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Digital design learning at Register Transfer (RT) level requires practical and complex examples as learning progresses. FPGAs and development boards offer a suitable platform for the implementation of these designs. However, classroom practice sessions usually last two hours, which does not allow the complexity of the designs be high enough. For this reason, interesting designs that can be made in several sessions are required. In this paper, the construction of a distance measuring system is presented. For this purpose, a distance measurement module based on ultrasound is available, the results are displayed in 7-segment displays on a Nexys4 board. This approach has been applied to three Electronic subjects at the University of Seville. The degree of satisfaction on the part of the students as well as the result of the evaluation of the experience by the teachers involved are shown.

Quasar feedback in the form of powerful outflows is invoked as a key mechanism to quench star formation in galaxies, although direct observational evidence is still scarce and debated. Here we present Early Release Science JWST NIRSpec IFU observations of the z=1.59 prototypical obscured Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) XID2028: This target represents a unique test case for studying quasar feedback at the peak epoch of AGN-galaxy co-evolution because extensive multi-wavelength coverage is available and a massive and extended outflow is detected in the ionised and molecular components. With the unprecedented sensitivity and spatial resolution of the JWST, the NIRSpec dataset reveals a wealth of structures in the ionised gas kinematics and morphology that were previously hidden in the seeing-limited ground-based data. In particular, we find evidence of an interaction between the interstellar medium of the galaxy and the quasar-driven outflow and radio jet that produces an expanding bubble from which the fast and extended wind detected in previous observations emerges. The new observations confirm the complex interplay between the AGN jet, wind and the interstellar medium of the host galaxy, highlighting the role of low-luminosity radio jets in AGN feedback. They also clearly show the new window that NIRSpec opens for detailed studies of feedback at high redshift., 12 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Surveys with James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have discovered candidate galaxies in the first 400 Myr of cosmic time. Preliminary indications have suggested these candidate galaxies may be more massive and abundant than previously thought. However, without confirmed distances, their inferred properties remain uncertain. Here we identify four galaxies located in the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) imaging with photometric redshifts z~10-13. These galaxies include the first redshift z>12 systems discovered with distances spectroscopically confirmed by JWST in a companion paper. Using stellar population modelling, we find the galaxies typically contain a hundred million solar masses in stars, in stellar populations that are less than one hundred million years old. The moderate star formation rates and compact sizes suggest elevated star formation rate surface densities, a key indicator of their formation pathways. Taken together, these measurements show that the first galaxies contributing to cosmic reionisation formed rapidly and with intense internal radiation fields., Author version of manuscript, please visit Nature Astronomy for the version published 04 April 2023

The combination of gas-phase oxygen abundances and stellar metallicities can provide us with unique insights into the metal enrichment histories of galaxies. In this work, we compare the stellar and gas-phase metallicities measured within a 1$R_{e}$ aperture for a representative sample of 472 star-forming galaxies extracted from the SAMI Galaxy Survey. We confirm that the stellar and interstellar medium (ISM) metallicities are strongly correlated, with scatter $\sim$3 times smaller than that found in previous works, and that integrated stellar populations are generally more metal-poor than the ISM, especially in low-mass galaxies. The ratio between the two metallicities strongly correlates with several integrated galaxy properties including stellar mass, specific star formation rate, and a gravitational potential proxy. However, we show that these trends are primarily a consequence of: (a) the different star formation and metal enrichment histories of the galaxies, and (b) the fact that while stellar metallicities trace primarily iron enrichment, gas-phase metallicity indicators are calibrated to the enrichment of oxygen in the ISM. Indeed, once both metallicities are converted to the same `element base' all of our trends become significantly weaker. Interestingly, the ratio of gas to stellar metallicity is always below the value expected for a simple closed-box model, which requires that outflows and inflows play an important role in the enrichment history across our entire stellar mass range. This work highlights the complex interplay between stellar and gas-phase metallicities and shows how care must be taken in comparing them to constrain models of galaxy formation and evolution., Comment: 15 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

The best way to learn how to design digital systems at the RT level is to use practical examples. In addition, from a teaching point of view, the more practical they are, the more attractive to students. But for a design to be attractive, even if it is presented with a low complexity, it is not possible to do it in a single practice session. This paper presents, as a demonstrator, the design at RT level and its implementation in FPGA of a digital system that uses the Trivium flow cipher and on which measurements of maximum operating frequency are made. This circuit is designed in three laboratory sessions of about two hours each. Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad TEC2013-45523-R Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad TEC2016-80549-R Consejo Superio de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) LACRE CSIC 201550E039

Digital design learning at the RT level requires practical examples and as learning progresses, the examples need to become more complex. FPGAs and development boards offer a very suitable platform for the implementation of these designs. However, classroom practice sessions usually last two hours, which does not allow the complexity of the designs be high enough. For this reason, interesting designs that can be made in several sessions are required In this paper, the construction of a distance measuring system is presented as a demonstrator. For this purpose, a distance measurement module based on ultrasound is available and the results are displayed in 7-segment displays on a Nexys4 board. Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad TEC2013-45523-R Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad TEC2016-80549-R Consejo Superio de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) LACRE CSIC 201550E039

Millennials has been a word of mouth of everybody and a target market of various companies nowadays. In the Philippines, they comprise one third of the total population and most of them are still in school. Having a good education system is important for this generation to prepare them for better careers. And a good education system means having quality instruction as one of the input component indicators. In a classroom environment, teachers use facial features to measure the affect state of the class. Emerging technologies like Affective Computing is one of today's trends to improve quality instruction delivery. This, together with computer vision, can be used in analyzing affect states of the students and improve quality instruction delivery. This paper proposed a system of classifying student engagement using facial features. Identifying affect state, specifically Millennial Filipino student engagement, is one of the main priorities of every educator and this directed the authors to develop a tool to assess engagement percentage. Multiple face detection framework using Face API was employed to detect as many student faces as possible to gauge current engagement percentage of the whole class. The binary classifier model using Support Vector Machine (SVM) was primarily set in the conceptual framework of this study. To achieve the most accuracy performance of this model, a comparison of SVM to two of the most widely used binary classifiers were tested. Results show that SVM bested RandomForest and Naive Bayesian algorithms in most of the experiments from the different test datasets.

The evaluation of the spatial quality is one of the factors that determine the performance of pansharpening algorithms for remote sensing images. However, the number of studies that focus on the functioning of these measures is not extensive. This paper addresses the evaluation of the performance of spatial assessments of pansharpened images. For this, a test of affine transformations that distorts the image used as reference is designed and implemented. This test is applied to the images of a database created for this purpose. Thus the behavior of different selected spatial indices is obtained. As well as the results of a proposed new spatial index based on the discrete cosine transform. Additionally, spatial quality measurements have been carried out between the panchromatic and pansharpened images in order to test the performance of the spatial quality indices.

The design and management of drip irrigation systems requires understanding of water distribution and dynamics within the wetted soil volume. This information can be obtained by means of analytical or numerical solutions of the multidimensional Richards equation. Though steady-state solutions have been advocated as design tools for drip irrigation, very little information about their performance under practical field conditions is available. The objective of this study was to evaluate the applicability of analytical solutions for steady and transient flows from point sources to practical drip irrigation management. The emphasis was on the adaptive and dynamic aspects of management vs. conservative design considerations. Experiments were carried out in containers and in the field to determine steady-state attainment rates and to provide information on spatial and temporal dynamics of water content and matric potential during irrigation cycles. The main results were: (i) analytical solutions for steady and transient flow conditions predicted reasonably well measured distributions of water content and matric potential in the absence of plants; (ii) steady flow conditions were seldom realized under practical drip irrigation; (iii) transient flow solutions provided a more realistic description of soil water dynamics; and (iv) introducing uptake terms into transient analytical solutions provided a simple and effective framework for capturing soil water dynamics in the presence of plant roots.

Modeling of water distribution for drip irrigation management under cropped conditions requires information on water uptake patterns by plant roots. Based on experimental data, we propose using Bivariate Gaussian distribution density functions (normal, semilognormal, and lognormal) as parametric models for two-dimensional water uptake intensity patterns under drip irrigation. These models offer (i) a concise representation of large amounts of uptake information; (ii) parameters that may be useful for modeling and comparisons between crops, locations, and management scenarios; (iii) physical and statistical insight into spatial and temporal changes in uptake patterns that may be gained by applying moment analyses for the center of activity location and the spread in uptake intensity about it. Different water uptake patterns associated with four basic plantdripper configurations (surface and subsurface source, within and between crop rows) were identified and measured in field and greenhouse experiments. Uptake intensity pattern was influenced by the relative positions of the plant and the source and by the presence of no-uptake boundaries (e.g., soil surface) requiring different models based on various forms of the Bivariate Gaussian model (normal, semi-log, and log-log). The proposed models were in good agreement with corn (Zea mays L.) uptake data measured by dense grids of time domain reflectometry probes in large containers and in the field.

The extended harmonic domain (EHD) method is used to obtain the harmonics in the dynamic and steady state response to disturbances for four common FACTS devices. The versatility of this method is demonstrated by applying it to a thyristor-controlled series compensator (TCSC), static reactive power compensator (SVC), static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), and unified power flow controller (UPFC). The derivation of the state-space equations that describe the dynamics of the above devices and their transformation into linear, time-invariant (LTI) systems using EHD is presented. The LTI systems are simulated in the presence of disturbances using MATLAB®, and graphical depictions are used to illustrate the evolution in time of the harmonic coefficients and power quality indices such as RMS voltage and current, apparent power, active power, reactive power, and distortion power. This study shows the usefulness of this methodology in highlighting the sensitivity of the harmonic response of these devices to disturbances.

The aim of this paper is to present a standard set of power system data with benchmark results against which direct stability techniques to assess transient stability could be compared and tested. The test systems have been selected to display a wide range of dynamic characteristics to provide a robust test of the efficacy and accuracy of the various analytical techniques to analyze transient stability. Transient stability test system data and benchmark results obtained from two commercially available time domain stability analysis packages are presented in this paper.

Biogeography-based optimization (BBO) is a novel evolutionary algorithm that is based on the mathematics of biogeography. Biogeography is the study of the geographical distribution of biological organisms. In the BBO model, problem solutions are represented as islands, and the sharing of features between solutions is represented as immigration and emigration between the islands. This paper presents an application of the BBO algorithm to the power flow problem for an IEEE 30-bus Test Case system. The BBO solution is compared with the solution of the same problem using a genetic algorithm (GA). The results of Monte Carlo simulations indicate that the BBO algorithm consistently performs better than the GA in determining an optimal solution to the power flow problem.

Presentamos el caso clínico de un paciente que consultó por un síndrome cerebeloso y diplopía, asociados a pérdida de peso de 10 kilos en 6 meses y adenopatías múltiples. El estudio imagenológico cerebral demostró la presencia de lesiones de aspecto granulomatoso a nivel cerebeloso y mesencefálico, sin alteración citoquímica del líquido cefalorraquídeo. Las baciloscopias de orina y de la biopsia ganglionar fueron positivas y permitieron el diagnóstico de tuberculosis (TBC) sistémica. La serología para VIH resultó positiva en sangre con un recuento de linfocitos CD4 de 590 cel/mm3, clasificándose el caso como SIDA etapa Cl. El paciente fue tratado con el esquema antituberculoso según norma nacional, con buena respuesta clínica e imagenológica. La presentación de tuberculomas infratentoriales sin meningitis, como primera causa de pesquisa de TBC y SIDA no es habitual, de allí nuestro interés por comunicar el caso We present a clinical case of a patient who consulted for a cerebelous syndrome and diplopia associated to 10 kg weight loss in six months and multiple adenopathies. Cerebral imagenology study evidenced the presence of granulamatous masses at the cerebellum and midbrain level, there were no cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities. Systemic tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis was done based in finding of acid-fast bacilli positive staining in urine and lymph node biopsy. HIV infection was documented by ELISA serology. CD4 cell count was 590 cell/mm3, classifying the case a AIDS Cl stage. TB was treated according to national guidelines leading to good clinical and imagenology evolution. The clinical case scenario of infratentorial tuberculomas without meningitis as a first manifestation of TB and AIDS is unusual, generating our interest in reporting this case

The history of the aboriginal peoples of the southern tip of South America is characterized by the cultural development of two major groups: terrestrial hunters and canoe indians. Although these groups lived in contrasting environments they had contact in various zones, thus enjoying a rich cultural and biological exchange. The European colonization process brought about, directly and indirectly, the rapid extinction of these populations. This study evaluates pathological changes in skeletons of Chono Indians as compared to those observed in Fuegian groups. The sample consists of approximately 96 Chono individuals and 38 Fuegians. The study results show a strong correlation between morbidity and factors related to the hunting and gathering way of life, i.e., great physical stress, nutritional deficiency, etc. The Chono remains show a high prevalence of infectious diseases together with a number of osteoarticular disorders. These and other pathological conditions tend to characterize the Chono as a group in crisis -in a biological and cultural sense- at the time of the contact with the Europeans.

OBJETIVOS. Analizar nuestros pacientes con pólipos gástricos con respecto a las características demográficas, histopatológicas, clínicas y endoscópicas, y la relación con el consumo de bloqueadores de bomba. MÉTODOS. Se revisaron retrospectivamente las historias clínicas y los reportes histológicos de los pacientes con pólipos gástricos. Casi todas las lesiones se removieron con pinzas de biopsia o asa de polipectomía. Se contactaron telefónicamente 117 pacientes para determinar si había o no consumo de bloqueadores de bomba y el tiempo de este consumo. RESULTADOS. Se encontraron pólipos en 150 pacientes. En 42 hombres (28%) y 108 mujeres (72%) con una edad promedio de 56 años (rango de 18 a 88 años). El síntoma más frecuente fue la dispepsia en 69 pacientes (46%). Los síntomas se relacionaron más con las anomalías gástricas asociadas que por la presencia de los pólipos. Los pólipos se ubicaron más frecuentemente en el fondo gástrico (39%), seguido por el antro (35%). De los 150 pacientes, en 69 (46%) se encontraron pólipos de 5 mms o menos y sólo 4 fueron pediculados. La frecuencia de los pólipos hiperplásicos, inflamatorios y glándulo-fúndicos fue de 55%, 18% y 9%. Se detectaron 5 pacientes con pólipos adenomatosos, tumores carcinoides en 5, GIST en 5 y otros 12 pacientes con diferentes pólipos epiteliales benignos. Se encontraron seis pacientes con cambios adenomatosos en pólipos hiperplásicos. La evaluación histológica de la mucosa gástrica vecina demostró gastritis crónica en 131 pacientes (87%) y en 87 (58%) había infección por helicobacter pylori. El consumo promedio de bloqueadores de bomba fue de 6 meses para las diferentes variantes histológicas excepto para los pólipos carcinoides que tenían un consumo de 20 meses. CONCLUSIONES. Los pólipos hiperplásicos son los pólipos más frecuentemente encontrados y la ubicación más usual fue en el cuerpo y fondo gástrico. Se encontró una tendencia en la relación entre un mayor tiempo de consumo de bloqueadores de bomba y la variedad carcinoide del pólipo. La polipectomía endoscópica es una alternativa segura tanto para el diagnóstico como para el tratamiento de los pólipos. AIM. To analyze gastric polypoid lesions in our patient population with respect to histopathologic features and demographic, clinical, and endoscopic characteristics of patients and relation with proton pump blockers consumption. METHODS. Clinical records and histopathologic reports of patients with gastric polypoid lesions were analyzed retrospectively. Almost all lesions had been totally removed by either endoscopic polypectomy or biopsy forceps. Telephonically 117 patients were contacted to determine if there was or not consumption of proton pump blockers and the time of this consumption. RESULTS. One-hundred and fifty patients with gastric polypoid lesions were identified. There were 42 (28 %) men and 108 (72 %) women with a median age of 56 (range, 18 to 88) years. The most frequent presenting symptom was dyspepsia that was observed in 69 patients (46%). Symptoms were mostly related to various associated gastric abnormalities such as chronic gastritis or H pylori infection rather than polypoid lesion itself. Polypoid lesions were commonly located in the fundus (39%) followed by antrum (35%). Out of 150 patients, 69 (46 %) had the largest dimensions less than or equal to 5 mm and only 4 were pedunculated. The frequencies of hyperplastic polyps, inflammatory polyps, and fundic gland polyps were 55%, 18%, and 9% respectively. We also detected adenomatous polyps in 5 specimens, carcinoid tumor 5, GIST in 5, and other lesions in 12. Adenomatous changes were observed within six hyperplastic polyps. Histopathologic evaluation of the surrounding gastric mucosa demonstrated chronic gastritis in 131 (87 %) patients and H pylori infection in 87 (58 %). The average consumption of proton pump blockers was 6 months for the different histological variants except for carcinoid polyps that was 20 months. CONCLUSION. Hyperplastic polyps are the most frequently encountered subtype of gastric polypoid lesions. They are usually associated with chronic gastritis or H pylori gastritis. Contrary to the previous belief, they may harbour adenomatous changes or dysplastic foci. There was a trend in the relation between a major time of proton pump blockers consumption and the carcinoid polyp. Therefore, endoscopic polypectomy seems as a safe and fast procedure for both diagnosis and treatment of gastric polypoid lesions at the same session.

Los tumores de células granulares son lesiones ubicuas en el tracto gastrointestinal, raras y asintomáticas, y generalmente son un hallazgo incidental a la endoscopia alta o baja. En el tracto gastrointestinal se ubican más frecuentemente en el esófago, colon y recto, estómago, apéndice, intestino delgado o tracto biliopancreático. Este artículo describe tres pacientes con cuatro tumores de células granulares en recto, esófago (2 lesiones) y apéndice. Se hace especial énfasis en su origen neural, su comportamiento benigno que justifica las resecciones endoscópicas o quirúrgicas limitadas y la necesidad de un seguimiento por la posibilidad, aunque poca, de transformación maligna. Granular cells tumors are ubiquitous lesions in the gastrointestinal tract, are rare and asymptomatic and they are generally an incidental discovery at gastroduodenoscopy or colonoscopy. In the gastrointestinal tract they are more frequently located in the esophagus, right colon and rectum, stomach, appendix, small intestine or biliopancreatic tract. This article describes three patients with four tumors of granular cells in rectum, esophagus (2 lesions) and appendix. It becomes special emphasis in their neural origin, their benign behavior that justifies the endoscopic resections or limited surgical excisions and the necessity of a pursuit for the possibility, although little, of malignant transformation.

Antecedentes: La aplicación de esteroides intralesionales ha mostrado ser efectiva en las estenosis esofágicas refractarias de diferentes etiologías. El presente estudio pretende evaluar la eficacia de la aplicación intralesional del acetónido de triamcinolona y comparar los resultados de la dilatación endoscópica en un grupo que recibe el esteroide con un grupo control, en las estenosis esofágicas causadas por cáusticos o posquirúrgicas. Materiales y métodos: De 56 pacientes con estenosis esofágica, 35 por cáusticos y 21 posquirúrgicos, 17 pacientes con ingesta de corrosivos y 11 postoperatorios se sometieron a la dilatación y aplicación de triamcinolona intralesional. Se calculó el intervalo y frecuencia de las dilataciones antes y después de la aplicación del esteroide y se calculó un índice de dilatación periódica con base en el número de dilataciones sobre el número de meses antes y después de la aplicación de los esteroides. Resultados: El promedio de edad de los 28 pacientes (13 hombres y 15 mujeres) con esteroides intralesionales fue de 36 años (rango de 15 a 70) y para el grupo control de 29 años (rango de 15 a 68). No se encontraron diferencias entre el grupo tratado y el grupo control en lo referente al origen de la estenosis, longitud, ubicación y distribución por sexo. En diez pacientes se aplicó una sola dosis del esteroide, mientras 13 requirieron 2 dosis y en 5 hasta 3 dosis. La totalidad de los pacientes ya habían sido dilatados cuando se les aplicó los esteroides. Se calculó el índice de dilatación antes y después de la aplicación de los esteroides encontrándose que este índice mejoraba significativamente (p

Background: Subacute combined degeneration is a clinical manifestation of vitamin B12 deficiency, that we observe with unusual frequency. Aim: To report a series of eleven patients with subacute combined degeneration. Patients and methods: Retrospective analysis of 11 patients hospitalized in a public hospital in Santiago, between March 2001 and February 2003. All had a myelopathy of more than three weeks of evolution with serum vitamin B12 levels of less than 200 pg/ml. Results: A risk factor was identified in 10 cases and the most common was an age over 60 years old. The main presenting symptom was the presence of paresthesias. On admission, sphincter dysfunction, posterior column and pyramidal syndromes coexisted in nine patients. A level of sensitive deficit was detected in six. Ten patients had macrocytosis and eight were anemic. Serum vitamin B12 was measured in ten and in nine, it was below 200 pg/ml. The mean lapse between onset of symptoms and treatment was eight months. All received intramuscular vitamin B12 in doses on 1,000 to 10,000 IU/day. Sphincter dysfunction and propioception were the first symptoms to improve. Conclusions: Subacute combined degeneration must be suspected in patients older than 60 years with a subacute myelopathic syndrome and low serum vitamin B12 levels

Tesis (Ingeniería Comercial) Es mucho lo que hoy en día se habla acerca del proyecto Raleo y de sus posibles costos y beneficios que generará a la sociedad. La verdad es que este proyecto producirá costos sociales e impactos ambientales, principalmente a las comunidades Pehuenches que se verán afectadas por la inundación de terrenos necesarios para la construcción de este megaproyecto. Como primer paso y para introducirnos en el tema, se realizó un análisis de la industria generadora de energía eléctrica. En donde se describe el sector, dando a conocer los distintos sistemas eléctricos del país: la distribución de energía, regulaciones, la ley que rige este servicio y su sistema de precios. Posteriormente se evaluaron los costos y beneficios de instalar una central hidroeléctrica y una central termoeléctrica de ciclo combinado. El estudio demostró que las centrales hidráulicas poseen un costo de inversión muy superior a las térmicas, pero en el largo plazo el costo de operación de las primeras es notoriamente inferior. Por otro lado, una de las principales razones por la que se deben construir centrales hidroeléctricas, es que éstas generan energía limpia y libre de contaminantes, aprovechando las ventajas comparativas que nuestro país posee en términos geográficos (gran numero de ríos y cuencas, etc.). Se efectuó una evaluación económica del Proyecto Raleo, proyectando la demanda de energía en la zona del Sistema Interconectado Central. Posteriormente se estimó el valor actual de los flujos futuros que generará la Central en operación, utilizando una tasa del 10% a quince años plazo, obteniendo un VAN igual a US$ 54.158.602.16; lo que demuestra la viabilidad del proyecto. Además se realizó la sensibilización de la cantidad de energía eléctrica producida por la Central Raleo. Este cálculo indica la cantidad mínima de energía a producir para que el proyecto sea rentable para los inversionistas. Por último, para cuantificar los costos y beneficios que este proyecto generará sobre las familias indígenas, se efectuó una evaluación social en la cual se cuantificaron y compararon los costos que se producen por el abandono de los terrenos afectados y los beneficios obtenidos producto de la relocalización.

Presentamos resultados de un estudio transversal (13 a 18 años) en el que se explora, mediante mapas conceptuales, el grado de utilización de un modelo micoscópico de la materia, en el dominio conceptual calor y temperatura, por parte de los estudiantes, alumnos y alumnas de diferentes niveles educativos, de la Escuela Normal de Olavarría (R. Argentina). Hemos obtenido, además, datos sobre ideas alternativas de los estudiantes relacionadas con los conceptos Calor y Temperatura que parecen indicar la resistencia al cambio de las mismas. La presente investigación se realiza en los Departamentos de Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela y del Departamento de Profesorado de la Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, en el marco del Proyecto AcAb y del Convenio de Cooperación Conjunta entre ambas universidades.