observed in 2011 and in 2012 was verified. The authors intend to perform this study periodically to identify trends in the annual Portuguese average effective dose and to help to raise awareness about the potential dose optimization.

Organelle pH homeostasis is crucial for maintaining proper cellular function. The nature of the peroxisomal pH remains somewhat controversial, with several studies reporting conflicting results. Here, we describe in detail a rapid and accurate method for the measurement of peroxisomal pH, using the pHRed sensor protein and confocal microscopy of living mammalian cells. pHRed, a ratiometric sensor of pH, is targeted to the peroxisomes by virtue of a C-terminal targeting sequence. The probe has a maximum fluorescence emission at 610 nm while exhibiting dual excitation peaks at 440 and 585 nm, allowing for ratiometric imaging and determination of intracellular pH in live cell microscopy.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the results of biomechanical assays of fixation of Pauwels type III femoral neck fracture in synthetic bone, using 7.5mm cannulated screws in inverted triangle formation, in relation to the control group. METHODS: Ten synthetic bones were used, from a domestic brand, divided into two groups: test and control. In the test group, a 70° tilt osteotomy of the femoral neck was fixated using three cannulated screws in inverted triangle formation. The resistance of this fixation and its rotational deviation were analyzed at 5mm displacement (phase 1) and 10mm displacement (phase 2). The control group was tested in its integrity until the fracture of the femoral neck occurred. The Mann-Whitney test was used for group analysis and comparison. RESULTS: The values in the test group in phase 1, in samples 1-5, showed a mean of 579N and SD =77N. Rotational deviations showed a mean of 3.33°, SD = 2.63°. In phase 2, the mean was 696N and SD =106N. The values of the maximum load in the control group had a mean of 1329N and SD=177N. CONCLUSION: The analysis of mechanical strength between the groups determined a statistically significant lower value in the test group. Level of Evidence III, Control Case.

Naproxen esterase (NP) from Bacillus subtilis Thai I-8 is a carboxylesterase that catalyzes the enantioselective hydrolysis of naproxenmethylester to produce S-naproxen (E > 200). It is a homolog of CesA (98% sequence identity) and CesB (64% identity), both produced by B. subtilis strain 168. CesB can be used for the enantioselective hydrolysis of 1,2-O-isopropylideneglycerol (solketal) esters (E > 200 for IPG-caprylate). Crystal structures of NP and CesB, determined to a resolution of 1.75 Å and 2.04 Å, respectively, showed that both proteins have a canonical α/β hydrolase fold with an extra N-terminal helix stabilizing the cap subdomain. The active site in both enzymes is located in a deep hydrophobic groove and includes the catalytic triad residues Ser130, His274, and Glu245. A product analog, presumably 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)acetic acid, was bound in the NP active site. The enzymes have different enantioselectivities, which previously were shown to result from only a few amino acid substitutions in the cap domain. Modeling of a substrate in the active site of NP allowed explaining the different enantioselectivities. In addition, Ala156 may be a determinant of enantioselectivity as well, since its side chain appears to interfere with the binding of certain R-enantiomers in the active site of NP. However, the exchange route for substrate and product between the active site and the solvent is not obvious from the structures. Flexibility of the cap domain might facilitate such exchange. Interestingly, both carboxylesterases show higher structural similarity to meta-cleavage compound (MCP) hydrolases than to other α/β hydrolase fold esterases.

This paper makes a detailed analysis of the legal mechanisms in place in the Macau Special Administrative Region for the prevention and detection of money laundering through the gaming industry, especially in casinos. The discussion covers the basic pillars which are customer due diligence, record keeping and reporting of transactions to the government. The system in place in the gaming sector has the unique feature that it requires the systematic disclosure of all transactions above a specific amount, a rule that does not exist in the field of banking. The paper analyzes the data available on transactions reported since 2007, when the new financial intelligence unit completed its first full year in operation. The particular challenges presented by the peculiar structure of the Macau gaming market, which is heavily dependent on gaming promoters (known as 'junkets') are discussed.

Organelle pH homeostasis is crucial for maintaining proper cellular function. The nature of the peroxisomal pH remains somewhat controversial, with several studies reporting conflicting results. Here, we describe in detail a rapid and accurate method for the measurement of peroxisomal pH, using the pHRed sensor protein and confocal microscopy of living mammalian cells. pHRed, a ratiometric sensor of pH, is targeted to the peroxisomes by virtue of a C-terminal targeting sequence. The probe has a maximum fluorescence emission at 610 nm while exhibiting dual excitation peaks at 440 and 585 nm, allowing for ratiometric imaging and determination of intracellular pH in live cell microscopy.

This is the second in a series of articles on the history of gaming in Macau. This article discusses the political and economic circumstances in which the decisions to legalize gaming took place in 1847 and 1849 by Governor Ferreira do Amaral (g. 1846-49) and how it was an immediate success.

The Escherichia coli esterase YbfF displays high activity towards 1,2-O-isopropylideneglycerol (IPG) butyrate and IPG caprylate, and prefers the R-enantiomer of these substrates, producing the S-enantiomer of the IPG product in excess. To improve the potential of the enzyme for the kinetic resolution of racemic esters of IPG, an enhancement of the activity and enantioselectivity would be highly desirable. Molecular docking of the R-enantiomer of both IPG esters into the active site of YbfF allowed the identification of proximal YbfF active site residues. Four residues (25, 124, 185 and 235) were selected as targets for mutagenesis, in order to enhance YbfF activity and enantioselectivity towards IPG esters. Random mutagenesis at positions 25, 124, 185 and 235 yielded several best YbfF variants with enhanced activity and enantioselectivity towards IPG esters. The best YbfF mutant, W235I, exhibited a 2-fold higher enantioselectivity than wild-type YbfF, with an E=38 for IPG butyrate and an E=77 for IPG caprylate. Molecular docking experiments further support the enhanced enantioselectivity shown experimentally and the structural effects of this amino acid substitution on the active site of YbfF are provided. The engineered W235I mutant is an attractive catalyst for practical applications in the kinetic resolution of IPG esters.

This is the first part of a series of articles on the history of games chance in Macau.This first part describes the purposes of writing this history, names some of the challenges faced and sets out the main periods of the history of gaming and the key features of each period.

Previously studied Bacillus subtilis carboxylesterases (CesA and CesB) have potential for the kinetic resolution of racemic esters of 1,2-O-isopropylideneglycerol (IPG). CesA exhibits high activity but low enantioselectivity towards IPG-butyrate and IPG-caprylate, while the more enantioselective CesB does not process IPG-butyrate and exhibits several-fold lower activity than CesA towards IPG-caprylate. A sequence and structure comparison allowed us to identify active site residues that may cause the difference in (enantio) selectivities of CesA and CesB towards these IPG esters. This structure-based approach led to the identification of two active site residues in CesA (F166 and F182), as promising candidates for mutagenesis in order to enhance its enantioselectivity. Mutagenesis of positions 166 and 182 in CesA yielded novel variants with enhanced enantioselectivity and without significant loss of catalytic activity. For IPG-butyrate, a CesA double mutant F166V/ F182 C (E-R = 13) was generated showing a similar to 13-fold increased enantioselectivity as compared to wild-type CesA (E = 1). For IPG-caprylate, we designed a CesA double mutant F166 V/F182Y (E-R = 9) displaying a similar to 5-fold increased enantioselectivity as compared to the wild-type enzyme (E-R = 2). These findings, combined with the results of molecular docking experiments, demonstrate the importance of residues at positions 166 and 182 for the enantioselectivity of CesA, and may contribute to the development of efficient biocatalysts. (C) 2012 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

Observing other people's pain increases our own reports to painful stimuli, a phenomenon that can be defined as 'compassional hyperalgesia' (CH). This functional magnetic resonance imaging study examined the neural correlates of CH, and whether CH could emerge when exposure to the driving stimulus was subliminal. Subjects received electric somatosensory stimuli while observing images of people undergoing painful or enjoyable somatic sensations, presented during a period allowing or not allowing conscious perception. The intensity attributed to painful stimuli increased significantly when these were delivered close to images showing human pain, but only when such images were consciously perceived. The basic core of the Pain Matrix (SI, SII, insula, mid-anterior cingulate) was activated by painful stimuli, but its activation magnitude did not increase during CH. Compassional hyperalgesia was associated with increased activity in polymodal areas involved in emotional tuning (anterior prefrontal, pregenual cingulated) and areas involved in multisensory integration and short-term memory (dorsolateral prefrontal, temporo-parieto-occipital junction). CH appears as a high-order phenomenon needing conscious appraisal of the eliciting visual stimulus, and supported by polymodal areas distinct from the basic Pain Matrix. This suggests that compassion to pain does not result from a mere 'sensory resonance' in pain networks, but rather from an interaction between the output of a first-line processing in the Pain Matrix, and the activity of a high-order network involving multisensory integration (temporo-parietal), encoding of internal states (mid-prefrontal) and short-time memory encoding (dorsolateral prefrontal). The Pain Matrix cannot be considered as an 'objective' correlate of the pain experience in all situations.

Escherichia coli has been widely used as an expression host for the identification of desired biocatalysts through screening or selection assays. We have previously used E. coli in growth selection and screening assays for identification of Bacillus subtilis lipase variants (located in the periplasm) with improved activity and enantioselectivity toward 1,2- O -isopropylideneglycerol (IPG) esters. In the course of these studies, we discovered that E. coli itself exhibits significant cytoplasmic esterase activity toward IPG esters. In order to identify the enzyme (or enzymes) responsible for this esterase activity, we analyzed eight E. coli knockout strains, in which single esterase genes were deleted, for their ability to hydrolyze IPG butyrate. This approach led to the identification of esterase YbfF as the major E. coli enzyme responsible for the hydrolytic activity toward IPG esters. The gene coding for YbfF was cloned and overexpressed in E. coli , and the corresponding protein was purified and characterized for its biocatalytic performance. YbfF displays a high level of activity toward IPG butyrate and IPG caprylate and prefers the R -enantiomer of these substrates, producing the S -enantiomer of the IPG product with high enantiomeric excess (72 to 94% ee ). The enantioselectivity of YbfF for IPG caprylate ( E = 40) could be significantly enhanced when using dimethylformamide (DMF) or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as cosolvents in kinetic resolution experiments. The enzyme also shows high enantioselectivity toward 1-phenylethyl acetate ( E ≥ 200), giving the chiral product ( R )-1-phenylethanol with >99% ee . The high activity and enantioselectivity of YbfF make it an attractive enzyme for organic synthesis.

The paper discusses recent litigation which provided the first documented test of the enforceability of credit granted for gaming by a Macau casino concessionaire. The case in question was brought outside Macau, before the Hong Kong courts: Wynn Resorts (Macau) S.A. v. Mong Henry (also known as Meng Hengli), Court of First Instance, Hong Kong High Court, HCA192/2009, February 12, 2010. The paper provides a critical discussion of the matter and draws a number of lessons from it.

Asset freezes are since 2000 being applied by the United Nations (UN) Security Council (SC) to non-state actors. This came about as a ‘mutation’ of the sanctions program initiated by Resolutions 1267 (1999), 1333 (2000) and 1390 (2002): currently the targets are only supected terrorists or terrorism financiers. This ‘mutation’ has created perplexities and problems, namely for the EU, which enforces UN SC Resolutions by a combination of first and second pillar methods. The main problem concerns issues of fundamental rights, currently being litigated. The debate on the compatibility of the current practice of UN SC asset freezing within EU law takes place amidst a fundamental lack of clarity as to the exact purposes and operational objectives of such freezes. It is argued that this practice amounts to an ad hoc (para-)criminal procedure measure, enacted by political bodies rather than courts, and without judicial oversight. The current UN SC practice of asset freezing against non-state actors breaches the right to judicial review, as well as the presumption of innocence. If this practice it is to continue at all, methods that make it fully compatible with the rule of law must be adopted. Especially, their renewal ad aeternum should not be possible.

This article summarizes the main issues underlying the case of Ao Man Long, the highest profile corruption case ever occurred in the Macau Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the People’s Republic of China, which attracted international attention. Ao Man Long was the first Secretary for Public Works in the Government of the Macau SAR, a post equivalent to minister to which he was appointed on 20 December 1999, at age 43, and then reappointed in 2004 for a second term. Ao graduated in mechanical engineering from the University of Taiwan, obtained an MBA at the University of Macau, and had served as a Macau civil servant since 1987.

SummaryLipases are successfully applied in enantioselective biocatalysis. Most lipases contain a lid domain controlling access to the active site, but Bacillus subtilis Lipase A (LipA) is a notable exception: its active site is solvent exposed. To improve the enantioselectivity of LipA in the kinetic resolution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-sn-glycerol (IPG) esters, we replaced a loop near the active-site entrance by longer loops originating from Fusarium solani cutinase and Penicillium purpurogenum acetylxylan esterase, thereby aiming to increase the interaction surface for the substrate. The resulting loop hybrids showed enantioselectivities inverted toward the desired enantiomer of IPG. The acetylxylan esterase-derived variant showed an inversion in enantiomeric excess (ee) from −12.9% to +6.0%, whereas the cutinase-derived variant was improved to an ee of +26.5%. The enantioselectivity of the cutinase-derived variant was further improved by directed evolution to an ee of +57.4%.

The effect of psychotic symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is variable among patients, and different methods to assess psychosis may yield conflicting results. A sample of 102 patients with a diagnosis of idiopathic PD underwent neurological, psychiatric, and neuropsychological assessment. Participants were divided into three groups: those who met DSM criteria for psychotic disorder, those who had psychotic symptoms but did not meet DSM criteria, and those without any psychotic symptoms. The first group had significantly worse sleep and worse cognitive and psychopathological symptoms compared with the other two groups. Results suggested that patients meeting DSM criteria for psychotic disorder comprise a separate clinical category.

Membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, peroxisomes or the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) create distinct environments to promote specific cellular tasks such as ATP production, lipid breakdown or protein export. During recent years, it has become evident that organelles are integrated into cellular networks regulating metabolism, intracellular signalling, cellular maintenance, cell fate decision and pathogen defence. In order to facilitate such signalling events, specialized membrane regions between apposing organelles bear distinct sets of proteins to enable tethering and exchange of metabolites and signalling molecules. Such membrane associations between the mitochondria and a specialized site of the ER, the mitochondria associated-membrane (MAM), as well as between the ER and the plasma membrane (PAM) have been partially characterized at the molecular level. However, historical and recent observations imply that other organelles like peroxisomes, lysosomes and lipid droplets might also be involved in the formation of such apposing membrane contact sites. Alternatively, reports on so-called mitochondria derived-vesicles (MDV) suggest alternative mechanisms of organelle interaction. Moreover, maintenance of cellular homeostasis requires the precise removal of aged organelles by autophagy – a process which involves the detection of ubiquitinated organelle proteins by the autophagosome membrane, representing another site of membrane associated-signalling. This review will summarize the available data on the existence and composition of organelle contact sites and the molecular specializations each site uses in order to provide a timely overview on the potential functions of organelle interaction.

1 - To assess the anatomical localization of the active contacts of deep brain stimulation targeted to the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in Parkinson’s disease patients. 2 - To analyze the stereotactic spatial distribution of the active contacts in relation to the dorsal and the ventral electrophysiologically-defined borders of the STN and the stereotactic theoretical target. Twenty-eight patients underwent bilateral high-frequency stimulation of the STN (HFS-STN). An indirect anatomical method based on ventriculography coupled to electrophysiological techniques were used to localize the STN. Clinical improvement was evaluated by Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale motor score (UPDRS III). The normalized stereotactic coordinates of the active contact centres, dorsal and ventral electrophysiologically-defined borders of the STN were obtained from intraoperative X-rays images. These coordinates were represented in a three-dimensional stereotactic space and in the digitalized atlas of the human basal ganglia. HFS-STN resulted in significant improvement of motor function (62.8%) in off-medication state and levodopa-equivalent dose reduction of 68.7% (p

This paper discusses the agreements between the United States and the ICTY and the ICTR on surrender of persons. The US is the only State to have concluded such agreements, rather than having simply enacted domestic legislation. In general, and in light of the supranational character of the Tribunals, a distinction should be drawn between the horizontal framework of inter-State legal assistance and the vertical framework of assistance to the ICTY and the ICTR. Additionally, the agreements' clause requiring probable cause may unduly obstruct assistance.

This presentation covers the evolution, current regulation and future perspectives of the law applicable to gaming promoters in the Macau Special Administrative Region of China, the world's largest casino gaming jurisdiction by revenue. In Macau the regulation of gaming promoters, first introduced in 2001/2002 and then subsequently expanded, has some unique features. Promoters are not just international marketing agents who recruit new patrons for the casinos. They may grant credit, collect unpaid credit, help with money transfers/arrangements, and sometimes share in the revenue of gaming tables or rooms in casinos (VIP rooms). In September 2015 major reforms were announced, and it remains a matter of prime interest to see how the legislation will evolve.

The theme of this chapter is the Macau Court of Final Appeal (Tribunal de Ultima Instancia or TUI) of the Macau Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the People’s Republic of China (PRC). It provides an overview and discussion of its role, activity and impact on the legal system of Macau since its establishment on 20 December 1999 upon the transfer of sovereignty. The chapter provides a discussion of its general activity as well as in a number of special areas of the law.

The papers makes a detailed analysis of the legal mechanisms in place in the Macau Special Administrative Region for the prevention and detection of money laundering through the gaming industry, especially in casinos.

This is a general discussion of the legal requirements approved recently in Macau to ban smoking in various locations. The article makes a critical analysis of the various sets of regulations created, including the special rules for casinos.