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An online condition monitoring system based on the measurement of viscosity and density of liquids is presented and applied to three different measuring tasks relevant for industrial and automotive applications. One topic is oil characterization in hydraulic systems. It is shown that by measuring over varying temperature and pressure, additional physical properties can be made available for online condition monitoring, which are difficult to measure otherwise. These include, for example, the coefficient of thermal expansion and the bulk modulus, which is also related to the proportion of dissolved air. In the second application we investigate the efficiency of a passive oil defoamer and estimate the percentage of free air. Finally, the suitability of the measurement system for the determination of the diesel fraction in the engine oil as caused by the regeneration cycles of the diesel particulate filter is demonstrated.

In this work, a resonant quartz tuning fork sensor based measurement system is employed to study the settlement of small particles in suspension as they pass the sensing element. The resonator features varying sensitivity to fluid parameter changes along its length, with the tip being most sensitive. The spatial averaging effect is analyzed theoretically and measured by passing the sensor through a fluid–fluid interface. Subsequently, the averaging function is used for particle distribution determination from recorded resonance frequency and quality factor measurements. The associated inverse problem is of Fredholm type and is solved numerically. Based on the system specifications, detection limits, required temperature stability and expected precision are assessed and particle distribution functions of defined test dispersions are measured.

We present a measurement system for the viscosity and density of a fluid featuring a permanent magnet as measurement body, which is levitated in an actively controlled magnetic field. The behavior of the system is illustrated using different measurement body shapes. The basic concepts and the modeling of the electromechanical system are discussed. Utilizing special measurement modes, the sensor system allows for measuring viscosity and density independently. When put into operation, the magnet is controlled to stay at a constant levitation position. Due to a special actuation scheme, the magnet also rotates around its vertical axis. Using this setup and immersing the magnet in a fluid, it is possible to analyze viscosity and density of all kinds of fluids, except ferrofluids (which would distort the magnetic fields). The magnetic levitation system avoids any electrical or mechanical connections penetrating the walls of the measurement chamber; only the levitated permanent magnetic measurement body is in contact with the sample fluid.

We investigated the vibration characteristics of the torsional oscillation mode of an earlier proposed resonant viscosity sensor based on vibrating pipes. To do so, the sensor housing is opened, so that half of the resonator is freely accessible. The actuation and readout of the sensor is realized with electromagnetic coils on the remaining part of the housing and the oscillation velocity is measured on different positions on the uncovered sensor surface. We demonstrate the feasibility and suitability of the electromagnetic readout principle and identified an additional spurious oscillation. All measurements were performed with an air filled resonator to minimize the damping and maximize the oscillation amplitudes.

We provide an overview of recent achievements using quartz tuning forks for sensing liquid viscosity and density. The benefits of using quartz crystal tuning forks (QTFs) over other sensors are discussed on the basis of physical arguments and issues arising in real world applications. The path to highly accurate and robust measurement systems is described and a recently devised system considering these findings is presented. The performance of the system is analyzed for applications such as the mixing ratio measurement of fuels, diesel-soot contamination for engine oil condition monitoring, and particle size characterization in suspensions. It is concluded that using properly designed systems enables a variety of applications in industry and research.

We present a new technique for 3-D position sensing and active magnetic levitation of a steel ball for use in a levitating ball viscometer. In order to achieve a stable levitation, a very sensitive positioning measurement system is mandatory. For this task the differential transformer principle was chosen to realize a 3-D position measurement. This leads to a purely magnetic sensor and actuator system without the need for other transducer types such as optical readout. The actuation utilizes power efficient switch-mode electronic circuitry which opens the possibility of upscaling the device, if demanded, for future applications. It is shown that this switch-mode actuation can be combined directly with the position measurement when special switching patterns are applied. A position resolution of ∼ 100 µm in all three axial directions at a sample rate of 476.19 Hz is achieved. For viscosity sensing, the steel ball is magnetically driven to orbital movements of variable revolution frequency of up to 2.5 Hz within a fluid chamber. The frequency response is analyzed and related to the shear viscosity of the fluid under test. As a proof of concept, measurements in various viscous liquids were performed with the prototype, showing promising results in the range of 1–10 mPa s. The principle may also be of interest for applications beyond viscosity sensing, such as fluid mixers, or as actuators in microfluidic devices.

In modern light-duty Diesel vehicles the particulate filters in the exhaust system require periodic regeneration to prevent plugging. The regeneration procedure is a major cause of dilution of engine oil with diesel fuel. In order to investigate the effect of the operation conditions of the engine on the fuel content in the oil, a precise and fast in-line measurement system is required. In this contribution a resonant sensor system for determination of diesel content by measuring the viscosity of the oil is tested. A commercial off-the-shelf quartz tuning fork resonator is used as sensor element and evaluated using a universal analyzer for resonant sensors developed for fast and precise acquisition of resonant sensor responses. The experiments presented in this paper show that fuel concentration in the range of 0.2 % can be determined within seconds. The obtained results are compared to that obtained with an accurate lab bench viscosity and mass density meter.

This paper presents the design of a viscometer principle using a magnetically levitated ball. A steel ball is submerged in a fluid and is supported by magnetic forces only. By superposing different magnetic fields it is possible to excite the ball to perform an orbiting movement so that a viscous force acting on the ball is generated. The ball's trajectory is recorded and evaluated for several excitation frequencies, resulting in a transfer function. First experimental measurement results show that there is a clear relationship between the extracted transfer function and the fluid's shear viscosity.

We present a measurement system where a spherical permanent magnet is levitated in an actively controlled magnetic field. The sensor system measuring viscosity and density independently. In operation mode, the magnet is held in a constant levitation position. Due to a special actuation scheme, the magnet rotates around its vertical axis. Using this setup and immersing the magnet in a fluid, it is possible to analyze viscosity and density of all kinds of fluids, except ferrofluids. The magnetic levitation system avoids any connection penetrating the walls of the measurement chamber; only the spherical permanent magnet measurement body is in contact with the sample fluid. Due to this, the measurement procedure is reproducible, repeatable and resource saving.

In this paper we present a new balanced flowthrough viscosity sensor working with a torsionally resonating pipe. The whole system is machined in aluminum and is designed to be placed in the pipes of a chemical production plant. The quality factor Q and the resonance frequency fr are used as measures for the viscosity and density. We describe the sensor setup, its working principle for different resonant modes, the actuation and the readout of the sensor and present first measurement results for liquids featuring different viscosities.

For fluid analysis applications, such as oil condition monitoring, fuel quality, or gas concentration measurements, resonant sensors deliver an outstanding performance when signal processing is optimized and the fluid-mechanical model of the electromechanical resonator is suitable and accurate for the particular resonator. By combining recent advancements, significant improvements in accuracy, measurement speed, dynamic range, and suppression of cross-sensitivities could be achieved. These features enable the development of new solutions for a variety of measurement issues in industry and bio technology. In this contribution the performance of a highly universal evaluation system is demonstrated using a commercially available quartz crystal tuning fork resonator as sensing element for liquid viscosity and mass density. The obtained results are quantified with respect to an accurate lab bench viscosity and mass density meter. A significant advantage of this system is that it operates reliably and accurately even for strongly damped resonators. Therefore, the sensor elements can be used in a larger viscosity range than with alternative evaluation methods.

Soil organic maer and its turnover rate are key parameters for agricultural management practice as well as for envi- ronmental issues. In a field experiment comparing organic (compost) and mineral fertilisation and combinations of both the amount of inorganic nitrogen in the soil and the nitrogen uptake by the plants were measured. Considering these data and the fertilisation practice the net N-mineralisation during the vegetation periods 1996-2001 was estimated for six fertilisation treatments. Simultaneously the nitrogen dynamics in the soil were calculated using the STOTRASIM model, which takes into account four soil organic maer pools of different turnover rate. A close relation was found between the amount of a slow decomposable fraction and the net N-mineralisation during the vegetation period.

Die offene Frage nach dem „optimalen Dranabstand“ in schwer durchlassigen Boden wurde bei der Durchfuhrung einer groseren Dranung in Purgstall an der Erlauf, NO., aufgeworfen. Da die Behandlung dieses Problemes fur die zweckmasige Verwendung von offentlichen Beihilfen fur Dranungen vordringlich erschien, beauftragte das Bundesministerium fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft im Einvernehmen mit dem Amt der NO. Landesregierung das Institut, ein Dranversuchsfeld anzulegen.